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AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
AFRICAN DEVELOPENT FUND
PROJECT: SUPPORT PROJECT FOR YOUTH EMPLOYABILITY AND
INTEGRATION IN GROWTH SECTORS
COUNTRY: TOGO
PROJECT APPRAISAL REPORT
OSHD DEPARTMENT
October 2015
Translated Document
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Project Summary ..................................................................................................................... vii
I. Strategic Thrust and Rationale ........................................................................................... 1
1.1 Project Linkages with Country Strategy and Objectives............................................. 1
1.2 Rationale for Bank’s Involvement .............................................................................. 2
1.3 Aid Coordination ......................................................................................................... 4
II. Project Description ............................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Project Components .................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Technical Solutions Retained and Other Alternatives Explored ................................. 6
2.3 Project Type ................................................................................................................ 6
2.4 Project Cost and Financing Arrangements.................................................................. 6
2.5 Project Target Area and Beneficiaries......................................................................... 8
2.6 Participatory Approach for Project Identification, Design and Implementation….....8
2.7 Bank Group Experience, Lessons Reflected in Project Design. ................................. 9
2.8 Key Performance Indicators ........................................................................................ 9
III. Project Feasibility ............................................................................................................. 10
3.1 Economic and Financial Performance ....................................................................... 10
3.2 Environmental and Social Impact ............................................................................. 11
IV. Implementation ................................................................................................................. 12
4.1 Implementation Arrangements .................................................................................. 12
4.2 Financial Management .............................................................................................. 14
4.3 Project Monitoring ................................................................................................... 14
4.4 Governance ................................................................................................................ 15
4.5 Sustainability ............................................................................................................. 15
4.6 Risk Management and Mitigation ............................................................................. 16
4.7 Knowledge Building..................................................................................................16
V. Legal Framework ............................................................................................................... 16
5.1 Legal Instrument........................................................................................................ 16
5.2 Conditions Associated with Bank’s Intervention ...................................................... 16
5.3 Compliance with Bank Policies ................................................................................ 17
VI. RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................... 17
i
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex I : Comparative Socio-Economic Indicators of Togo
Annex II : Table of AfDB Portfolio in Togo
Annex III :
Annex IV :
Annex V :
Key Related Projects Financed by other Development Partners
Mainstreaming of Gender-related Challenges in Project
Map of Togo
Currency Equivalents July 2015
Currency Unit = CFA franc
UA 1 = CFAF 824.5
Fiscal Year January – December
ii
Acronyms and Abbreviations ADF African Development Fund
AFD French Development Agency
ANPE National Employment Agency
ANPGF National Agency for Promoting and Guaranteeing Financing for SME/SMI
AVC Agricultural Value Chain
BPW Building and Public Works
CSP Country Strategy Paper
CWIQ Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire
DFS Decentralized Financial System
ETD Enterprises, Territories and Development (Entreprises, Territoires et Développement)
FAIEJ Youth Economic Initiative Support Fund
FECECAV Umbrella Organization of Village Savings and Credit Associations
FI Financial Institution
FNFI National Inclusive Finance Fund
FRR Financial rate of return
FUCEC Federation of Savings and Credit Cooperative Unions
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIZ German Technical Cooperation Agency
GNI Gross National Income
ICT Information and Communication Technologies
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC International Finance Corporation
ILO International Labour Office
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MAEP Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries
MDBAJEJ Ministry of Grassroots Development, Crafts, Youth and Youth Employment
MEIA Ministry of Livestock and Animal Industries
MFI Microfinance Institution
MUFEC Women’s Mutual Savings Credit Union
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NPV Net Present Value
NTF Nigeria Trust Fund
OEF Training and Employment Observatory
PADAT Agricultural Development Support Project
PAEIJ -SP Support Project for Youth Employability and Integration in Growth Sectors
PASA Agricultural Sector Support Programme
PCR Project Completion Report
PFIs Partner Financial Institutions
PNIASA National Programme for Agricultural Investment and Food Security
PNPER National Rural Entrepreneurship Promotion Project
PRADEB Grassroots Development Support Programme
PSNEJ National Strategic Plan for Youth Employment
RESEN Government Reports on National Education Systems
SCAPE Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion Strategy
SME Small and Medium Enterprises
SMI Small and Medium Industries
SPPO Service Provider and Producer Organizations
TFMU Technical Fund Management Unit
TFP Technical and Financial Partner
TSF Transition Support Facility
U-CMECS Union of Mutual Savings and Credit Funds of the Savannah Region
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
URCLEC Renovated Union of Local Savings and Credit Funds
UTB Union Bank of Togo (Union Togolaise de banque)
VT Vocational Training
WAAPP-Togo West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme-Togo
WADB West African Development Bank
WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union
WAGES Women’s Association for Economic and Social Well-Being
WB World Bank
iii
Project Information Sheet
Client Information
BORROWER: Togolese Republic
EXECUTING AGENCY: Ministry of Grassroots Development, Crafts, Youth and Youth
Employment (MDBAJEJ)
Financing Plan
Source Amount (UA) Instrument
ADF
TSF
NTF
Government
6.67 million
1.33 million
6.5 million
0.77 million
ADF Grant
TSF Grant
NTF Loan
Counterpart Funds
TOTAL COST 15.27 million
AfDB Key Financing Information
Grant Amount
Loan Amount
UA 8 million
UA 6.5 million
Interest Type* NA
Interest Rate Spread* NA
Commitment Fee* 0.5%
Service Charge 0.75%
Tenor 20 years
Grace Period 7 years
FRR 29%
NPV (baseline scenario) CFAF 5.083 billion
Timeframe –Milestones (expected)
