Airbus A380

Airbus A380

A Qantas A380 takes off at London Heathrow

Role Wide-body, double-deck jet

airliner

National origin Multi-national

Manufacturer Airbus

First flight 27 April 2005

Introduced 25 October 2007 with Singapore

Airlines

Status In production

Primary users Emirates

Singapore Airlines

Qantas

Air France

Produced 2004–present

Number built 59 (as of 13 January 2011)[1]

Unit cost US$375.3 million[2]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine airlinermanufactured by the European corporation Airbus, a subsidiary of EADS. Thelargest passenger airliner in the world, the A380 made its maiden flight on 27April 2005 from Toulouse, France, and made its first commercial flight on 25October 2007 from Singapore to Sydney with Singapore Airlines. The aircraftwas known as the Airbus A3XX during much of its development phase, but thenickname Superjumbo has since become associated with it.

The A380's upper deck extends along the entire length of the fuselage, and itswidth is equivalent to that of a widebody aircraft. This allows for an A380-800's

cabin with 5,146 square feet (478.1 m2) of floor space; 49% more floor spacethan the current next-largest airliner, the Boeing 747-400 with 3,453 square feet

(320.8 m2), and provides seating for 525 people in a typical three-classconfiguration or up to 853 people in all-economy class configurations. TheA380-800 has a design range of 15,200 km (8,200 nmi; 9,400 mi), sufficient tofly from New York to Hong Kong for example, and a cruising speed of Mach0.85 (about 900 km/h or 560 mph at cruising altitude).

Contents

1 Development1.1 Background1.2 Design phase1.3 Production1.4 Testing1.5 Production and delivery delays1.6 Entry into service

2 Design2.1 Overview2.2 Flight deck2.3 Engines2.4 Advanced materials2.5 Avionics architecture2.6 Systems2.7 Passenger provisions2.8 Integration with infrastructure and regulations

2.8.1 Ground operations2.8.2 Takeoff and landing separation

3 Future variants3.1 Improved A380-8003.2 A380-9003.3 A380-800 freighter

4 Market5 Orders and deliveries6 Commercial operators7 Incidents and accidents8 Specifications9 See also10 References11 External links

Airbus A380 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380

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The first completed A380 at the "A380

Reveal" event held in Toulouse,

France, 18 January 2005

Development

Background

In the summer of 1988, a group of Airbus engineers led by Jean Roeder beganworking in secret on the development of a ultra-high-capacity airliner (UHCA), bothto complete its own range of products and to break the dominance that Boeing had

enjoyed in this market segment since the early 1970s with its 747.[3] McDonnellDouglas unsuccessfully offered its smaller, double-deck MD-12 concept for

sale.[4][5] Roeder was given approval for further evaluations of the UHCA after aformal presentation to the President and CEO in June 1990. The megaproject wasannounced at the 1990 Farnborough Air Show, with the stated goal of 15% lower

operating costs than the 747-400.[6] Airbus organised four teams of designers, onefrom each of its partners (Aérospatiale, Deutsche Aerospace AG, British Aerospace,CASA) to propose new technologies for its future aircraft designs. The designs would

be presented in 1992 and the most competitive designs would be used.[7]

In January 1993, Boeing and several companies in the Airbus consortium started ajoint feasibility study of an aircraft known as the Very Large Commercial Transport

(VLCT), aiming to form a partnership to share the limited market.[8][9] This jointstudy was abandoned two years later, Boeing's interest having decreased becauseanalysts thought that such a product would unlikely earn the $15-billion in development costs. Despite the fact that only two airlineshad expressed public interest in purchasing such a plane, Airbus was already pursuing its own large plane project. Analystssuggested that Boeing instead would pursue stretching their 747 design, and that air travel was already moving away from the huband spoke system that consolidated traffic into large planes, and toward more non-stop routes that could be served by smaller

planes.[10]

In June 1994, Airbus began developing its own very large airliner, designated the A3XX.[11][12] Airbus considered several designs,

including an odd side-by-side combination of two fuselages from the A340, which was Airbus’s largest jet at the time.[13] The

A3XX was pitted against the VLCT study and Boeing’s own New Large Aircraft successor to the 747.[14][15] From 1997 to 2000,as the East Asian financial crisis darkened the market outlook, Airbus refined its design, targeting a 15 to 20% reduction inoperating costs over the existing Boeing 747-400. The A3XX design converged on a double-decker layout that provided more

passenger volume than a traditional single-deck design,[16][17] in line with traditional hub-and-spoke theory as opposed to the point-

to-point theory of the Boeing 777,[18] after conducting an extensive market analysis with over 200 focus groups.[19][20]

Design phase

On 19 December 2000, the supervisory board of newly restructured Airbus voted to launch a

€8.8-billion programme to build the A3XX, re-christened as the A380,[21][22] with 50 firm

orders from six launch customers.[23][24] The A380 designation was a break from previousAirbus families, which had progressed sequentially from A300 to A340. It was chosenbecause the number 8 resembles the double-deck cross section, and is a lucky number in

some Asian countries where the aircraft was being marketed.[13] The aircraft’s configurationwas finalised in early 2001, and manufacturing of the first A380 wing box component startedon 23 January 2002. The development cost of the A380 had grown to €11 billion when the

first aircraft was completed.[9]

Production


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Geographical logistics sequence for

the A380, with final assembly in

Toulouse

A380 MSN001 about to land after its

maiden flight

Flight test engineer's station on the

lower deck of A380 F-WWOW

Major structural sections of the A380 are built in France, Germany, Spain, and the UnitedKingdom. Due to their size, they are brought to the assembly hall (the Jean-Luc LagardèrePlant) in Toulouse in France by surface transportation, though some parts are moved by the

A300-600ST Beluga aircraft used in the construction of other Airbus models.[25]

Components of the A380 are provided by suppliers from around the world; the five largestcontributors, by value, are Rolls-Royce, Safran, United Technologies, General Electric and

Goodrich.[19]

For the surface movement of large A380 structural components, a complex route known asthe Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit was developed. This involved the construction of a fleet ofroll-on/roll-off (RORO) ships and barges, the construction of port facilities and the

development of new and modified roads to accommodate oversized road convoys.[26][27]

The front and rear sections of the fuselage are loaded onto one of three roll-on/roll-off(RORO) ships in Hamburg in northern Germany, from where they are shipped to the United

