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Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota Designing the Path: A Strategic Approach to EU Agricultural Research and Innovation January 27, 2016, Brussels, Charlemagne Building Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global Reality

Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

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Page 1: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Philip G. Pardey University of Minnesota 

Designing the Path: A Strategic Approach to EU Agricultural Research and Innovation

January 27, 2016, Brussels, Charlemagne Building

Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global Reality

Page 2: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Outline

Food and Agricultural Futures• Changing Agricultural Demand Realities• Changing Agricultural Supply (Production and Productivity) Realities

Changing Food and Agricultural R&D Realities

Implications for Food and Agricultural R&D 

Thinking and acting for the long run

Page 3: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Why the Long Run Matters

R&D Investments

Farm Productivity Growth

Source: Alston, Anderson, James and Pardey (2010, 2011)

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

1 11 21 31 41 51 Year

Lag Weights

Page 4: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Illustrative Technology Development Lags (US)

Source: Pardey , Alston and Ruttan (2008) and Alston et al. (2010)

1877Beal conducts first controlled crosses/hybrid vigor

1905‐1912Shull developed correct understanding of inbreeding and cross breeding

1917 James developed double cross‐hybrid

1922Iowa State station began corn in‐breeding program

1933First commercial planting of Hybrid Iowa 939 developed by Merle Jenkins

1936First release of a widely popular double‐cross hybrid developed at Purdue University

1960Vastly improved in‐breds led to shift to single‐cross hybrids

1960 95 percent of U.S. corn acreage in hybrids

Hybrid Corn

1901Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) discovered in Japan (and 1911 in Germany)

1950s Bt used as a control agent and registered

1986 Cry1Ab gene sequence published

1986Cry1Ab cloned into root colonyzing Pseudomonas bacteria

1992YieldGard insect protected corn event Mon810 produced by "gene gun"

1996FDA, USDA & EPA approvals for Yield Guard

1997Bt corn (corn borer protection) commercialized in U.S.

1998Stacked with other traits (e.g. herbicide tolerance)

2004U.S. patent issued to Monsanto for Mon810

2008 Regulatory approval in 20 countries

Bt Corn

1970 Glyphosphate shown to have herbicidal activity

1976 Roundup herbicide commercialized in U.S.

1980 Idnetification of 3 mechanisms to infer glyphosphate tolerance

Late 1980s Several genes encoding glyphospate insensitivity isolated

1987 First soybean transformation achieved

1990 & 91 Glyphosphate tolerant seeds evaluated

1996 Roundup Ready Soybeans commercialized

Roundup Ready Soybean

Page 5: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Illustrative Technology Development Lags (US)

Source: Pardey , Alston and Ruttan (2008) and Alston et al. (2010)

1877Beal conducts first controlled crosses/hybrid vigor

1905‐1912Shull developed correct understanding of inbreeding and cross breeding

1917 James developed double cross‐hybrid

1922Iowa State station began corn in‐breeding program

1933First commercial planting of Hybrid Iowa 939 developed by Merle Jenkins

1936First release of a widely popular double‐cross hybrid developed at Purdue University

1960Vastly improved in‐breds led to shift to single‐cross hybrids

1960 95 percent of U.S. corn acreage in hybrids

Hybrid Corn

1901Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) discovered in Japan (and 1911 in Germany)

1950s Bt used as a control agent and registered

1986 Cry1Ab gene sequence published

1986Cry1Ab cloned into root colonyzing Pseudomonas bacteria

1992YieldGard insect protected corn event Mon810 produced by "gene gun"

1996FDA, USDA & EPA approvals for Yield Guard

1997Bt corn (corn borer protection) commercialized in U.S.

1998Stacked with other traits (e.g. herbicide tolerance)

2004U.S. patent issued to Monsanto for Mon810

2008 Regulatory approval in 20 countries

Bt Corn

1970 Glyphosphate shown to have herbicidal activity

1976 Roundup herbicide commercialized in U.S.

1980 Idnetification of 3 mechanisms to infer glyphosphate tolerance

Late 1980s Several genes encoding glyphospate insensitivity isolated

1987 First soybean transformation achieved

1990 & 91 Glyphosphate tolerant seeds evaluated

1996 Roundup Ready Soybeans commercialized

Roundup Ready Soybean

59 years 96 years 26 years

Page 6: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

U.S. Maize Technology Adoption Lags 

Source:  Beddow (2012)

0

20

40

60

80

10019

30

1935

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Percen

tage of U

.S. M

aize Acres 

Hybrid          Maize

Nitrogen

Nitrogen (rate, index)

