1

Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, M. Sadraey, Wiley, 2012

Chapter 7

Fuselage Design

Figures

2

Figure 7.1. Fuselage design flowchart

No

Select fuselage configuration and internal arrangement

Identify payload and operational requirements/prioritize fuselage design requirements

Lofting (determine cross section and diameter at each station)

Is this fuselage

satisfying the design

requirements?

Yes

Optimization

Design internal space for items/components which are allocated

to be inside fuselage (e.g. fuel tank, landing gear, and engine)

Determine optimum fuselage length

Design passenger cabin/ cargo compartment

Design nose section

Design rear section

Design pilot(s) and crew members’ cockpit

Design doors/windows

3

1. Large transport aircraft

2. Fighter aircraft

3. Light GA aircraft

4. Glider

Figure 7.2. Four generic fuselage configurations

1. Low wing passenger aircraft

2. Fighter aircraft

Figure 7.3. Internal arrangement of a civil passenger and a fighter aircraft

Cockpit

Cockpit Passenger cabin

Systems Cargo Fuel tanks Cargo

Systems

Landing gear Wing box Landing gear

Jet Engine Systems

Landing gear

Radar

4

Figure 7.4. Examples of variations in height between males and females and different ethnic

groups [6]

Figure 7.5. A linear body dimensions (in cm)

Swedish civilians

British civilians

Japanese civilians

USAF

USAF aircrew

Italian military

German Air Force

Japanese civilians

(cm)

140 160 150 170 180 190 200

0

Males

Females

46

c

m

19

c

m

91 c

m

84

c

m

49

c

m

74

c

m

5

1. Airbus 321 (Courtesy of Anne Deus)

6

2. Sukhoi Su-27U (Courtesy of Antony Osborne)

7

3. Piper PA-28-161 Cherokee Warrior II (Courtesy of Jenny Coffey)

Figure 7.6. Three types of aircraft with three different fuselage configurations

8

Figure 7.7. Seat geometry (side-view)

Figure 7.8. Basic T instrument panel

W1

H2

sb

H1

H3

L1

Airspeed

indicator

Attitude

indicator Altimeter

Horizontal

situation

indicator

Rate of

climb Machmeter

9

1. Cessna Citation

2. Boeing B-757 (Courtesy of A J Best)

10

3. Aerotechnik L-13 (Courtesy of Miloslav Storoska

4. Extra EA-300 (Courtesy of Miloslav Storoska)

Figure 7.9. Flight decks of four civil transport aircraft

11

Figure 7.10. Cockpit geometry for a large transport aircraft

30 cm

min

5 o min

25 o

min

Instrument

panel

18 cm

48 cm

windshield

20 cm

35 o min

10 cm 10 cm

45 cm

25 cm

min 13

o

25 cm

min

90 cm

18 o

min

55 cm

82 cm

12

Figure 7.11. Cockpit geometry for a fighter aircraft

Figure 7.12. McDonnell Douglas F-15 Strike Eagle cockpit (Courtesy of Theodore J. Koniares)

20 cm

min

25o

min 15

o

min

15o

60o

max

45 cm

85 cm

5 cm min

95 cm

min

windscreen

13

Figure 7.13. Passenger cabin parameters

Aisle

height Headroom

Aisle

width

Seat

width

14

EMB-145

G:Galley,

L: Lavatory,

C: Closet

A-320-200

First two rows: First

class

MD-88

First four rows: First

class

777-200ER

First five rows: First

class

Figure 7.14. Seating chart of several transport aircraft (courtesy of www.seatplans.com), figure

not scaled

15

Figure 7.15. Cabin width and cabin length (Top view)

1. Cabin of Cessna Citation

fuselage width Cabin width

Cabin length

Rear fuselage Cockpit

Nose

section

Galley Lavator

y

Fuselage length

16

2. Boeing 777 cabin (Courtesy of Toshi Aoki)

Figure 7.16. Cabins of two transport aircraft

17

Figure 7.17. Cargo container

Height

Width Depth

18

Figure 7.18. Airbus A-300 cross section

19

Figure 7.19. The variation of function fLD with respect to slenderness ratio

Figure 7.20. Fuselage top-view for the example 7.2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 501

