Airport Engineering 1

8/4/2019 Airport Engineering 1

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Airport Engineering


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Airport Engineering

The planning, design, construction, and

operation and maintenance of facilities

provided for the landing and takeoff, loadingand unloading, service, maintenance, and

storage of aircraft.


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Concern of Civil Engineer

Civil Engineers are concerned with

airports and allied facilities right from

feasibility study to maintenance,

renovation and extension

Concern of Transportation Engineer

His concern is much more. He should

also possess sufficient knowledge of air

traffic and airport elements affecting air

traffic.


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IATA

The International Air Transport Association(IATA) is an internationalindustry trade group ofairlines headquartered in Montreal, Quebec,Canada, where the International Civil Aviation

Organization is also headquartered.

Mission

IATAs stated mission is to represent, lead and serve

the airline industry.All the Airline rules andregulations are defined by IATA.The main aim ofIATA is to provide safe and secure transportation toits passengers.
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CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY (CAA)

Historya. Aviation matter were handled by Civil

Aviation Department since independence till

an autonomous and regulatory body createdin December 1982 to handle all matters

related to civil aviation in Pakistan.

b. CAA ensures conformity to the standards laiddown by the international civil aviation

organization (ICAO).


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CAA - MissionTo provide, for the promotion and regulation

of civil aviation activities and to develop an

infrastructure for safe, efficient, adequate,economical and properly coordinated civil air

transport service in Pakistan


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CAA - Functions

Plans and develops airport infrastructureahead of demand.

Enforces high performance standards for

efficiency and service in airport operations. Promotes and facilitates the development of

air cargo industries.

Promotes safe and efficientcommercialaviation, in a competitive environment.


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Develops services and aviation

infrastructure.

Provides air traffic control service to ensure

a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of

aircraft movements within the Pakistanflight information regions.

Provide search and rescue.

CAA - Functions


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Regulate the operations of Pakistanregistered aircraft.

Ensure the certification and surveillance

activities of all Pakistani operators. Certification of aviation training centres.

Regulates / monitor general aviation

activities.

CAA - Functions


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Ensure airworthiness of all civil aircrafts,certification and surveillance of aircraft

engineering activities.

Regulates the operation of aerospaceindustries.

Ensures medical fitness of all operational

personnel. Advises the government on matters related to

civil aviation authority.

CAA - Functions


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DEFINITIONS Aerodrome A defined area on land or water

(including any building, installations, and

equipment) intended to be used either wholly or inpart of the arrival, departure and surface movementof aircraft.

Aeroplane Reference Field Length.The minimum

field length required for takeoff at maximumcertified takeoff mass, sea level, standardatmospheric conditions, still air and zero runwayslope, as shown in appropriate aeroplane flightmanual.

Apron/Ramp. A defined area, on a landaerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft forpurpose of loading or unloading passenger, mail orcargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance.


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DEFINITIONS
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DEFINITIONS

Aircraft Stand. A designated area on an apron

intended to be used for parking of an aircraft.

Clearway. A defined rectangular area on ground

or water under the control of appropriate authority

selected or prepared as a suitable area over which

an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial

climb to a specified height.
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DEFINITIONS

Runway. A defined rectangular area on a land

aerodrome prepared for a landing and takeoffof an aircraft.

Runway Strip. A defined area including therunway and stop way if provided intended to

reduce the risk of damage to aircraft runningoff a runway and to protect once flying over itduring landing or takeoff.

Taxiway. A defined path on a land aerodromeestablished for taxiing of aircraft and intendedto provide a link between one part of anaerodrome to another.
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DEFINITIONS
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DEFINITIONS

Taxiway Strip. An area including a

taxiway intended to protect an aircraftoperating on a taxiway and to reduce the

risk of damage to an aircraft accidentally

running off the taxiway. Threshold. The beginning of that portion of

runway useable for landing.

Touchdown Zone. The portion of runwaybeyond the threshold where it is intended

that the landing aeroplanes first contact the

runway.
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DEFINITIONS
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AERODROME DATA

Aerodrome Reference Point. The

designated geographical location of anaerodrome is called Aerodrome Reference

Point. It is mentioned in degrees, minutes

and seconds in world geodetic system.
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AERODROME DATA

Aerodrome Elevation. It is the elevation of

the highest point of the landing area withreference to mean sea level.