Kingdom.[27][28] The wings, which are manufactured at Filton in Bristol and Broughton inNorth Wales, are transported by barge to Mostyn docks, where the ship adds them to its

cargo.[29] In Saint-Nazaire in western France, the ship trades the fuselage sections fromHamburg for larger, assembled sections, some of which include the nose. The ship unloads in Bordeaux. Afterwards, the ship picksup the belly and tail sections by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA in Cádiz in southern Spain, and delivers them to Bordeaux. From

there, the A380 parts are transported by barge to Langon, and by oversize road convoys to the assembly hall in Toulouse.[30]

After assembly, the aircraft are flown to Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (XFW) to be furnished and painted. It takes 3,600 L

(950 US gal) of paint to cover the 3,100 m2 (33,000 sq ft) exterior of an A380.[31] Airbus sized the production facilities and supply

chain for a production rate of four A380s per month.[29]

Testing

Five A380s were built for testing and demonstration purposes.[32] The first A380, serialnumber MSN001 and registration F-WWOW, was unveiled at a ceremony in Toulouse on 18

January 2005.[33] Its maiden flight took place at 8:29 UTC (10:29 a.m. local time) 27 April

2005.[34] This plane, equipped with Trent 900 engines, flew from Toulouse BlagnacInternational Airport with a flight crew of six headed by chief test pilot Jacques Rosay. Aftersuccessfully landing three hours and 54 minutes later, Rosay said flying the A380 had been

“like handling a bicycle” .[35]

On 1 December 2005 the A380 achieved its maximum design speed of Mach 0.96 (versusnormal cruising speed of Mach 0.85), in a shallow dive, completing the opening of the flight

envelope.[32] On 10 January 2006 the A380 made its first transatlantic flight to Medellín in

Colombia, to test engine performance at a high altitude airport.[citation needed] It arrived in

North America on 6 February, landing in Iqaluit, Nunavut in Canada for cold-weather testing.[36]

On 14 February 2006, during the destructive wing strength certification test on MSN5000,the test wing of the A380 failed at 145% of the limit load, short of the required 150% tomeet the certification. Airbus announced modifications adding 30 kg to the wing to provide

the required strength.[37] On 26 March 2006 the A380 underwent evacuation certification inHamburg. With 8 of the 16 exits blocked, 853 passengers and 20 crew left the aircraft in 78

seconds, less than the 90 seconds required by certification standards.[38] Three days later,the A380 received European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and United States Federal

Aviation Administration (FAA) approval to carry up to 853 passengers.[39]

The maiden flight of the first A380 using GP7200 engines—serial number MSN009 and

registration F-WWEA—took place on 25 August 2006.[40][41] On 4 September 2006, the

first full passenger-carrying flight test took place.[42] The aircraft flew from Toulouse with

474 Airbus employees on board, in the first of a series of flights to test passenger facilities and comfort.[42] In November 2006 afurther series of route proving flights took place to demonstrate the aircraft's performance for 150 flight hours under typical airline


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A380 flying a banked turn at the ILA

2006 in Berlin, Germany

A380 in original Airbus livery

A380 during a short runway takeoff

operating conditions.[43]

Airbus obtained type certificates for the A380-841 and A380-842 model from the EASA and FAA on 12 December 2006 in a joint

ceremony at the company's French headquarters.[44][45] The A380-861 model obtained the type certificate 14 December 2007.[45]

Production and delivery delays

Initial production of the A380 was troubled by delays attributed to the 530 km (330 mi) ofwiring in each aircraft. Airbus cited as underlying causes the complexity of the cabin wiring(100,000 wires and 40,300 connectors), its concurrent design and production, the highdegree of customisation for each airline, and failures of configuration management and

change control.[46][47] Specifically, it would appear that German and Spanish Airbusfacilities continued to use CATIA version 4, while British and French sites migrated to

version 5.[48] This caused overall configuration management problems, at least in partbecause wiring harnesses manufactured using aluminium rather than copper conductorsnecessitated special design rules including non-standard dimensions and bend radii; these

were not easily transferred between versions of the software.[49]

Airbus announced the first delay in June 2005 andnotified airlines that deliveries would be delayed by

six months.[48] This reduced the total number ofplanned deliveries by the end of 2009 from about 120to 90–100. On 13 June 2006, Airbus announced a second delay, with the delivery schedule

undergoing an additional shift of six to seven months.[50] Although the first delivery was stillplanned before the end of 2006, deliveries in 2007 would drop to only 9 aircraft, anddeliveries by the end of 2009 would be cut to 70–80 aircraft. The announcement caused a

26% drop in the share price of Airbus's parent, EADS,[51] and led to the departure of EADS

CEO Noël Forgeard, Airbus CEO Gustav Humbert, and A380 programme manager Charles Champion.[48][52] On 3 October 2006,

upon completion of a review of the A380 program, the CEO of Airbus, Christian Streiff, announced a third delay,[48] pushing thefirst delivery to October 2007, to be followed by 13 deliveries in 2008, 25 in 2009, and the full production rate of 45 aircraft per

year in 2010.[53] The delay also increased the earnings shortfall projected by Airbus through 2010 to €4.8 billion.[48][54]

As Airbus prioritised the work on the A380-800 over the A380-800F,[55] freighter orders

were cancelled by FedEx[56][57] and UPS,[58] or converted to A380-800 by Emirates and

ILFC.[59] Airbus suspended work on the freighter version, but said it remained on offer,[60]

albeit without a service entry date.[61] For the passenger version Airbus negotiated a reviseddelivery schedule and compensation with the 13 customers, all of which retained their orders

with some placing subsequent orders, including Emirates,[62] Singapore Airlines,[63]

Qantas,[64] Air France,[65] Qatar Airways,[66] and Korean Air.[67]

On 13 May 2008 Airbus announced reduced deliveries for the years 2008 (12) and 2009

(21).[68] After further manufacturing setbacks, Airbus reduced plans to deliver 14 A380s in 2009, down from the previously revised

target of 18.[69] A total of 10 A380s were delivered in 2009.[70] In 2010 Airbus delivered 18 from the expected 20 A380s, due to

Rolls-Royce engine availability problems.[71] Airbus plans to deliver “between 20 and 25” A380s in 2011 before ramping up to

three a month in 2012.[71]

Entry into service


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The first airline to operate the aircraft

was Singapore Airlines.

The A380 cabin cross section, showing

economy class seating

The lack of engine noise — it's50% quieter than a 747-400on takeoff — was downrighteerie. The A380 is so big it'sdifficult to sense its speed, andits upper deck is so far awayfrom the engines the noisedissipates.

