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AIX TECHNICALOperations
1. OS INSTALLATION 2. BOOT PROCESS3. MOUNT THE CDROM4. SOFTWARE MAINTENACE 5. FILESET INSTALLATION6. LIST THE INSTALLED FILE SETS7. LIST THE FILESET CONTENTS8. VERIFY THE FILESET INSTALLTION9. COMMIT THE INSTALLED FILESET10. REJECT THE APPLIED FILESET11. REMOVE THE COMMITTED FILESET12. FIX APAR INSTALLATION13. DEVICE MANAGEMENT14. ADD NEW DEVICE15. LIST DEV16. LIST CONFIGURATION17. CFGMGR, MKDEV18. ADD PV TO SYSTEM19. LIST PV13 VG CREATION14. E XTEND VG15. LIST VG16. LV CREATION17. LIST LV18. FILE SYSTEM CREATION19. INCREASE FILE SYSTEM SIZE IN ONLINE20. DECREASE FILE SYSTEM SIZE IN ONLINE21. RENAME LV22. RENAME FILE SYSTEM23. MIGRATE PV24. MAKE LVCOPY25. REMOVE LV COPY26. VARRYONVG27. VARRYOFFVG28. EXPORTVG29. IMPORTVG30. MIRRORVG31. UNMIRRORVG
32. SYNCVG33. ODM34. ODM OBJECT CLASS35. ODM OBJECTS36. ADD ODM OBJECT37. REMOVE ODM OBJECT38. DELETE ODM OBJECT39. CHANGE ODM OBJECT40. PAGING SPACE41. INCREASE PAGING SPACE42. DECREASE PAGING SPACE43. LIST PAGING SPACE44. AUTO ON PAGING SPACE45. AUTO OFF PAGING SPACE46. ACTIVATE THE PAGING SPACE 47. DEACTIVATE THE PAGING SPACE48. ADD THE NETWORK CARDS49. ASSIGN IP TO THE NETWORK CARD50. ASSIGN THE GATEWAY TO THE NETWORK CARD51. DISABLE THE NETWORK CARD52. ENABLE THE NETWORK CARD53. CHECK THE NETWORK STATUS54. NETWORK FILE SYSTEM(NFS)55. EXPORTING FILE SYSTEM FROM SERVER56. IMPORTING FILE SYSTEM TO CLIENT57. CHECK THE MOUNTED FILE SYSTEM USING /etc/xtab58. CHECK THE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE
TOPICS:
1. BASIC AIX HARDWARE2. OS INSTALLATION3. BOOT PROCESS4. SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE5. FIX MAINTENANCE6. ODM (Object Data Manager)7. DEVICE MANAGEMENT8. LVM (Logical Volume Manager)9. PAGING SPACE10. SRC AND DAEMONS11. NETWORK12. NFS (Network File System)13. USER AND GROUP MANAGEMENT14. SCHEDULING15. BACKUP AND RESTORE16. PERFORMANCE MONITORING17. LPAR /DLPAR
1. BASIC AIX HARDWARE:
The AIX Os is installed in IBM P Series or I Series Servers
P Series Servers (32bit and 64 bit Hardware Support)
1. RS6000 P1, P2, P3 ( Very old models)2. P4 ( Regatta 680, 615, 630, 641, 690(LPAR / DLPAR)3. P4 +( It will support many no of processors and memory compare than P4)4. P5 (Squadron P550, P570, P575, P590, P595(Latest)5. P5 + ( It will support many no of processors and memory compare than P5)
2. OS INSTALLATION:
Three kinds of OS installations available in AIX
1. New and Complete Overwrite
2. Migration3. Preservation
1. New and Complete Overwrite:
This is New installation; in this installation we have three options
A. Start installation with default settingsB. Change/show installation settings and installC. Start maintenance mode for recovery
A. Start installation with default settings
This is normal installation
B. Change/show installation settings and install
In this installation we can change the installation disk (hdisk0, or hdisk1), Desktop options.
C. Start maintenance mode for recovery
This is used for recover the existing OS problems. (Boot image, Boot list, File systems problems).
2. Migration:
In this migration Installation, Operating system Updated from lower level to higher level i.e. Aix 5.1 To Aix 5.3 or Aix 5.2 To Aix 5.3 ,
NOTE:
In this installation System data will not be affected except the /tmp file system. i.e. /tmp file system will be deleted and newly created.
3. Preservation:
This installation is overwriting the existing OS and user data directory /home only persevered, rest of the directories /, /var, /tmp, /etc, /dev, /opt will be deleted and newly created.
NOTE:
In this installation we can preserve additional directories also, suppose if you want preserve /opt, this case u should put /opt file system entry in /etc/preserve.list file.
Interview Question:
1. When we select the preserve installation, only /home directory will be preserved, and /etc directory also will be deleted. Then how additionally preserved directories will not be deleted?
Answer:
When we start the preservation installation, first installation will check ODM for /etc/preserve.list file, if any file system entry is found then it will preserve the file system i.e. What are the file system entries available in the /etc/preserve.list file, after that /etc file system also will be deleted and newly created.
3. BOOT PROCESS
Three phases available in BOOT Process
1. Ros kernel init phase2. Base Device Configuration3. System boot phase
1. Ros Kernel init phase (PHASE1)
A. Post (power on self test)
In this post it will do basic hardware checking
B. Then it will go to NVRAM and check the boot list for last boot device (hdisk0 or hdisk1).
C. Then it will check the BLV (hd5) in boot device.
D. Then it will check the boot image
E. Then boot image is moved to memory.
F. Then kernel will execute.
2. Base Device configuration (PHASE2)
A. Here cfgmgr will run for device configuration.
3. System Boot Phase (PHASE3)
A. Kernel will execute.
B. The paging space (hd6) will get start.
C. Then following file system will be mounted /, /var. /usr, /home. /tmp
D. Kernel start the init process, it will read the /etc/inittab file and execute the following process.
/etc/rc.boot, srcmstr/etc/rc.tcpip/etc/rc.net
The above network related files /etc/rc.tcpip, /etc/rc.net, used to configure the ip address and routing.
E. Then it will start the system by default run level 2.
NOTE:
Run level 2: It contains all of the terminal process and daemons that are run in the multi user environment. This is default run level.
/etc/inittab file contains four fields, 1. Identifier, 2. Command, 3. Action, 4. Runlevel
4. SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE
In this software Installation we can do following things
1. Fileset installation2. Applying the Fileset3. Reject the Installed Fileset4. Commit the applied Fileset5. Remove the Committed Fileset6. Verify the Installed Fileset ( whether properly installed or not)7. Clear the braked Fileset installation8. List the Installed Fileset
9. List the Installed Fileset contents ( What are the files available in File Set)
10. To finding the file, Extracted from which Fileset.11. To find the command file path12. To view the fileset history
1. Fileset Installation
The Filesets has additional support files for AIX. Suppose we need additional files, we can install it from Base operating system (bos) CD, Bonus software CD, Expansion Software CD, LPP’s (Licensed program product) CD.
NOTE:
If we want to check the AIX Server performance, we need topas command, this topas command is not by default come under AIX OS installation, So that topas file we have to install from some other CD’s.
First we should mount the CDROM drive in server.
When we mount the CDROM, we required mount point like one directory.
So we should create the directory. Eg. /cdmnt (Directory name will be whatever may be)
#mkdir mount point #mkdir cdmnt
Then u can mount the CDROM drive in cdmnt directory
#mount –v cdrfs –o ro /dev/cd0 /mount point#mount –v cdrfs –o ro /dev/cd0 /cdmnt
Verify the Cdrom drive mount process.
