Agriculture Economy and Community Development Report

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ECOSORN Project

Economic and Social Relaunch of Northwest Provinces in Cambodia Report on Agriculture Economy and

Community Development of Irrigation System Banteay Meanchey-Lot 2

By Sorn Somoline Phnom Penh Cambodia

06 June, 2007

PRD (Water and Environment) Consulting Group

Table of Contents Chapter 1: Agriculture Economy 1. Data 2. Socio economic context 2.1. Population 2.2. Income and Poverty 2.3. Employment 2.4. Access to water and sanitation 2.5. Health 2.6. Land holdings 2.7. Literacy 2.8. Physical infrastructure 2.9. Summary 3. Agriculture Economy 3.1. Farming Practice 3.2. Agriculture Extension Services 3.3. Post Harvest and Marketing 3.4. Farm Economy Chapter 2: Community Development and FWUCs 1. Existing of Farmer Water User Community 2. Community Training Plan 2.1. Project Background 2.2. Training Objectives 2.3. General Approach and Methodology 2.4. Detailed Tasks and Activities 2.5. Implementation Schedule 3. Implementation Activities 3.1. Establish working group 3.2 Capacity building 3.3 Establish FWUCs 3.4 Consultation meeting on Statute of FWUC 3.5 Register of FWUCs

Annex 1: FWUCs Name list and structure for irrigation scheme

Annex 2: FWUCs Statute for irrigation scheme

Survey and design of irrigation systems of the economic and social relaunch of northwest province Project Banteay Meanchey, Lot 2

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Chapter 1: Agriculture Economy

1. Data Data and information is available from

• Government reports, official publications by various ministries, consultant reports,

and other relevant available literature

• Previous studies carried out by ECOSORN Project;

• Secondary data from a variety of sources including the National Institute of Statistics

and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF), commune databases

and various projects; and

• Surveys conducted under the present study in January-May 2007.

2. Socio-economic context The total area of the project is around 1,782 hectare that cover in 4 district are: Phnom Sronk, Preah

Netr Preah, Thma Puok and Svay Chek.

2.1. Population and population growth rates The estimated household for the target area around 4,758 which is projected to grow at an average

annual rate of around 2.5% (compared with the national rate of 2.5%).The average household size is 5

person per household and with population density around 113 persons per square kilometre.

2.2. Income and poverty Banteay Meanchey is the poor provinces in Cambodia. It is estimated that around 34% of the household

are below the poverty line (WFP, 2004). Mean total per capita household daily per capita consumption

is 3,071 Riel. Average gross household cash income among households surveyed in Phnom Srok district

is US$615 per year (or US$123 per person); in Svay Chek district is US$520 (US$ 104 per person)

compared to average national GDP per capita in 2004 of around US$363 (ADB, 2006).

The Source of cash income generated from actual sales of livestock, paddy and poultry. Livestock –

although not often sold or traded – are clearly an important store of value, providing some form of

security to households in times of need.


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Commune Production T/HH Paoy Char Ponley Rohal Tean Kam Kumru Phkoam Svay Chek

Net rice balance for consumption-T/HH 1.17 1.85 2.27 4.82 0.18 1.02 0.15 Total paddy production all types and seasons 2004 T/HH 2.51 3.48 3.9 7.29 1.13 2.34 1.02 Net paddy available for food consumption (87%) after allow for post harvest losses and seed (13%)-T 2.18 3.03 3.39 6.34 0.98 2.03 0.89 Paddy available for food convert to white rice avail for food at 64% for paddy T 1.9 2.63 2.95 5.51 0.85 1.77 0.77 Rice minimum food requirement for consumption at 0.143T rice/person-T 0.73 0.79 0.68 0.7 0.67 0.75 0.63

2.3. Employment Over 62% of the populations of Banteay Meanchey are engaged in agriculture as the primary source of

employment (WFP, 2004).

Table 01.2.3 Employment and Labor Force Indicators in Bantheay Meanchey 2004

Employment and Labor Force Indicator Banteay

MeancheyProvince

National

Literacy Rate > 15 years % total population 68 67

Literacy Rate > 15 years % females 60 60

% of the labor force in the primary sector incl. Agriculture 62 60

% of the labor force in the secondary sector/ Industry 9 13

% of the labor force in the tertiary sector/ Services 28 25

% of the labor force economically active <=10 days/ mth 27 29

Source: CSES 2004 Kanol analysis (NIS).

Seasonal migration is a common phenomenon with around 30-40% of households in the study area

having at least one member employed in either market towns along the Thai border or Thai

farm/factories for up to 8 months of the year. They earn up to US$60 per month, providing an important

source of supplementary cash income to households. The labour force in the secondary sector (industry)

is 9%, tertiary sector or service is 28% and 27% of labour force economically active.

2.4. Access to water and sanitation Safe water is defined by UNICEF as a supply of water through household connection, public standpipe,

protected dug well, protected spring or rainwater collection, with a minimum quantity of

20litres/person/day within one hour of people’s residences (UNICEF, 2002).