—TIME[89]

The first aircraft delivered (MSN003, registered 9V-SKA) was handed over to SingaporeAirlines on 15 October 2007 and entered into service on 25 October 2007 with an inaugural

flight between Singapore and Sydney (flight number SQ380).[9][72] Passengers bought seats

in a charity online auction paying between $560 and $100,380.[73] Two months later,Singapore Airlines CEO Chew Choong Seng said that the A380 was performing better thanboth the airline and Airbus had anticipated, burning 20% less fuel per passenger than the

airline's existing 747-400 fleet.[74] Emirates was the second airline to take delivery of the

A380 on 28 July 2008 and started flights between Dubai and New York[75] on 1 August

2008.[76] Qantas followed on 19 September 2008, starting flights between Melbourne and

Los Angeles on 20 October 2008.[77] By the end of 2008, 890,000 passengers had flown on

2,200 A380 flights totalling 21,000 hours.[78]

In February 2009 the millionth A380 passenger flying with Singapore Airlines was recorded.[79] In May 2009 it was reported that

the A380 had carried 1.5 million passengers during 41 thousand flight hours and 4200 flights.[80] Air France received their first

A380 on 30 October 2009, arriving at Charles de Gaulle Airport.[81][82] Lufthansa received its first A380 on 19 May 2010.[83] ByJuly 2010 the 31 A380s then in service had flown 156,000 hours with passengers in 17,000 flights, transporting 6,000,000

passengers between 20 international destinations.[84]

Design

Overview

The new Airbus was initially offered in two models. The A380-800 original configuration

carried 555 passengers in a three-class configuration[85] or 853 passengers (538 on the maindeck and 315 on the upper deck) in a single-class economy configuration. In May 2007Airbus began marketing a configuration with 30 fewer passengers, now 525 passengers inthree classes, traded for 370 km (200 nmi) more range, to better reflect trends in premium

class accommodation.[86] The design range for the -800 model is 15,400 km (8,300 nmi);[87]

capable of flying for example from Hong Kong to New York, or from Sydney to Istanbulnon-stop. The second model, the A380-800F freighter, would carry 150 tonnes of cargo

10,400 km (5,600 nmi).[88] The -800F development was put on hold as Airbus prioritised thepassenger version and all cargo orders were cancelled. Future variants may include anA380-900 stretch seating about 656 passengers (or up to 960 passengers in an all economyconfiguration) and an extended range version with the same passenger capacity as the

A380-800.[13]

The A380's wing is sized for a MaximumTake-Off Weight (MTOW) over 650 tonnesin order to accommodate these futureversions, albeit with some strengthening

required.[13][90] The stronger wing (andstructure) will be used on the A380-800F freighter. This common design approachsacrifices some fuel efficiency on the A380-800 passenger model, but Airbusestimates that the size of the aircraft, coupled with the advances in technologydescribed below, will provide lower operating costs per passenger than the 747-400and older 747 variants. The A380 also features wingtip fences similar to those foundon the A310 and A320 to alleviate the effects of induced drag, increasing fuel

efficiency and performance.[91][92]

Flight deck


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A380 flight deck

A Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine on the

wing of an Airbus A380

A planform view of an Airbus A380

belonging to Singapore Airlines

Airbus used similar cockpit layout, procedures and handling characteristics to those of otherAirbus aircraft, to reduce crew training costs. Accordingly, the A380 features an improved

glass cockpit, and fly-by-wire flight controls linked to side-sticks.[93][94] The improvedcockpit displays feature eight 15-by-20 cm (5.9-by-7.9 in) liquid crystal displays, all ofwhich are physically identical and interchangeable; comprising two Primary Flight Displays,two navigation displays, one engine parameter display, one system display and two Multi-Function Displays. These MFDs are new with the A380, and provide an easy-to-useinterface to the flight management system—replacing three multifunction control and display

units.[95] They include QWERTY keyboards and trackballs, interfacing with a graphical

"point-and-click" display navigation system.[96][97]

Engines

The A380 can be fitted with two types of engines: A380-841, -842 and -843F withRolls-Royce Trent 900, and A380-861 and -863F with Engine Alliance GP7000 turbofans.The Trent 900 is a derivative of the Trent 800, and the GP7000 has roots from the GE90 andPW4000. The Trent 900 core is a scaled version of the Trent 500, but incorporates the swept

fan technology of the stillborn Trent 8104.[98] The GP7200 has a GE90-derived core and

PW4090-derived fan and low-pressure turbo-machinery.[99] Only two of the four engines

are fitted with thrust reversers.[100]

Noise reduction was an important requirement in the A380's design, and particularly affects

engine design.[101][102] Both engine types allow the aircraft to achieve QC/2 departure andQC/0.5 arrival noise limits under the Quota Count system set by London Heathrow

Airport,[103] which is a key destination for the A380.[13]

The A380 was used to demonstrate the viability of a synthetic fuel comprising standard jet fuel with a natural-gas-derivedcomponent. On 1 February 2008, a three hour test flight operated between Britain and France, with one of the A380's four engines

using a mix of 60% standard jet kerosene and 40% gas to liquids (GTL) fuel supplied by Shell.[104] The aircraft needed nomodification to use the GTL fuel, which was designed to be mixed with normal jet fuel. Sebastien Remy, head of Airbus SAS'salternative fuel programme, said the GTL used was no cleaner in CO2 terms than standard fuel but it had local air quality benefits

because it contains no sulphur.[105]

Advanced materials

While most of the fuselage is aluminium, composite materials comprise more than 20% of

the A380's airframe.[106] Carbon-fibre reinforced plastic, glass-fibre reinforced plastic andquartz-fibre reinforced plastic are used extensively in wings, fuselage sections (such as the

undercarriage and rear end of fuselage), tail surfaces, and doors.[107][108][109] The A380 isthe first commercial airliner to have a central wing box made of carbon fibre reinforcedplastic. It is also the first to have a smoothly contoured wing cross section. The wings ofother commercial airliners are partitioned span-wise into sections. This flowing, continuouscross section optimises aerodynamic efficiency. Thermoplastics are used in the leading edges

of the slats.[110] The new material GLARE (GLAss-REinforced fibre metal laminate) is used

in the upper fuselage and on the stabilisers' leading edges.[111] This aluminium-glass-fibre laminate is lighter and has better corrosion

and impact resistance than conventional aluminium alloys used in aviation.[112] Unlike earlier composite materials, it can be

repaired using conventional aluminium repair techniques.[113] Newer weldable aluminium alloys are also used. This enables thewidespread use of laser beam welding manufacturing techniques — eliminating rows of rivets and resulting in a lighter, stronger

structure.[114]

