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Leadership Theory
Internal Environment
What makes a good leader?
Brainstorm – what are the differences between a leader and a manager?
Leader ManagerV
‘Leadership is practised not so much in words as in attitude and actions’
Harold Green, CEO
‘’A leader shapes and shares a vision, which gives point to the work of others’
Charles Handy, 1932, Management Thinker
‘The leader’s job is to help everyone see that the platform is burning, whether the flames are apparent or not.’
Larry Bossidy, 1935, CEO of Allied Signal Corporation‘Management brings order and consistency……………….. Leadership is about coping with change.
Kotter, 1977, Management Theorist
They cover a range of disciplines which include:
Trait theory
Style theory
Contingency theory
Leadership Theories
Ability to lead a group is something you are born with
Trait Theory
What criticisms can you make againsttrait theory?
You should be selected and can’t be trained
Personal characteristics needed
What personal characteristics do youare necessary to be an effective leader?
Style Theory
* Claims what leaders do is important and not their personal characteristics – success can be learned
* How objectives are achieved is key – task orientation
* How to maintain good working relationships – people orientation is also seen as important to success
People orientated
Task orientated
Most leaders will carry out a range of both
Autocratic Style
Define tasks, allocate tasks and supervise tasks – employee involvement or discussion from employees is not sought.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantagesof this leadership style.
Democratic Style
Leader sets objectives but leaves employees to decide how to best achieve the objectives. Communication between employee and leader is frequent. At the most extreme this is called laissez-faire.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantagesof this leadership style.
What did the Lippitt and Whitestudy prove?
Seeks to take more variables into the equation
The most suitable leadership style will depend on the circumstances
Most successful leaders can adapt
We look at 5 versions of Contingency Theory
Contingency Theory
Fiedler’s Contingency Model
3 factors determine the nature of a situation. Whether to use a people or a task orientated style would depend on these 3 factors.
The Leader
The Task Structure
Position
The ‘best fit’ approach - Handy
Handy states leaders must consider 4 factors when deciding on a suitable style.
The Leader
The Subordinate The Task
The Environment
Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Approach
Leadership style should differ depending on the situation and maturity of employees (job and psychological). They defined 4 styles of leadership – telling, selling, participative and delegative.
Critique this model?
John Adair – Action- centered leadership
In Effective Leadership in (1983) he describes the role of a leader as having 3 elements.
Achieve a taskDevelop individualsBuild the team
Six Dimensions of Leadership – Andrew Brown (1999)
Claims there a 6 dimensions of leadership which all leaders should use depending on the circumstances:
heroes fine actors high self esteem immortalists astute power-brokers diplomatic ambassadors calculating victims
Overall Contingency Theory suggests the most appropriate leadership style will depend on factors such as:
the task
group size
organisational culture
nature of the group members
Factors affecting Leadership Style