#mount
The above command will show the cdrom drive mount point i.e. /cdmnt and cdrfs file system.
Then u go to /cdmnt folder
#cd cdmnt#pwd cdmnt#
Now topas file will be under bos.permaget.tool file set. Now we should find the file set in software cd.
To find the file set using command #installp –Ld /dev/cd0 | grep bos.perf*
If the above bos.permaget.tool file set is available in cd, it will show otherwise it won’t show.
If file set is found then we have to install the fileset.
To install the file set using #installp –agxpd /dev/cd0 file set (for preview installation)i.e. #installp –agxd /dev/cd0 bos.permaget.tool (for installation)
see difference Options –agxpd for preview
-agxd for installation
When we type the above command, fileset installation will start and topas file extracted from the fileset and it will store to /usr/sbin/topas (super user or administrator commands stored in /usr/sbin)
After that we can use topas performance monitor utility.
#topas
The above command will display the system performance status, like cpu usage, memory usage, io usage (hdisk’s) network usage, paging space usage .
2. Applying Fileset (It is not permanent installation)
This applying Fileset is just file set installation, i.e. When we updating the old fileset to new fileset, by default installation has done in apply state and old fileset configuration is moved to /usr/lpp/package(fileset) path, After commit the fileset this /usr/lpp/package(fileset) will updated . Because if any problems in updated fileset, we can easily reject(remove) the updated fileset, If updated fileset is working properly we can commit the updated fileset, i.e. permanent installation, this case we cannot reject the fileset, but we can uninstall the fileset.
NOTE:
Suppose we are installing fileset for the first time, this first time installation done in commit state, and When we updating the fileset, installation has done in apply state,
suppose that updated fileset giving some problem, we can easily reject the updated fileset.
For fileset installation using command installp
Suppose u want to install one fileset bos.rte
Preview (It will show the installation preview – This preview is not required our testing purpose we are using)#installp –agxpd /dev/cd0 fileset name
#installp –agxpd /dev/cd0 bos.rte (for preview)
Flags:
a - Apply g – Perquisites (supporting file) x – Expand the space p – Preview d – Specify the device
After preview we can install the Fileset
#installp –agxd /dev/cd0 bos.rte
After Installation, old installed fileset configuration is moved to /usr//lpp/package (fileset), and updated fileset also available in /usr/lpp/package.
3. Reject the Applied Fileset.
After updating the fileset that installed fileset is moved to applied state, suppose that updated filesets are not working properly then we have to remove the updated fileset and pervious filesets are to be configuring to current working condition.
Now we will reject the updated fileset using
#installp –rgp fileset name (For preview)
#installp –rg fileset name
#installp –rg bos.rte.command
The above command is used to remove the updated fileset and automatically previous fileset is moved to working condition.
4. Commit the Applied fileset (It is permanent installation)
After updating the fileset that installed fileset is moved to applied state, suppose applied filesets are working properly, then we have to commit the updated fileset for permanent installation. Otherwise we will remove the updated fileset using reject option.
Now we will commit the updated fileset using
#installp –cgx fileset name
#installp –cgx bos.rte.command
The above command is used to commit the updated fileset.
5. Remove the Committed fileset (It is complete fileset removal not reject) After commit the fileset, that fileset is moved to permanent installation, we cannot reject, we have to uninstall the fileset only.
Now we will uninstall the committed fileset using:
#installp –ugp Fileset name
#installp –ugp bos.rte.command (For preview)
#installp –ug bos.rte.command (For un installation)
The above command is used to uninstall the committed fileset.
6. Verify the installed fileset (Whether properly installed or not)
After installation we want to verify whether filesets are properly installed are not, using following command
#lppchk –v fileset name
#lppchk –v bos.rte.command
If any problems it will show the error message otherwise no error message, then we will confirm fileset is installed properly.
7. Clear the braked fileset installation:
While installing the filesets, some problem has occurred, i.e. Cd is not reading or space is not available in volume group.
This time half of the fileset only installed in server, so before next installation, we should remove the half installed fileset using
#Installp –C
To clean the brokend fileset installation
8. List the installed fileset
Suppose we want to see what are the filesets available in Server, Using
#lslpp –l
The above command list the all installed fileset
Suppose you want to find particular fileset in server, Using
#lslpp –l | grep Fileset name
The above command is list the specified fileset only, if file set is not available or not installed, it won’t show anything.
9. List the installed fileset content (What are the files available in fileset)
Suppose we want to see bos.rte.command fileset content, using
#lslpp –f fileset name
#lslpp –f bos.rte.command
The above command is display the bos.rte.command file
Basically bos.rte.command fileset has user commands So it will show the /usr/bin/ls,
10. To find the file, which is installed from which fileset.
Using # lslpp –w /usr/bin/ls
The above command shows the bos.rte.command fileset name, because ls command file is extracted from bos.rte.command fileset
#lslpp –w /usr/sbin/savevg
The above shows some other fileset name.
11. To find the command file path:
Using #which ls
The above command is display the given file path i.e. the above command output will be
/usr/bin/ls
Suppose we want to savevg path, using
#which savevg
/usr/sbin/savevg
12. To view the fileset history:
Using #lslpp –h fileset name
#lslpp –h bos.rte.command
The above command output will be full details of fileset.
Fileset version, installed time, date
NOTE:
Whenever we installing the fileset or fix, in that current path should have the .toc (table of content) file. If this file is not available we cannot install any fileset or fix from that current path
If file is not available, we can create the .toc file using command #inutoc .
The above command is used to create the .toc file
5. FIX MAINTENANCE
In this fix update we can do following things
1. Fix installation2. To verify the installed fix3. To list the fixes from the CD
1. Fix Installation
Fix is a just like patch, if any issues on server, we should install or update that fix level then only problem will solved,
Problems like, slow performance, particular application is not working properly. This case of problems we should update the fix.
Suppose we want to install fix, Using
#instfix –k Fixname –d device
#instfix – k IK00891 –d /dev/cd0
-k - Keyword to mention the fix name-d - Device to mention device name
The above command is used to install the given fix IK00891 from cdrom drive.
2. To verify the installed fix
Suppose we want to verify installed fix,
Using #instfix –ki fixname
#instfix –ki IK00891
Option –i for information
The above command is used to display the given fix details. If fix is not available some error message will come.
3. To list the fix from the CD
Suppose we have fix update CD, we want to install particular two fix in server, this first we should find that 2 fixes are available in CD or not available.
Using
#instfix –T fixname –d /dev/cd0
#instfix –T IK00891 –d /dev/cd0
T - Displays the entire list of fixes present on the media.
If fix is available in CD, then it will display the given fix name otherwise it wont display anything or some error message will come.
NOTE:
Whenever we installing the fileset or fix, in that current path should have the .toc (table of content) file. If this files not available we cannot install any fileset or fix from that current path
If file is not available, we can create the .toc file using command #inutoc .
The above command is used to create the .toc file
6. ODM (Object Data Manager)
ODM generally used for Maintain the System information, whenever we install and reconfigure the hardware device and software, that information’s added in ODM,
Mainly ODM used to store the following information’s
1. Hardware vital product data information2. Software information3. Smit menu4. Nim5. TCPIP6. Error log1. Device configuration information 2. Display information for SMIT (menus, selectors, and dialogs) 3. Vital product data for installation and update procedures 4. Communications configuration information 5. System resource information.
