AG Learn More Brochure

7/31/2019 AG Learn More Brochure

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GRID

understndingELECtRICL GRIDs


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Po ook a a lap fowa

wh o aco ma lh

bol o a h hy

fo ha, lh, cook a

covvaly. elccy ow pow

h mo ocy, whh

o a off y mcopoco

wch mllo of m a co

o locomov hl aloh ack a ov 500 klom a

ho.

elccy wll co o mla

h ovao ha a afom

h 21 cy.

the baicso wha lccy xacly? ually, walk abo ff h a h am

m.

naally occ lccy calllccal cha. i a famal

popy of ma, ca by vallmay pacl.

ga lccy lccal o

lcomac y. i ow a almoh p of lh a ma Wa. oc ch a a bay o ao p

o a cc, wh a loa ch a alh blb com a o mov fom h cc.

Elecric pwerelcc c f o lco ow

alo a w o oh coco. th a ofh ow ma amp (), a ba o h mb of lco ow pa

a v po a co.

th foc ha v h lco hw call h vola. i mla o hp ha v wa a pp a

ma vol (V).

elccal pow popooal o h volamlpl by h c.

th w o am h pow oo allow all h c o pa hoh mp. th a ac, mla o

fco, whch ca h w o ha ay lo.

sc h oal of amo o a v

amo of pow fom o B, h lohav o b c. law of phyc aha a vola ca, popooaly

l c o am h amamo of pow. ica h vola bya faco of 10 c h c

o am h am pow by a faco of10, a h h y lo o ac c by a faco of 100.

What iselectricity?

600 BCdcovy of ac lccy

1600Wllam glb v h mlccy

1750Bjam Fakl pov ha lh a fom of lccy

1800Hmphy davy cov elcoly

1820thoma Joha sbck covhmo lccy

1830Mchal Faaay ablh h pcplof lccy a mam, kowoay a l hoy

1870thoma eo bl a dC lcc

ao

1880th pblc lccy pply

1920F naoal g wa oc h uK

1950

F la-cal cla pow aoop

2000

th wol commcal wav powao ba o a lccy

Ky a hoy

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KeYfIGUREs

P capa :

icla 36,000 kWh,Cha 9 kWh

1.4billion poploay who lccy

41% of y pocfom coal

rwabl y oc

xpc o ach 16% 2035 (oly 3% oay)

Hw much elecriciy d we ue?elccy compo ma (a

bll) Wa ho. if lf o fo a ho,a ha a a 1,000 Wa (1 kW)com 1 kWh.

global lccy ao ow ov20,000 mllo mllo Wa-ho oawa ho (tWh). th xpc o

o ov 27,000 tWh 2020, a o35,200 tWh 2035.

Mo ha 80% of owh lccy

ma wll b o-OeCd* co,who compo wll pl by 2035.

Wh ue elecriciy? ov 7,000 tWh a ya, y hwol b of lccy, follow

by al (4,600 tWh) acommcal a pblc vc(4,000 tWh).

P capa va omoly fomo coy o aoh, a fom ov36,000 kWh icla o oly 9 kWh

Cha.

Hw vial i elecriciy?elccy a abl choloy,

allow mo of h oh cholow o wok. toay coomy colfco who h lccy o

pow faco, lh ofc a hop,pow commcao wok a vhoa of ff applac.

soc: ie 2010

Electricityproduction

200820,183 TWh

Electricityproduction

203535,335 TWh

41%Coal

31.8%Coal

5.5%Ol

1.4%Ol

21.3%ga 21.4%ga

13.5%ncla

13.8%ncla

15.9%Hyo

15.7%Hyo

2.8%Wid & herreewable

16%Wid & herreewable

* Oaao fo ecoomc

C0-opao a dvlopm

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How is electricitygenerated & delivered to customers?

