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The Age of Reformations English & Catholic

English Reformation

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Future Supreme Governor(s) of Anglican Church?

The Henrician Reformation

•  King Henry VIII •  “Monarchical

Reformation” •  Six Articles •  Six wives •  “Defender of the

Faith” not a radical break re liturgy, dress, etc.

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Henry VIII: Timeline

•  1491: birth of Henry VIII •  1509: Henry marries Catherine of Aragon •  1516: Mary is born •  1521: Henry named “Defender of the Faith” •  1527: Henry requests annulment •  1533: Henry marries Anne Boelyn; Elizabeth is born •  1534: Act of Supremacy •  1536: Act of Dissolution of monasteries •  1537: Henry marries Jane Seymour; Edward is born •  1539: Six Articles •  1547: Death of Henry VIII; accession of Edward VI

King Edward VI

•  Son of Jane Seymour •  Ascends throne at

age 13 •  Protestant •  Book of Common

Prayer (1542) •  Dies of tuberculosis

Queen Mary Tudor

•  “Bloody Mary” •  Daughter of Catherine

of Aragon •  Rigid Catholic •  Persecution of

Protestants; Marriage to Phillip II of Spain

•  Advised by Cardinal Reginald Pole

•  Dies of cancer

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Queen Elizabeth I

•  Childhood & education •  Religious Reform •  Diplomacy vs. Spain & Ireland •  Cultural, Intellectual, Artistic accomplishments at Court

Young Elizabeth

•  Daughter of Anne Boleyn •  Studied w/ Roger Ascham

•  Linguist; classical curriculum; •  Prot. Training •  Haughty, intelligent, austere, frugal, indecisive •  Humanist? feminist?

•  Observed Roman Cath’sm under Mary •  Ascends to throne Nov. 1558

Elizabethan Settlement •  Seeks outward conformity and loyalty to monarchy, not

“windows into men’s souls.” •  Her own beliefs are hidden:

»  perhaps “a conservative, antipapal compound of Augustinianism, Lutheranism, and Catholicism, tempered with classical Stoicism.” (N. Jones)

•  Establishes a hybrid faith, “midway between Rome & Geneva”

•  Act of Supremacy (1559) “Supreme Governor” •  Act of Uniformity (1559) Book of Common Prayer •  Thirty-Nine Articles spells out theology

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Elizabethan Settlement: Objectors

Both Catholics and Protestants object to Elizabeth’s middle position:

Pius V excommunicates her;

Puritans & Presbyterians seek religious freedom/theocracy elsewhere

Christian Churches in Europe in the mid-Sixteenth Century

Catholic/Counter Reformation

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Pre-Reformation Reformers (Internal) •  Catherine of Siena (b. 1347;

d. 1380) –  Mystic, Dominican nun –  Encouraged the pope to return

to Rome from Avignon and supported Roman pope in Great Schism

–  Emphasized love, prayer, penance, devotion, and service to others

•  Fra Savonarola (b. 1452 ; d. 1498) –  Dominican preacher and

“prophet” at Florence –  Condemned Florentines’

“pagan pastimes” and the corruption at the Vatican

–  Burned at the stake

Capuchin Friars

•  Franciscans founded in 12th c. by St. Francis

•  Capuchins are founded 1528

•  “capuccio” = hood •  Capuchins = extra-

strict •  Total abstinence •  Missionary work

3 Capuchins meditating (1714)

Pre-Reformation Reformers (Internal) •  Erasmus of Rotterdam (b.

1466 ; d. 1536) –  Dutch humanist from the

Northern Renaissance. –  One of top three

intellectuals in Western Europe

–  Former monk –  Criticized corruption of

clergy through writing (In Praise of Folly)

–  Considered indulgences a cheat

–  Disagreed with Protestants

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Pre-Reformation Reformers (External)

•  John Wycliffe (b. Early 14th century; d. 1384) –  “Morning Star of the Reformation” –  Professor of Sacred Scriptures at

the U. of Oxford in England –  Taught against transubstantiation,

monastic rules, supremacy of RCC, and the “inflated” role of pope

•  Jan Hus (b. 1372 ; d. 1415) –  Bohemian priest and professor of

theology –  Denounced pope and cardinals;

challenged belief that the Roman Church was “Christ’s chosen”; taught against transubstantiation; and advocated the laity receiving both elements of the Eucharistic meal

–  Burned at the stake in 1415

Responses of the Catholic Church to Reform movements

•  Re-examination of Catholic beliefs and practices •  Re-form beliefs and practices where needed •  Re-invigorate the Catholic community •  Re-inforce Catholicism among the population

•  E.g., Council of Trent, Index, Inquisition, Jesuits

A contemporary illustration of the Council of Trent

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The Council of Trent

•  Met 1545-47, 1551-52, 1562-63 •  Reaffirmed several of the doctrines

criticized by Luther, including – Justification by faith and works – The efficacy of the seven sacraments – Priesthood is a special state – clerical celibacy – Confession and absolution – Transubstantiation

– Scripture and church tradition are equal in shaping Catholic faith

– The Latin bible is the only legitimate version

– denied private judgment as a legitimate basis of belief

–  legitimacy of the doctrine of indulgences (although the practice was reformed)

– Latin worship – veneration of the saints and the Virgin,

efficacy of pilgrimages •  The Council of Trent’s definitions of

Catholicism and Catholic practice were maintained until the Vatican II conference of the 1960’s

The “Index auctorum et librorum prohibitorum”

•  First published in 1557, later adopted by the Council of Trent

•  A list of books and authors the reading of which was forbidden to Catholics

•  Continued until 1966 •  Included the obvious

(Calvin, Machiavelli) and the not so obvious (Abelard, Erasmus)

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Jesuits: reinvigorating Catholicism •  Arose in Spain, perhaps the most devoutly

Catholic country in Europe •  Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) •  Monastic order established by the Pope in

1540 – Jesuits pursued life “in the world” rather

than the cloister •  “Soldiers of the church”: militant crusaders for

Catholicism and the Papacy – under direct control of the Pope – Unquestioning obedience: “If the church

teaches to be black what the eye sees as white, the mind will believe it to be black”

•  Emphasized education in order to combat well-educated Protestant theologians – The “Catholic schoolmasters of Europe” – Particular emphasis on teaching upper-

and middle-class boys, and especially the ruling classes

–  taught gentlemanly refinements and secular knowledge as well as religion

•  Because of their positions as royal tutors, they often became very powerful in Catholic courts – often suspect because of a possible

conflict with their role as the “shock troops” of the Pope

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The Inquisition(s) •  Not new to the 16th

century –  Inquisitions had been

established throughout the middle ages to deal with various heretical movements

–  generally run by either the Dominicans or the Franciscans

–  “The Name of the Rose”: a depiction of an early 14th century Inquisition

The Spanish Inquisition, c. 1480

•  Reconquista: the reconquest of Spain by the Spanish Christian community

•  As Spain was re-Christianized, Moslem and Jewish residents either left or converted to Catholicism –  “Moriscos”: former Moslems and their

descendants –  “Marranos”: former Jews and their

descendants •  The Spanish Inquisition (operating in

Spain) focused on these two

Auto da Fe

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The Age of Reformations English & Catholic