But we cannot see any ODM information in file format, but this ODM information available in many files and different path,
1. /etc/objrepos2. /usr/lib/objrepos3. /usr/share/lib/objrepos
NOTE:
For ODM some variable entry available in /etc/environment file.U should not edit anything in this file. If you want to check the variable entry using command
#env
The above command is used to display the variable details
ODM has two kinds of Databases
1. Pre-defined (PdDv)2. Customized(CuDv)
1. Predefined
In this predefined Database has one Object class (PdDv) and Objects i.e.
PdDv (Object class)
Object: (Physical Information’s)
Floppy driveHarddisk driveMouse like this all the devices.
2. Customized In this customized Database has one Object class (CuDv) and Objects i.e.
CuDv (Object class)
Objects: (Installed configuration information’s)
Hdisk0Hdisk1Fd0Sa0Rmt0Cd0Scsi0 like this all the devices
ODM States:
ODM has two states
1. Available (device status will be 1)2. Defined (device status will be 0)
Suppose we are installing one HDD in server. That device is currently accessible this is available state.
Suppose that installed device is removed from server or hdd has failed. This case that device is moved to defined state. i.e. that device configuration is available in server but currently device is not accessible.
We can see this available and defined device status using odmget command
#odmget CuDv ( It will display the customized device status)
ODM Commands:
For object:
1. odmadd2. odmchange3. odmget4. odmdelete
1. odmadd
The above command is used to manually we can add object information in ODM
2. odmchange
The above command is used to change configurations for object in ODM3. odmget
#odmget –q name=hdisk0 CuDv
The above command is used to display the specified object hdisk0 information in ODM
We can see this available and defined device status using odmget command
#odmget CuDv (It will display the customized device status)
4. odmdelete
#odmdelete –o CuDv –q name=hdisk0 The above command is used to delete the specified object hdisk0 in ODMe
For object class:
1. odmcreate2. odmdrop3. odmshow
1. odmcreate
The above command is used to manually we can add object class (PdDv) in ODM
2. odmdrop
The above command is used to stop the specified Object class in ODM
3. odmshow
The above command is used to display the specified object class in ODM
NOTE:
You should not add, delete, change, for object and object class in ODM
(100 % we don’t have permissions for ODM)
7. DEVICE MANAGEMENT
In this device management, we can do following things.
1. Make/Add a Device2. Change Device3. List Device4. Remove Device5. List Device properties6. List Device configuration
1. Make/Add a Device
We want to install new device in server, this case we should run following commandSuppose we want to install new Hard disk
#smitty mkdev (not recommended)
After executing the above command, one sort will come; in this sort we should fill some details about hard disk drive, such as model, make, capacity, etc.
The above command is not recommended because first we should know all the details about HDD, so instead of that we can use cfgmgr command.
When we run the cfgmgr command it will detect all the newly installed devices,
First you connect hard disk and run the cfgmgr command it will detect the hdd.
#cfgmgr (It will detect the all the devices)
#cfgmgr scsi0
Directly you want to detect hard disk then directly u should check the hdd parent device scsi0
When you run the above command it will detect only Scsi0 devices i.e. HDD, Cdrom, and Tape.
Like this we can configure newly installed devices.
2. Change Device
Suppose we want to change device configuration, this case we should run following command.
We want to change PVID (Physical volume ID) for Hdd
#chdev –l hdisk0 –a pv=clear (To clear the PVID)#chdev –l hdisk0 –a pv=yes (To assign the PVID)
Whenever we installing the new hdd, system will generate some Identification number for hdd, we can change this PVID using chdev commands
Like this we can change duplex mode for network card and block size for tape media.
#chdev –l inet0 –a hostname=si (To change the host name for inet0)
#chdev –l rmt0 –a block_size=512 (To Change tape drive block_size is 512 blocks)
#chdev –l ent0 –a media_speed=100_full_duplex (To Change Ethernet card duplex speed)
3. List Device
Suppose we want to list device configuration details, this case se should run following command.
Whenever we list the device information that information is listed from ODM because ODM is storing the device information.
#lsdev –C (To list the Customized device configuration information from ODM)#lsdev – P (To list the Predefined device configuration information from ODM)
The above commands list the object class device information; it will list all the device information.
Suppose we want to see particular device (object) information,
#lsdev –Cc disk#lsdev –Cc processor#lsdev –Cc adapter#lsdev –Cc memory
C – Customized (object class) c – for device (object)
If any confusion please refer the ODM notes
4. Remove Device
Suppose you want to remove device from server. Suppose it is one HDD.
First you have removed the HDD from server. Then you checking device configuration details using
#lsdev –Cc disk
Or
#odmget CuDv
It will show the device status
There is two options is available in device removal
#rmdev –dl hdisk5
The above command is used to remove hdisk5 device from ODM (complete removal from OS)
After executing the above command this hdisk5 configuration is not available in ODM
#odmget CuDv | grep hdisk5
It wont display anything because device configuration is removed from ODM
Suppose you want to remove device from the server not from ODMThis case you should use the following command.
#rmdev –l hdisk5
The above command is used to remove hdisk5 device from server, this device configuration is available in ODM (not from OS)
After executing the above command this hdisk5 configuration is available in ODM and device status is defined
#odmget CuDv | grep hdisk5
It will show Hdisk5 configuration details but device status is 0
If you want install hdisk5 device again, you should run the following command
#cfgmgr
#cfgmgr scsi0 (Directly you can search device on Parent device scsi0)
After executing above commands the device hdisk5 become to Available state.And device status is 1
5. List device Properties (attributes)
Suppose you want to check the device attributes details, you should use following commands.
You want to see memory details,
#lsattr –El mem0 (For memory)#lsattr –El processor0 (For processor)#lsattr –El ent0 (For Ethernet card)#lsattr –El rmt0 (For Tape drive)
E – Effective l - DeviceLike this all the devices.
6. List device Configuration
Suppose you want to check the device configuration details, you should use following commands.
Suppose you want to see HDD FRU number
#lscfg (it will show full system information)
#lscfg –vl hdisk0 (It will show HDD configuration details FRU)#lscfg –vl eth0 (It will so MAC address details of eth0)
Like this all the devices.
NOTE:#bindprocessor –q (It will show processor information)
Suppose you are using backup device, currently connected and configured with server.
First you switch on the server, at this time tape driver is not switched on. While booting the server, it is checking the tape drive, but tape is now powered on so tape
drive is moved to defined state, status will be 0, Now tape drive is switched on now we want to activate the tape drive, we can activate the tape drive without rebooting the server using#mkdev –l rmt0 (After executing the command tape drive is come to available state)
8. LVM (Logical Volume Manager)
In AIX first Physical volumes (PV) are added into volume group(VG),After that only we can create logical volumes, and file systems.
Minimum one PV is belongs to VG, While creating the VG we should mention physical partition (pp) size, this pp’s pointed to logical portions (LP),
Suppose we have 40GB HDD, we have added in one VG named DataVG , While creating the VG we should mention the pp size, i.e.
PP size will be 4MB to 128MB, suppose we are mentioned pp size is 32MB, then that 40GB HDD divided into
1024MB *40 = 40960MB
Each pp size is 32MB, then 40GB HDD spited into i.e.
40960 / 32 = 1280 PP’s
So DATAVG has 1280 PP’s
While creating the Logical volumes we should mention the lv size by giving the no of pp
Suppose you want to create one file system /userdata, that file system size will be 1GB, this file system is belongs to one particular LV, So while creating the LV we should mention the lv size is 1GB, but directly we cannot mention the GB size.
Each pp has 32MB, So you create LV with 315 PP’s, then that lv size will be 1GB.
After creating the LV using 1GB space we can increase LV size online, reboot is not required.