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The study area population has poor access to safe water and sanitation facilities. It was estimated that

about 16.8% of the population had access to a safe water supply and around 14.7% had collect the water

150m far away from house. The main sources of drinking water for the population of Banteay

Meanchey are shown below. About 72% of Households not having access to a safe source of drinking

water at, or within 150 meters, of their house.

Main sources of drinking water in Banteay Meanchey

43%

30%

6%3%

3% 15% Piped Water Tube/Pipe Well Dug Well Spring/River/Stream, RainBought Other

Source: (i) MRD, 2002 ; (ii) Institutional Development plan 2003-2012

Domestic water consumption within the target area is characterized by a large span between urban

households with piped water supply and rural households with shared or no water supply. The

distribution is the limiting factor in all areas that are not covered by public supplies directly to each

household.

The majority of the target area population harvests rainwater during the wet season which is stored in

large jars (200-300 litre). This is supplemented with water collected from nearby pond, well.

Water quality has not been reported as a problem but with growing populations of both humans and

livestock, and increasing applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, poor water

quality may become an issue, especially in the dry season.

2.5. Health The health of people living in the target area is generally poor due to low levels of access to clean water

and sanitation. Children without access to safe water are more likely to suffer from underweight,

illnesses and mortality. Diarrhoea is common among children.

Almost half of all children in Banteay Mean Chey are malnourished (MRC, 2003). The MAFF (2005)

estimates per capita rice requirements to be 143 kg per year, equivalent to 744 kg of rice per household

per year in the study area. According to project survey data, rice yields are around 736 kg/ha, or 1.13


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tonnes per household year. Among the communes of the province 86% of communes produce enough

rice to meet minimum food needs while 14% produce less than minimum food needs. In the study area

100% of household produce enough minimum rice balance for food.

2.6. Land holdings

Table 01.2.6 shows the percentage of rural households in Banteay Meanchey by agricultural land

holding size. Rural households in Banteay Meanchey have limited access to agricultural land for crop production in

general. Further, there are also large differences in the quantity of agricultural land available to

individual rural households. Small land holdings and other factors limiting crop productivity limit food

ability for many rural households.

In 2004, 19% of rural households in Banteay Meanchey were landless and did not produce their own

staple food crops. A further 31% possessed les than 1.0 hectares of land. These small hold farming

households will typically only produce enough food from crop agriculture to meet a part of their staple

food needs.

Table 01.2.6 Agricultural Land Access in Banteay Meanchey in 2004

Agricultural land per rural household % of Rural HH Banteay Meanchey

% of Rural HH National

No agricultural land (landless) 19% 15%

Less then 1.0 hectare (0.01- <1.0 ha) 31% 49%

1.0- < 3.0 hectares 41% 30%

>= 3.0 hectares 10% 6%

MAFF 2004 Statistics

Findings from ECOSORN Project data reveal that the average cultivated area per household is around

2.5 hectares in Poy Char commune . The cultivated area per household in Phkoam commune is 1.2

hectares and 3 hectare in Svay Chek commune.

The poor quality soils and lack of water limit the types and quantity of crops that can be grown and deny

farmers the opportunity to benefit from economies of scale. Generally, households devote most of their

cultivated area to wet season paddy.


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Tavong Phlov Chrov

canal

(Poy Char Commune)

Ampil canal

(Phkoam Commune)

Bantoat Boah canal

(Tean Kan Commune)

Total Household 1,138 832 332

Household benefit 1,013 145 120

Average Landholding/household 2.5 Ha 1.2 Ha 3 Ha

Benefit area 432 Ha 150 Ha 250.4 Ha

% of Household benefit 89% 17% 36%

Table02.2.6: Household & Irrigated Area that will benefit from the project

(Data source: ECOSORN and PRD Project data survey 2006)

2.7. Literacy Education and training standards are extremely low by developing country standards. Literacy in

Banteay Meanchey is around 76% for men but much lower (60%) for women. Less than 25% of the

population complete primary school and the enrolment rates among children is 84%. Less than 10% are

educated to a secondary school level (MRC, 2003).Low levels of education limit the options available to

households to diversify their livelihoods away from subsistence farming, again making them extremely

vulnerable to factors affecting agricultural productivity.

2.8. Physical infrastructure The physical infrastructure serving villages in the target area is relatively undeveloped and roads are

poorly maintained. Most of the roads and cart tracks become impassable during the wet season, isolating

many rural communities and limiting opportunities to market surplus agricultural produce.

2.9. Summary The residents of target area are predominantly poor rice farmers. They engage in subsistence rice

cultivation during the wet season and typically find off-farm work during the dry season when water

shortages severely limit the feasibility of a second rice crop. However, low levels of education and

literacy; limit the off-farm opportunities available to most households. Rural households do not have

access to safe water supplies and consequently suffer poor health which also affects their agricultural

productivity. Livestock raising is an important source of wealth but livestock health depends on the

availability of sufficient water for drinking and fodder. Apart from water shortages during the dry

season, agricultural productivity is constrained by small landholdings and poor soil quality.


