Airplane Airplane Components and Components and

SystemsSystemsLesson 1Lesson 1

IntroductionIntroduction

Who is this instructor?Who is this instructor? ExperienceExperience GoalsGoals FunFun

Who are you?Who are you? What do you do for fun?What do you do for fun? Any past flying experience?Any past flying experience? What are your goals?What are your goals?

ObjectiveObjective

The objective of this lesson is to The objective of this lesson is to familiarize you with the airplane’s familiarize you with the airplane’s components and systems. You will be components and systems. You will be able to understand how they able to understand how they function, including the aircraft’s function, including the aircraft’s engine and instruments.engine and instruments.

ElementsElements

Airplane ComponentsAirplane Components Airplane Engine and PropellersAirplane Engine and Propellers Ignition SystemIgnition System Fuel SystemFuel System Flight InstrumentsFlight Instruments

Airplane ComponentsAirplane Components

FuselageFuselage

An aircraft’s main body structure An aircraft’s main body structure which houses the flight crew, which houses the flight crew, passengers, and cargo and to which passengers, and cargo and to which the wings, tail and, in most single-the wings, tail and, in most single-engined airplanes, engines are engined airplanes, engines are attached.attached.

WingsWings

An airfoil extending from the An airfoil extending from the fuselage of an airplane, whose fuselage of an airplane, whose principal function is providing lift.principal function is providing lift.

How do wings work?How do wings work?

Bernoulli’s Principle!Bernoulli’s Principle!

Wings have a curved upper surface (camber) that Wings have a curved upper surface (camber) that causes air to flow faster over the top than under causes air to flow faster over the top than under the bottom of the wing. This causes a lower the bottom of the wing. This causes a lower pressure on the upper part of the wing and pressure on the upper part of the wing and higher pressure on the lower side of the wing.higher pressure on the lower side of the wing.

Parts of a WingParts of a Wing

Ailerons – the movable area of a wing that Ailerons – the movable area of a wing that controls roll of an aircraft by working controls roll of an aircraft by working opposite one another.opposite one another.

Controlled by yoke or stick.Controlled by yoke or stick.

Flaps – a movable part of a wing set at the Flaps – a movable part of a wing set at the trailing edge and used to increase lift trailing edge and used to increase lift and/or drag by changing the camber of and/or drag by changing the camber of the wing.the wing.

EmpennageEmpennage

The tail assembly of an aircraft, The tail assembly of an aircraft, including the horizontal and vertical including the horizontal and vertical stabilizers, elevators, and rudder.stabilizers, elevators, and rudder.

ElevatorElevator

Movable flap connected to the Movable flap connected to the horizontal stabilizer. When moved horizontal stabilizer. When moved upwards it pitches the nose up and upwards it pitches the nose up and tail down (climb) and when the tail down (climb) and when the elevator is moved downward it elevator is moved downward it pitches the nose down and tail up pitches the nose down and tail up (dive).(dive).

Controlled by yoke or stick.Controlled by yoke or stick.

RudderRudder

Movable flap connected to the Movable flap connected to the vertical stabilizer. Controls the vertical stabilizer. Controls the yawing movement (left and right) of yawing movement (left and right) of the aircraft.the aircraft.

Controlled by rudder pedals.Controlled by rudder pedals.

Landing GearLanding Gear

Tricycle – has a nosewheel and Tricycle – has a nosewheel and normally rests with the tail in the air normally rests with the tail in the air and nose on the ground.and nose on the ground.

Conventional – also known as Conventional – also known as taildragger, it rests with the tail on taildragger, it rests with the tail on the ground.the ground.

Brake SystemsBrake Systems

Most training aircraft use Most training aircraft use hydraulically actuated, disc type hydraulically actuated, disc type brakes that are controlled brakes that are controlled independently.independently.

Airplane Engine and Airplane Engine and PropellerPropeller

Reciprocating EnginesReciprocating Engines

Carbureted - Mixes fuel with air and Carbureted - Mixes fuel with air and injects into cylinder. Chance of icing (20-injects into cylinder. Chance of icing (20-70 degrees Fahrenheit).70 degrees Fahrenheit).

Fuel Injected – Injects fuel into cylinder Fuel Injected – Injects fuel into cylinder directly. Small chance of icing.directly. Small chance of icing.

Oil SystemOil System Air CooledAir Cooled

PropellersPropellers

Fixed Pitch – blade is at fixed angle.Fixed Pitch – blade is at fixed angle. Constant Speed – blade changes Constant Speed – blade changes

through a governor to keep it through a governor to keep it rotating at a constant RPM. This rotating at a constant RPM. This optimizes the propeller for all parts optimizes the propeller for all parts of flight.of flight.

Ignition SystemIgnition System

MagnetosMagnetos Provide spark to spark plugsProvide spark to spark plugs Self-SustainingSelf-Sustaining

Dual-SystemsDual-Systems Provide reliability in case of a failureProvide reliability in case of a failure Better performance from dual ignitionBetter performance from dual ignition

Fuel SystemFuel System

Most training aircraft have gravity Most training aircraft have gravity fed systems with an engine driven or fed systems with an engine driven or electric pump for backup.electric pump for backup.

Mixture controls amount of fuel Mixture controls amount of fuel going to the engine.going to the engine.

Throttle controls engine powerThrottle controls engine power Prop control, controls prop RPMProp control, controls prop RPM

Fuel TypesFuel Types

Not part of the airplane but just as Not part of the airplane but just as important!important!

80/87 - Red80/87 - Red 100/130 - Green100/130 - Green 100 LL - Blue100 LL - Blue Jet A – Clear to Straw ColoredJet A – Clear to Straw Colored

Flight InstrumentsFlight Instruments

Pitot/StaticPitot/Static

Airspeed – Ram air pressure versus static Airspeed – Ram air pressure versus static pressure.pressure.

Altimeter – Static pressure versus aneroid Altimeter – Static pressure versus aneroid wafer.wafer.

Vertical Speed Indicator – Static pressure Vertical Speed Indicator – Static pressure versus calibrated leak.versus calibrated leak.

Gyroscopic InstrumentsGyroscopic Instruments

Vacuum SystemVacuum System Attitude IndicatorAttitude Indicator Heading IndicatorHeading Indicator

Electric SystemElectric System Turn CoordinatorTurn Coordinator

Magnetic CompassMagnetic Compass

Subject to errors from:Subject to errors from: VariationVariation DeviationDeviation Magnetic DipMagnetic Dip Northerly Turning Error (UNOS)Northerly Turning Error (UNOS) Accelleration Error (ANDS)Accelleration Error (ANDS)

SummarySummary

Airplane ComponentsAirplane Components Airplane Engines and PropellersAirplane Engines and Propellers Ignition SystemIgnition System Fuel SystemFuel System Flight InstrumentsFlight Instruments

QuestionsQuestions

Any questions or comments?Any questions or comments?