This LVM we can do following things,
1. List PV2. Change PV3. Create VG4. List VG5. Extend VG6. Reduce VG7. Varryon VG8. Varryoff VG9. Create LV10. List LV11. Extend LV12. Change LV13. Create LV copy 14. Remove LV copy15. Remove LV16. Create FS17. Change FS18. List Fs19. Mount FS20. Unmount FS21. Remove FS22. Repair FS23. Mirror VG24. Syncvg25. Unmirror VG26. Migrate PV27. Migrate LV28. Export VG29. Import VG30. Change VG
NOTE:
After AIX installation by default root volume group (rootvg) will be available
1. List Physical Volumes
Suppose we want to know how many PV’s available in server, The following command is list the Pv’s
#lspv
Hdisk0Hdisk1Hdisk2#The above command is used to display the pv availability
Suppose you want to see particular PV information then your command will be
#lspv hdisk1
After executing lspv command it will display the hdisk1 PV information. All the information, like pp size, used pp’s, free pp, allocatable, hotspare etc.
Suppose we want to see logical volumes details in single hdisk2 PVThen your command will be
#lspv –l hdisk2
The above command is used to display all the LV details across the PV hdisk2
Suppose we want to see pp storage information in hdisk2, then your command will be
#lspv –p hdisk2
The above command is display the pp usage information across the PV hdisk2
2. Change PV
Suppose we have three PV’s, like hdisk0, hdisk1, hdisk2, now you want to deactivate the hdisk2,
#chpv -vr hdisk2 (To deactivate the hdisk2)#chpv –va hdisk2 (To activate the hdisk2)
#chpv –an hdisk2 (hdisk2 is not allocatable)#chpv –ay hdisk2 (hdisk2 is allocatable)#chpv –hn hdisk2 (hotspare no)#chpv –hy hdisk2 (Hotspare yes)#chpv –c hdisk2 (To clear the boot image)
Above operations we can do by using chpv command
3. Create VG,
We can create VG by using mkvg commands
#mkvg –s 32 –y datavg hdisk4
The above command is creating datavg using pv hdisk4 and pp size is 32MB
#mkvg datavg hdisk4
The above command is creating datavg using pv hdisk4 and pp size is by default 128MB
4. List VG
We can list VG information using following commands
#lsvg – It will display the available vg’s#lsvg datavg – It will display full details about datavg only#lsvg –o It will display the online vg’s#lsvg – l datavg – It will display the all logical volume details across the datavg#lsvg –p datavg – It will display the information about all PV’s in datavg
Above operations we can do by using lsvg commands
5. Extend VG
We can increase VG size by adding Pv into existing VG using extendvg command
#lsvg –p datavgHdisk4
Hdisk5#datavg has 2 PV’s now we want to extend datavg, then your command will be
#extendvg datavg hdisk6
After executed command hdisk6 pv added with datavg
#lsvg –l datavgHdisk4Hdisk5Hdisk6#
6. Reduce VG
We can remove the VG using reducevg command, Suppose we want remove testvg and testvg has one pv hdisk9
#lsvg –p testvgHdisk9#
Now we will remove the pv from testvg
#reducevg –f testvg hdisk9
f- option is used to force reduce, you have data in pv hdisk9, that time I will not any questions, directly it will remove the pv from testvg. Suppose 2 PV’s available in testvg then one by one we can reduce the PV’s
7. Varryon VG
This is just for VG activation; some times clients want to deactivate VG for project restriction. After that we want to activate the VG for further data access
Suppose we want to activate testvg, then your command will be
#lsvg RootvgDatavgTestvg
The above command shows what are VG’s available
#lsvg –o RootvgDatavg
The above commands shows only online VG’s because testvg is offline so we have to activate testvg
#varryonvg testvg
#lsvg –o RootvgDatavgTestvg
Now above command is display the testvg.
8. Varryoff VG
This is just for VG deactivation; some clients want to deactivate VG for project Restriction. Suppose customer want deactivate testvg then your command will be
#lsvg –oRootvgDatavgTestvg
#Varryoff testvg
#lsvg –o RootvgDatavg
The above command display only two online VG’s and it will not show testvg because testvg is offline VG.
9. Create LV
All the File systems belongs to individual LV, after creating the VG’s we should create the LV using mklv command
Suppose you want to create LV name as newlv
#mklv –y newlv –t jfs2 datavg 5 hdisk4
-y for confirmation-t type mentioning the filesystem type i.e. jfs or jfs2, Datavg – lv created on datavg5 – 5 PP’s allocated for newlv ( 1 pp size 32MB the newlv size is 32MB*5 = 160MB)Hdisk4 – that newlv is belongs to PV hdisk4
10. List LV
Suppose we want see what are the Lv’s available in datavg, then your command will be
#lsvg –l datavgIt will login list LV details
newlv
Now we want see newlv properties, then your command will be
#lslv newlv
The above command is used to display the newlv properties, i.e. available pp’s mount pint, label name, stale partitions. Etc.
#lslv –m newlv – To display the lvcopy information’s
11. Extend LV
Suppose we want to increase LV size using extendlv command
#lslv newlv
The above command shows LV size, no of LP’s and some other information about LV, suppose LV has 10 LP’s and usage is up to 95% full, that time we can increase the LV size online by adding no of LP’s in newlv i.e.
#extendlv newlv 5
After executing the above command 5 PP’s added with newlv, then some additional space will available in newlv. Suppose you want to see this changes again use the lslv command
#lslv newlv (it will show no of LV’s is 15 and some additional space)
12. Change LV
In this change LV option we can change LV name and permissions for the LV using chlv command.
#chlv –n newlvname oldlvname
#lslv testlv
Output is some details about testlv
#chlv –n newlv testlv
After executing the above command the testlv renamed to newlv
#lslv testlvSome error message will come i.e. testlv is not found
#lslv newlv
It will show newlv details, because testlv is renamed as newlv.
Changing the LV permissions: suppose we want to change LV permissions to read only then the command will be
#chlv –p r testlv
After executing the above command testlv permissions changed as read only , so we can only read the LV, we can not copy new files into this LV.
13. Create LV copy
We can create LV content copy to another PV, after this same LV content is available in Lvcopy configured PV.
#lspv Hdisk0Hdisk1Hdisk2#lspv –l hdisk1Assume testlv available in hdisk1, now we will make testlv copy to hdisk2, usingAfter this testlv data available in both PV, hdisk1 and hdisk2, suppose hdisk1 is fail, we can recover testlv data from hdisk2
#mklvcopy testlv 2 hdisk2
Testlv –lv name2- No of copies, (we can make 3 copies also; this case you put 3 and mention hdisk0 then third copy will be available in hdisk0)
##mklvcopy testlv 3 hdisk0 ( It will make third lvcopy on hdisk0
After executing above command testlv is copied to hdisk2
If you want to confirm run the following command
#lslv –m testlv (it will show lvcopy details for testlv)
Hdiks1 hdisk2 hdisk0
Testlv (copy1) testlv (copy2) testlv (copy3)14. Remove LV copy
Using rmlvcopy we can remove the lvcopy from the PV’s
Suppose we want to remove testlv copy from hdisk0
#rmlvcopy testlv 3 hdisk0
After executing the above command third copy of the testlv removed from PV hdisk0, like this we can remove
15. Remove LV
Suppose we want to LV testlv from server
#rmlv testlv (If data is available in testlv It will ask confirmation)
#rmlv –f testlv (It won’t ask any confirmation, directly it will delete the data)
After executing the above command testlv removed from the server.
16. Create FS
Using crfs command we can create a file system. File systems belongs to LV’s
Whenever we create the file system we should mention the LV name
#crfs –v jfs2 –d testlv –m /newfs (Normal creation)
The /newfs file system created on testlv.