Herbicide

Irrigation

Page 7: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

U.S. Maize Technology Adoption Lags 

Source:  Beddow (2012)

0

20

40

60

80

10019

30

1935

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Percen

tage of U

.S. M

aize Acres 

Hybrid          Maize

Nitrogen

Nitrogen (rate, index)

Herbicide

Irrigation

18 years  17 years 

20 years 

13 years 

30 years 

12 years 

Page 8: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Changing Agricultural Demand Realities

Population continues to grow, as will per capita incomes

BUT   

In important respects agricultural demand futures will not be like the past

Page 9: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

0

2

4

6

8

10

1219

50

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

2060

2070

2080

2090

2100

Billion

s

Asia Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Europe Northern America Oceania

39.1%

5.8%

82.7%

43.6%

Population Projections, 1950‐2100

Source: UN Population Division (2015).

0

0.6

1.2

1.8

1950‐2010 2010‐2050 2050‐2100

Percen

t per yea

r

Rate of Growth (%)1.76

0.84

0.28

55.2%9.1%39.1%

64.3%

11.2 b9.7 b

2.5 b

Page 10: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

0‐410‐1420‐2430‐3440‐4450‐5460‐6470‐7480‐8490‐94100+

India, 2050

70           50             30            10 10            30             50     

Male Female

Percent

0‐410‐1420‐2430‐3440‐4450‐5460‐6470‐7480‐8490‐94100+

China, 2015

70           50             30            10 10            30             50     

Male Female

0‐410‐1420‐2430‐3440‐4450‐5460‐6470‐7480‐8490‐94100+

India, 2015

70           50             30            10 10            30             50     

Male Female

Age Pyramids

<20 years

38 percent38 percent 23 percent23 percent

0‐410‐1420‐2430‐3440‐4450‐5460‐6470‐7480‐8490‐94100+

China, 2050

70           50             30            10 10            30             50     

Male Female

Percent

>60 years 36 percent36 percent19 percent19 percent

18 percent18 percent26 percent26 percent

<20 years

Source: UN Population Division (2015).

Page 11: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Between 2015 and 2050

• More than half the projected global population growth will occur in Africa

• More than half the growth will occur in just nine countries (India, Nigeria, Pakistan, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, United States, Indonesia and Uganda)

Global life expectancy is expected to rise from 70 years in 2010‐15 to 77 years in 2045‐50, and 83 years in 2095‐2100

• The number of people aged 60 or more is projected to be 1.4bill. by 2030, 2.1bill by 2050, and 3.2bill by 2100. 

(The projected slowdown in population growth arising from a reduction in fertility is due to aging)

Behind the Aggregate Population Numbers

Page 12: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

GDP Per Capita, 1980‐2050 (2005 PPP$ )

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

2005

 PPP

$

Low Income

Middle Income

High Income

World

$30,166 $29,446

$58,587

$6,023

Source: CEPII projections (Foure et al. 2012). 

Page 13: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

0

250

500

750

1,000

1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2013

Billion

 $

Farm value

Marketing bill

Consumer expenditures

$180 b

$852 b

Food Costs ‐‐ Farm vs Post‐Farm Shares

(82.5%) 

(17.4%) 

$17 b

((70.1%) $39 b

(29.9%) 

Source: Author with data from USDA‐ERS (2016) 

Page 14: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Changing Agricultural Production and Productivity Realities

Page 15: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

22.8%16.9%20.6%

9.9%24.2%

44.8%

8.7%

12.4%

16.0%

5.7%

5.6%

6.8%

2.1%

3.5%

0

400

800

1,200

1,600

2,000

2,400

2,800

1961 2013

billion

 200

4‐06

 $

High Income EU Asia&Pacific LAC E. Europe&Central Asia SSA MENA

$746 b

$2,519 b

43.4%

26.8%

Changing Location of World Agriculture, 1961 vs 2013

Page 16: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Corn Movement in the U.S., 1899‐2007 

Share of Corn Output by County, 1899

Share of Corn Output by County, 2007

Source: Beddow and Pardey (2015)

Page 17: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Corn Movement in the U.S., 1899‐2007 

Share of Corn Output by County, 1899

Share of Corn Output by County, 2007

Source: Beddow and Pardey (2015)

Moving Matters

279 kilometers north342 kilometers west

16 to 21 percent of corn output growth

Moving Matters

279 kilometers north342 kilometers west

16 to 21 percent of corn output growth

Page 18: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Spatial Concentration in Production

Top 10 Producing Countries

VOP Sh

are (percentage)

Page 19: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Past and Projected Global Average Crop Yield Growth

Source:  Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Rice Maize Wheat Soybeans Potatoes Sugar cane

percen

t

1961‐1990 1990‐2014

Page 20: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Stem Rust Stripe Rust Leaf Rust

Productivity Maintenance – The Case of Wheat Rusts

Running hard to stand still!