Concept Note Approval
May 2015
Project Approval October 2015
Effectiveness December 2015
Last Disbursement December 2020
Completion December 2020
iv
Results-Based Logical Framework
1 A baseline situation survey is planned at project inception.
Country and Project Name: Togo – Support Project for Youth Employability and Integration in Growth Sectors (PAEIJ-SP)
Project Goal: Contribute to creating the conditions for a more inclusive economic growth by boosting youth employability and promoting entrepreneurship in growth sectors
RESULTS CHAIN PERFORMANCE INDICATORS MEANS OF
VERIFI-CATION
RISKS/MITIGATION MEASURES Indicator
(including CSI) Baseline Target
IMP
AC
T
Contribute to inclusive growth and
poverty reduction
-Incidence of poverty
- Combined unemployment and underemployment rate
among youth aged 15-34 years
2011
58.7%
W: 54.3%
M: 22%
W: 31.9%
2025
49%
W:45%
M: 16%
W: 26%
Employment and
Informal Sector
Survey and/or
CWIQ survey
OU
TC
OM
ES
Outcome 1: Income of project
beneficiaries are increased
-% increase in beneficiary income
2015
01
2020
M, W: 25%,
PMU activity and
project study
reports
Risk 1: Deterioration of macroeconomic situation
Mitigation Measure 1: Continuation of ongoing economic reforms with the support
of Technical and Financial Partners
Outcome 2: Youth integration into the
labour market is improved
- Number of direct jobs created by enterprises supported 0 In 2020: 19 600 (incl.
40% women)
Component 1: Development of entrepreneurial skills in growth sectors
OU
TP
UT
S
Output 1.1 Operational and effective
entrepreneurship support mechanism
- Number of agro-processing SMEs supported
- Number of young entrepreneurs provided support in the
agricultural value chain (AVC) - Number of farmer groups supported
- Number of women rural entrepreneurs sensitized and literate (vulnerable villages)
- Number of young entrepreneurs provided support in
pilot sectors (tourism, environment, craft)
2015
0
0
0
0
0
2020
12
1200 (W: 50%)
14 280 (incl. W: 40% and youth: 60%)
200
100 (W: 40%)
PMU Reports
NGO Report
PMU Report
Risk 2: An unconducive business
environment for small and microenterprises
Mitigation Measure 2: Institutional support
to improve the business environment. The
project seeks to support the regulatory framework for contractual actors in the AVC
Output 1.2 Training scheme
incorporating entrepreneurship
education and market needs
- Number of establishments incorporating training
modules on entrepreneurial spirit and entrepreneurship
- Number of establishments with technical facilities
commensurate with market needs
0
0
5
5
Output 1.3 Labour market
observation and entrepreneurship
programme monitoring mechanism is strengthened
- Number of reports of the youth employment survey and
anticipating the skill needs of businesses
- Number of professional staff trained in the management of a labour market information system
- A single identifier is established to monitor the youth
enlisted in the entrepreneurship support programme
-
0
0
2
20
1
Project
implementation
reports (Youth Employment
Department)
Component 2: Support to the setting up of an inclusive financing mechanism for entrepreneurship in growth sectors
v
Output 2.1 Establishment of financing mechanism for entrepreneurship and
SMEs in the AVCs
- Number of SMEs established with access to financing - Number of young beneficiaries of financing
- Number of beneficiary farmers’ groups
0 0
0
12 780 (W: 40%)
1000 (W: 40%)
Consolidated report of project MFIs
Risk 3: Distortion created by public funds to
support entrepreneurship
Mitigation Measure 3: Promoting public-private partnership and capacity building of
MFIs
Output 2.2 Capacity building of
microfinance institutions (MFIs) and
financial institutions (FIs)
- Number of MFIs/FIs trained in AVC financing
- Number of MFIs trying out mobile banking
- Number of innovative financial products for AVC
0
0
0
At least 5
3
4
PMU Reports
Output 2.3 An inclusive financing mechanism is established for
vulnerable communities
- Implementation of a pilot agricultural mutual health scheme
-Entrepreneurship financing mechanism
0 0
1 (2019) 1 (2019)
NGO and PMU Report
Component 3: Project Management and Coordination
Output 3.1 Project is managed
effectively and efficiently
- Project management team is operational
- M&E system is operational
- Number of timely technical reports
- Findings of baseline survey available - Entrepreneurship impact analysis conducted
NA
NA
NA
NA NA
100% (2016)
100% (2016)
40
100% 100%
PMU Reports Risk 4: Weak project management capacity
of Department of Youth Employment
Mitigation Measure 4: Technical
assistance provided by the project
KE
Y A
CT
IVIT
IES
COMPONENTS INPUTS
Component I: Development of entrepreneurial skills in growth sectors
Component II: Support to the establishment of an inclusive financing mechanism for entrepreneurship in growth sectors
Component III: Project management and coordination
Sources of Financing:
ADF/TSF Grant: UA 8.00 million; NTF Loan: UA 6.5 million
Govt.: UA 0.77 million Component 1: UA 5.06 million
Component 2: UA 8.09 million
Component 3: UA 1.65 million
Physical contingencies: MUA 0.17
Financial contingencies: UA 0.30 million
vi
Project Implementation Schedule
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Grant/Loan InformationNegotiation
Board approval
Signing of Loan Agreement
Project launch
Comp.1 - Entrepreneurial Skills
Business model design
Support via ETD NGO
Training of young entrepreneurs
Post-business creation support
Resilience kit for vulnerable villagesSupport to employment information
system and training
Support to training centres
Comp.2 - Inclusive Financing
Entrepreneurship financing
Capacity building of MFIs and FIs
Inclusive financing mechanism for
vulnerable villages
Comp.3 - Project Monitoring/Evaluation
Recruitment of PIU
Baseline survey
Audit
Mid-term reviewImplementation of impact assessment
protocol at start-up
Impact Analysis
Completion
20202015 2016 2017 2018 2019
vii
PROJECT SUMMARY Project
Overview
The objective of this project is to create the conditions for more inclusive economic growth by
improving youth employability and promoting entrepreneurship in growth sectors.
