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Air Quality Monitoring in Philadelphia
Thomas Farley, MD MPH
Commissioner
Philadelphia Department of Public Health
Air Pollution
• EPA “Criteria” Pollutants– Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10)– Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), Carbon
monoxide (CO), Sulfur dioxide (SO2)– Lead
• Harmful to human health– Heart and lung disease, reduced life
expectancy
• Mainly produced by combustion– Stationary sources
• PES and other industrial sources• Building furnaces and boilers
– Mobile sources• Cars, trucks, buses• Ships, airplanes, construction equipment
• “Air Toxics”– Chemicals that may have long-term risks
for cancer or other biologic/environmental• E.g. benzene, formaldehyde
– Produced by chemical release (e.g. gasoline stations, dry cleaners)
• Greenhouse gases• Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous
oxide (N2O)• Flourinated gases like hydroflourocarbons
– Produced by burning, production, transport of fossil fuels
– Contribute to global warming, climate change, severe weather events, sea level rise
Air Quality Has Improved Since Regulation
1962 2010s
City-Wide Air Monitoring Network
Trends in Annual PM2.5 (Fine Particles)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
CO
NC
ENTR
ATI
ON
(u
g/m
3)
YEAR
MIN AVG MAX ANNUAL NAAQS (12 ug/m3)
Trends in Annual Ozone
Source: Philadelphia Inquirer, 6-29-2019 (https://www.inquirer.com/business/philadelphia-refinery-fire-plan-to-close-20190626.html)
Sources of Air Pollution at PES
• Distillation Unit
• Alkylation Unit
• Pumps, air compressor, fans
• Steam generating boilers
• Process heaters
• Flares
• Cracking units
• Sulfur recovery unit
• Catalytic reforming unit
• Hydrogen production unit
• Storage tanks
• Wastewater treatment
• CO Boilers
Monitoring of Emissions from PES
• Stack tests when source is installed or modified and generally repeated every 5 years.
• Continuous Emission Monitors (CEMs) that measure certain pollutants on continuous basis
– Quarterly reports submitted to AMS -> DEP, EPA
• Inspections by AMS and EPA
• Fence line air monitors:
– Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, S02, lead, CO, NOx, H2S
– Benzene
Estimated emissions from PES vs. other sources in Philadelphia
Mobile sources
86%
Other stationary
sources5%
PES9%
Fine Particles (PM2.5)
Mobile sources
72%
Other stationary
sources8%
PES20%
Greenhouse Gases*
*Including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide
Stationary sources estimated by measurement and reports; mobile sources estimated by EPA MOVES14a model
City-Wide Air Monitoring Network
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1/1
/20
14
2/2
0/2
01
4
4/1
1/2
01
4
5/3
1/2
01
4
7/2
0/2
01
4
9/8
/20
14
10
/28
/20
14
12
/17
/20
14
2/5
/20
15
3/2
7/2
01
5
5/1
6/2
01
5
7/5
/20
15
8/2
4/2
01
5
10
/13
/20
15
12
/2/2
01
5
1/2
1/2
01
6
3/1
1/2
01
6
4/3
0/2
01
6
6/1
9/2
01
6
8/8
/20
16
9/2
7/2
01
6
11
/16
/20
16
1/5
/20
17
2/2
4/2
01
7
4/1
5/2
01
7
6/4
/20
17
7/2
4/2
01
7
9/1
2/2
01
7
11
/1/2
01
7
12
/21
/20
17
2/9
/20
18
3/3
1/2
01
8
5/2
0/2
01
8
7/9
/20
18
8/2
8/2
01
8
10
/17
/20
18
12
/6/2
01
8
1/2
5/2
01
9
3/1
6/2
01
9
5/5
/20
19
6/2
4/2
01
9
PM
2.5
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ug/
m3
)
Daily Average of PM2.5 at RIT Station(1/1/2014 - 6/24/2019)
PM2.5 at RIT Station
Fire/Explosion
Fine Particle Pollution at PES and Nearby StationsOn Morning of Fire/Explosion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00
Ug
/m3
Time, June 21, 2019
RIT station
PES Fenceline
Camden
Philadelphia Air Quality Survey Sampling Units
Annual Average PM2.5 in Monitoring SitesPreliminary Results from PAQS
24th + Ritner7.9
Southwest8.3
City Hall10.4
Roxborough6.5
City Average8.1 ug/m3
Refinery
Summary
• Air pollution levels in Philadelphia far lower than previously, but further improvements would help human health
• PES is a significant source of air pollution and greenhouses gases in Philadelphia
– Mobile sources (vehicles and equipment) are cumulatively far greater contributors
• Levels of PM2.5 in neighborhoods near PES similar to city-wide average
• No evidence that fire/explosion on June 21 increased levels of air pollutants in neighborhoods nearby