Page 21: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Note: Suitability prediction based on growth index (GI) values from the CLIMEX model

Three Rusts—Seasonally Vulnerable

Two rust typesThree rust types

One rust type

Page 22: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Vulnerability to Wheat Rusts Worldwide

Stem, Leaf and Stripe Rust Vulnerability

None Only One Only Two All Three(Percentage of output, all farms)

Western Europe 0.0 0.0 0.7 99.2

North America 2.2 12.5 37.1 48.3

Australia 0.0 10.3 17.8 71.9

Sub‐Saharan Africa 11.0 3.6 13.9 71.6

China 0.0 0.0 11.5 88.5

India 6.3 18.8 72.5 2.5

World 3.2 6.9 27.1 62.7

Page 23: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Shifting GroundThe Global Food and Agricultural R&D Landscape

Page 24: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

billion

 200

9 PP

P$

Total public and private 

Private

Public

Global Public and Private Food & Agricultural R&D, 1960‐2011 

Source: Pardey, Chan‐Kang, Beddow and Dehmer (2016, in process) 

Page 25: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

The Social Payoffs to Agricultural R&D

Have the returns to R&D declined over time?

• 2,829 IRR evaluation estimates from 492 separate studies• Preliminary result: No evidence of a change in the returns to agricultural R&D over time

0

0.02

0.04

0 50 100

Den

sity

BCR (percent per year)

Nos. of Evaluations   799Mean 26.7   Median 12

Page 26: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Behind the Aggregate R&D Numbers

Agricultural R&D spending still highly concentrated spatially

• But big changes in the (rank order) of top 10 spenders

Page 27: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

0

20

40

60

80

1960 1980 2011

percen

t

Total Public

Spatial Concentration ‐‐ Top 10 Country Share

Page 28: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Behind the Aggregate R&D Numbers

Agricultural R&D spending still highly concentrated spatially

• But big changes in the (rank order) of top 10 spenders

Shift to more private performance 

• But private spending is mainly concentrated in the rich (58.2%) and faster growing middle income countries (BIC 35.7%)

Page 29: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Private Share of Total Agriculture & Food R&D 

0.82%

0.67%

2.55%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1980 2011

Percen

t

High income Middle income Low income

Source: Pardey, Chan‐Kang, Beddow and Dehmer (2015, in process) 

Page 30: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Private Food and Agricultural R&D in Rich Countries

Source: Pardey, Chan‐Kang, Beddow and Dehmer (2015, in process) 

0

5

10

15

20

25

1980 2011

2009

 billion $P

PP

Food products, beverages & tobacco Agriculture and chemicals Machinery

19%

37%

44%

$19.8b

$8.0b

50%

34%16%

Page 31: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Behind the Aggregate R&D Numbers

Agricultural R&D spending still highly concentrated spatially

• But big changes in the (rank order) of top 10 spenders

Shift to more private performance 

• But private spending is mainly concentrated in the rich (58.2%) and faster growing middle income countries (BIC 35.7%)

A stark and growing global divide

Page 32: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

percen

t

United States

Western Europe

Shifting Global Shares of Public Food & Ag R&D, 1960‐2011

Source: Pardey, Chan‐Kang, Beddow and Dehmer (2016, in process) 

Page 33: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Concluding Remarks

Food demand largely follows population, which will continue to shift to Asia and, especially, Africa

R&D likely to remain highly spatially concentrated 

• A growing disconnect between the geography of agricultural demand and the location of agricultural R&D performance

Shift towards more contestable and project‐oriented (often shorter‐term) funding of public science

• The problems are just as hard as they ever have been 

• The present returns are just as high (pointing to persistent underinvestment)

Accountability for sure, but with a firm and focused eye to the long‐run nature of the problems and the innovation processes in play

Page 34: Agricultural and Food Innovation: Europe in a Changing Global ...ec.europa.eu/.../document/2016-5/s1_pardey-rev_13658.pdfSource: Authors’ calculation based on FAOSTAT (2015) 0.0

Thanks!             

www.harvestchoice.orgwww.instepp.umn.edu