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3. Agriculture Economy

3.1. Farming Practice 3.1.1. Crop Production

Table 01.3.1.1 shows statistic about rice production in Banteay Meanchey. Rice is the staple cereal food

crop of rural Cambodians.

Comparing wet season rice production with national averages, the mean rice area cultivated per rural

household was higher than the national level and the rice paddy yield per hectare was also higher than

the national level.

Comparing dry season rice production with national averages, the mean rice area cultivated per rural

household was much lower than the national level and the rice paddy yield per hectare was the same as

the national level.

Rice production is limited mainly to the wet season. Dry season rice production is undertaken in a very

limited area but produces higher yields. Dry season rice areas are restricted within the province to only

some communities, those with access to groundwater or dry season surface water resources (flood

recession, or irrigation). This limitation imposed through dependency on rain-fed crop cultivation is

clearly contributing to shortages in food availability.

Table 01.3.1.1 Rice Crop Production by Season in Banteay Meanchey in 2004

Rice Production Indicator

Banteay Mean Chey

Wet Season

National Wet

Season

Banteay Mean Chey

DrySeason

National Dry

Season

Area Cultivated- '000 ha. 194 2087 2 330

Area Harvested- '000 ha. 183 1851 2 318

Paddy Production '000 MT 325 2918 7 973

Yield-MT/ha. 1.8 1.6 3.1 3.1

Paddy % of total crop area cultivated 89% 81% 81% 84%

Mean Area Cultivated/ Rural HH- ha. 1.5 0.9 .02 0.1


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Commune Crop Production type (Household) Paoy Char Ponley Rohal Tean Kam Kumru Phkoam Svay Chek

Total number of crop producing households 2,134 2,055 1,266 727 1,460 1,877 1,676 Total number of wet rice producing households 2,134 2,055 1,266 727 1,460 1,877 1,676 Total number of dry rice producing households 30 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of crop landless household 0 0 425 425 0 0 0

Number of crop HH< 1Ha 80 90 1,006 1,006 25 337 920

Number crop HH 1-3 Ha 1,954 1,905 260 260 1,435 1,411 747

Number crop HH>3 Ha 100 60 0 0 0 129 0

Commune Total crop production by type (Kg)

Paoy Char Ponley Rohal Tean Kam Kumru Phkoam Svay Chek

Total production of Early other than IR, wet season (Kg) 0 0 171,000 843,600 500,940 989,000 379,500 Total production of IR, wet season (Kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total production of Medium, wet season (Kg) 1,575,000 4,044,800 164,900 1,688,400 660,000 2,035,800 1,081,600 Total production of upland, wet season (Kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total production of Late maturing, wet season (Kg) 3,744,000 3,105,900 5,313,000 2,765,000 484,500 1,363,000 252,000 Total production of Floating, wet season (Kg) 0 0 945,000 0 0 0 0 Total production of Dry season 2004-05 (kg) 37,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total production of Recession rice, dry season 2004-05 (kg) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Source: Data and Calculations from MAFF 2004 Statistics

Other Non-Rice Annual & Perennial Crop Production in 2004

A range of other annual field crops are typically grown in the provinces. These include food crops (such

as maize, cassava, water melon, vegetables) and non-food crops (such as sugar can). In addition a range

of perennial crops are grown including agricultural fruit trees and coffee. A food balance is not possible

for non-rice food crops as there are no nutritional guidelines for these other food types. In addition,

statistics do not indicate what proportion of these non-rice food crops are consumed versus being sold

for cash income.

In available MAFF statistics, non-rice crops are only partially enumerated estimates (limited range of

selected crops, one collective estimate for most vegetables, unclear whether home garden production is

included) and are enumerated in less detail than for rice. There is also a limited data on agricultural tree

and perennial crops (limited range of crops, trees estimated by area rather than number, no data on

production).


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Considering these limitations, non-rice crop production accounts for 12% of the total cultivated area for

all crops, a relatively high proportion compared to the national average. This greater crop diversification

will mean that cropping systems will have greater production of vegetables and fruit, which are

important for nutrition. Non-rice crop production is undertaken in both the wet and dry seasons.

Table 02.3.1.1 Non-Rice Annual & Perennial Crop Production Overview in Banteay Meanchey in 2004

Non- Rice Crop Indicator

Wet Season

Dry Season

Both Seasons

% of total annual crop cultivated area for non-rice field crops & vegetables 11 19 12

Mean ha./ rural household cultivated for annual non-rice field crops & vegetables 0.2 <0.01 0.2

Mean ha./ rural HH agricultural fruit tree and other perennial crops - - 0.02

Source: Data and Calculations from MAFF 2004 Statistics

3.1.2. Crop Calendar

Wet Paddy

a) Long Term Rice 210 (days)

Activities Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Land preparing

Sawing seed, Transplant

Maintenance

Harvest

b) Midium rice (180 days)