In particular, it aims to provide a contextual response to youth integration needs through support to
entrepreneurship in the agricultural value chain (AVC). Specific support will be provided to the populations
of vulnerable and remote villages in order to attune them to the economic momentum that the project aims
to boost in rural areas.
The project also aims to provide a solution to youth underemployment by developing prospecting tools
that will adapt the vocational training system to labour market requirements. This is an integrated project
which has involved the participation of several Bank departments on the basis of their specific expertise
(human development, agriculture, fragile States, inclusive financing and research).
Needs
Assessment
The analysis of the country's poverty and employment characteristics revealed regional
vulnerabilities and the vulnerability of youth and women who are the hardest hit by unemployment and
underemployment. The country also has great agricultural product processing potential in terms of
employment upstream and downstream of the AVC. The main public sector projects which are planned as
part of the Government's strategy will provide employment opportunities for young people provided they
have the required qualifications. The aim of this project is to contribute to this. The extreme poverty that
exists in villages which are often remote with limited market access was taken into consideration in this
project. A resilience kit will be offered to these villages within a radius of 50 km of the AVC identified. It
will provide the communities, in particular, women, with specific support such as functional literacy
education, access to planning and support to entrepreneurship. Analysis of the national entrepreneurship
financing mechanism revealed the need to bolster coordination of central government funds and the need for
closer involvement of the private financial sector.
Targeted
Beneficiaries
About 150,000 people from the poorest regions will be affected (Savannah, Central and Plateau Regions).
About 2,600,285 people from the regions of the interior, 50.7% of whom are women, will be indirectly
affected. The project will specifically target 12 key established SMEs, 1200 young entrepreneurs (30% of
whom are women), 14,200 producers/stockbreeders (40% of whom are women) and 200 women from
vulnerable rural villages, 1000 young people trained in vocational training (VT) centres supported by the
project, 40% of whom are women. The other project targets are 4 microfinance institutions (MFIs), one
financial institution (FI) and 5 training centres in the same regions in order to train young people in trades
with good prospects.
Outcomes
and Impact
The project's expected impact is a reduction in the incidence of poverty from 58.7% (2011) to 49%
(2025) and a reduction in the combined unemployment and underemployment rate for young men from 22% (2011) to 16% (2025) and young women from 31.9% (2011) to 26% (2025). It is expected that, in
the medium-term, about 19,600 direct jobs (40% of which will be for women) will be created and that
beneficiaries' income will have risen by 25% by 2020. These outcomes will be assessed by an empirical
impact analysis planned under the project.
Bank's Value
Added
The Bank's value added will be the adoption of an innovative approach to supporting youth
employment in Togo which may be summarized in the following five points: (i) support to existing
processing SMEs which are potential agricultural value chain (AVC) drivers, (ii) support to youth
entrepreneurship in these AVCs and to producers who will have access to a guaranteed market by these
SMEs, (iii) inclusive financing as part of a PPP approach by delegating resource management to the private
financial sector and support to the development of innovative financial products, (iv) the establishment of a
connection between these AVC and the poorest and most remote villages in the area, (v) consideration of the
job creation potential of the country's major public sector investments in order to better adapt the training
system.
Knowledge
Management
One of the project's objectives is to carry out an impact analysis of entrepreneurship support. The
innovative approach which consists in supporting all the AVC actors will thus be empirically evaluated in
order to assess its impact in terms of job and income creation. This will help to guide public action with a
view to the widespread dissemination of the approach.
The project also makes provision for strategic studies such as: (i) a report on the characteristics of youth
employment, (ii) a prospective study on the skill requirements of growth sectors, (iii) a study on agricultural
insurance and mutual fund mechanisms, and (iii) an analysis of the regulatory framework for contract
compliance in the AVC.
1
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF MANAGEMENT OF THE BANK GROUP TO THE BOARD OF
DIRECTORS CONCERNING THE AWARD OF AN ADF GRANT AND A TSF GRANT, AND THE
EXTENSION OF AN NTF LOAN TO THE TOGOLESE REPUBLIC FOR THE YOUTH
EMPLOYABILITY AND INTEGRATION IN GROWTH SECTORS SUPPORT PROJECT (PAEIJ-SP)
Management hereby submits the following report and recommendation for a proposed ADF grant of UA
6.67 million, a TSF grant of UA 1.33 million and an NTF loan of UA 6.5 million to the Togolese
Republic to finance the Youth Employability and Integration in Growth Sectors Support Project (PAEIJ-
SP).