Avionics architecture


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Front fuselage view of A380

The A380-800 layout with 519 seats

displayed

The A380 employs an Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) architecture, first used in

advanced military aircraft, such as the F-22 Raptor, F-35,[115] and Dassault Rafale.[116] The

main IMA systems on the A380 were developed by Thales Group.[117] Designed anddeveloped by Airbus, Thales and Diehl Aerospace, the IMA suite is first used on the A380.The suite is a technological innovation, with networked computing modules to support

different applications.[117]

Together with IMA, the A380 avionics are highly networked. The data communicationnetworks use Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet, following the ARINC 664 standard.The data networks are switched, full-duplex, star-topology and based on 100baseTX

fast-Ethernet.[118] This reduces the amount of wiring required and minimises latency.[119]

The Network Systems Server (NSS) is the heart of A380 paperless cockpit.[120][121] It eliminates the bulky manuals and chartstraditionally carried by pilots; the NSS has enough inbuilt robustness to eliminate onboard backup paper documents. The A380'snetwork and server system stores data and offers electronic documentation, providing a required equipment list, navigation charts,performance calculations, and an aircraft logbook. All are accessible to the pilot from two additional 27 cm (11 in) diagonal LCDs,

each controlled by its own keyboard and cursor control device mounted in the foldable table in front of each pilot.[119]

Systems

Power-by-wire flight control actuators are used for the first time in civil service to back upthe primary hydraulic flight control actuators. During certain manoeuvres, they augment the

primary actuators.[122] They have self-contained hydraulic and electrical power supplies.They are used as electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHA) in the aileron and elevator, electricand hydraulic motors to drive the slats as well as electrical backup hydrostatic actuators

(EBHA) for the rudder and some spoilers.[123]

The aircraft's 350 bar (35 MPa or 5,000 psi) hydraulic system is an improvement over thetypical 210 bar (21 MPa or 3,000 psi) system found in other commercial aircraft since the

1940s.[124][125] First used in military aircraft, higher pressure hydraulics reduce the size ofpipelines, actuators and other components for overall weight reduction. The 350 bar pressure

is generated by eight de-clutchable hydraulic pumps.[125][126] Pipelines are typically madefrom titanium and the system features both fuel and air-cooled heat exchangers. Thehydraulics system architecture also differs significantly from other airliners. Self-containedelectrically-powered hydraulic power packs serve as backups for the primary systems,

instead of a secondary hydraulic system, saving weight and reducing maintenance.[127]

The A380 uses four 150 kVA variable-frequency electrical generators,[128] eliminating

constant speed drives and improving reliability.[129] The A380 uses aluminium power cablesinstead of copper for weight reduction. The electrical power system is fully computerisedand many contactors and breakers have been replaced by solid-state devices for better

performance and increased reliability.[123]

The A380 features a bulbless illumination system. LEDs are employed in the cabin, cockpit,cargo and other fuselage areas. The cabin lighting features programmable multi-spectralLEDs capable of creating a cabin ambience simulating daylight, night, or levels in

between.[130] On the outside of the aircraft, HID lighting is used for brighter, whiterillumination.

The A380 was initially planned without thrust reversers, as Airbus designed the aircraft with

ample braking capacity to not require their use.[131] However Airbus elected to fit the two

inboard engines with thrust reversers in a late stage of development.[100][132] The twooutboard engines do not have reversers, reducing the amount of debris stirred up duringlanding. The A380 features electrically actuated thrust reversers, giving them better

reliability than their pneumatic or hydraulic equivalents, in addition to saving weight.[133]


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Business class on the first Singapore

Airlines A380

Economy Class on an Emirates Airbus

A380

Passenger provisions

Main article: Seat configurations of the Airbus A380

Onboard features expected to reduce travel fatigue include a quieter interior and greatercabin air pressure than prior aircraft; the A380 produces 50% less cabin noise than the747-400 and is pressurised to the equivalent of 1,520 m (5,000 ft) altitude versus 2,440 m

(8,000 ft) on the 747-400.[134][135] The A380 has 50% more cabin area and volume, larger

windows, bigger overhead bins, and 60 cm (2.0 ft) extra headroom versus the 747-400.[136]

In a 10-abreast configuration on the main deck, the A380's wider cabin allows for up to

48 cm (19 in) wide economy seats,[137][138] versus 44.5 cm (17.5 in) on the 747-400.[139]

The A380 can also accommodate up to 11-abreast configurations,[140] and its maximum

certified carrying capacity is 853 passengers in an all-economy-class layout.[38] According toAirbus, a typical three-class layout on the A380 accommodates 525 passengers, with 10 first,

76 business, and 439 economy class seats.[86] Planned and announced configurations gofrom 407 passengers, to be used by Korean Air, up to 840 passengers, to be used by Air

Austral.[141][142]

The A380's full-length upper and lower decks are connected by two stairways, fore and aft,wide enough to accommodate two passengers side-by-side; this cabin arrangement allowsmultiple seat configurations. Some operators configured their aircraft for three-class serviceand developed special amenities for a number of passengers paying for first class or businessclass tickets, such as spacious private cabins with separate beds, lounges, and fully reclining

seats. Airbus's initial publicity stressed the comfort and space of the A380's cabin,[143]

anticipating installations such as relaxation areas, bars, duty-free shops, and beauty salons.[94]

On its A380s, Air France has installed an electronic art gallery exclusively for first class and business class passengers.[144]

Singapore Airlines offers twelve partly-enclosed first-class suites on its A380s, each featuring one full and one secondary seat, a

full-sized bed, desk, and personal storage.[145] Four of these suites, C and D on rows 3 and 4, have dividing walls that can be

removed to create two double suites with two beds modified into one double bed.[146][147] Qantas Airways has shown a product for

a long flat-bed that converts from the seat but does not have privacy doors.[148] Emirates's fourteen first-class private suites have

shared access to two "shower spas".[149][150] First and business class passengers have shared access to a snack bar and lounge with

two sofas, in addition to a first-class-only private lounge.[151]

It has been suggested that the significantly high levels of customisation of the planes has slowed down production speeds and

increased costs.[152] On Qantas' A380s there are 6 self serve snack bars (4 on the lower deck for First Class and economy, 2 on theupper deck for Business and premium economy) and there is an on-board lounge for First and Business class passengers at the front

of the upper deck.[153] Virgin Atlantic Airways already offers a bar as part of its "Upper Class" service on its A340 and 747 aircraft,

and has announced plans to include casinos, double beds, and gymnasiums on its A380s.[154][155]

Integration with infrastructure and regulations

Ground operations


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The A380's 20-wheel main landing

gear

A380 being serviced by three separate

jetways at Frankfurt Airport: two for

the main deck and one for the upper

deck.