#crfs –v jfs2 –g testvg –a size=64465 –m /newfs (Directly we can create /fs from VGThis case lv name will be lv00 or lv01 like this after that also we can rename the lv name)
17. Change FS
Using chfs command we can rename and increase the size of the file system online
We want to increase file system size
#chfs –a size=+block size /filesystem name#chfs –a size=+32m /filesystem name#chfs-a size=+4g /filesystem name
+block size – We can mention the size using blocks (2048 blocks = 1MB)+32m – We can mention the size using MB+4g – We can mention the size using GB
After increasing the file system size, we can verify using commands
#df –k#ls –q /newfs
Rename the file system using chfs command
#lsfs /newfsIt will display /newfs details#
Now we want to rename /newfs to /testfs then your command will be
#chfs –m /testfs /newfs
After executing the above command /newfs renamed as /testfs
We can auto mount the file system while booting using chfs command
#chfs –A /testfs
18. List Fs
We can list file system details using lsfs command
#lsfs – List all filesystems in the /etc/filesystems entry#lsfs –q (List all filesystems with detailed info)#lsfs –a (list all filesystems (default)#lsfs –l (specify the output in the list format)#lsfs –c (specify the output in the column format)#lsfs –v jfs (List all jfs filesystems)
19. Mount FS
After creating the file system, we should mount the file system, without file system mount we cannot access the file system using mount command we can mount the file system.
Before mount lsfs command is wont display the /newfs file system
#lsfs –a
That /newfs file system detail is not available
#mount /newfs
Now you put lsfs command it will show the /newfs details
#lsfs –a
20. Unmount FS
Using umount or unmount command we can umount the file system i.e. file system is moved to off line.
#umount /newfs
After this you run the lsfs –a command it wont display /newfs file system details.
#lsfs –a
21. Remove FS
Using rmfs command we can remove the file systems
#lsfs –a
/testfs
Before removing the /testfs. That file system should be unmounted.#umount /testfs
#rmfs /testfs (Deletes FS /newfs and associated LV)
After executing the above command /testfs is removed.
#rmfs –r /testfs (Deletes FS /newfs its mount point and associated LV)
22. Repair FS
Using fsck command we can repair the problematic FS or corrupted FS
Suppose you want check /data FS
#fsck /data
Or directly we can repair the LV
#fsck –Y n /dev/datalv (To fsck the FS associated to /dev/datalv assuming response “Yes”
#fsck –p /dev/datalv (To restore superblock from backup superblock)
23. Mirror VG
We can do mirroring in AIX, using mirrorvg command and we can create max. Three copy of mirror.
Suppose we have two PV’s in rootvg, now we want mirror, Data and OS installed in hdisk0 and now we want to mirror hdisk0 to hdisk1. Then your command will be
#mirrorvg –S –m rootvg hdisk1
S – Backgroup mirror -m - exact (force) mirror
NOTE: in mirrored VG quorum should be off line because quorum is not recommended for mirror.
24. Synchronize VG
Using Syncvg command we can sync the mirrored Vg and LV copy information’s
Suppose we want to sync lvcopy
#syncvg –l lvname
#syncvg –l testlv
After executing the above command, testlv copy get sync with lv copied PV
Suppose we want to sync mirrored PV’s
#syncvg –v rootvg
The above sync the mirrored PV’s in rootvg
25. Unmirror VG
Using Unmirror command we can Unmirror the VG
#unmirrorvg rootvg hdisk1
PV hdisk1 is removed from rootvg mirror
26. Migrate PV
Using migratepv command we can move full PV data or single LV from one PV to another PV. This is not copy just cut and past method
Suppose we want to migrate data from PV to PV
#migratepv hdisk1 hdisk2
After executing above command hdisk1 data is moved to hdisk2
27. Migrate LV
Using migratepv command we can migrate lv from PV to PV
Suppose we want to migrate single LV
#migratepv –l testlv hdisk1 hdisk2
After executing above command testlv LV is moved hdisk2.
28. Export VG
Using exportvg command we can export VG (including all the PV’s) from one server to another server.
Suppose you have ServerA, in this server has DATAVG with two PV’s. Now we want export DATAVG to ServerB
Before exporting the DATAVG, we should Varryoff the DATAVG, i.e. DATAVG is moved to offline.
#varryoff DATAVG (Varryoff the DATAVG)#exportvg DATAVG (VG information removed from ODM)
Now DATAVG is exported from the ServerA, after this run the following command to verify the export.
#lsvg
It won’t show DATAVG name. Because DATAVG is exported.
Then you should remove PV from the configuration
#rmdev –dl hdisk3#rmdev –dl hdisk4
After that we can remove the PV’s from ServerA for import DATAVG to ServerB
29. Import VG
Using importvg command we can import the DATAVG to ServerB
First you should connect hdisk3, hdisk4, in ServerB then, run the #cfgmgr (for hard disk detection)
Then check the PV’s installed or not using lspv command#lspv (it will display the installed PV’s) if hdisk3, hdisk4 is available then PV’s are configured properly.
Then run the command importvg for import the DATAVG
#importvg –y DATAVG hdisk3 (VG information is added in ODM)#importvg –y DATAVG hdisk4 (VG information is added in ODM)
NOTE:
Suppose ServerB has VG with same name DATAVG, This case we can rename the importing VG DATAVG to other name,
#importvg –y NEWDATAVG hdisk3#importvg –y NEWDATAVG hdisk4
Like this we can import.
After importing the DATAVG, we no need to Varryon DATAVG, automatically it will Varryon while importing.
30. Change VG
Using chvg command we can change the VG options
#chvg –a y datavg (datavg is automatically activated at startup)#chvg -a n datavg (To deactivate the automatic activation at startup)#chvg –t 2 datavg (To change max. no of PP to 2032 on vg datavg)#chvg –Qn datavg (To disable quorum on VG datavg)#chvg –Qy datavg (To activate quorum on VG datavg)#chvg –u datavg (To unlock the VG)
NOTE:
Quorum, VGDA, VGSA, LVCB
VGDA (Volume Group Descriptor Area)
Volume group descriptor area (VGDA) is an area on the disk that containsInformation pertinent to the volume group that physical volume belongs to. ItAlso includes information about properties and status of all physical andLogical volumes that are part of the volume group. The information from VGDAis used and updated by LVM commands. There is at least one VGDA perPhysical volume. Information from VGDAs of all disks that are part of theSame volume group must de identical. VGDA internal architecture and location on the disk depends on the type of the volume group (original, big, orScalable).
VGSA (Volume Group Status Area)
Volume group status area (VGSA) is used to describe the state of all physicalPartitions from all physical volumes within a volume group. The VGSAindicates if a physical partition contains accurate or stale information. VGSAIs used for monitoring and maintained data copies synchronization. TheVGSA is essentially a bitmap and its architecture and location on the diskDepends on the type of the volume group.
LVCB (Logical Volume control block)
Logical volume control block (LVCB) contains important information about theLogical volume, such as the number of the logical partitions or disk allocationPolicy. Its architecture and location on the disk depends on the type of theVolume group it belongs to. For standard volume groups, the LVCB resides onThe first block of user data within the LV. For big volume groups there isAdditional LVCB information in VGDA on the disk. For scalable volume groupsAll relevant logical volume control information is kept in the VGDA as part ofThe LVCB information area and the LV entry area.
Quorum
The following commands change the quorum for the volume group testvg. ThisAttribute determines if the volume group will be varied off or not after losing theSimple majority of its physical volumes.