I. Strategic Thrust and Rationale
1.1 Project Linkages with Country Strategy and Objectives
1.1.1 The Government's key priorities are human capital development, youth integration,
inclusion and fairness. Togo’s 2013-2017 Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion Strategy
(SCAPE) 2013-2017 seeks to lay the foundations for the country's future emergence. To this end, five
strategic thrusts were adopted: (i) developing sectors with high growth potential; (ii) strengthening
economic infrastructure; (iii) developing human capital, social protection and employment; (iv)
strengthening governance; and (v) promoting participation, and a balanced and sustainable pattern of
development. A major concern of the Government is the promotion of youth employment, which cuts
across all the strategic thrusts of SCAPE. In 2013, the Government, with the support of AfDB and other
partners, prepared a National Strategic Plan for Youth Employment (PSNEJ 2013-2017), which this
project operationalizes. SCAPE and PSNEJ make agriculture a leading sector for integrating youth in
agribusiness and processing. This project is in line with the National Agricultural Investment and Food
Security Programme (PNIASA) adopted in 2009 which organizes the value chains around business
models.
1.1.2 The primary focus of the Togolese authorities in promoting youth employment is
providing support for business creation. The National Inclusive Finance Fund (FNFI) provides
support and funding to people who were excluded from the financial system. Two other structures – the
Youth Economic Initiative Support Fund (FAIEJ) and the National Agency for Promoting and
Guaranteeing Financing for SME/SMI (ANPGF) – target young first-time entrepreneurs, with the main
implementing instrument being the business plan. They offer support services (FAEIJ) and facilitate
access to financial services through co-financing agreements with financial institutions (MFIs and
banks). While the involvement of these actors is an indication of the priority set by the authorities to
support entrepreneurship, at the same time, this makes it difficult to coordinate government action due to
the large number of stakeholders2. The project will involve these three different State funds in its
implementation and will conduct consultations on microfinance refinancing mechanisms (see Technical
Annex A5.2.2). The project aims to revitalize the dialogue and microfinance reform body established in
2012, but which is not operational.
1.1.3 PAEIJ-SP is fully in keeping with the Bank’s strategies, including: (i) the Long-Term
Strategy (LTS) for 2013-2022, through the operational priorities of “qualifications and technologies”
and “private sector development” and (ii) the Human Capital Strategy (2014-2018), which has the
overall objective of skill building for employment. The project is also aligned with the Gender Strategy
of “Investing in Gender Equality for Africa’s Transformation” (2014-2018), particularly its Pillar II on
economic empowerment as well as with the Strategy for Addressing Fragility and Building Resilience in
Africa. Collaboration with several Bank departments made it possible to cover all the essential factors
2 Cf. Technical Annex A.2.1
2
for youth integration: (i) skill building, access to non-financial services for young entrepreneurs and
gender promotion (OSHD); (ii) access to inclusive financial services (OFSD), (iii) structuring of
agricultural value chains (OSAN) and (iv) consideration of fragility factors (ORTS). In this regard, the
project is also consistent with the strategies for promoting the inclusive financial sector, agriculture and
countries in transition.
1.2 Rationale for Bank’s Involvement
1.2.1. Some of Togo’s factors of
fragility are endemic poverty and
regional inequalities. Despite a reduction
in the incidence of poverty in the country
from 2006 to 2011, there was a worsening
of the extreme poverty and inequality rates
(the Gini index increased from 0.361 to
0.393) over the same period. Poverty
increased in the Plateau, Central and
Savannah regions (Figure 1). Independent
farmers are the most vulnerable with a
poverty incidence of 78%. Rural women
are more underprivileged than men in terms of access to inputs (land, financing, technical and
managerial capacity, etc.). PAEIJ-SP aims to boost the resilience of beneficiaries by supporting the
economic empowerment of young women
and men through the promotion of inclusive
financial systems and capacity building
activities, including literacy education and
family planning activities.
1.2.2 Coupled with this poverty-related
fragile situation is a relatively high rate of
underemployment in Togo and a weak
labour market information system. Figure
2 shows a high combined
unemployment/underemployment rate of 30%
in rural areas. The labour market in Togo is
characterized by the predominance of the
informal sector which accounts for 86.7% of
jobs. Youth and women are most affected by unemployment with respective rates of 8.1% and 9%.
Togo’s situation is similar to that of WAEMU countries in which the youth unemployment rate is
estimated at 10.6%3. According to an ILO survey conducted in 2012, women’s transition to stable
employment lasts almost 6.6 months longer than that of men. The employment statistics need to be
refined with decent work indicators. An unemployment rate of 3% in rural areas does not reflect local
realities. The Bank will therefore provide support in this regard in order to build the capacity of the
employment observatory in partnership with ILO.
It is also important to highlight the peculiarity of the Savannah region, which, despite being the poorest
in the country, has a very low unemployment rate (0.8%), the lowest regional inactivity rate and a high
underemployment rate (41.3%). This reflects the constant struggle of the people of the region to fight
3 Study on youth employment in the WAEMU zone conducted as part of the 6th Conference of WAEMU Ministers of Employment and Training, held in
June 2015 in Abidjan.