Electricity from a power plant to consumers

Pwergeerai

sep uptrarmer

sep dwtrarmer

High vlageramii

lie

subai

Medium vlagediribui

lie

Dmeic Ue

Idurial Ue

Cmmercial Ue

Lw vlagediribuilie

a fcly, fo xampl by ccbak (h al h qvalof h hmbl f) o c pow ca of a

poblm.

sbao a of cla acco oh wcha o poc h cc.

-la wcha (is) o

b h mo commo , b hq a lo of pac a fo hhvola oly fabl ooo.

ev h, is may b abl oabl ca locao, ch aal aa.

ga-la wcha (gis) may bmo xpv f oly h co compa, b af a l

maac. th fac ha gis av m mall ha is ma coav a mall, l v bl.

elccal l ca b ovha oo. th coco of ovhal co l, b oa a mo

commo ha o o l ( oba wah, lh k o acc).

excp fo phoovolac, lccy ll

a pcpl vlop byMchal Faaay h 1820 a 1830.

Copp w wapp ao a haf, o

ama, p a mac l. thmoo of h mac l lav o h

copp w ca lco o ow hw, ca lccy.

dff cholo a fl a o

pow h mach ha p h w.

Coal- pow ao poc 41%

of h wol lccy a p, whaal a poc 21%, hyo 16%,cla 14% a ol- ao 5%.

no-hyo wabl lk ola aw pow a o fa-ow

y oc. thy oly acco foao 3% of ao oay, b hha pojc o pcaclaly o

16% by 2035, maly a h xp ofcoal, who ha op o 32%.

i pobl o o lccy, b v

h la bay choloy o fcoh o ock h pow fo all

o aly compo.

Oc lccy a, ama 300,000 km/c. th wok of l o o h h , o hh vola

amo wok.

Hh vola c oo powfl o b cly. ym of mm vola

a low vola wok lv lccyo ly compa fo bo o , o o la al cl who hav

h ow allao fo afom o abl lvl. th ovha l of hbo wok a h mo vbl pa

of pow pply ym. Mm volawok (ally 10 o 30 kV) pply baa al aa. Low vola wok pply

220-230 V o 110 V lccy locally ohohol a mall aby.

What is an electric substation?sbao a a famla h alohhway a c. sbao ak h

lccy fom pow pla a fom hamo l a afom fom hho low vola. thy b lccy

o com a pv a poc hbo wok o kp wok afly

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did YOu

knoW?i o o c lo, h lccya by h pow ao (

h a of 10-20 kV) pp

p o 230 kV o 400 kV eop,

500 kV h mca (xcp

Caaa wh p o 765 kV )

a a hh a 1,100 kV Cha. i

h am by hh vola

amo a pow of p o

800 kV. Fom h , h lccy

cov by afom h

bo wok, pp h

pow ow o mm vola

(blow 50 kV) a ally o h vola by com (220-240 V

eop o 110 V noh mca).

th lccy ao, amo,bo a cool wok mak ph lccal . th mpl lk

a local ao o hom, b cacov whol co oo. small hav a aal c wh pply l

bach o fom a la cal

lccy ppl. th lavly mplo opa, b f a l o ow,

a c off.

to labl pply, mo amh c. i h coao, h

pow l of ay v lccy pplyoc a coc wh ho ofoh oc. if o l ha a poblm,

pow ca b o fom lwhwhl h ama l pa.

to pla, opa a maa la

lk ym, w cool cwh opao moo a. thywll aj o lccal ma vaao

al m, ophca wokmaam ym.

DC r C?th hh vola amo ym

ca b hh vola C (HVC) o hhvola dC (HVdC). i a c c(dC) ym, h lco ow oly o

co (fowa), fom h av oh pov mal mak o a bay

fo ac.

dC mo fc wh am laamo of pow ov lo ac, a

wh y oc mo fomloa c.

i ala c (C) h lco

ow fowa a backwa alavly.O p fowa a back a cycl,ma cycl p co o Hz

(Hz). i C ym, ca amoof lccal y a lo bca hcoco ha p.