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2

L/D

f LD

DC

4 cm

4 m 3 m

LC

Lf

20

Figure 7.21. Seating arrangement for the fuselage of the example 7.2

Figure 7.22. A recommended fuselage nose and tail section (Top view)

1.5 D

2.33 m

3 m 4 m 32 m

39 m

Df

LC

Lf

2 D

21

Figure 7.23. The variations of surface area versus L/D for

a cylinder with a volume of 14 m3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1830

35

40

45

50

55

60

L/D

Sw

et (

m2)

22

Figure 7.24. Aerospatiale-British Aerospace Concorde with the fuselage length-to-diameter ratio 23 (Courtesy of A J Best)

Figure 7.25. Lockheed CF-104D Starfighter with wingtip fuel tanks (Courtesy of Antony Osborne

23

Figure 7.26. Schematic of Airbus A380 fuel tank locations

Figure 7.27. Radar dish in the nose section of a fighter aircraft

Radome

Dish

24

Figure 7.28. Wing box

Main

spar Rear

spar

Wing

box

25

Figure 7.29. The fillet in a low wing configuration

1. Top-view 2. Side-view

Figure 7.30. Recommended to-view and side-view for a fuselage

A

A

wing Fillet

wing

Fillet

Section AA

26

1. Transport aircraft Ilyushin IL-76 special nose

(Courtesy of Anne Deus)

27

2. Optica OA-7 fuselage

Figure 7.31. Two aircraft with special fuselage noses

28

1. Coke bottling 2. Contributions of wing and fuselage in cross-sectional area

Figure 7.32. Area ruling

Wing

Fuselage

Cross-sectional

area

x

x

29

1. Boeing 747

30

2. Concorde

Figure 7.33. The application of area ruling in the Boeing 747 and Concorde

31

1. Fuselage, engine, and tail design for stealth

2. Sharp edges of fuselage

Figure 7.34. F-117 Night Hawk fuselage is designed to satisfy stealth requirements

32

Figure 7.35. Rear fuselage upsweep angle

Initial rear fuselage plan

HLG

us

TO

Clearance

Final rear fuselage plan

33

1. Boeing C-17 Globemaster

2. Boeing 777-300

3. F-16

4. Cessna 172

Figure 7.36. Upsweep for four aircraft (aircraft drawing is not scaled)

1. Side-view

2. Top-view

Figure 7.37. Internal arrangement of the fuselage

Systems

6 o

17 o

16

o

Cockpit Passenger cabin

Systems Fuel tanks Cargo

Systems

Landing gear Wing box Landing gear

Cargo

Passenger cabin

Passenger cabin

Cockpit

10 o

34

Figure 7.38. Cockpit geometry (side-view)

90 cm

55 cm

15 o 35

o

Instrument

panel

18 cm

48 cm

windshield

20 cm

40 o

10 cm 10 cm

45 cm

13 o

30 cm

90 cm

20 o

82 cm

40 cm

40 cm

35

Figure 7.39. Back-view of the cockpit

Figure 7.40. Fuselage top-view for the example 7.5

8 cm

10 cm

50 cm 30 cm

DC

6 cm

2.5

m

2.5 m

LC

Lf

36

Figure 7.41. Top view of the cabin for Example 7.5 (values is cm)

Figure 7.42. Fuselage cross section

2.5

m

2.37

2.5

m 24.8

m 29.8

2.37 m

LD1 LD1

37

Figure 7.43. Nose section

Figure 7.44. Rear section is modeled as a cone (top-view)

Figure 7.45. Rear section is modeled as a cone (side-view)

3.55 m

2.37 m Cockpit

Cabin

cone

2.37 m

2.5 m

us

2.37 m

3.876 m

m

38

1. Side-view

2. Top-view

Figure 7.46. Fuselage side-view and top-view for example 7.5

Figure 7.47. A fuselage nose and tail section

2 D

D

LC 3 D

L

3.876 m

2.5 m 27.3 m

20o

17o

2.37 m

Cockpit Passenger cabin

Passenger cabin

Passenger cabin

Cockpit

33.05 m

3.25 m

2 D 1.5 D

D

L

LC

39

Figure 7.48. A fuselage nose and tail section

Figure 7.49. A fuselage nose and tail section

5 D 1 D

D

LC

L