10%3% 4% 9%
19%27%
20%
26%
29% 30%25%
35%
Urban Rural Men Women
Source: CWIQ 2011 Survey Report
Chart 2: Combined Unemployment and Under-Employment Rate by Gender and Place of Residence
Unemployment Under-employment
63%67%
62%
74% 74%
87%
27%
54%
65%
80%
68%
91%
12%
14%
26%14% 15%
19%
Grand Lomé Maritime Plateaux Centrale Kara Savanes
Graph 1: Poverty Incidence and Contribution by Region
Poverty 2006 Poverty 2011 Contribution to Poverty 2011
3
poverty, with no option but to work to survive. The project plans to provide specific support to this
region, which has potential in the animal processing sub-sector. (cf. Technical Annex A 5.2.1).
1.2.3. Under-education and inadequate qualifications are a major constraint to socio-economic
development. 55% of job seekers have not completed primary education. While 17% of young people
have no qualifications, girls are particularly affected with 23.4% of them never having been to school. A
total of 304,881 young people (including 229,310 girls) are in a fragile situation, and unlikely to find
jobs, particularly those requiring basic general knowledge. Furthermore, the structure of the economy
does not create enough employment, resulting in a quantitative mismatch with 3,500 higher education
graduates or senior secondary school leavers competing for 1,050 skilled jobs annually.
1.2.4. The sectors with high employment potential considered by the project are primarily
agriculture and the BPW sector. At the request of the Togolese authorities, the tourism, crafts and
green economy sectors will be included on a pilot basis. Agriculture accounts for 51.8% of GDP (2013).
It occupies 70% of the workforce (56% women) and attracts many young people (68.9%). The sector
has advantages including available arable land (3.4 million hectares 45% of which is cultivated), diverse
agro-ecological zones and potential irrigable land.
1.2.5 Additionally, the massive investments planned to develop modern transport infrastructure
(road, sea, rail and air) represent job opportunities for the youth. Similarly, the social housing
programme through the construction of 10 000 housing units will help create thousands of jobs. The
project will analyse the job creation potential of the public investment programme and attempt to
anticipate skill needs in order to ensure placement of skilled human resources on the labour market. The
Government also intends to promote tourism and the arts by developing untapped natural assets such as
sandy beaches, varied flora and fauna, historical and archaeological remains, arts and traditions. The
Togolese authorities have asked for financing to be provided under the PAEIJ-SP project for pilot
entrepreneurship initiatives in the area of arts and crafts and eco-tourism.
1.2.6. The project intends to foster innovative approaches to support entrepreneurship through
the promotion of agricultural value chain business models. It will help to organize all the links in the
agricultural value chains, ranging from SME processing to producers through the development of
agribusiness investment opportunities for the youth (service providers, mechanization, warehousing,
etc…) (cf. Annex IV). Some reluctance was also observed on the part of MFIs and commercial banks to
finance the agricultural sector. The project intends to address this by: (i) supporting entrepreneurship to
limit the risks perceived by MFIs and FIs; and (ii) building the innovative capacity of financial
institutions and proposing financial products suited to agriculture.
1.2.7 The existing entrepreneurship support mechanisms are a blend of non-financial support services
and financial services. They are used to identify and support first-time entrepreneurs and to finance
activities. This is the main cause of the distortions observed: long lead times, mismatch between needs
and resources, non-compliance with fund disbursement plan, deterioration of portfolio quality, etc. This
project aims to separate the two functions. Support to businesses (established and start-ups) will be
provided through existing, but strengthened mechanisms. Activities will be financed through a private
banking service provider under a public-private partnership (see Technical Annex A. 5.2.2). The bank
to be selected will be the interface for refinancing microfinance institutions will provide direct financing
for SMEs. It will hold the revolving fund the use of which will be governed by the credit operations
manual to be prepared at project start-up.
4
1.3 Aid Coordination
Table 1
Government and TFP contribution in targeted sectors
Sector or Sub-Sector GDP
Employment and Vocational Training
(2014-2015 average) 1.2%
Stakeholders – Annual Public Expenditure in UA million
Government (2014 and 2015
average) Donors Period
AfDB 4.2 2014-2018
28.9 WB 2.8 2016-2017
WADB 19.4 2012-2016
IFAD 28.1 2012-2016
AFD 4.8 2011-2015
GIZ 21.6 2012-2016
Level of Aid Coordination
Existence of thematic working groups
Yes
Existence of comprehensive employment sector programme
Yes
AfDB’s role in aid coordination
Member of thematic group
1.3.1 An institutional development policy coordination, monitoring and evaluation mechanism
(DIPD) has been in place since 2010, and consists of two levels of coordination with Technical and
Financial Partners (TFPs): the Government-Donor Committee, at the central level, and the sectoral
committees (a total of 11) at sector level. Within the Education Thematic Group a sub-group is
dedicated to vocational training and entrepreneurship, in which the Bank plays an active role.
1.3.2 Besides the Bank, other key partners involved in supporting entrepreneurship and vocational
training in Togo are listed in Annex 3 and summarized below:
Table 2
TFP Intervention in the Sector Partners Project and Amount
World Bank Private Sector Development Support (PADSP) – USD 13 million
BOAD Grassroots Development Support Programme (PRADEB) – CFAF 6 billion
CFAF 10 billion loan (CFAF 5 billion in 2014 and CFAF 5 billion in 2015)
IFAD National Rural Entrepreneurship Promotion Project (PNPER) – USD 39.6 million
AFD Modernization of Vocational Training in Togo Project – EUR 6 million
Agricultural Training Support Project – EUR 6 million
GIZ Employment Promotion and Vocational Training Project (PROFOPEJ) – EUR 20 million
Programme for Rural and Agricultural Development in Togo (PRODRA) – EUR 7.25
million
1.3.3 PAEIJ-SP will work in synergy with these partners, and especially PNPER, to build the
capacity of MFIs. A partnership with ILO is envisaged to build the capacity of the employment
observatory for the establishment of a labour market information system and training. Provision is also
made for supporting the supervising ministry in designing effective entrepreneurship support
programmes, and more generally active labour market policies.
