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AID TO ADAPT
THE SENSITIVITY OF EU AID TO
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN
SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
1
1. Introduction
2. Methodological note
3. Principle of EU Development policy
4. Instruments and Aid Delivery in EU Development policy
5. Climate Change Adaptation and Development:
Mainstreaming Efforts and Financial flow to SIDS
6. Conclusions
CONTENTS
STEFANO MONCADA - Ph.D. RESEARCH ‘AID TO ADAPT’ 2
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
PHD OVERALL RESEARCH
PAPER PART OF A PHD ENTITLED
‘Aid to Adapt. The Sensitivity of EU Aid to Adaptation to Climate
Change in Small Island Developing States - Implications for
Development’
BUILDS ON A FIRST PAPER PRESENTED AT THE ICP
WORKSHOP IN COLOGNE (APRIL 2011)
Where concept and case for the Mainstreaming Plus theory in the
context of SIDS was established
3
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
PHD OVERALL RESEARCH
THIS PAPER FOCUSES ON
EU aid effectiveness vis-à-vis increasing adaptive capacity through
mainstreaming climate change adaptation into ODA, with a focus
on SIDS that are also LCDs
4
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
FIELD & DISCIPLINES
EUROPEAN STUDIES
Role of European Commission & Effectiveness of Policy
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS
Aid Allocation and Effectiveness
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (?)
Mainstreaming plus theory
DEFINITIVELY SOCIAL SCIENCES
5
IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT: SIDS
LOW LYING & ISLAND NATIONS WITH COMMON
DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES
6
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
IMPORTANCE OF THE SUBJECT 7
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
LITERATURE REVIEW WITH INTENTION TO IDENTIFY GAPS
EU AID FINANCED UNDER THE GENERAL BUDGET
EXCLUDING EDF
LIMITATIONS AND AWARENESS
8
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
Prior to 2000 objectives were not explicit and aid coordination poor
Statement on Development and MDGs (2000) prompted EU to adopt
European Consensus on Development (2005) which introduced
concepts such as harmonisation & coordination of aid
2005 Aid effectiveness communications
i. Enhancing knowledge base; ii. administrative harmonization
iii. Increasing co-ordination
Policy Coherence for Development & 2007 Code of Conduct on
Complementarity and Division of Labour
9
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
EU AID INSTRUMENTS
Reform reduced aid instruments from 35 to 10
Geographic and Thematic Areas
Most SIDS are financed through EDF and DCI
Through Joint Multi-annual Programming (JMP) based on Poverty
Reduction Strategies (PRS) and Country Strategy Papers
Shifting away from projects, favoring budget support and sectoral
approach
10
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
11
Instrument Coverage Replaces Funding & % of Total Aid
Tenth EDF Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) and Overseases Countries and Territories (OCT)
Ninth EDF 22,682 (32)
Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI)
Asia, Latin America, some CSI, South Africa; five thematic budget lines
ALA, TACIS, ten thematic budget lines
16,897 (24)
Humanitarian Aid Humanitarian crises Largely unchanged 5.613 (8)
Instrument for stability Crisis response and preparedness; global challenges
Rapid Reaction Mechanism 2,062 (3)
European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights Initiative (EIDHR)
Democracy, rule of law, human rights
Previous EIDHR regulation 1,103 (2)
Instrument for Pre-Accession (IPA)
Western Balkans, Turkey PHARE, ISPA, SAPARD, CARDS, Turkey pre-accession
11,468 (16)
European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI)
Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, Caucasus, Russia, the Middle East
MEDA and TACIS 11,181 (16)
Macro-economic assistance Case by Case Unchanged NP
Instrument for Cooperation with Industrialised countries (ICI)
Cooperation and exchange programmes
Previous ICI regulation 172 (0.2)
Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation (INSC)
Nuclear safety Part of TACIS regulation About 75 per year (<than 1) Source : Carbone 2007, DAC 2007
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
EU AID ALOCATION & EFFECTIVENESS
EU Aid allocation and effectiveness literature focuses on growth,
governance, poverty alleviation, vulnerability
Little focus on climate change adaptation
This is due to difficulty in measuring effective adaptation
But also tendency to measure volume of aid & climate-related aid
rather than assessing all ODA
EU aid through budget found to be little poverty oriented
EDF more poverty oriented (vis-à-vis HDI)
This might negatively effect the capacity to adapt
12
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
EU VS. MAINSTREAMING
2004 Action Plan Climate change in the context of development
cooperation
Funding coming through the Environment and Natural Resources
Thematic Programme (ENRTP)
2007 Global Climate Change Alliance priorities SIDS & LCDs
But little funding is provided and not coordinated with other ODA
13
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
EU VS. MAINSTREAMING
(Behrens 2008) aid initiatives fragmented and dispersed
Need to have more transparent reporting mechanisms, including
tools for climate proofing all other aid programmes and initiatives
(Klein 2008) key role of GCCS but more & additional resources
(Huq and Ayers 2008) ODA can building adaptive capacity
particularly in LCDs and SIDS. 4-step approach & EU ODA could
increase its effectiveness vis-à-vis adaptation and development
objectives.
14
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
EU VS. MAINSTREAMING
(Ayers et al. 2010) EU should address shortfall in its overall aid
delivery system.
(Persson 2009) With budget support less options to influence
mainstreaming in the receiving country
Literature on EU aid flows to SIDS that are also LCDs is scarce
Few studies available on mainstreaming efforts in SIDS, and existing
tend to refer to a limited selection of case studies and often within
projects sponsored by multi-donors.
15
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSION POINTS
1. Profound transformation of EU development policy
2. Post-2000 focus on poverty reduction and recently on its links with CC
3. Aid delivery system reformed but still doubts on how its low poverty
oriented focus affects the adaptive capacity of SIDS
4. Increased attention to climate change adaptation in the context of
development, but EU’s mainstreaming efforts appear to be weak, and
at times disjointed from aid operations on the ground.
16
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSION POINTS
5. Budget and sectoral support at expenses of projects de facto weakens
effective monitoring of mainstreaming actions in receiving countries
6. Lack of proper monitoring and evaluation instruments to assess all
ODA, and not only the climate related ones
17
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
PRINCIPLES OF EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY
EU INSTRUMENTS AND AID DELIVERY
EU MAINSTREAMING EFFORTS AND FINANCIAL FLOW TO SIDS
CONCLUSIONS
FUTURE RESEARCH & QUESTIONS
Next phase of the research focuses on EU aid flow to SIDS that are also
LCDs (10) testing the mainstreaming plus theory.
Budget-Secroral Vs. Projects is still a doubt!
18
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24TH Ph.D. Workshop on
International Climate Policy
Spring 2012
Freiburg, Germany
jointly organized by
University of Freiburg &
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
Announcement
Preliminary Time Schedule
• Call for Papers (published via email lists)
End of January/February 2012
• Abstract submission
February 2012
• Notification of acceptance/rejection
March 2012
• ICP-Workshop
Preliminary date: May, 3-5 2012
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