Airport Ground Transportation and Landside Simulationwdcsite.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/07-Airport... · 2020-02-07 · Airport landside special simulation cases –Curbside roadways

PRESENTED TO: PRESENTED BY: PRESENTED ON:

Airport Ground Transportation and Landside SimulationChallenges and Opportunities

Virginia and Washington DC Joint SimCapMeeting

Gustavo Ceballos - Ricondo January 15, 2018

Agenda

Virginia and Washington DC Joint SimCap Meeting - TRB 2019

▪ Simulation as integral part of airport planning process

▪ Typical airport landside components, demand, and simulation tools

▪ Airport landside special simulation cases – Curbside roadways

▪ Airport landside trends and new technologies

– Impacts of TNCs and AV/CV

2

Elements of the Airport System

▪ Airfield

▪ Terminal

▪ Landside

Virginia and Washington DC Joint SimCap Meeting - TRB 2019 3

Simulation Tools Typically Used in Airport Planning

Runway Delay Simulation Model

(RDSIM)

Airport Delay Simulation Model (ADSIM)

Airport and Airspace Simulation Model

(SIMMOD)

ATAC’s Simmod PLUS! and PRO!

AirportTools’ Visual SIMMOD

Jeppesen’s Total Airspace and Airport

Modeler (TAAM)

AirTOpsoft’s Air Traffic Optimization

(AirTOp)

Comprehensive Airport Simulation

Technology (CAST)

Fast-time airport terminal, airside and

landside simulation (ARCport)


Technology (CAST)



Airport Passenger Flows (INCONTROL)

Terminal Simulation Software

(ServiceModel)

Simulation Software (ARENA )

Simulation and Modeling Software

(LEGION)

PTV Group Pedestrian Simulation

(VisWalk)

Event Discrete Model


Technology (CAST)



Stochastic Microsimulation Models

PTV VISSIM

AIMSUN

Others…


The Landside Component of the Airport System


▪ Airport = Intermodal Facility

– “inter” fr. L. = between

– “modal” fr. L. = manner

– “intermodal facility” = one between two

manners of transportation

– Without the landside, there is no other mode

▪ Integration

– Basic competition for scarce physical space

– Interconnected parts of same system

– People and vehicles

SOURCE: Los Angeles World Airports – Official website. Future pedestrian plaza with the People Mover train above. Pedestrian plaza with an

LED curtain wall. Entrance to the Intermodal Transportation Facility

5

The Landside System


Access and

Circulation

Roadways

Curbside

Roadways

Parking

garages and

lots (employee,

public)

Rental car

facilities

CV facilities

(curbs, roads,

staging areas,

passenger

waiting areas)

Rail transit

facilities

Ground

transportation

centers

Cargo areas

and other

airport ancillary

facilities

SOURCE: Imaginary © 2018 Google. Landsat / Copernicus. Dana SIO. NOAA. U.S. Navi. NGA. GEBCO. Map data 2018 Google © - Hartsfield-

Jackson Atlanta International Airport – CONRAC Facility and Automated People Mover

6

Landside Simulation – Demand Estimates


▪ Driven mostly by passenger activity

▪ Different peaking patterns with off-airport

roadways

▪ Different peaking patterns for different landside

facilities

– Access and circulation

– Parking

– Curbside

– Rental Car

– Employee facilities

– Cargo Facilities

▪ Sub-modal behaviors

7

Landside Simulation – Demand Estimates


Demand Levels

▪ Peak of the peak (e.g., Thanksgiving week)?

▪ Average day of the average month?

▪ Average day of the peak month?

▪ Busy day of the peak month?

▪ Facility peak? (e.g., curbside vs. parking)

▪ Off-airport roadway peak?

Design Hour

▪ Number of enplaned and deplaned passengers departing

or arriving on aircraft in an elapsed hour of a typically

busy (design) day.

▪ Typically does not correspond exactly to a clock hour

such as 7:00–7:59 but usually overlaps two clock hours

(e.g., 7:20–8:19), reflecting airline scheduling patterns.