5
II. Project Description
2.1 Project Components
2.1.1 The project’s expected long-term impact is a reduction in the incidence of poverty as well as a
combined cut in the under-employment/unemployment rate among youths by 2025. The specific
medium-term objectives include increasing the income of entrepreneurship support beneficiaries by 25%
and creating at least 19,600 direct jobs by 2020. To attain the above objectives, the project comprises
three components. The first component aims to strengthen the entrepreneurial skills of youths in growth
sectors. The second component provides support for the establishment of an inclusive mechanism to
finance entrepreneurship among the youth who benefit from support under Component 1, while the third
component aims at providing support to project management and monitoring.
Table 3
Description of Project Activities
Component 1: Development of Youth Entrepreneurial Skills in Growth Sectors – UA 5.06 million (34%)
1. Support to youth entrepreneurship
1.1 Support to the design of business models and identification of sub-sectors
(i) International and local expertise for the design of agricultural value chain business models; and (ii) Feasibility study for business
creation in the environment sector
1.2 Entrepreneurship capacity building and support mechanism: (i) Support to SMEs in agro-processing; (ii) Technical training and
support to youth entrepreneurship and post-business start-up; (ii) Support to women’s entrepreneurship, (iii) Mentoring and
networking system for entrepreneurs; (iv) Establishment of a single identifier for monitoring entrepreneurship support
1.3 Support to entrepreneurship and resilience in remote and vulnerable villages: (i) Identification of targets and needs assessment; (ii)
Support to business creation by women; and (iii) functional literacy education and sensitization on family planning, especially for
women.
2. Support to establishment of a training scheme incorporating market needs and strengthening entrepreneurship education
1.1 Support to the establishment of a labour market information system and training: (i) Skill needs anticipation in growth sectors
(agro-industry, BPW and tourism), and (ii) capacity building of the employment observatory in the analysis of youth employment
situation, with a gender perspective, as well as for staff of the ministry in charge of youth employment.
1.2 Support to vocational training centres: (i) Development of training modules incorporating entrepreneurship and business
management; (ii) Improving the technical facilities of 4 centres connected with the new programmes to meet market needs, and (iii)
Support to training programme design for skills training modules in collaboration with ANPE and FAEIJ.
Component 2: Support to the Establishment of an Inclusive Financing Mechanism – UA 8.09 million (55%)
1. Establishment of the entrepreneurship financing mechanism (i) Financing various links of the agricultural value chain; (ii) Financing pilot entrepreneurship initiatives in the green economy,
tourism and the arts and craft sectors.
2. Capacity building of MFIs and financial institutions
(i) Training on agricultural value chain financing; (ii) Support to the establishment of a mobile banking mechanism; (iii) Development
of new financial products in the agricultural value chain; (iv) Support to the establishment of an MFIs refinancing mechanism; and (v)
study on agricultural insurance.
3. Support to the establishment of an inclusive financing mechanism for vulnerable communities
(i) Support to the establishment of a pilot agricultural mutual scheme; (ii) Financing entrepreneurship in vulnerable villages
Component 3: Support to Project Management and Impact Assessment – UA 1.65 million (11%)
1. Support to project management and monitoring/evaluation
(i) Installation of project management team, and
(ii) Establishment of an operational monitoring/evaluation system
2. Support to the establishment of an impact analysis mechanism
(i) Conduct of baseline surveys, and
(ii) Conduct of impact analysis of the entrepreneurship component.
6
2.2 Technical Solutions Retained and Other Alternatives Explored
2.2.1 The option retained by the project is the promotion of entrepreneurship and skills, based on the key
growth sectors of the economy, particularly in the agricultural value chain. The project intervention will target all
the links in the agricultural value chain from producers to young first-time entrepreneurs in order to improve the
competitiveness of the entire chain through reduction of costs and risks, and increasing the income of all the
actors. The project also aims to provide a solution to the structural causes of youth underemployment by
strengthening entrepreneurship education and anticipating the skill needs of growth sectors with a view to
adapting the training mechanism accordingly.
Table 4
Alternatives considered and reasons for rejection Alternative Brief Description
Reason for Rejection
Support to
entrepreneurship without
link to value chain
Support based on call for
proposals, support to the
development of a business plan,
business plan competition and
grant or assistance in securing
financing for project
implementation
Offers limited viability as open to all sectors, even non-
growth sectors, and markets not guaranteed
Weakened by lack of business (technical skills) support,
especially in the Togolese context where most job seekers
are unqualified
Potential for creation of sustainable jobs rather low
Support to skill building Support to technical education
and vocational training
Does not address Government’s major concern of
resolving current unemployment crisis by tackling the
issue of the large numbers of job seekers.
The project has chosen to focus its action on anticipating
skill needs in the growth sectors and adapting the
vocational training system by strengthening
entrepreneurship education.