Land preparing


Maintenance

Harvest


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c) Short term rice (150 days)


Land preparing


Maintenance

Harvest

Dry Paddy (110 days)

Activities Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Land preparing


Maintenance

Harvest

Other crops

Crops type Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Water Melon (70 day)

Sugar can (300-330 day)

Corn ( 90 day)

Cassava (8-12 Month)

Some others vegetable (70-90 day)


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3.1.3. Crop water requirement

Month (%) of total water requirement

Item Water requirement

(m3/ha/mon)

Crop Calendar (Month)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Wet season rice 4,157 3.5 8 17 17 17 17 17 8 Dry season rice 1,951 6 29 29 29 14 Orchard crop 1,555 4 13 13 25 25 13 13 Cattle 1.5m3/head/month 12 Poultry 0.3l/head/day 12

Data source: River Basin Study (Catis)

3.2. Agriculture Extension Services The extension service in the study area conducted by Auscare cooperated with Provincial Agriculture

Forestry and Fisheries Department (DAFF). The extension service is to train and build the capacity of

the district officer on animal feeding and cultivation technique. The extension service including:

- Paddy seed production plan

- Insect prevention

- Pesticide and grass killing method

- Demonstrate improved farming technology and improved varieties for beneficiaries in

the field.

Auscare conducted training to leader farmers who disseminate the trained farming practice to farmer in

their villages. They device in two session are animal feeding and farming technique. A session held 5

times per year. For the farming technique, the course covered all farming practice from land preparation

to post harvesting and integrated seed selection method, paddy seed production farmers to product and

distribute improved paddy seed to priority area, insect prevention, pesticide and grass killing …For the

animal feeding, the course covered animal disease prevention, vaccine providing, and compost.

3.3. Post Harvest and Marketing 3.3.1. Post harvest method

Farmers harvest by hand with sickle and tie up the panicles into bundles. The bundles are dries in the

field for 2-3 days, carried by Ox-car or local truck to the farmer’s house and threshed. Some farmers


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spend 40,000 to 60,000 Riel per hectare for transportation the bundles from the field to home. 10% of

farmer are using hand threshing is in the study area, about 90% use threshing machine with formula 30

bag minus 1 bag. It meant that for the 30 bag of rice the farmer pay 1 bag rice to the machine owner.

The straws left in the field are used as pasture for cattle, and rice straws are carried to home yard for

forage of cattle. The threshed paddy is dries for one or two days on a plastic net on a backyard or road.

The dried paddy is stored in the bag that a bag stored 100kg before milling. The loss in storage is 13%

and loss in harvesting and threshing is around 100 kg per hectare. The milling charge used by formula

below:

- The farmer provide the rice dust to the machine owner

- The machine owner received 1bag from 20 bag of rice processed

Problem on the post harvest:

- Roads are difficult to transport the product

- Much expense after post harvest

- Rice price are cheap in the harvest season

Labour force for harvesting required 30-40 persons per hectare per day. Usually farmers harvest through

exchange labour to each other without spends the money. The farmer can also spend around 6,000 Riel

per person per day for harvesting.

3.3.2. Marketing

The price of paddy, which is an external factor that can not be controlled, has remained very low in

recent year. It is therefore difficult for paddy cultivation farmers to raise the irrigation service fee. It

should provide a market place for member farmer to sell diversified crop to middle man and buyers and

take a commission on the sale of crops from both farmers and buyers to supplement the lack of

operation funds of FWUC.

Farm gate price of each product

Product Price (Riel/Kg) Wet paddy rice 480 Dry paddy rice 600 Cassava 90 Water melon 4,000,000 R/Ha


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Market price of each product Product Price (Riel/Kg) Wet paddy rice 600 Dry paddy rice 780 Cassava 117 Water melon 5,200,000 R/Ha

Nearest market and transportation cost of the product

Commune Market Name Average one way travel time (min)

Average one way travel cost (Riel)

Transportation cost (Riel)

Poy Char Phnom Srok 43 3,100 15% of farm get price

Ponley Sereisophoan & Preah Netr Preah

82 6,600 -

Rohal Chak Krie 30 2,000 -

Tean Kam Chak Krie 23 1,700 -

Kumru Thmar Puok 7 714 -

Phkoam Svay Chek 75 9,000 -

Svay Chek Svay Chek 35 4,000 -

The marketing practices by farmers in the study area as follow:

Rice: Most of farmer sell their paddy to collectors soon after harvest and store small amount for their

home consumption. Some farmers store their paddy and sell it when they need cash or when the market

price rises. Some farmers sell the white rice after milling it themselves. Some farmers sell the paddy

directly to the middleman, a big rice mill and retailers in the market. They receive the market

information from collector coming to their houses, market they go and neighbouring farmers.

Livestock: Livestock are clearly an important store of value, providing some form of security to

households in times of need. Pigs are usually sold to collectors who transport them from the farmer’s

house to the market. Buffalo sell when they need the money for house construction or child marriage.