A video of an A380 taxiing

In the 1990s, aircraft manufacturers were planning to introduce larger planes than theBoeing 747. In a common effort of the International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO, withmanufacturers, airports and its member agencies, the "80-metre box" was created, the airport

gates allowing planes up to 80 m (260 ft) wingspan and length to be accommodated.[156]

Airbus designed the A380 according to these guidelines,[157][158] and to operate safely onGroup V runways and taxiways, and while the U.S. FAA opposed this at an early stage,[159][160] in July 2007, the FAA and EASA agreed to let the A380 operate on 45 m runways

without restrictions.[161] The A380-800 is approximately 30% larger in overall size than the

747-400,[162][163] and can land or take off on any runway that can accommodate a 747.Runway lighting and signage may need changes to provide clearance to the wings and avoidblast damage from the engines and taxiway shoulders may be required to be stabilised toreduce the likelihood of foreign object damage caused to (or by) the outboard engines, which

overhang more than 25 m (82 ft) from the centre line of the aircraft.[164]

Airbus measured pavement loads using a 540-tonne (595 short tons) ballasted test rig,designed to replicate the landing gear of the A380. The rig was towed over a section of

pavement at Airbus' facilities that had been instrumented with embedded load sensors.[165] Itwas determined that the pavement of most runways will not need to be reinforced despite

the higher weight,[164] as it is distributed on more wheels than in other passenger aircraft

with a total of 22 wheels.[166] The A380 landing gear is in a similar layout as the 747, except

for four more wheels via the incorporation of six wheels on each main body gear.[166]

The A380 requires service vehicles with lifts capable of reaching the upper deck,[167] as well

as tractors capable of handling the A380's maximum ramp weight.[168] Using two jetwaybridges the boarding time is 45 min, using an extra jetway to the upper deck it is reduced to

34 min.[169] The A380 test aircraft have participated in a campaign of airport compatibilitytesting to verify the modifications already made at several large airports, visiting a number of

airports around the world.[170]

Takeoff and landing separation

In 2005, the ICAO recommended that provisional separation criteria for the A380 on takeoffand landing be substantially greater than for the 747 because preliminary flight test data

suggested a stronger wake turbulence.[171][172] These criteria were in effect while theICAO's wake vortex steering group, with representatives from the JAA, Eurocontrol, theFAA, and Airbus, refined its 3-year study of the issue with additional flight testing. In

September 2006, the working group presented its first conclusions to the ICAO.[173][174]

In November 2006, the ICAO issued new interim recommendations. Replacing a blanket10 nautical miles (19 km) separation for aircraft trailing an A380 during approach, the newdistances were 6 nmi (11 km), 8 nmi (15 km) and 10 nmi (19 km) respectively for non-A380"Heavy", "Medium", and "Light" ICAO aircraft categories. These compared with the 4 nmi(7.4 km), 5 nmi (9.3 km) and 6 nmi (11 km) spacing applicable to other "Heavy" aircraft.Another A380 following an A380 should maintain a separation of 4 nmi (7.4 km). Ondeparture behind an A380, non-A380 "Heavy" aircraft are required to wait two minutes, and"Medium"/"Light" aircraft three minutes for time based operations. The ICAO also recommends that pilots append the term "Super"to the aircraft's callsign when initiating communication with air traffic control, in order to distinguish the A380 from "Heavy"

aircraft.[175]

In August 2008, the ICAO issued revised approach separations of 4 nmi (7.4 km) for Super (another A380), 6 nmi (11 km) for

Heavy, 7 nmi (13 km) for medium/small, and 8 nmi (15 km) for light.[176]

Future variants

Improved A380-800


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Emirates, the largest A380 customer,

has ordered a higher weight A380-800

variant.

Prototype at the 2005 Paris Air Show

From 2013, Airbus will offer, as an option, improved maximum take-off weight, thusproviding a better payload/range performance. Maximum take-off weight is increased by 4t,to 573t. The increases are made possible by optimising the fly-by-wire control laws to reduce

flight loads.[177] British Airways and Emirates will be the first customers to receive this new

option.[178] Vietnam Airlines has shown interest in the higher-weight variant.[179]

A380-900

In November 2007, Airbus top sales executive and chief operating officer John Leahyconfirmed plans for an enlarged variant, the A380-900, which would be slightly longer than

the A380-800 (79.4–73 m or 260–240 ft).[180] This version would have a seating capacity of650 passengers in standard configuration, and approximately 900 passengers ineconomy-only configuration. In May 2010, Airbus announced that A380-900 development was postponed, until production of the

A380-800 has stabilised.[181] Airlines that have expressed interest in the model include Emirates,[182] Virgin Atlantic,[183] Cathay

Pacific,[184] Air France-KLM, Lufthansa,[185] Kingfisher Airlines,[186] as well as the leasing company ILFC.[187]

A380-800 freighter

Airbus originally accepted orders for the freighter version, offering the second largest payload capacity of any cargo aircraft,

exceeded only by the Antonov An-225.[188] However, production has been suspended until the A380 production lines have settled

with no firm availability date.[56][189][190]

Market

In 2006, industry analysts Philip Lawrence of the Aerospace Research Centre in Bristol andRichard Aboulafia of the consulting Teal Group in Fairfax anticipated 880 and 400 A380

sales respectively by 2025.[19] According to Lawrence, parallel to the design of the A380,Airbus conducted the most extensive and thorough market analysis of commercial aviationever undertaken, justifying its VLA (very large aircraft, those with more than 400 seats)

plans,[19] while according to Aboulafia, the rise of mid-size aircraft and market

fragmentation reduced VLAs to niche market status, making such plans unjustified.[19] Thetwo analysts' market forecasts differed in the incorporation of spoke-hub and point-to-point

models.[19]

In 2007, Airbus estimated a demand for 1,283 passenger planes in the VLA category for thenext 20 years if airport congestion remains at the current level. According to this estimate, demand could reach up to 1,771 VLAs if

congestion increases. Most of this demand will be due to the urbanisation and rapid economic growth in Asia.[191] The A380 will beused on relatively few routes, between the most saturated airports. Airbus also estimates a demand for 415 freighters in the category120-tonne plus. Boeing, which offers the only competition in that class, the 747-8, estimates the demand for passenger VLAs at 590

and that for freighter VLAs at 370 for the period 2007–2026.[192]