Support to income-
generating activities
Support to financing income-
generating activities for
vulnerable people
Such support does not ensure sustainable improvement in
the living conditions of the population due to the lack of
access to markets
The proposed project will target producers involved in the
value chains and will link them up with agro-processing
SMEs and young entrepreneurs providing agricultural
services.
2.3 Project Type: This is an investment project. This approach was adopted to provide specific
support to the country in the implementation of training activities and entrepreneurship support. Since
the project concerns a country in transition, special attention has been given to institutional capacity
building and support to the coordination of Government and TFP interventions.
2.4 Project Cost and Financing Arrangements
2.4.1 The total project cost, net of taxes and customs duties, is estimated at 15.27 million Units of
Account (UA), or approximately CFAF 12,590.18 million. This cost comprises UA 10.50 million in
local currency and UA 4.77 million in foreign exchange. Average provisions of 1% and 2% on the base
cost were applied for physical (UA 0.17 million) and financial (UA 0.30 million) contingencies,
respectively. The summary of estimated costs by component, expenditure category, sources of financing
as well as an expenditure schedule are presented in the tables below. Detailed project cost tables and the
list of goods and services are presented in the Technical Annexes to this report.
7
Table 5
Summary of Estimated Costs by Component
COMPONENTS
CFAF Million
UA Million
%
F.E.
%
Base
Cost L.C. F.E. Total L.C. F.E. Total
1. DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS 1 419.53 2 750.16 4 169.68 1.72 3.34 5.06 66 34
2. SUPPORT TO INCLUSIVE FINANCING
MECHANISM 6 137.22 536.75 6 673.97 7.44 0.65 8.09 8 55
3. PROJECT COORDINATION AND
MANAGEMENT 970.80 390.82 1 361.62 1.18 0.47 1.65 29 11
TOTAL BASE COST 8 527.54 3 677.73 12 205.27 10.34 4.46 14.80 30 100
Physical contingencies 47.78 91.69 139.47 0.06 0.11 0.17 66 1
Financial contingencies 79.40 166.04 245.44 0.10 0.20 0.30 68 2
TOTAL PROJECT COST 8 654.72 3 935.46 12 590.18 10.50 4.77 15.27 31 103
Table 6
Summary of Estimated Cost by Expenditure Category
EXPENDITURE CATEGORIES Million CFAF Million UA
% F.E. L.C. F.E. Total L.C. F.E. Total
A. GOODS 112,91 1 016,21 1 129,12 0,14 1,23 1,37 90
B. SERVICES 1 701,98 2 552,97 4 254,95 2,06 3,10 5,16 60
C. OTHERS: ENTREPRENEURSHIP FINANCING 5 882,45 - 5 882,45 7,13 - 7,13
-
D. PERSONNEL 719,00 - 719,00 0,87 - 0,87 -
E. OPERATION 111,20 108,55 219,75 0,13 0,13 0,27 49
TOTAL BASE COST 8 527,54 3 677,73 12 205,27 10,34 4,46 14,80 30
Physical contingencies 47,78 91,69 139,47 0,06 0,11 0,17 66
Financial contingencies 79,40 166,04 245,44 0,10 0,20 0,30 68
TOTAL PROJECT COST 8 654,72 3 935,46 12 590,18 10,50 4,77 15,27 31
Table 7
Expenditure Schedule by Component
COMPOSANTES
CFAF Million
UA Million
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total
COMPONENT 1 1 268.49 1 122.58 767.83 516.35 494.44 4 169.68 1.54 1.36 0.93 0.63 0.60 5.06
COMPONENT 2 1 078.91 1 285.40 1 606.95 1 174.09 1 528.62 6 673.97 1.31 1.56 1.95 1.42 1.85 8.09
COMPONENT 3 381.36 227.69 242.19 225.19 285.19 1 361.62 0.46 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.35 1.65
TOTAL BASE
COST 2 728.76 2 635.66 2 616.97 1 915.63 2 308.25 12 205.27 3.31 3.20 3.17 2.32 2.80 14.80
Physical contingencies 38.02 34.55 34.08 16.55 16.27 139.47 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.17
Financial
contingencies 17.04 38.88 70.50 51.05 67.97 245.44 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.30
TOTAL 2 783.82 2 709.10 2 721.55 1 983.23 2 392.49 12 590.18 3.38 3.29 3.30 2.41 2.90 15.27
8
Table 8
Sources of Financing
SOURCES OF FINANCING Million CFAF
Million UA %
L.C. F.E. Total L.C. F.E. Total
ADF GRANT 2 224.96 3 274.46 5 499.42 2.70 3.97 6.67 43.7
TSF GRANT 435.60 661.00 1 096.60 0.53 0.80 1.33 8.7
NTF LOAN 5 359.25 - 5 359.25 6.50 - 6.50 42.6
TOGOLESE GOVERNMENT 634.91 - 634.91 0.77 - 0.77 5.0
TOTAL 8 654.72 3 935.46 12 590.18 10.50 4.77 15.27 100.0
2.4.2 The project will be financed with an ADF grant of UA 6.67 million, a TAF grant of UA 1.33
million, an NTF loan of UA 6.5 million and a counterpart contribution of UA 0.77 million (5% of the
project cost). The ADF grant resources will cover over 90% of the investment expenditure (goods and
services) and 80% of operating expenses. All the NTF loan resources will be allocated to the financing
of youth entrepreneurship. The Government contribution will cover operating costs and the financing of
youth entrepreneurship.