Aerodrome Reference Temperature. It is

mentioned in degrees Celsius i.e. CO whichis the monthly mean of daily maximum

temperatures for the hottest month (month

having the highest monthly meantemperature) of the year, averaged over a

period of many years.
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AIRCRAFTCHARACTERISTICS AND

IMPORTANTAERONAUTICAL TERMS
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Principal Characteristics

A general knowledge of aircrafts is essential in

planning facilities for their use.

Weight.

It has a bearing on thickness of runway,

taxiway and apron pavements.It also affects the length of runway but it is not

valid to assume large aircraft weights require

longer runway length.
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Wing Span and Fuselage Length.

It is a general function of aircraft weight.

It has a bearing on gate size in aircraft

stand, configuration of terminal building,

width of taxiways and runways, distancebetween traffic ways, turning radius on

curves etc.

Instead of increase in fuselage length, multideck are being preferred
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Fuselage
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Passenger Capacity. This has a direct

bearing on facilities to be provided on

land and airside on airports.

Length of runway. It increases the area

to be acquired if not already done in

initial stages. The increase is not in

runway length only but in all alliedrequirements and linked structures.
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Large Aircraft Characteristics

Engine type and Thrust

Turbo-propeller refers to propeller driven

aircrafts powered by turbine engines of

earlier aircrafts.

Turbojet engines are not dependent on

propellers for thrust but obtain thrust

directly from turbine. These have been

discarded in favour of turbofans, whichare more economical.

Turbofan is turbo jet with blades (fans).
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Performance

Engine performance is measured in

Specific Fuel Consumption (lb/ hour/ lb)

i.e. fuel weight consumed per hour per

pound of thrust. Volume unit is not usedbeing variable with altitude.

Consumption depends upon speed,

weight, altitude etc. Practically it isdifferent for taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise

and land.
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Turning Radii

It is a function of nose gear steering angle.

Can be 60 to 80 degrees but more than 50

degrees is not recommended because of

excessive wear of tires.

Knowledge is necessary to determine aircraft

position near the terminal building and

geometry of movement paths elsewhere.
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Wing Tip Vortices

These are made up of two counter rotatingcylindrical air masses, wing span apart.
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Wing Tip Vortices

These move down and in direction of wind andsettle more quickly for heavier aircrafts.
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Wing Tip Vortices

Distance between parallel runways is designedkeeping this in view as well.

It affects the capacity and strategy of operations.

Smaller aircraft landing path is above larger aircraftto eliminate the effect of wing tip vortices.
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Components of Aircraft Weight

MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL PAY LOAD

(MSPL), the load aircraft is certified to carry. MSPL = ZFW - OEW

PL < MSPL

MAXIMUM RAMP WEIGHT (MRW)maximum weight authorized for ground

manoeuvres including taxi and run up fuel

weight.


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Components of Aircraft Weight

On landing weight of an aircraft is the sum of

operating empty weight, the pay load, and fuelreserve.

The landing weight can not exceed the

maximum structural landing weight of the aircraft.

Total Aircraft Weight = OEW + PL + Trip Fuel

+ Reserve Fuel
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Payload and Range

Distance to which aircraft can fly is referred

as range.

Main factor influencing range is pay load;

revenue producing load.

Other factors are route, altitude, speed, windand reserve fuel.

Normally the range is increased by

decreasing pay load with the weight trade offoccurring between the fuel to fly to

destination and the payload which can be

carried.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gif


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Payload and Range
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gif


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Payload and Range

Point A represents the range Ra to which an

aircraft can fly with maximum payload Pa.Aircraft takes off at MSTOW.

Point B represents the maximum range Rb to

which an aircraft can fly but payload is to bereduced to Pb so that the aircraft takes off at

MSTOW.

P l d d R
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gif


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Payload and Range Therefore to extend the distance of travel from

Ra

to Rb

the payload has to be reduced in favour

of adding more fuel.

Point C represents the maximum distance that

an aircraft can fly without any payload.

Sometimes this is referred to as the ferry range,

and it is used, if necessary, for delivery of

aircraft.

To travel this distance Rc the maximum amount

of fuel is necessary, but since there is no

payload, the takeoff weight is less than

maximum.

P l d d R
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/737-700f.gif


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Payload and Range

In some cases the maximum structural landing

weight may dictate how long an aircraft can fly witha maximum structural payload.

If this is the case, line DE represents the trade off

between payload and range; curve would then

follow line DEBC instead of ABC.

The actual payload, particularly in passenger

aircraft, is normally less than the maximum

structural payload even when the aircraft iscompletely full. This is due to the limitation in the

use of space when passengers are carried.

Documents

Airport Engineering 1