Agricultural, Water, and Health-Related Satellite

Products from NESDIS-STAR

Felix Kogan

NOAA/NESDIS

Center for Satellite Applications and Research

October 2010

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AVHRR Data for Land Use

Sensor: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)

Satellites: NOAA-7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17 (morn.), 18, 19

Data Resolution: Spatial - 4 km (GAC), 8 & 16 km;

Temporal - 7-day composite

Period: 30-year (1981-2010)

Coverage: World (75 N to 55 S)

Channels: VIS (ch1), NIR (ch2), Thermal (ch4, ch5)

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THEORY

Vegetation vs. VIS & NIR reflectance

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THEORY

Crops’ Reflectance (Citrus, Tomatoes, Sorghum, Cotton)

VIS reflectance depends on

CHLOROPHYLL

CAROTENOID

NIR reflectance depends on

WATER CONTENT

CELL STRUCTURE

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NDVI & Reflectance

Cover Type Ch1 Ch2 NDVI

Vegetation: Dense .050 .150 0.500

Medium .080 .110 0.140

Light .100 .120 0.090

Bare Soil .269 .283 0.025

Clouds .227 .228 0.002

Water .022 .013 -0.26

NDVI= (Ch2-Ch1)/(Ch2+Ch1)

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NDVI & Smoothed NDVI

Eliminate high frequency noiseEmphasize seasonal cycleSeparate medium & low frequency variations

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NDVI & Rainfall (% mean), SUDAN

95%115%

73%

51%

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NDVI & BT by Ecosystem Type Central USA

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AVHRR PRODUCTS Vegetation condition index (VCI), values 0 - 100

VCI=(NDVI-NDVImin)/(NDVImax-NDVImin)

NDVImax, and NDVImin – climatology (1981-2000 maximum and minimum NDVI for a pixel;

Temperature condition index (TCI), values 0 - 100

TCI=(BTmax-BTmin)/(BTmax-BTmin)

NDVImax, and NDVImin – climatology (1981-2000 maximum and minimum NDVI for a pixel

Vegetation Health Index (VHI), values 0 – 100

VHI=a*VCI+(1-a)*TCI

0 – indicates extreme stress

100 – indicates favorable conditions

MOISTURE

THERMAL

VEG. HEALTH

NDVI & Vegetation Health (VH)

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NDVI

VH

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Drought 1988, USAJune 28

Severe Moisture and Thermal Vegetation Stress

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Drought 1988, Week 27, Satellite & In Situ Data

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Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), USSR southeast

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Wheat Density vs VCI

1991 1992

May Jun Jul Aug Sep May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Sep 30, 2010: VCI vs Soil MoistureUKRAINE

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VCI

0-20 cmSoil Moisture Anomaly

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VHI and Biomass,Mongolia

1988 1989

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Corn Yield vs VCIMidwest, USA

Corn Yield - normalized for Midwestern CRD

VCI – mean for CRD

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VH and Crop YieldMOROCCO -WheatMOROCCO -Wheat

MONGOLIA - PastureMONGOLIA - Pasture

RUSSIA

ARGENTINA

Kansas, USA

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Correlation of Wheat Yield anomaly with VH Indices, Precipitation & Temperature anomaly

Saratov, RUSSIA

dY vs VHI, VCI & TCI

dY vs dP

dY vs dT

Yield

dY vs VCI Correlation, KANSAS

P SH H

PH H

Modeling Agricultural Production KANSAS, USA

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Vegetation Health and Agriculture, UKRAINE

2003 – Intensive Drought (red) caused 35% losses in grain yield (1.84 t/ha) versus the years before and after

2002 & 2004 – NOAA-16 satellite identify good vegetation health (green) resulted in high yield 2.75 & 2.84 t/ha

ADDRESS:

- Ecosystem Health

- Agriculture

- Food Security

PLANUse NOAA/AVHRR Data 4 km resolution

2.7

1.8

2.8

t/ha

2007 Drought Dynamics: Focus on Southern RUSSIA & UKRAINE

from NOAA-18 Vegetation Health Index (VHI)

-Vegetation Health (red) deteriorated from April through the end of the growing season, especially in the main areas of winter wheat-VHI is derived from NOAA/AVHRR data and estimates greenness, vigor and thermal conditions of vegetation

UKRAINERussia

Turkey

Rumania

Beloruss

Bulgaria Georgia

Syria Iraq

www.rsindexbasedcropinsurance2010.com

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JUNE

Vegetation Condition 2010

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Vegetation Health Dynamics, USADROUGHT DETECTION (DD)

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DD: Drought Dynamicsfrom Vegetation Health Index

Drought

No

Drought

1999 2000

DD: 2007 Vegetation Health, Odessa obl., UKRAINE

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DROUGHT

Healthy Moisture

Thermal

Drought Area & Intensity (DAI)Severe-to-Exceptional Drought (% from the

World area), 2000-2010

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DAI: Estimated from AVHRR-based Vegetation

Health Index

No Data

DAI: UKRAINE, All MAX

10%

20%

50%

80%

Extreme Drought Area, 1991-2009

Vegetation stress, June, 2008

DROUHGT-red

Soil Saturation- white

Soil Saturation Index (SSI)June 8-27, 2008, Midwest, USA

June 8-14

June 15-21

June 22-27

Area (% from a state) of saturated and flooded soilMidwestern states, USA, 2008

Week

MAY JUNE MAY JUNE

%

1 15 31 1 15

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Web

http://www.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/emb/vci

Vegetation Health October 21, 2010

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Vegetation HealthOctober 21

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Drought & Fire RiskOctober 21, 2010

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Drought Fire Risk

Percent drought area in the major corn belt of BRAZIL

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Oct 21, 2010 VH Change fromOct 14, 2010 (A) & Oct 21, 2009 (B)

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Drought change on Oct 21, 2010

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Wheat Yield RUSSIA

Russia produces 65% WW & 35% SW• Figure shows dynamics of Vegetation health (VH)• 2007 WW analogue was 2001 VH• WW yield is expected at or 1-3% below LTT or 1.9 t/ha

• Figure shows dynamics of Vegetation health (VH)• 2007 SW analogue was 2001 VH• SW yield is expected 5-7% above long-term trend (LTT)

Total wheat is expected at or slightly below LTT (1.96 t/ha)

Mean Moisture (VCI) & Thermal (TCI) conditions for the major crop growing area of BRAZIL, 2010

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Vegetation Health, Soybeans area, BRAZIL

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VCI & TCI DynamicsSoybeans area 2010 vs 2008, BRAZIL

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PROBLEMS?

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NDVI 2010 week 40

GVI-xN18

MGVIN19

Difference

BT4 2010 week 40

MGVIN18

MGVIN19

Difference