Typical Approach for Roadway Planning

▪ 90th or 95th percentile busiest hour of the year

▪ The peak hour of the average day of the peak month

(PHADPM)

▪ Peak hour of the busiest day in a week of the peak

month

▪ Specific peak hour by facility (for facility planning)0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

12:0

0 A

M

12:3

0 A

M

1:0

0 A

M

1:3

0 A

M

2:0

0 A

M

2:3

0 A

M

3:0

0 A

M

3:3

0 A

M

4:0

0 A

M

4:3

0 A

M

5:0

0 A

M

5:3

0 A

M

6:0

0 A

M

6:3

0 A

M

7:0

0 A

M

7:3

0 A

M

8:0

0 A

M

8:3

0 A

M

9:0

0 A

M

9:3

0 A

M

10:0

0 A

M

10:3

0 A

M

11:0

0 A

M

11:3

0 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

12:3

0 P

M

1:0

0 P

M

1:3

0 P

M

2:0

0 P

M

2:3

0 P

M

3:0

0 P

M

3:3

0 P

M

4:0

0 P

M

4:3

0 P

M

5:0

0 P

M

5:3

0 P

M

6:0

0 P

M

6:3

0 P

M

7:0

0 P

M

7:3

0 P

M

8:0

0 P

M

8:3

0 P

M

9:0

0 P

M

9:3

0 P

M

10:0

0 P

M

10:3

0 P

M

11:0

0 P

M

11:3

0 P

M

Veh

icle

s

Inbound Outbound Terminal A Terminal B

11:15 AM-12:15 PM

Overall Airport Peak

4:45 AM-5:45 AM

Terminal B

Departures Peak

12:15 PM-1:1 5PM

Overall Terminal A Peak

9:00 PM – 10:00 PM

Terminal B

Arrivals Peak

8

Demand Estimate Methodology – The Four Step Process


▪ Trip generation. Estimating the traffic

volume generated by each on-airport

land use during the future airport wide

peak hour(s) as well as the peak hour(s)

of activity for each land use.

▪ Mode-choice analysis. Analyzing the

travel mode choice patterns of

passengers and employees.

▪ Trip distribution. Determining the

points where trips generated by each

airport land use enter the airport

roadway network.

▪ Trip assignment. Assigning the

estimated traffic volumes to the on-

airport and regional roadway networks

Hourly Originations

Hourly Terminations

Distribution of Pre-

departure or Post-arrival

times at the Landside

Interface

Hourly Passengers at the

terminal doors

Mode of Access/Egress

and Sub-modal behaviors

Passengers per Mode and

per Modal Behavior

Veh

icu

lar

Flo

ws

Pass

en

ger

Flo

ws

Average Number of

Passengers per Vehicle

(AVO)

Hourly Vehicular

Volume per Mode

Adjustment Factors to

Account for Non-Airport

Traffic and other Unknowns

Adjusted Vehicular

Volumes per Mode

Airport Portal

Distribution

Trip Assignment to

Airport Circulation

Roadways

Hourly Traffic

Volumes by Airport

Path by Mode

Ca

libra

tio

n P

roc

ess

9

Traffic Counts

Classification counts

Occupancy Counts

Flight Schedules

Users of the Airport Roadways


AUTOS

▪ Private Vehicles (POV)

▪ Rental Car Vehicles

(RAC)

▪ App –based Shared

Rides (TNC)

COMMERCIAL VEHICLES

SERVICE VEHICLES

OTHER

▪ Taxis/limos (On

demand, reserved)

▪ Courtesy bus (hotel,

rental car, etc.)

▪ Door-to-door vans

▪ Airport parking

shuttles

▪ Employee parking

shuttles

▪ Off-airport parking

▪ Charter buses

▪ Employee buses ▪ Delivery vehicles

▪ Rail

▪ Public transit

▪ APM

10

Commercial Vehicles – Types of Operation


ON-DEMAND

▪ Taxis

▪ Limousines

▪ Door-to-door vans

▪ Charter buses

▪ Misc. service vehicles

FIXED OR POLICY HEADWAYS

▪ RAC shuttles

▪ Parking shuttles

▪ Hotel shuttles

▪ Transit buses

▪ Intercity buses

11

Airport Roadways


HIERARCHY OF AIRPORT

ROADWAY CLASSIFICATIONS

▪ Terminal Area Roadways

– Terminal approach roadways

– Curbside roadways

– Private vehicle roads

– Commercial vehicle roads

▪ Driveways and facility internal circulation

▪ Special roadways (e.g. parking entry and

exit plazas,

▪ Recirculation roadway

▪ Service roadways

▪ Access roads

▪ Regional roadway network (off airport)

12

What Makes Airport Roadway Operations Unique?