Other product: Sell to a retailer in a market or trader coming to their house. Some farmers go to a

market and selling to customer as a retailer in a market.


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3.4. Farm Economy 3.4.1. Crop budget

Table 01.3.4 showed that average income from agriculture production in the study area is around 240

USD per hectare and the agriculture production cost is estimates 74 USD per hectare. About 41% of

total cost production expensed in Draft animal/ machinery cost. The net income from the agriculture is

around 166 USD per hectare.

Crop budget of Present condition (Unit per ha) Name of crop:Wet paddy Unit Quantity Price(Riel) Value(Riel) Value U$

Gross income Farm income Land holding Ha 2.5 Yield Kg/ha Kg 2,000 480 960000 240Total 240 Gross outgoing Production cost Seed Kg 100 480 48000 12Fertilize 72000 18Pesticide 5000 1.25Draft animal/ Machinery cost 120000 30Other 50000 12.5Total 73.75Net Return 166.25

Table 01.4.4 crop production income and production cost (Tavong Phlov Chrov)

Expense on Agriculture production

16%

24%

2%41%

17% Seed

Fertilize

Pesticide

Draft animal/ Machinery cost

Other


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3.4.2. Estimated Crop Production with and without the Subproject

Tavong Phlov Chrov Canal

Proposed (with project) Planted area (ha)

Unit Yield Kg/ha

Production (Kg)

wet paddy 432 3,000 1296000 Dry paddy 432 3,500 1512000 Suplementary crop 6 1,200 7200 Vegetable 13 7,000 91000 Total 883 Present(without project) wet paddy 432 2,000 864000 Dry paddy 3 3,500 10500 Suplementary crop 6 1,200 7200 Vegetable 13 7,000 91000 Total 454

Banteat Boah Canal


Unit Yield Kg/ha

Production (Kg)

wet paddy 252.89 3,000 758670 Dry paddy 15 3,500 52500 Suplementary crop 4 1,200 4800 Vegetable 6 7,000 42000 Total 277.89 Present(without project) wet paddy 252.89 2,000 505780 Dry paddy 0 3,500 0 Suplementary crop 4 1,200 4800 Vegetable 6 7,000 42000 Total 262.89

Ampil Canal


Unit Yield Kg/ha

Production (Kg)

wet paddy 150 3,000 450000 Dry paddy 0 3,500 0 Suplementary crop 9 1,200 10800 Vegetable 15 7,000 105000 Total 174 Present(without project) wet paddy 150 2,000 300000 Dry paddy 0 3,500 0 Suplementary crop 9 1,200 10800 Vegetable 15 7,000 105000 Total 174


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Chapter 2: Community Development and FWUCs

1. Existing of Farmer Water User Community

Information on Farmer Water User Community (FWUC) was collected from the ECOSORN Banteay

Meanchey.

There are two FWUCs : i) FWUC Poy Char in Poy Char commune and ii) FWUC Bantoat Boah in

Kumru commune. The FWUCs were established with support from the JICA Project and PDWRAM.

This community is already registered with MOWRAM . However, these two FWUCs exist only

registered name without structure and proper organization to actually meet its functionality both

FWUCs are not active of present time

Based on the field survey and interview, we found out that those WUGs have the following

characteristics:

- The community was establish for wildlife conservation, and prevention

of the dam structure.

- The irrigation scheme are not yet complete, it has only the main canal and the tributaries are

not yet rehabilitated. So the supply of water for farmers are not efficient. The water supply

only in wet season

- The capacity of the Water User Group Committee is limited

- The community members are not willing to pay for O&M because of inefficient service of

water supply.

For financial aspect, Existing FWUCs suffer from fund shortage. Maintenance work of irrigation

facilities can not be carried out due to shortage of operation funds. This is a very serious problem. The

price of paddy, which is an external factor that can not be controlled, has remained very low in recent

year. It is therefore difficult for paddy cultivation farmers to raise the irrigation service fee. It should

provide a market place for member farmer to sell diversified crop to middle man and buyers and take a

commission on the sale of crops from both farmers and buyers to supplement the lack of operation funds

of FWUC.

For Technical aspects, FWUC always relies on MOWRAM to solve the difficulty. However,

MOWRAM can not respond to all the requests due to lack of financial resources and technical staff.

This ends in the deterioration of the irrigation facilities.


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2. Community Training Plan 2.1. Project Background This Training Plan is prepared as part of the consultant service for survey and detailed design of the

irrigation scheme in the EU funded Economic and Social Relaunch of the Northwest Provinces Project

(ECOSORN) – Lot No. 2 (Banteay Meanchey) Cambodia. The survey and design team will involve

beneficiary farmers in the whole stage of the survey and design. After the irrigation system is

rehabilitated or constructed, the Farmer Water Users Community (FWUC) will be responsible for

routine maintenance and operation. This document is for training and establishment of Farmer Water

Users Groups (FWUGs) and FWUC in selected irrigation systems as per Circular No. 1 of MOWRAM

step 1 to step 5.