To turn off the quorum use the command:
#chvg -Qn testvg
To turn on the quorum use the command:
# chvg -Qy testvg
Quorum is used for data integrity. When we activate quorum in VG it will recover 51% of data in VG
If we have DATAVG, This DATAVG has two PV’s hdisk1, hdisk2.
First PV hdisk1 has 2 * VGDA and 1 *VGSA
Second PV hdisk2 has 1* VGDA and 1*VGSA
Each VGDA has 33% of data, so hdisk1 has 2 VGDA, it will protect 66% of data and Second PV hdisk2 has 1 VGDA, it will protect only 33% data.
9. PAGING SPACE
Paging space is configured for additional system performance i.e. if real memory is occupies some system process, that time further process is moved to paging space temporary. If real memory getting free, then process moved from paging space to real memory. This paging space is assigned from HDD space.
Normally paging space is configured double size of the real memory
If system has 512MB RAM, then paging space size will be 1GB.
In this paging space we can do following things
1. List paging space2. Create paging space3. Change paging space4. Activate paging space5. Deactivate paging space6. Remove paging space
1. List paging space
Using lsps command we can view the paging space details
#lsps –a (It will display the paging space details)
2. Create Paging space
Using mkps command we can create the paging space
#mkps –s 10 rootvg hdisk2s- size 10 – no of PP size Rootvg – specifying the VGHdisk2 – paging space created in PV hdisk2 (PP allocated from hdisk2)
Then paging space has created and name will be paging00
Using mklv command we can create paging space using different name.Generally paging name will be paging00, paging01, paging02,
#mklv –y newpaging –t paging rootvg 10 hdisk2
#lsps –aPaging00 , newpaging 3. Change paging space
Using chps command we can increase, decrease, auto on, and auto off the paging space.
#chps –s 5 newpaging (5 LP’s added with newpaging) – To increase
#chps –d 3 newpaging (3 LP’s reduced from newpaging – To Decrease
#chps -ay newpaging (To start the paging space at startup)
#chps –an newpaging (To stop the paging space automatic startup at boot)
4. Activate paging space
Using swapon command we can activate the paging space
#swapon /dev/newpaging (To activate paging space)
The paging space is active stage, and then one entry will be available in /etc/swapspaces file.
5. Deactivate paging space
Using swapoff command we can deactivate the paging space
#swapoff /dev/newpaging (To deactivate paging space)
The paging space is deactivated, then that paging space entry is removed from /etc/swapspaces
6. Remove paging space
Using rmps command we can remove the paging space
#rmps newpaging
NOTE:
Before removing the paging space, paging space should be offline, then we can remove the paging space, otherwise it will give some errors
10. SRC AND DAEMONS
Group of subsystems called daemons, using src command we can do following things with subsystems and daemons
1. Start daemon2. List daemon3. stop daemon4. refresh (restart) daemon
1. Start daemon
Using srcstart command we can start the daemon, suppose we want to start nfs daemon
Actually nfs daemon has 5 subsystems (services), when you configured nfs in server, that 5 subsystems are always start state. If one subsystem is not working properly or not started, then the nfs is not working properly.
Nfs daemons:
Server: 1. nfsd, 2. rpc.mountd
Client: 3.biod, 4. rpc.statd, 5. rpc.lockd
Suppose clients are not able to access the network file system from the server, that time you have to start or restart the nfsd and rpc.mountd subsystems.
#startsrc –s nfsd#startsrc –s rpc.mountd
Flag –s is mentioned for single, because we are starting single nfsd subsystem
Suppose we want start complete nfs daemons using –g flag
#startsrc –g nfsNfsd – startedBiod – started Rpc.mountd – startedRpc.lockd – startedRpc.statd – started
#The above command is start all the 5 subsystems at the same time, but it is not recommended.Like this we start single subsystem or group of subsystems.2. List Daemon
Using lssrc command we can list the daemons
Suppose we want see check status of the nfs daemon, whether subsystems are started or not.
#lssrc –g nfs
Nfsd – startedBiod – started Rpc.mountd – not startedRpc.lockd – startedRpc.statd – not started
Or we can check single subsystem status using
#lssrc –s nfsd Nfsd - started
NOTE:#lssrc –a
The above command list the status of all the daemons,
Like this we can list and check the status of the daemons
3. Stop Daemon
Using stopsrc command we can stop the daemon,
Suppose we want to stop nfs daemon, then your command will be
#stopsrc –g nfs
Nfsd – stoppedBiod – stopped
Rpc.mountd – stoppedRpc.lockd – stoppedRpc.statd – stopped
Or we can stop single subsystem using –s flag
#stopsrc –s nfsdNfsd – stopped, like this we can stop the daemons
4. Refresh (restart) Daemon
Using refresh command we can restart the daemon
#refresh –g nfs (restart the group of subsystems)#refresh –s rpc.statd (restart the single subsystems)
Like this we can restart the daemons
11. NETWORK
In this chapter we can do following things,
1. NIC Configuration2. Assign IP address to NIC3. Disable IP address4. Enable IP address5. Remove IP address6. Check the NIC IP status7. Check the NIC device status8. Check the network statistics9. To change HOST name10. Trace the HOST11. Assign gateway to network12. Clear the gateway table
1. NIC Configuration
Using cfgmgr command we can configure to server
Cfgmgr command is device management related command. Suppose we want to install new network card, first we should connect network in server. While booting the server boot process is starting the cfgmgr, so that time network card will be installed in server.
We have installed Ethernet card 1.
That Ethernet card is divided into three parts
Ent0 – Physical adapterEn0 – Logical nameEt0 – Architecture of the card (802.3)
OrUsing mkinet command we can install the NIC
2. Assign IP address to NIC
Using mktcpip or smitty tcpip command we can assign IP address to NIC
#smitty tcpip
It will ask following details
Hostname – IP address – Subnet mask – DNS server –DNS Server name – Gateway – #Or#ifconfig en0 inet 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up (Configure en0 starts
Immediately)
After finishing this process ip address assigned to NIC
Or We can assign one more IP address to same network card
#ifconfig en0 192.168.1.33 alias (adding alias IP to en0)#ifconfig –en0 192 168.1.33 –alias (Removing alias IP from en0)
3. Disable IP address
Using ifconfig command we can disable the IP address
#ifconfig en0 down (Turns off network card en0)
4. Enable IP address
#ifconfig en0 up (Turns on network card en0)
5. Remove IP address
Using ifconfig command we can remove network interface from network list
#ifconfig en0 detach (Removes en0 card from the network interface list)
6. Check status of the NIC
Using ifconfig command we can check the status of the NIC
#ifconfig –a (To show status of all network interfaces for IP)
7. Check the NIC device status
#entstat en0 (To display the status of Ethernet device en0)
#entstat –d en0 (To display detailed information about Ethernet device en0)
8. Check the Network Statistics
Using netstat command we can check the network statistics
#netstat –a (To show the state of all sockets)
#netstat –c (To show the network buffers cache)
#netstat –D (To show the net drops of packets)
#netstat –i (To display interface statistics)
#netstat –rn (To show routing table – ip will be given instead of host names)
#netstat –s (To show statistics of the protocols)
9. Changing the HOST name
Using hostname command we can change the host name
#hostname (It will display existing host name)
ServerA
#hostname ServerB
#hostname
ServerB
ServerA host name is changed to ServerB
Or
Using chdev command to change the hostname for inet0
#chdev –l inet0 –a hostname=ServerB
10. Trace the HOST
Using traceroute command we can trace the route to the host
#traceroute ServerA (To trace the route to ServerA)
11. Assign gateway to network
Using route command we can assign gateway to network
#route add 0 192.168.0.1 (To make 192.168.0.1 as default gateway for entire network)
#route add 192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1 (To make 1.1 as gateway for 0.1 network
Like this we can assign the gateway for network
12. Clear the Gateway
Using route command we can clear the gateway
#route –f (To clear the gateway)
12. NFS (Network File System)
In this NFS we can share the file systems from server to clients, across the network, using some nfs related commands we can configure the NFS in server end and client end. So clients can access the server mounted files systems through network, with specified permissions, such as read only, read write.