▪ Low speed uninterrupted flow

▪ A high proportion of unfamiliar

motorists

▪ Large number of complex

directional signs

▪ Stressful conditions

▪ High proportion of large

vehicles

▪ Mix of experienced and

inexperienced drivers

13

SOURCE: VISSIM Animation for Existing Conditions, AM Peak Hour Operation at Doha International Airport – DRAFT – For illustration purposes only. Ricondo, 2018

What Makes Airport Roadway Operations Unique?


▪ Recirculating traffic

▪ Inconsistent driver behavior,

large speed differentials

▪ Different peaking patterns

compared to commuter off-

airport roads patterns

▪ Greater amount of weaving

and merging

▪ Most Federal/State design

standards are not applicable

14

SOURCE: Miami International Airport – Taxi and TNC Relocation Options – PM Peak Hour Operation – DRAFT VISSIM Animation – For illustration purposes only. Ricondo, 2018

Airport Landside – Simulation Special Cases

▪ Curbside Roadways

– Driver behavior

– Curbside attractiveness, signage

– Dwell time distributions

– Pedestrian interaction

– MOEs

▪ Commercial Vehicle Facilities

– Staging areas, dispatching mechanisms

– Waiting areas, Ground Transportation Center (GTC)

– Curb allocation and operational protocols

▪ Parking Facilities

– Public vs. Employee

– Entry and Exist Plazas, internal circulation, parking capacity, searching

algorithms

▪ Rental Car Facilities

– Ready and return areas, QTA, circulation, car shuttlers, pedestrian

interaction


Curbside Roadways – A Special Case for Simulation


▪ Terminal approach and curbside

roadways

▪ Terminal frontage sidewalk

▪ Curbside check-in

▪ Levels, segregation of traffic

▪ Inner and Outer, Islands

▪ Curb allocation

▪ Pedestrian crossings

▪ Curb management, enforcement

▪ Security

16

Graphical Depiction of Curbside Congestion


SOURCES: Ricondo & Associates, Inc., based on information published by the Transportation Research Board (TRB), ACRP Report 40,

Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations, Washington DC, 2010, and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory

Circular 150/5360-13, Planning and Design Guidelines, January 19, 1994.

CURBSIDE UTILIZATION LOS RANGES

LOSSINGLE LANE LOADING DOUBLE LANE LOADING DESCRIPTION

A 0% - 70% 0% - 90% EXCELLENT: Drivers experience no interference from pedestrians or other motorist

B 71% - 85% 91% - 110% VERY GOOD: Relatively free flow conditions with limited double parking

C 86% - 100% 111% - 130% GOOD: Double parking near doors is common with some intermittent triple parking

D 101% - 115% 131% - 170% FAIR: Vehicle maneuverability restricted due to frequent double/triple parking

E 116% - 130% 171% - 200% POOR: Significant delays and queues; double/triple parking throughout curbside

F >131% >201% FAILURE: Motorists unable to access/depart curbside; significant queuing along entry road

Curbside LOS – Dual Lane Loading

Curbside Utilization = Required Curb Length

Available Curb LengthX 100

17

Curbside Simulation Analysis – Case Study – SMF Terminal A


Terminal A Peak: 12:15 PM – 1:15 PM

Average Speed (mph)

Speed (mph)