2.2. Training Objectives This Training Plan is to ensure that the process of consultation with beneficiary community and

empowerment of the communities to take ownership, and maintenance and operation of the irrigation

systems, is carried out properly and in accordance with full participatory mechanisms. The Training

Plan will outline detailed steps and tasks to be implemented by the consultant to socialize the project

concepts with the communities, mobilization and organization community supports to the project, and

provide training and strengthening communities on irrigation operation and maintenance including

water management, financial management, group organization and administration, and in forming the

FWUC.

2.3. General Approach and Methodology

Community Training and Organization for IMT will be carried out using a Participatory Representative

Technique (PRT) to promote representative participation, social cohesiveness and facilitate community

development. The participation will be promoted on the basis of principles of equality in representation

and enhancement of participation within and between community groups from low level to higher and

higher to lower level in survey, design, planning and implementing community actions that have been

agreed during the participatory process through their respective community representative leaders.

2.4. Detailed Tasks and Activities Step 1: Subproject Identification Confirmation Meeting

Meeting Objective: Initial Emergence and Confirmation of Subproject Identification

Type of Meeting: Visit and Consultation


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Venue: - EU office in Siem Reap

- PDWRAM Office in Banteay Meanchey

- Provincial Department of Agriculture, Banteay Meanchey

- Office of District Government Office

- Commune Councils at subproject level

Duration: approximately 1 hour for each meeting

Meeting with Commune Councils will be

followed by site visits.

Team Composition: Consultant Team Leader, Surveyor,

Community Expert, GIS Expert.

This step will be implemented immediately at the start up of the project implementation. The project

team will meet with all people concerned (EU staff in charged, PDWRAM, Provincial Department of

Agriculture, District Government) and commune Councils at the subproject schemes to reconfirm the

subproject identification reports and requested interventions to be undertaken. The meeting is also to

inform all stakeholders about the start-up of this survey and design phase of the project, the project

implementation concepts and overall schedules, and activities to be carried out during the survey and

detailed design stage of the project.

The meeting is then followed by field visits and survey of the consultant engineer team mainly to

assess hydrology and water availability for the proposed scheme, irrigation structures required, terrain

condition and topography, and to develop a conceptual design of the proposed irrigation subproject

scheme.

Step 2: Concept Design Consultation Meeting and Acceptance:

Meeting Objective: Community Consultation on Concept Design of the Irrigation System

Type of Meeting: Consultation and Discussion

Venue: - Commune Office at Subproject level

- Village level meeting with affected farmers by canal alignment

Duration: approximately 4 hours for each meeting

Meeting will be followed by site visits to discuss layout in the field.

Team Composition: Consultant Team Leader, Irrigation O&M Engineer, Surveyor,

Community Expert, GIS Expert

The technical findings and concept design of irrigation system will be thoroughly consulted with all

stakeholders and the potential beneficiary communities at the subproject level. At first, a meeting will be


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organized with potential beneficiary communities to discuss and explain about: (i) hydrological and

topographical condition of the subproject areas and its implications on irrigation systems, (ii) proposed

different options and alternatives for irrigation interventions in the subproject areas, (iii) proposed

Irrigation Conceptual Design Layout and required Land resettlement and consolidation, (iv) agreement

to participate in the project and willingness to allocate land for irrigation canal alignment, (v) the IMT

purpose and organization, role and responsibility of FWUG, and (v) farmers disagreement or issues on

the proposed concept design of the irrigation system.

The result of this consultation meeting and issues raised by farmers will then be conveyed to EU in

charged staff for consolidation and assistance. At this stage the decision can be made also on whether

the subproject scheme is worth to proceed further or not, depending on how issues or disagreement of

farmers beneficiary of the project be settled. Once the subproject is selected to proceed further, the step

3 below will then be implemented.

Step 3: Farmer Agreement on Organization of FWUC

Meeting Objective: Establish General Consensus on FWUC Organization

Type of Meeting: Discussion and Election

Venue: - Field or site at village level


Team Composition: Consultant Community Expert, PDWRAM staff, Commune Councils.

Base on the result of Cadastral survey and the irrigation conceptual design accepted, the proposed

irrigation serviced area and potential members of the FWUC will be identified. A meeting will be

organized with all these identified potential members of FWUC at village level to establish a

preliminary list of FWUC potential members and agreement with these potential FWUC members on

organization of FWUC. During the meeting the consultant will re-explain the purpose of IMT,

benefits, role, responsibility and its financial implication once the construction of the system is

completed and the irrigation infrastructure will be handed over to communities for operation and

maintenance. An MOU will then be concluded by all potential members of FWUC, evidencing that

the community agree to form the FWUC and undertake activities and responsibility towards IMT.

This MOU will be witnessed by the Commune Councils.