At one time the A380 was considered as a potential replacement for the existing Boeing VC-25 serving as Air Force One,[193][194]

but in January 2009 EADS declared that they were not going to bid for the contract, as assembling only three planes in the US

would not make financial sense.[195]

As of June 2010, there were 234 orders for the A380-800. The break-even for the A380 was initially supposed to be reached at 270

units, but due to the delays and the falling exchange rate of the US dollar, it increased to 420 units.[46] In 2010, EADS CFO HansPeter Ring said that break-even (on the aircraft that are delivered) could be achieved as early as 2015, despite the delays; there

should be around 200 deliveries by that time, on current projections.[196] As of March 2010, the average list price of an A380 was

US$ 375.3 million, depending on equipment installed.[197]

Orders and deliveries


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Main article: List of Airbus A380 orders and deliveries

Nineteen customers have ordered the A380, including an order fromaircraft lessor ILFC and one VIP order by Airbus Executive and

Private Aviation.[198] Total orders for the A380 stand at 240 as of 31

January 2011.[199] In February 2011 Skymark Airlines ordered a

further 4.[200] The biggest customer is Emirates, which in June 2010increased its order by 32 aircraft to 90 total, or nearly 40% of all A380

orders at the time.[201] A total of 27 orders originally placed for thefreighter version, A380-800F, were either cancelled (20) or convertedto A380-800 (7), following the production delay and the subsequentsuspension of the freighter programme.

Delivery takes place in Hamburg for customers from Europe and theMiddle East and in Toulouse for customers from the rest of the

world.[202]

Airbus A380 firm net orders and deliveries(cumulative by year)


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Lufthansa Airbus A380 being towed to

the hangar after testing, ready for its

first scheduled flight on 6 June 2010

from Frankfurt to Johannesburg.

Air France

A380 firm net orders, by year[203][204]

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total

OrdersA380-800 78 0 34 10 10 24 33 9 4 32[205] 10[206] 244

A380-800F 7 10 0 0 10 -17 -10 0 0 0 0 0

Deliveries A380-800 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 10 18[207] 2 43[207]

Commercial operators

The following table lists airlines whose A380 aircraft have commenced commercialpassenger flights. It does not include operators that have ordered A380s or taken delivery ofor announced details of inaugural flights but not yet commenced commercial passengerflights. For further information, including non-commercial operators, see List of Airbus A380orders and deliveries. Emirates is currently the largest operator of the A380 with 15 inservice out of its total of 90 on order, itself the largest amount of any carrier. The shortestroute that the A380 flies regularly is from Dubai to Jeddah with Emirates having a flight timeof only 3 hours, although Air France has also operated the A380 on the even shorter Paris to

London route during summer 2010.[208]

Airline First commercial flight

Air France 20 November 2009[209]

Emirates 1 August 2008[76]

Lufthansa 6 June 2010[210]

Qantas 20 October 2008[77]

Singapore Airlines 25 October 2007[72]

Incidents and accidents

The A380 has been involved in one aviation accident as of February 2011.[211][212]

On 4 November 2010, Qantas Flight 32, en route from Singapore Changi Airport to Sydney Airport, suffered an uncontained

engine failure, resulting in a series of related problems,[213][214] and forcing the flight to return to Singapore. There were noinjuries to the passengers, crew or people on the ground despite debris falling onto the Indonesian island of Batam.[215][216]

Qantas subsequently grounded all of their A380s that day subject to an internal investigation taken in conjunction with theengine manufacturer Rolls-Royce plc. Other operators of Rolls-Royce-powered A380s were also affected. Investigators laterdetermined the cause of the explosion to be an oil leak in the Trent 900 engine.[217][218]

Specifications


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External images

Airbus A380-800 cutaway

Airbus A380-800 cutaway from

(http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media

/civilaviation1949-2006cutaways/images

/5817/airbus-a380-800-cutaway.jpg)

Flightglobal.com

A size comparison between four of the

largest aircraft, the Antonov An-225

(green), the Hughes H-4 Hercules

(gold), the Boeing 747-8 (blue), and

the Airbus A380-800 (pink).

Measurement A380-800 A380-800F

Cockpit crew Two

Seating capacity525 (3-class)[87]

644 (2-class)853 (1-class)

12 couriers

Length overall 72.73 m (238.6 ft)[219]

Wingspan 79.75 m (261.6 ft)[220]

Height 24.45 m (80.2 ft)[219]

Wheelbase33.58 m (110.2 ft) wing landing gear

36.85 m (120.9 ft) body landing gear[219]

Wheel track 12.46 m (40.9 ft)[219]

Outside fuselage width 7.14 m (23.4 ft)

Outside fuselage height 8.41 m (27.6 ft)

Maximum cabin width6.58 m (21.6 ft) Main deck

5.92 m (19.4 ft) Upper deck (floor level)

Cabin length49.9 m (164 ft) Main deck

44.93 m (147.4 ft) Upper deck

Wing area 845 m2 (9,100 sq ft)

Aspect ratio 7.5

Wing sweep 33.5°

Maximum taxi/rampweight

571,000 kg (1,260,000 lb)592,000 kg (1,310,000

lb)

Maximum take-offweight

569,000 kg (1,250,000 lb)590,000 kg (1,300,000

lb)

Maximum landingweight

391,000 kg (860,000 lb) 427,000 kg (940,000 lb)

Maximum zero fuelweight

366,000 kg (810,000 lb) 402,000 kg (890,000 lb)

Typical Operatingempty weight

276,800 kg (610,000 lb) 252,200 kg (556,000 lb)

Maximum structuralpayload

89,200 kg (197,000 lb) 149,800 kg (330,000 lb)

Maximum cargo volume 176 m3 (6,200 cu ft)[221] 1,134 m3 (40,000

cu ft)[222]

Maximum operatingspeed

at cruise altitude

Mach 0.89[87]

(945 km/h, 587 mph, 510 knots)

Maximum design speedin dive at cruise altitude

Mach 0.96[223]

(at cruise altitude: 1020 km/h, 634 mph, 551 knots)

Take off run atMTOW/SL ISA 2,750 m (9,020 ft)[157] 2,900 m (9,500 ft)[157]

Range at design load15,400 km (8,300 nmi,

9,500 mi)[87]10,400 km (5,600 nmi,

6,400 mi)

Service ceiling 13,115 m (43,028 ft)[224]


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Maximum fuel capacity323,546 L

(85,472 US gal)

310,000 L(81,893 US gal),

323,546 L(85,472 US gal) option

Engines (4 x)GP7270 (A380-861)

Trent 970/B (A380-841)Trent 972/B (A380-842)

GP7277 (A380-863F)Trent 977/B (A380-843F)

Thrust (4 x) 311 kN (70,000 lbf) - 355 kN (80,000 lbf)[225][226]

Sources: Airbus A380 specifications[87]

See also

Competition between Airbus and BoeingList of megaprojects

Related development

Airbus A350

Comparable aircraft

Boeing 747-8Lockheed C-5 GalaxyAntonov An-225Antonov An-124

Related lists

List of Aerospace megaprojectsList of Airbus A380 orders and deliveriesSeat configurations of the Airbus A380

References

Notes

^ "A380 production list" (http://plane.spottingworld.com/A380_production_list) . January 2011. http://plane.spottingworld.com/A380_production_list.