NOTE:
Before configuring the NFS, U should check the /etc/hosts file entry, and NFS daemons and all the nfs daemon subsystems
nfsd, rpc.mountd subsystems is running on server end
rpc.statd, rpc.lockd, rpc.mountd subsystems running on client end
Server End
First we should export the file system from server end.
1. Export 2. List the exported file systems
3. Remove the exported file systems4. Change the exported file system permissions
Then we should import the file system to client end.
5. Import6. List the imported file systems7. Remove the imported file systems
1. Export file system
Using smitty mknfsexp command we can export the file system
#smitty mknfsexp
One window will appear then you have to put the configuration
a. File system name (what file system you want to export i.e. /usr)
b. Specify the target host name (destination host name i.e. serverB)If this box is empty, then this exporting file system is allowed to all the clients.
c. Specify the access permissions (Read only, Read write)
d. Host allowed root access (Source Server name, ServerA)
e. Then press enter button to execute the above configuration finally result will be OK, if you got OK output then your configurations are exported properly. If you got FAILED error message then you have to check the configuration.
NOTE: After exporting the file system, that exported file system will be added in /etc/exports, and /etc/xtab because while boot process, server is checking exported file systems from above files, if entry found in the above file then file system are exporting on boot process.
2. List the exported file system
Using lsnfsexp command we can list the exported file system
#lsnfsexp
/usr – rw
3. Remove the exported file system
Using smitty rmnfsexp command we can remove the exported file system
#smitty rmnfsexp
One smitty screen will appear, and then you press Esc+4, it will check and shows what are the file systems are exported. Then you can remove the exported file system.
After this command execution, list the exported file system using command lsnfsexp, now removed file systems is not listed.
NOTE: while removing the file system, the file system entry removed from /etc/exports and /etc/xtab
4. Changing exported file system permissions
Using chnfsexp command we can change the permission for exported file systems
#smitty chnfsexp
One smitty screen will appear, and then you specify the permission and configure the file system
5. Import the file systems
Using smitty mknfsmnt command we can import the file system.
#smitty mknfsmnt
One smitty configuration screen will appear then you have to specify the following things.
a. specify the path name of mount point (client end mount point by default /mnt will be available or we have to create directory and we can specify that directory name to mount the file system /mnt)
b. Specify the path name of remote directory (This is server file system name i.e. /usr, which file system was exported by server)
c. Host where remote directory resides (This is exporting source server name i.e. ServerA)
d. Mount type name (Specify the file system type jfs2)
e. Then press enter button to execute the above configuration, finally it will exported.
5. List the imported files system
Using mount command we can check the imported file system status.
#mount
Above command is used to display the mounted file system information along with file system type, if nfs mounted file system available then it will show file system type name nfs so easily we can identify which nfs mounted file system
6. Remove the imported file system
Using smitty rmnfsmnt command we can remove the mounted file system from client end.#smitty rmnfsmnt
Then one smitty screen will appear. Specify the mounted file system name or press Esc+4 keys, for system analyze and show the mount file system, then you mention from the list also. After this command execution, which mounted file system will be removed from the client PC. Now you put mount command, that removed file system is not listed.
Like this we can export and import the network file system.
13. USER AND GROUP MANAGEMENT
In this user management we can do following commands
1. Create user2. List user3. Change user4. Remove user5. Set password for users
1. Create user
Using mkuser command we can create a new user, suppose you want to create new user Kumar,
#mkuser kumar
After this command execution, kumar home directory created in /home/kumar/Kumar user configuration details stored in /etc/passwd
Now you can login the terminal using kumar user name without password.
Then you have to set the password for kumar user using command passwd
#passwd kumarEnter new password: ******Confirm password again: ******
After this command execution password assigned to kumar user and kumar user password configuration entry added in /etc/security/passwd.
NOTE: user configuration data stored in /usr/lib/security/mkuser.sys
Whenever login the server that last login information’s stored in /etc/security/lastlog file.
2. List user
Using lsuser command we can list the user properties, i.e. user home directory, shell, group, etc. except password
#lsuser all (It will list all the user information’s except password)
#lsuser kumar (It will list only kumar user information’s except password)
3. Change user
Using chuser command we can change user properties, i.e. user home directory, shell group, etc. except password
Whenever you create a user that user home directory by default created in /home file system, and default group is staff.
Suppose we want to change the kumar user group to system, then your command will be.
#lsuser kumar (it will show kumar user properties including group information)
#chuser pgrp=system kumar (now kumar user is assigned to primary group system and secondary group is assigned to staff)
#lsuser kumar (It will list modified kumar properties, group is system, staff)
Like this we can change all the user properties
4. Remove user Using rmuser command we can remove the user, suppose you want to remove kumar user
#rmuser kumar
After this command execution, kumar user will be deleted.
5. Set password for Users
Using passwd command we can set password for user and root
#passwd kumar
Enter new password: *****Confirm password: *****
We are changing password for kumar user from root path, it will not ask existing password for kumar user, because root is administrator login.
Suppose you are changing password from kumar login, it will ask existing password, because user should know the existing password before changing the new password. Otherwise any user can change the kumar user password. This not recommended security.
$pwd/home/kumar$passwd kumarEnter the old password: *****Enter the new password: *****Confirm password again: *****
NOTE: Suppose you are forgotten root password that time what you will do.
Answer: boot the server with BOS Cd and go to maintenance mode, access the rootvg, then you can change the password for root.
Like this we can change the password for users.
GROUP MANAGEMENT
In this group management we can do following things,
1. Create group2. List group3. Change group4. Remove group
1. Create group
Using mkgroup command we can create the group, suppose you want to create oracle group.
#mkgroup oracle
After this command execution new oracle group has created and this group is added in /etc/groups file.
2. List group
Using lsgroup command we can list group information’s. Suppose we want to list oracle group information
#lsgroup oracle (it will display the oracle group information’s, gname, gid, members)
#lsgroup all (It will list all group details)
3. Change group
Using chgroup command we can change the group information’s.
#chgroup options oracle
4. Remove group
Using rmgroup command we can remove a group, suppose we want to remove oracle group.
#rmgroup oracle
After this command execution oracle group removed and group configuration information removed from /etc/groups files.
14. SCHEDULING
In Aix Os we can schedule jobs using crontab command; these jobs are executed in background at mentioned time.
Suppose Administrator want to create five users on next week, but next week system administrator is out of country, that time admin can schedule this user creation job one week before using crontab command, so that server will create 5 users at scheduled time.
In this scheduling we can do following things.
1. List scheduling 2. Edit scheduling3. Clear scheduling4. Assign user permissions
1. List scheduling
Using crontab command we can list scheduled job.
#crontab –l
The above command is list the scheduled jobs
2. Edit scheduling
Using crontab command we can edit the scheduled job
#crontab –e
Here you have to mention i.e. at what jobs will be executed.
minute 0-59 hour 0-23 day of month 1-31 month 1-12 (or names, see below) day of week 0-7 (0 or 7 is Sun, or use names)
#run at 2:15pm on the first of 6th month Saturday (comments) 15 14 1 6 6 #mkuser kumar
Kumar user will be created on mentioned time
NOTE:
Once crontab jobs completed, that output logs stored in /var/spool/cron/crontabs
3. Clear the scheduling
Using crontab command we can clear the scheduled jobs.