C ll h aa fo ma lccpow, h maly bca b abl oam dC ov lo ac a c

bakhoh. th pow wok h la 19h cy w acally dC, bcom ha o lv wh a klom o

o of h ao.

What are electrical grids?

HVDC in actionC cov o dC a a cov ao, h am hoh dC l o a

co cov ao, cov back o C a f o aoh lccal wok.

C lieC lie

trarmer

DC lie

Cverer

(cverig DC/C)

Cverer

(cverig DC/C)

trarmer

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ncla pow pla

Comb cycla pow pla

UHV/HV p

MV p

Offhobao

C/dCcov

sb

aom

Offhow fam

HVdC

HVC

HVdC

C

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db ocmaam fo co-cy

mii

ribui

uo

l

Ohow fam

sola pow

ao

Hyopow pla

nwok

maam

-labao

ga-labao

C/dCcov

HVC

HVC

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Challenges ofelectrical grids

Efcient power supplyAround two-thirds of primary energy is lost, mainly due to power conversion, and up to16% of electricity generated never reaches users it is lost by the networks, like waterleaking from a pipe. The US Energy Information Administration calculated that electricity

lost in transmission and distribution cost the economy $20 billion in 2005.

Using modern HVDC technology to manage connections among the different parts of thesystem (energy conversion, energy storage, control and power transmission) could help to

produce savings by preventing outages and reducing the space needed to house equipment.

Building new equipment is one way to try to meet the growing electricity demand,but improving power supply efciency could allow us to do more with less.

Distance of powertransmissionElectric power is often generated in

plants far from users, and near tocoal, gas, hydro or other inputs.

Covering the distances between

producer and consumer is the rst

challenge of transmitting electricity.With less loss due to resistance,

the longest distance lines areHVDC - well suited for long distancetransmission from point to point.

HVDC is the only way to interconnecttwo asynchronous AC systems.

HVDC is the answer: move more

power, more efciently, with thelowest losses possible.

Growing powerdemandA combination of growing demand for

electricity and the need to upgrade orreplace existing equipment means thatmassive investment will be required to

meet future needs. The International

Energy Agency estimates that over$6 trillion needs to be invested in

transmission and distribution by 2030,and as much again on generation.

A total of 5,087 GW of generating

capacity will be built worldwide by2030, with 2,700 GW of that indeveloping countries (1,100 GW in

China alone).

Integrating renewablesOne problem with increasing the use ofrenewable energy sources is that inputs

can vary considerably. The sun can stopshining, the wind can drop with littlewarning and a dry season can reduce

the ow to hydroelectric plants. Eventoo much wind can be a drawback if

it blows at night when there is little orno demand for the energy generated.Solutions must consider how to

integrate different sources seamlesslyinto a single network to supply powercheaply, safely and dependably.

Advanced software will help powersuppliers to anticipate demanductuations. Developing storage

devices that can hold more charge willallow electricity to be stocked.

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Power supply reliability and stabilityReliable electricity supplies are vital for activities like hospitals or air trafc control,while industries like steelmaking depend on large amounts of power to function.

Transmission operators use a number of techniques to improve grid reliability, such asreal-time control and monitoring systems to acquire information on the state of thenetwork and make power available on demand.

An HVDC link is often used to connect AC networks, with transformers at both endsto match local input or output requirements. HVDC dramatically improves power owcontrollability and acts as a rewall by stopping the propagation of faults that could

cascade through a network.

Increased distributed

energy resourcesElectricity consumers are

becoming increasingly proactive.They like to actively control theirelectricity use and bill, shifting

their consumption in real-time tothe most favourable tariff.

It is also possible for consumers

to sell power to utilities from theirown solar panels, wind turbinesor other installations, or they

may choose to store it for electric

vehicles and other uses.Integrating these distributed

energy resources means movingbeyond the traditional centralisedstructure to a highly dynamic grid,

where the electrical network isintertwined with information andtelecommunication flows.

DeregulationIn deregulated electricity markets,the price of electricity can uctuate

widely by the hour or even by theminute. Until recently, electricityconsumers did not receive relevant

information in real-time and typicallypaid a at rate.