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^ Norris, 2005. p. 7.3.^ "MDC brochures for undeveloped versions of the MD-11 and MD-12" (http://md-eleven.net/MD11-MD12-undeveloped-models) .md-eleven.net. http://md-eleven.net/MD11-MD12-undeveloped-models. Retrieved 14 April 2008.

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^ Norris, 2005. p. 16-17.6.^ Norris, 2005. p. 17-18.7.^ Norris, 2005. p. 31.8.^ a b c Wallace, James (24 October 2007). "Airbus all in on need for jumbo -- but Boeing still doubtful" (http://www.seattlepi.com/business/336611_airbus24.html) . Seattle PI. http://www.seattlepi.com/business/336611_airbus24.html.

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^ "Boeing, partners expected to scrap Super-Jet study" (http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-10/business/fi-22333_1_jumbo-jet) . LosAngeles Times. 10 July 1995. http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-10/business/fi-22333_1_jumbo-jet.

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^ Bowen, David (4 June 1994). "Airbus will reveal plan for super-jumbo: Aircraft would seat at least 600 people and cost dollars 8bn todevelop" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/airbus-will-reveal-plan-for-superjumbo-aircraft-would-seat-at-least-600-people-and-cost-dollars-8bn-to-develop-1420367.html) . The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/airbus-will-reveal-plan-for-superjumbo-aircraft-would-seat-at-least-600-people-and-cost-dollars-8bn-to-develop-1420367.html.

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^ Sweetman, Bill (1 October 1994). "Airbus hits the road with A3XX" (http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5533225_ITM) . Interavia Business & Technology. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-5533225_ITM.

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^ a b c d e Norris, Guy; Mark Wagner (2005). Airbus A380: Superjumbo of the 21st Century (http://www.zenithpress.com/ProductDetails_32796.ncm) . Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2218-5. http://www.zenithpress.com/ProductDetails_32796.ncm.

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^ "Aviation giants have Super-jumbo task" (http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/orlandosentinel/access/77995305.html?dids=77995305:77995305&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+27%2C+1994&author=Karen+West+Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&pub=Orlando+Sentinel&desc=AVIATION+GIANTS+HAVE+SUPER-JUMBO+TASK+ENORMOUS+COMMERCIAL+JET+JUST+PAPER+AIRPLANE+FOR+NOW&pqatl=google) . Orlando Sentinel. 27November 1994. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/orlandosentinel/access/77995305.html?dids=77995305:77995305&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+27%2C+1994&author=Karen+West+Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&pub=Orlando+Sentinel&desc=AVIATION+GIANTS+HAVE+SUPER-JUMBO+TASK+ENORMOUS+COMMERCIAL+JET+JUST+PAPER+AIRPLANE+FOR+NOW&pqatl=google.

14.

^ Norris, Guy (10 September 1997). "Boeing looks again at plans for NLA" (http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1997/09/10/20640/boeing-looks-again-at-plans-for-nla.html) . Flight International. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1997/09/10/20640/boeing-looks-again-at-plans-for-nla.html.

15.

^ "Superjumbo or white elephant?" (http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1995/08/01/16420/superjumbo-or-white-elephant.html) . FlightInternational. 1 August 1995. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1995/08/01/16420/superjumbo-or-white-elephant.html.

16.

^ Harrison, Michael (23 October 1996). "Lehman puts $18bn price tag on Airbus float" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/lehman-puts-18bn-price-tag-on-airbus-float-1359754.html) . The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/lehman-puts-18bn-price-tag-on-airbus-float-1359754.html.

17.

^ Cannegieter, Roger. "Long Range vs. Ultra High Capacity" (http://www.aerlines.nl/issue_31/31_Cannegieter_Ranging_Capabilities.pdf). aerlines.nl. http://www.aerlines.nl/issue_31/31_Cannegieter_Ranging_Capabilities.pdf.

18.

^ a b c d e f Babka, Scott (5 September 2006). "EADS: the A380 Debate" (http://www.leeham.net/filelib/A380DEBATEFINAL.pdf)(PDF). Morgan Stanley. http://www.leeham.net/filelib/A380DEBATEFINAL.pdf. Retrieved 13 September 2006.

19.

^ Lawler, Anthony (4 April 2006). "Point-To-Point, Hub-To-Hub: the need for an A380 size aircraft" (http://www.leeham.net/filelib/A380_Lawler.pdf) . Leeham.net. http://www.leeham.net/filelib/A380_Lawler.pdf. Retrieved 9 April 2010.

20.

^ Pae, Peter (20 December 2000). "Airbus Giant-Jet Gamble OKd in Challenge to Boeing; Aerospace: EU rebuffs Clinton warning thatsubsidies for project could lead to a trade war" (http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/65446674.html?dids=65446674:65446674&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+20%2C+2000&author=PETER+PAE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Airbus+Giant-Jet+Gamble+OKd+in+Challenge+to+Boeing%3B+Aerospace%3A+EU+rebuffs+Clinton+warning+that+subsidies+for+project+could+lead+to+a+trade+war.&pqatl=google) . Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/65446674.html?dids=65446674:65446674&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+20%2C+2000&author=PETER+PAE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Airbus+Giant-Jet+Gamble+OKd+in+Challenge+to+Boeing%3B+Aerospace%3A+EU+rebuffs+Clinton+warning+that+subsidies+for+project+could+lead+to+a+trade+war.&pqatl=google.

21.

^ "The Casino in the Sky" (http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2000/12/40748) . Associated Press. 19 December 2000.http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2000/12/40748.

22.

^ "Airbus jumbo on runway" (http://money.cnn.com/2000/12/19/europe/airbus/) . CNN. 19 December 2000. http://money.cnn.com/2000/12/19/europe/airbus/.

23.

^ "Virgin orders six A3XX aircraft, allowing Airbus to meet its goal" (http://online.wsj.com/article/SB976882107200789994.html?mod=googlewsj) . Wall Street Journal. 15 December 2000. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB976882107200789994.html?mod=googlewsj.