At this step, the potential members of the FWUC will be asked to elect their representative(s) at village

level to form a FWUC Working Group. This FWUC Working Group will represent the FWUC members


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in interaction with consultant survey and design team during detailed engineering design stage, liaise

with all project stakeholders, and will be tasked with preparation of FWUC statute and by-laws. The

Participatory Representative Technique (PRT) will be applied for this process of selection community

representative leaders. Once the Community Representative Leaders (CRLs) are selected by

communities, they are required to know why they are selected and what is expected of them. Therefore

they need orientation and a strong sense of motivation. The consultant will develop them with

orientation sessions and interpersonal relationships as envisaged in step 4 below.

Step 4: CRLs Orientation and Training

Meeting Objective: Building and Strengthening Community Representative Leaders

Type of Meeting: Training and Discussion

Venue: - A classroom will be organized in Banteay Meanchey Town, (in a hotel meeting room)

Duration: 2.5 days

Team Composition: Consultant Team Leader, Irrigation O&M Expert, Community Expert,

PDWRAM staff, District staff of Agriculture, Commune Councils.

An orientation and training session will be organized for all CRLs under the project (all

subproject schemes selected under this lot no.3) on the following topics:

-Training on Group Organization and Administration

-Training on Financial Management and Bookkeeping

-Training on IMT and Irrigation Water Management

-Training on Construction Process, and

-Training on O&M Concepts and Principles, Role, Function and Organization of

FWUC in the subproject scheme.

After the orientation and training session, the CRLs will start to prepare draft the FWUC statute and

by-laws with thorough consultation with potential members of the FWUC at the village level.

Step 5: Adoption of FWUC Statute by FWUC Members

Meeting Objective: Adoption of FWUC Statute and By-laws

Type of Meeting: Election

Venue: Commune Level




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The preparation process of FWUC Statue will require ongoing input and review from members. This

should not be a one-off review exercise. As the CRLs starts to prepare the draft, it is up to them to,

work through all village FWUC members or conduct subsequent village meetings to disseminate draft

and receive feedback and comment. This is then carried back to the FWUC Working Group. There

should be first, second and then final draft. The final draft should be attached with a list of potential

members of FWUC (include both husband and wife) and a declaration that the member accepts the

Statutes and By-laws and will abide by them. The declaration and list of potential members is signed by

both husband and wife.

When each village approves its draft, the final version can be presented to an overall general meeting

at the commune level for adoption.

Step 6: FWUC Official Registration

Meeting Objective: Election of FWUC Board of Director

Type of Meeting: Election Venue: Commune Level

Duration: ½ day


The FWUGs will be elected at block level with assistance from Consultant Community Expert and the

FWUC Working Group. This process will be managed at village level. Prior to elections, members need

to be advised of the role, function, tasks and responsibilities of each position to be elected and the time

that is required. At the same time, they are reminded of the need for gender and representation of the

vulnerable.

After election of FWUGs, the FWUC members will then elect the FWUC Board of Directors (President

and other offices at irrigation scheme level). Election of Secondary Canal Committee Representatives

will be undertaken also if needed. The FWUC Board of Director will then be tasked with making

official registration with the local government. Documents accompanied with registration will

included, but not limited to: (i) copy of draft organigrams of each level, FWUG, FWUC with names

and accompanied by job descriptions, (ii) copy of approved FWUC Statute and By-laws, (iii) copy of

member register.


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2.5. Implementation Schedule

The proposed implementation plan and schedule is prepared for 3 selected subproject schemes:

Tavong Phlovchrov Canal, Ampil and Bantoat Boah Canal. Four other subprojects were considered

dropped due to technical feasibility and acceptability of the beneficiary communities after the

implementation of activities under step 2.

The overall implementation schedule is given in the Table 1 below.


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Table 1: Tentative Schedule of Implementation Training Plan


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3. Implementation Activities

Several participatory techniques were actively used to mobilize community supports and

participations. The activities started with the determination of the beneficiary people who has the farm

in the irrigated area. The PRD team has discussed with the commune authorities on the main criteria

for community members to be selected to participate in the project. Consent has been reached that the

general term such as the agreement to provide their land for the construction of the irrigation scheme

and participate in the community should be main criteria for selection.

PRD team has also conducted consultation meetings with local government units and villagers to get

feed back on the proposed criteria. The participatory meetings were conducted with participation of:

• Provincial Governor Office

• Representative of Ecosorn Project in Banteay Meanchey

• Commune chiefs and commune council members

• Village chiefs

• Group leaders

• The villagers

3.1. Establish working group

PRD conduct consultation meeting with beneficiary people to form the working group for each

scheme by PRT process. Three working groups have been created:

- Working Group for Tavong Phlov Chrov canal

- Working Group for Banteat Boah Canal, and

- Working Group for Ampil Canal

Table 5.1: Name List of Working Group for Tavong Phlov Chrov Canal

No Name Sex From Village Commune District

1 Long Soeun M Poy Snourl Poy Char Phnom Srok

2 Nhoy Chorn M Poy Snourl Poy Char Phnom Srok

3 Prum Brarb M Poy Char Poy Char Phnom Srok

4 Tan Hoeum M Poy Char Poy Char Phnom Srok

5 Sun Ches M Trapeang Thmor Tboung Poy Char Phnom Srok

6 Ton Than M Trapeang Thmor

Kandal&Cheung

Poy Char Phnom Srok

7 Tat Chheub M Commune Council Member Poy Char Phnom Srok


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Table 5.2: Name List of Working Group for Bantoat Boah Canal