The deregulation of electricity

markets and the increase ofconsumer level technology, suchas smart meters and demand-

response, will lead to moreproactive behaviour from the end-

consumers. As customers evolve toexploit the possibilities of demandmanagement, they will soon be ableto install small-scale distributed

generation at home and sell theelectricity. With such benets,

deregulation will continue andincrease.

Compatibility and

standardisationTravellers know that adapters and

transformers are required to make sureappliances can be operated in differentcountries.

The same problems occur on a vasterscale with transmission networks. Theycomplicate the already difcult task

of interconnecting systems betweencountries or across continents. Onesolution to overcome this is HVDC.

The lack of standardisation also means

that the different power systems cannotcommunicate with each other, plus

equipment from different manufacturerscannot always function properlytogether. Great efforts are being made

to rationalise communications andguarantee interoperability betweenequipment. The IEC 61850 substation

communication standard (high-speedcommunication of digital informationbetween devices) is one good example.

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Meetingthe challenges

mar, direc uureth 21 cy wll dC com

back o favo. Mo dC ym caam p o v m mo pow acoh am pylo a l a C ym.

gv h ca fcl obapmo fo pow l boh baa al aa, HVdC may b h oly

olo fo ca capacy.

smar GridWh mo popl hk of a wok

h ay, hy hk of h i o

pho. th commcao volowol hav happ f yo ll ha o

call a opao bfo coc oaoh po.

Lkw, omoow lccy wok

wll hav o b ma, a fac wma. i pacla, om of hchall p al q a

afomao of lccy facowa sma g h x ca.

Co a y o mpov hy fccy h , o ppo

h boom mak o b po

o h cz lccy compo.

g opao wolw am aachv hh lably fo h

wok o pv blacko.

ia w wabl bcom a poy wh h ca

mpoac of h h aa CO2mo.

elccy wok hav a poo h chall. thy ow calya w fomao cholo,

commcao ym a powlcoc.

th sma g p h volo of

h aoal lccy wok: a wao y amo a bowok a avac cool, it,

lcommcao a pow lcoccholo. i pov a al-m, wo-wayow of y a fomao aco h

lccal , fom h pow pla o hho of h val com.

th sma g c a opm h

lccy ow aco joy. so,h bcom flly yamc, a

lccy maam a w a,wh pc fccy a ably.

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Most electrical accidents are due to defective equipment, unsafe

installation, or misuse, and can be prevented by following a fewbasic electricity safety rules:

Mak yo c ppl a lcca

vo ovloa pow ol wh oo may applac

upl applac wh o

Poc lcc cabl

Follow pc afy avc a all m

The terms we use to describe electricity are tributes to pioneers

such as Volta who invented the electrochemical battery, Ampreand Hertz who worked on electromagnetism, Watt who developedthe concept of horsepower, or Ohm whose law denes the

relationship between voltage and current.

surceInternational Energy AgencyWorld Energy Outlook

www.worldenergyoutlook.org

US Energy Information

Administrationwww.eia.gov

World Energy Councilwww.worldenergy.org

Did youknow...

In one hour, the Earth receivesmore energy from the Sunthan total world energy

consumption for a year.

One lightning bolt hasenough electricity to service200,000 homes.

Switching to the besttechnologies available todaywould save at least 40%

of residential electricityconsumption in most

appliance categories.

Standby power accounts for10% of residential energy use inthe OECD area. In other words,

devices doing nothing add 10%to the average electricity bill.

Obamas Smart Grid Plan:

On 27 October 2009, theObama Administrationannounced an investment

totaling $3.4 billion, forsupporting Smart Grid efforts.

The Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus unknowingly experimented

with static electricity in 600 BC. He rubbed amber (elektronin Greek) with cat fur and picked up feathers. He thought theattraction was due to magnetism but in 1600, English scientist

William Gilbert showed that magnetism and static electricity thathe called electricus, meaning amber-like were different.

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