Age of Ideologies

4.1

Vocabulary

• Ideology: system of thought or belief.

• Universal manhood suffrage: giving all adult men the right to vote.

• Autonomy: self-rule

Conservatives Prefer the Old Order• Congress of Vienna (1815)

– Victory for conservatives (monarchy, and their officials, noble landowners, and clergy) of European nations

– Formed an agreement Concert of Europe: supported old order (before Napoleon/FR)

– Believed natural rights and constitutional gov’t led to chaos.

– Leaders like Metternich sought to suppress revolutionary ideas.

– Against freedom of press & sent troops to quell rebellions.

Liberals and Nationalists Seek Change

Liberals Promise Freedom

• Liberalists– Spoke mainly for the middle

class “Bourgeois Liberals” (bankers, lawyers, business owners, people who shaped public opinion.)

– Written constitutional governments/republican gov’t (elected by people for people)

– Against divine-right of monarchy

– Defended natural rights: Liberty, equality, property

– Support universal manhood suffrage.

– Supported laissez faire economics

Nationalists Strive for Unity

• Nationalists– For centuries, European rulers

had gained/lost land and people through wars, marriage, treaties = a game.

– By 1815, several empires (Russian, Austria, Ottoman) with many nationalities

– National groups who shared a common heritage wanted to win independence of their own state.

– Nationalism gave people a sense of identity and goal to create homeland.

– Nationalism also bred intolerance and persecution of other ethnic or national groups.

Central Europe Challenges the Old Order

• Ideas of liberalism and nationalism spark revolutionary revolts against the old order.

• Early 1800s, rebellions erupted in the Balkans (Ottoman) and southern Europe along the Mediterranean.– Various religious and ethnic groups who had lived under Ottoman rule

for over 300 years.

Central Europe Challenges the Old Order

Serbia Seeks Independence

• Serbia– First Balkan people to revolt – (1804-1815) Karageorge led

unsuccessful guerilla war against Ottomans.

– Fostered Serbian identity (literature, culture, nation)

– 1815 Milos Obrenovic led Serbs to more successful revolt with help from Russia.

– 1830 Serbs won autonomy within the Ottoman empire.

– Russia would continue to support Serbia.

Greece Revolts to End Ottoman Rule• Greece

– 1821 revolted against Ottomans– Years of bloody wars for

independence shaped a national identity.

– The wars were called “national war, holy war, war to reconquer rights of individual liberty.”

– Had support of Lord Byron.– 1820s Britain, France, and

Russia forced Ottomans to grant independence.

– 1830s Greece was independent, but European powers forced Greece to accept a German king (did not support nationalism)

More Challenges to Congress of Vienna Erupt1820s Revolts across southern Europe

– Spain, Portugal, Italian peninsula revolt to gain constitutional governments

– Metternich urged quelling of revolts.

– French army marched to Pyrenees to repress Spain

– Austrian forces crossed the Alps to repress Italy

– Troops slowed liberalism and nationalism

– Mid 1800s, liberal and nationalists also included goals of the industrial working class

– Social reformers/agitators reorganized to support socialism