24.

^ "Airbus delivers first A380 fuselage section from Spain" (http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/11_06_03_A380.html) . Airbus. 6 November 2003. http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/11_06_03_A380.html.

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^ "Convoi Exceptionnel". Airliner World (Key Publishing Limited). May 2009.26.^ a b "Ciudad De Cadiz delivered" (http://www.hoegh.com/autoliners/news/article4139.ece?year=2009) . Höegh Autoliners.http://www.hoegh.com/autoliners/news/article4139.ece?year=2009. Retrieved 13 August 2010.

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^ "A380: topping out ceremony in the equipment hall. A380: special transport ship in Hamburg for the first time" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080312222417/http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/10_jun_04_topping_out_ceremony.html). Airbus Press Centre. 10 June 2004. Archived from the original (http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/10_jun_04_topping_out_ceremony.html) on March 12, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080312222417/http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/10_jun_04_topping_out_ceremony.html. Retrieved 19 June 2009.

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^ a b "Towards Toulouse" (http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2003/05/20/165712/Towards+Toulouse.html) . Flight International. 20May 2003. http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2003/05/20/165712/Towards+Toulouse.html. Retrieved 18 September 2006.

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^ "A380 convoys" (http://www.igg.fr/) . IGG.FR. 28 October 2007. http://www.igg.fr/. Retrieved 28 October 2007.30.^ "Airbus starts painting first A380" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080610030512/http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/07_04_11_A380_first_paint.html) . Airbus. 11 April 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/07_04_11_A380_first_paint.html) on June 10, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080610030512/http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/07_04_11_A380_first_paint.html.Retrieved 29 June 2009.

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^ a b Kingsley-Jones, Max (20 December 2005). "A380 powers on through flight-test" (http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/1232.


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^ "A380, the 21st century flagship, successfully completes its first flight" (http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/27_Apr_05_A380Landing.html) . Airbus. 27 April 2005. http://www.airbus.com/en/presscentre/pressreleases/pressreleases_items/27_Apr_05_A380Landing.html.

34.

^ "A380 Successfully completes its first flight" (http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRtypen/FRErstfl/FR05Erst/PRA380.htm) . FlugRevue. 27 April 2005. http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRtypen/FRErstfl/FR05Erst/PRA380.htm. Retrieved 14 March 2008.

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^ "Airbus tests A380 jet in extreme cold of Canada" (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11236081/) . MSNBC. 8 February 2006.http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11236081/. Retrieved 16 September 2006.

36.

^ "Airbus to reinforce part of A380 wing after March static test rupture" (http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2006/05/23/206797/airbus-to-reinforce-part-of-a380-wing-after-march-static-test.html) . Flight International. 23 May 2006. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2006/05/23/206797/airbus-to-reinforce-part-of-a380-wing-after-march-static-test.html. Retrieved 7 March 2008.

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^ a b Daly, Kieran (6 April 2006). "Airbus A380 evacuation trial full report: everyone off in time" (http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/04/06/Navigation/177/205793/Airbus+A380+evacuation+trial+full+report+everyone+off+in.html) . Flight International.http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/04/06/Navigation/177/205793/Airbus+A380+evacuation+trial+full+report+everyone+off+in.html. Retrieved 16 September 2006.

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^ "Pictures: Airbus A380 clears European and US certification hurdles for evacuation trial" (http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/03/29/Navigation/177/205739/Pictures+Airbus+A380+clears+European+and+US+certification+hurdles+for+evacuation.html) .Flight International. 29 March 2006. http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/03/29/Navigation/177/205739/Pictures+Airbus+A380+clears+European+and+US+certification+hurdles+for+evacuation.html. Retrieved 16 September 2006.

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^ "First GP7200-Powered Airbus A380 Takes Its First Flight" (http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-17395110_ITM). PR Newswire. 25 August 2006. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-17395110_ITM.

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Bibliography

Javier Alfonso Gil (2007). European aeronautics: the Southwestern axis (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bIUDsVmVYd0C&dq=978-3-540-35646-2&source=gbs_navlinks_s) . Springer. ISBN 3540356460. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bIUDsVmVYd0C&dq=978-3-540-35646-2&source=gbs_navlinks_s.Maxwell, David (2007). Airbus A380: Superjumbo on World Tour (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O3tGAAAAYAAJ&q=Airbus+A380&dq=Airbus+A380) . Zenith Press. ISBN 0760332797. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O3tGAAAAYAAJ&q=Airbus+A380&dq=Airbus+A380.Moir, Ian; Allan G. Seabridge, Malcolm Jukes (2003). Civil avionics systems (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eoBTAAAAMAAJ&q=Airbus+A380&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=) . Professional Engineering. ISBN 1860583423. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eoBTAAAAMAAJ&q=Airbus+A380&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=.Norris, Guy; Wagner, mark (2005). Airbus A380: Superjumbo of the 21st Century (http://www.zenithpress.com/ProductDetails_32796.ncm) . Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2218-5. http://www.zenithpress.com/ProductDetails_32796.ncm.Pearman, Hugh (2004). Airports: a century of architecture (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9q7gTpd-MoC&pg=PA18&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=#v=onepage&q=A380&f=false) . Laurence King. ISBN 1856693562. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9q7gTpd-MoC&pg=PA18&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=#v=onepage&q=A380&f=false.Popular Mechanics (March 2001). Hotels in the Sky (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5dIDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s) . 178. Hearst Magazines. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5dIDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s.

External links


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Official Airbus A380 page (http://www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/)Airbus A380 Navigator (http://events.airbus.com/A380/Default1.aspx)A380 Airplane Characteristics (http://www.content.airbusworld.com/SITES/Technical_Data/docs/AC/DATA_CONSULT/AC_A380.pdf) PDF (5.96 MB) and A380 Prestige Specifications (http://www.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/pdf/att00008394/media_object_file_A380_specifications.pdf) PDF (43.5 KB)

Everything about the A380 at FlightGlobal.com (http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/04/20/Navigation/177/205274/Everything+about+A380.html)

Special Report on the A380 (http://www.flightglobal.com/assets/getasset.aspx?itemid=9139) PDF (1.58 MB)

A380 cutaway diagram (http://www.flightglobal.com/assets/getasset.aspx?itemid=9140)

A380 Facts on flightcentre.com.au (http://www.flightcentre.com.au/travel-news/travel-destinations/airbus-a380-amazing-facts)

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Airbus A3xx aircraft production timeline, 1970s-present


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Airbus A380