#crontab –r
After command execution this crontab file entries will be removed.
4. Assign the user permissions
We can allow and deny crontab usage permissions for users
Suppose u want to deny kumar user for crontab process, that time you put entry in /var/adm/cron/cron.allow file
Suppose u want to allow kumar user for crontab process, that time you put entry in /var/adm/cron/cron.deny file
Like this we can assign permissions to users for crontab process
NOTE: In AIX OS at command also available for schedule the job, in this at command we cannot specify the multiple jobs, at a time we can run single job only, now a days this at command is not using by users, they are using only crontab
15. BACKUP AND RESTORE
In this chapter we can do following things using backup and restore commands
1. backup2. restore3. rootvg backup4. restore rootvg backup5. non rootvg backup(other than rootvg)6. restore non rootvg backup(other than rootvg)7. rewind, eject and erase the tape
1. Backup
Using backup and tar command to we can take full backup and incremental backup
Using tar command we can normal backup, in this tar we cannot take day wise incremental backup
#tar –cvf destination source
#tar –cvf /dev/rmt0 /usr/sbin
#backup –if /dev/rmt0 /usr/sbin (For AIX full backup)
/usr/sbin directory files is backup to tape
Using backup command we can take incremental backup, this backup command is particularly for AIX.
In this backup command we can specify the day (0(sun) – 6(sat)).
Suppose you want to take Sunday backup then your command will be
#backup -0 –vf destination source
#backup -0 –vf /dev/rmt0 /var
#backup -6 –vf /dev/rmt0 /var (Saturday backup)
/var file system log is backup to tape
Like this we can take normal and incremental backup in AIX
2. Restore
Using tar and restore command we can restore the data in server
Using tar command we can restore data to server, this is normal restore
#tar –xvf /dev/rmt0
The tape backup is restored to /data directory.
Using restore command we can restore the data
#restore –xdf /dev/rmt0
The tape data is restored in current directory.
Like this we can restore the data in AIX
3. rootvg backup
Using mksysb command we can take the rootvg (AIX OS) backup
#mksysb –i /dev/rmt0
#mksysb –ie /dev/rmt0 (exclude backup – please read NOTE message)
i option is used for crate the image.data file created in tape
This image.data file contains all the file system information’s in rootvg while restore the rootvg backup, before start the restore it will read the information’s from the image.data file
After the command execution rootvg backup created in tap, suppose OS got corrupted, that time we can restore the os from rootvg backup.
NOTE: While taking rootvg backup we can exclude unwanted file systems in backup process. Suppose you not required following file systems in mksysb backup, /var – log filesThat time you should put entry in /etc/exclude.rootvg,
While creating the rootvg backup, first tape is spitted in to 4 blocks (block size is 512)
First block has boot image.
The BOS boot image contains a copy of the system’s kernel and device driversneeded to boot from the mksysb tape. It is created by the bosboot command.
Second block has following things, 1. /tapeblksize, 2. /image.data, 3. bosinst.data.
1. /tapeblksize
The /tapeblksize file contains the block size the tape drive was set to when the mksysb command was run.
2. /image.data
The /image.data file store the information about rootvg, like vg, pp, pp size, lv, lv size, FS
The image.data file resides in /var/adm/ras/image.data
3. /bosinst.data
The ./bosinst.data file allows you to specify the requirements at the target systemand how the user interacts with the target system. This file contains thecustomized BOS install procedures and dictates how the BOS install program willbehave. You can customize this file before issuing the mksysb command or use aprocedure to customize this file after the image backup is done.
Third block has dummy toc file,
The dummy table of contents (TOC) is used so that the mksysb tape contains thesame number of images as a BOS install tape.
Fourth block has data, that is rootvg original data
4. Restore rootvg backup
Using restore command we can restore the rootvg backup
Boot server with bos (base operating system) Cd, then go to maintenance mode and access the rootvg, then run the following command
#restore –T –d –v –q –f /dev/rmt0OrBoot server with bos CD, then go to maintenance mode and initiate the rootvg backup (one option available in maintenance mode).
Like this we can restore the rootvg backup
5. Backup the non rootvg backup
Using savevg command we can backup the non rootvg backup
Suppose your server has 3 volume groups
#lsvgRootvgDatavgOraclevg#
Now you want to take datavg backup, then your command will be
#savevg –if /dev/rmt0 /datavg
#savevg –ief /dev/rmt0 /datavg
Datavg volume group is backup to tape
NOTE: While taking restvg backup we can exclude unwanted file systems in backup process. Suppose you not required following file systems in mksysb backup, /var – log filesThat time you should put entry in /etc/exclude.datavg,
6. Restore the non rootvg backup
Using restvg command we can restore the non rootvg backup
#restvg –xdf /dev/rmt0
After command execution datavg backup restored to server with same name while importing vg we can change the vg name.
7. Rewind, Eject, Erase the tape
Using tctl command we can rewind, eject and erase the tape drive.
#tctl –f /dev/rmt0 rewind (To rewind the tape)
#tctl –f /dev/rmt0 eject (To eject the tape)
#tctl –f /dev/rmt0 erase (To erase the tape content)
16. PERFORMANCE MONITORING
In this performance monitoring we can check following things
1. Cpu bound2. Memory bound
3. Network bound4. I/O bound
1. CPU bound
Using Topas command we can check the server performance monitor, the following things we can monitor.
1. processor (CPU Usage)2. Network (KB in / KB out)3. Memory (Page in / Page out)4. I/O (HDD read and write)5. Top 8 process
2. Memory bound
Using vmstart command we can monitor the memory bound
#vmstat 2 3
After this command execution, it will show the memory page in and page out process. Within 2 seconds, 3 outputs is displayedSuppose you are checking paging space usage using command lsps
#lsps –s
11% - this is normal40% - Server running on slow performance70% - users cannot logon the server, Some error message will appear (fork exist failed)
3. Network bound
Using topas command we can monitor the network bound, in this network monitor we can find KB in and KB out process.
4. I/O bound
Using iostat command we can monitor the I/O bound
In this I/O bound we can monitor the disk usage, suppose you are using two or three heavy used file system in one PV that time that particular PV usage will be very high
17. LPAR / DLPAR
We can configure LPAR and DLPAR in P690 Servers,
LPAR (Logical partitions)
In single server we can install multiple operating systems, like AIX 5.1, AIX 5.2, AIX 5.3, Susi Linux, AIX 4.3, and using LPAR concept
The above Os are installing in single server, before that we have to partition the hardware resources, like processors and memory, Harddisk,
Using HMC (Hardware Management Console) we can partition and operate the LPAR servers
Suppose you have one P690 server with 16 CPU’s and 16GB Ram, in this server we can make 16 partitions,
Now each partitions has 1 CPU and 1GB Ram,
Suppose one particular Os assigned for 500 users that time we have to assign additional hardware resources to that partition, online we can assign the hardware resources using HMC. No need to reboot the server, this concept called DLPAR (dynamic Logical Partition)
Like this we can create the LPAR / DLPAR
HMC - it is a desktop pc (Linux OS) connected with P690 server through Communication (com port) cable or RJ45 Ethernet cat cable
Using HMC we can Create, Delete, and Change the Logical Partitions
This LPAR server has hypervisor Controller, all the information’s stored in this hypervisor, and it is used to maintain the server
Accessing methods:
1. wsm (Web based system management , using this concept we can access the LPAR servers from windows desktops)
2. ssh (Secured shell, using this concept we can access the LPAR servers through telnet)
