Air Quality Monitoring In Singapore. Objectives Of Air Quality Monitoring Programme Of Singapore 1)To assess the nature and magnitude of any air pollution

Air Quality Air Quality Monitoring In Monitoring In

SingaporeSingapore

Objectives Of Air Quality Monitoring Objectives Of Air Quality Monitoring Programme Of SingaporeProgramme Of Singapore

1) To assess the nature and magnitude of any air pollution problems

2) To monitor trends in the air quality so that timely policy decisions can be made to prevent air pollution episodes

3) To assess the adequacy and effectiveness of pollution control programmes

Air Monitoring Network Of SingaporeAir Monitoring Network Of Singapore

• Air Quality Monitoring started in 1972

• Telemetric Air Quality Monitoring and Management System (TAQMMS) was commissioned in 1994

• The network has 16 air quality monitoring stations which are linked via public telephone lines to a Central Control Station (CCS)


• 13 of the stations in the network are ambient stations

(a) Urban

(b) Industrial

(c) Suburban

• 3 are roadside stations


• The air monitoring stations are equipped with continuous automatic analysers for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter (PM10) and hydrocarbon

• At selected stations, meteorological parameters like wind speed and direction, temperature and relative humility are also monitored


• The CCS is equipped with a sophisticated computer system which calls up the 16 stations at regular intervals for an immediate update of air quality data collected at the stations

• The computer system is equipped with an application software which can be used to give an accurate overview of the air quality using reports, graphs and maps plus modelling various air pollution scenarios

ROADSIDE

MODEM

CENTRAL CONTROL STATION

Telemetric AirQuality Monitoring

& ManagementSystem

SUB-URBAN

Remote Station

LEGEND

Central ControlStation at

Environment Bldg

URBANINDUSTRIAL

State of Johor

State of JohorState of Johor State of Johor

4

6

8

10

9

11

7

5

3

2

1

16

14

LOCATION OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONSLOCATION OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS

15

ROADSIDE STATIONS

14 Southern EHDO15 National Museum16 Ngee Ann Polytechnic

AMBIENT STATIONS

Urban

1 Tanjong Katong Girls Sch2 Bishan ITE3 Environment Bldg4 Temasek Polytechnic5 Woodlands Sec Sch6 Stagmont Camp

Industrial

7 Singapore Science Centre8 Hong Kah Pri Sch9 Nanyang Technological

University

Suburban

10 Siglap Sec Sch11 Yishun ITE12 Kranji Reservoir13 Changi Airport

12

13

Method Of MeasurementMethod Of Measurement

PollutantsPollutants Method Of MeasurementMethod Of Measurement

Sulphur Dioxide Pulsed Fluorescence

Nitrogen Oxides Chemiluminescence

Ozone Ultraviolet Photometry

Carbon Monoxide Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy

Particulate Matter 1) Continuous Filter-Based Mass Measurement2) Beta Attenuation

Hydrocarbon Flame Ionisation Detection

Lead Hi-Volume Sampling followed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Ambient Air Quality StandardsAmbient Air Quality Standards

PollutantsPollutants Averaging TimeAveraging Time USEPA Primary Air USEPA Primary Air Quality StandardQuality Standard

WHO Long WHO Long Term GoalsTerm Goals

Sulphur Dioxide Annual Mean

24 Hours

80 µg/m3

365 µg/m3

50 µg/m3

125 µg/m3

Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Mean 100 µg/m3 40 µg/m3

Carbon Monoxide

1 Hour

8 Hours

40 mg/m3

10 mg/m3

30 mg/m3

10 mg/m3

Ozone 1 Hour

8 Hours

235 µg/m3

–

–

120 µg/m3

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Annual Mean

24 Hours

50 µg/m3

150 µg/m3

–

Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)

• The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) developed by the USEPA has been used to report daily air pollutant concentrations in Singapore since 1991

• The PSI converts the measured sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and particulate matter (PM10) concentration to a number on a scale of 0 to 500


• Intervals on the PSI scale are related to the potential health effects of the daily measured concentrations of the five major pollutants

• A PSI level in excess of 100 means that a pollutant is in the unhealthy range on a given day while a PSI level less than 100 means that the pollutant reading is in the satisfactory range


PSIPSI Air Quality DescriptorAir Quality Descriptor

0 to 50 Good

51 to 100 Moderate

101 to 200 Unhealthy

201 to 300 Very Unhealthy

301 and above Hazardous

75

25

77

23

68

32

4946

5

61

39

64

36

49 48

3

70

30

65

35

70

30

83

17

00

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% o

f D

ay

s

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Good Moderate Unhealthy

Air Quality Trends (1991-2001)Air Quality Trends (1991-2001)

Thank you.Thank you.

Documents

Air Quality Monitoring In Singapore. Objectives Of Air Quality Monitoring Programme Of Singapore 1)To assess the nature and magnitude of any air pollution