1 Oeuk Bunrin M Ou Tean Kam Preah Netr

Preah

2 Noeb Rumchet M Ou Tean Kam Preah Netr

Preah

3 Ning Pheuy M Bantoat Boah Tean Kam Preah Netr

Preah

4 Thoem Veut M Bantoat Boah Tean Kam Preah Netr

Preah

5 Khhut Sophorn M Commune Council

Member

Tean Kam Preah Netr

Preah

Table 5.2: Name List of Working Group for Ampil Canal


1 Ream Tum M Ampil Phkeam Svay Chek

2 Chhim Theu M Ampil Phkeam Svay Chek

9 Meiy Surm M Mao Phkeam Svay Chek

4 Koul Kut M Takoul Phkeam Svay Chek

5 Nhagn Tret F Commune Council

Member

Phkeam Svay Chek

3.2 Capacity building

Training programs had been conducted for working group. An orientation and training session was

quite necessary to update the community capacity in order to allow them to be self-sustaining in the

management and governance of its own resources and irrigation facilities. The trainings provided by

the project directly benefited to communities through the ability to have a large irrigation service for

their commune and scheme.

The working groups are provided training on following topic:

- Group Organization and Administrative

- Financial Management and Bookkeeping

- Irrigation Management Transfer and Irrigation Water Management

- Construction Process, and

- O&M Concepts and Principles, Role, Function and Organization of FWUC in the


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subproject scheme.

After training, these groups take responsible on:

- Identified and revised potential member of FWUC to establish a preliminary list of

FWUC and agreement of these member on organization of FWUC.

- Conduct election to select the group leader, Community Representative Leader

- Prepare draft of FWUC statute and consult with the FWUC member

- Process the community registration by law.

3.3 Establish FWUCs

The Participatory Representative Technique (PRT) was used for selection of representative leaders

particularly in the context of organizing communities.

- Mark geographical land holding and prepare preliminary of community list

- Organize water user group by tertiary or secondary canal depend on each irrigation

structure.

- Select group’s representative leader

- Apply SPRST’s questionnaire to select the FWUC board, and

- Process data and information.

Three Farmer Water User Committees (CSCs) were successfully established : Poychar Plov Chrov

Farmer Water User Community, Banteaot Boah Farmer Water User Community and Ampil Farmer

Water User Community.

- Poychar Phlov Chrov community have 4 secondary canal that each SC have their

Representative Leader groups.

. SC1 have 4 groups with total member of 92 households




- Banteaot Boah community have 8 water user groups with total member of 120

households

- Ampil Community have five water user groups with total member of 145 households

Name list and structure of FWUCs for each irrigation system is attached in annex 1

The people who have their farm land in the irrigated area and agree to participate in the Farmer Water

User Community were selected as main target of the project. The activities on establishment of the

Farmer Water User Community Committee were undertaken in such way to ensure the following two

important objectives: (1) to form an inter-group organization known as Farmer Water User

Community Committee to act on matter regarding irrigation improvement within the area and, (2) to


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be effective, be democratic and sustainable, i.e., the FWUC must be capable of functioning without its

group promoter. To achieve this goal, the mechanisms of participatory approaches were developed. A

Participatory Planning and Participatory Representative Techniques (PRT) in Community

Development were applied as basis for guidance of the overall activities.

3.4 Consultation meeting on Statute of FWUC

Community consultation on draft of constitution was held in each irrigation scheme. The participants

in the meeting are representative from local authorities and beneficiaries people. This community

consultation was cooperated with ECOSORN Program in Bantey Meanchey. The draft constitution,

adopted previously by working group was reviewed by all community members as for its applicability

and suitability in different specific areas. Then, community consultation was held in each irrigation

canal, to discuss and adopt the final draft of FWUC constitution. Participants in the meeting are:

representatives from local authorities, project consultant PRD , ECOSORN Program in Banteay

Meanchey and Community Commitee.

The statute of each FWUCs is attached in annex 2

3.5 Register of FWUCs

The established FWUCs will legalize as pre-cooperatives or federations in order to obtain legal

recognition, services and facilities. A meeting was also made with ECOSORN program officers on

how the registration should proceed. Each FWUC will register with PDWRAM Banteay Meanchey.

The registration provided not only legal privilege for FWUC to act on behalf of the farmer households

in implementation of irrigation development program within their community, but also offered legal

recognition in both group activities and in delivery of development services. To get its full legal

recognition, each FWUC has registered with the PDWRAM. Register FWUCs also represents the

broader interests of their members in discussions with local authorities. In this way, the farmer become

increasingly self-confident, earn greater recognition from the wider community and are able to make a

greater contribution to development of irrigation system.