SOURCE: Prepared by Ricondo & Associates, Inc., VISSIM 9

0%

6%

1%

1%

5%

1%

1%

5%

1%

10%

5%

1%

24%

5%

1%

2%

5%

1%

15%

5%

1%

1%

5%

1%

6%

5%

1%

2%

6%

1%

2%

4%

1%

16%

5%

1%

1%

5%

1%

5%

5%

1%

1%

5%

1%

1%

5%

1%

1%

5%

1%

1%

5%

1%

1%

5%

0%

1%

6%

1%

1%

5%

1%

1%

5%

1%

1%

5%

1%

1%

5%

1%

0%

5%

0%

0%

6%

0%

Departures ArrivalsDepartures Arrivals

Terminal A

NOT TO SCALE

NORTH

Inner

Roadway

Outer Roadway

0%

0%

0%

2%

18%

0%

0%

1%

11%

9%

23%

1%

7%

9%

7%

76%

13%

11%

3%

6%

66%

22%

7%

3%

6%

47%

12%

4%

2%

4%

33%

13%

4%

2%

4%

80%

19%

4%

1%

4%

99%

32%

7%

2%

5%

38%

36%

15%

14%

7%

2%

8%

3%

7%

2%

18%

8%

2%

7%

2%

54%

9%

1%

7%

2%

40%

10%

1%

8%

3%

91%

12%

2%

11%

5%

85%

7%

1%

8%

4%

63%

6%

1%

9%

4%

18%

3%

2%

9%

5%

16%

1%

1%

10%

5%

5%

0%

1%

13%

6%

4%

0%

0%

11%

5%

4%

0%

0%

11%

5%

4%

0%

0%

11%

5%

5%

0%

0%

11%

5%

6%

0%

0%

12%

5%

5%

0%

0%

8%

4%

Parking Garage

DIRECTION OF TRAVEL

Curbside Parking Spot Occupancy

18

Curbside Reporting – Case Study – ATL TNC Reallocation


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

21:4

5

21:4

8

21:5

1

21:5

4

21:5

7

22:0

0

22:0

3

22:0

6

22:0

9

22:1

2

22:1

5

22:1

8

22:2

1

22:2

4

22:2

7

22:3

0

22:3

3

22:3

6

22:3

9

22:4

2

22:4

5

22:4

8

22:5

1

22:5

4

22:5

7

Uti

lizati

on

Rate

Simulation Time (Hour:Minutes)

TNC North Lower Curb Zone

LOS F LOS E LOS D LOS C LOS B LOS A

0

20

40

60

Tim

e (

Min

ute

s)

TNC North Curb Zone - Peak Hour

LOS Distribution

LOS A

LOS B

LOS C

LOS D

LOS E

LOS F

Statistics LOS

Average Utilization 85% B

85th % Utilization 107% D

LOS Distribution Time (min)

LOS A 16

LOS B 22

LOS C 13

LOS D 7

LOS E 2

LOS F 0

ATL Domestic Terminal - North Curb – Lower Level

19

VISSIM Curb Output Tool – COT – Beta version


▪ Tool computes parking occupancy

(number of vehicles parked) by parking

zone

▪ Allows user to determine data collection

period and aggregation period

▪ Export results to a spreadsheet for quickly

post-processing of results

Airport Curbside Simulation – Opportunities for Improvements

▪ Coordination and cooperation with PTV for VisAir

Landside Demand Generator

▪ Development of new COM tools for enhancing:

– VISSIM Curb operation behaviors

– Parking and maneuvering

– Dwelling strategies

– Operation at saturation conditions

– Dynamic signing

– CV/AV

– MOE outputs

▪ Need for specific curbside behaviors based on observed

curbside vehicle trajectories


Airport Landside Simulation Special Cases – Rental Car Facilities


▪ RAC Model needs to:

– Calculate operating capacity of RAC components

– Measure impacts on customer service levels as operating conditions change

The transportation

revolution


Mobility as a

Service

Electric

Vehicles

Autonomous

Vehicles

Self-driving drone

taxis

Maglev trains

Hyperloop

transportation

systems

Satellite-based air

traffic control

systems

Self-driving electric

buses

Elevated buses

Flying hotel pods

Smart roads

Ground level

pedestrian lights SOURCE: :

23

Challenges and opportunities facing airport operators?


Storage,

staging

sites?

Operating

Rules, regs,

and

restrictions?

Ownership?

Impacts on

airport and

landside

activity ?

AV and non-

AV mixed

operations?

Maintenance

responsibilities

Curbside

operations?

What will be the Impacts of AV on

Airport Facilities and Operations?What do we do with TNCs?

Storage,

staging

sites?

Operating

Rules, regs,

and

restrictions?

Use of

geofences?

Impacts on

airport and

landside

activity ?

Enforcement

/tracking

methods?

Changes in the

use of other

modes?

Drop-

off/pick-up

curbside

operations?

24

PRESENTED TO: PRESENTED BY: PRESENTED ON:

Questions?

Virginia and Washington DC Joint SimCapMeeting

Gustavo Ceballos - Ricondo January 15, 2018

Documents

Airport Ground Transportation and Landside Simulationwdcsite.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/07-Airport... · 2020-02-07 · Airport landside special simulation cases –Curbside roadways