2.5 Project Target Area and Beneficiaries
2.5.1 The project area covers five regions of the country but its main focus is the poorest
regions (Savannah, Central and Plateau). The population of these regions is approximately 150,000 -
all from poor districts. The population from regions of the interior stand at 2,600,285, of which 50.7%
women. The project will specifically target 12 key established SMEs, 1,200 young entrepreneurs (30%
of whom will be women), 14,200 producers/livestock farmers (40% women) and 200 women from rural
and vulnerable villages, 1,000 young people (40% women) trained at vocational training (VT) centres
supported by the project. The project also targets 4 MFIs, 1 financial institution and 5 training centres in
the same regions, to train young people in artisanal trades (artisanal auto mechanics and equipment
supplier) in relation with agricultural value chains.
2.5.2 The following criteria will determine the choice of specific intervention areas: (i) high level of
poverty; and (ii) selection of processing SMEs that can demonstrate a potential for development and the
ability to integrate a sizeable number of young entrepreneurs in the supply chain (the criteria are listed in
Technical Annex A 5.2.1 b/ and c/). The needs of the key enterprises targeted will determine the areas of
intervention, while a radius of 50 km around the processing units or aggregators may be used to
determine the production areas. Out of the 12 targeted, the feasibility study has already identified seven
key SMEs in the soya, maize and cassava sub-sectors, which meet these criteria and are located in the
disadvantaged Kara, Central and Plateau regions.
Special attention will also be paid to the poorest region, Savannah, where poultry farming and
processing potential has been identified. The project will conduct the studies required for the
establishment of the new processing SME in this region (cf. Annex A.5.2.1 c/).
2.6 Participatory Approach for Project Identification, Design and Implementation
The project was prepared following broad consultation with major stakeholders during the identification,
preparation and appraisal missions, and which will continue during implementation. Recommendations
from civil society organizations on the need to provide specific support to the most vulnerable
9
(resilience kit) and reduce gender inequalities were taken into account. Private sector producers4 also
informed the project about their challenges and skill needs. Meetings with MFIs and banks confirmed
the relevance of the approach adopted by the project to finance entrepreneurship. The concerns of the
direct beneficiaries, including the youth, women’s groups, farmers and agro-processing enterprises also
guided the strategic choices of the project. The consultative approach will be used in project
implementation by setting up a Steering Committee that will include civil society, the private sector and
Ministerial Departments involved in the project. 2.7 Bank Group Experience, Lessons Reflected in Project Design
2.7.1 The project benefits from lessons learned from other interventions by the Bank and other
actors in Togo. The project portfolio comprises 9 operations for a total UA 86.7 million, of which
6.5% in the social sector. The mid-term review mission fielded in October 2015 rated operations
implementation as satisfactory. The project has drawn lessons from the completion reports of projects in
Togo which have been closed and focus on the following four points: (i) Building the capacity of Project
Implementation Units (PIUs); (ii) strengthening supervision missions and monitoring results indicators
during these missions; (iii) coordinating with other TFPs; and (iv) improving project quality at entry.
The project was the subject of close inter-Departmental collaboration at the Bank in order to improve its
quality. The project feasibility study also highlighted the lessons learned from entrepreneurship
programmes supported by Government and TFPs in Togo. These include: (i) lack of coordination
among the various funds and programmes; (ii) difficulties faced by the first established enterprises to
access markets; (iii) the confusion between financial and non-financial services; (iv) poor technical
training; and (v) lack of a monitoring mechanism. Technical Annex B1 shows how the project factors in
these lessons.
2.7.2 The project also drew on the recommendations contained in the IDEV evaluation reports
and international best practices, identified by impact analyses performed by other partners. The
evaluation of the Bank’s intervention in microfinance and SME financing highlighted: (i) the need to
enhance analysis of the constraints of the financial sector and (ii) encourage the private financial sector
to refinance MFIs, rather than use government funds. The project also includes a public-private
partnership arrangement between government institutions and the private sector with responsibility for
the private financial sector to make financing available for entrepreneurs (see Technical Annex A.5.2.2).
The impact analyses of entrepreneurship and microfinance support projects5 have shown that the most
effective and sustainable actions are those that take the level of education and characteristics of young
people into account, the introduction of related sensitization activities (family planning sensitization for
women) and the development of a more appropriate financial instrument for the dynamics of agricultural
entrepreneurship, including micro-insurance6.
2.7.3 The Bank provides added value in the design and monitoring of youth employment and
training support. It has gained experience in several countries including Tunisia, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt,
Mauritania, Niger and Senegal. There are also: (i) support programmes for matching training to
employment and identifying the skill needs of the productive sector, which encourage more involvement
of the productive sector in training (Morocco, Rwanda, Côte d’Ivoire, Tunisia and Mauritania); (ii)
youth entrepreneurship support programmes (Senegal and Egypt); and (iii) projects to strengthen
vocational training and youth integration (Niger and Kenya).
4 The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Togo (CCIT), The National Employers’ Council of Togo (CNPT), The Association of the Large Companies
of Togo (AGET) and several other enterprises. 5 La politique de l’autonomie. Lutter contre la pauvreté (The Politics of Empowerment: Poverty Alleviation), Esther Duflos, 2010 6 https://www.devex.com/news/critique-of-microfinance-raises-questions-about-efficacy-donor-support-of-the-industry-85617
10
2.8 Key Performance Indicators
2.8.1 The objective of the PAIJ-SP is to provide the most favourable employment conditions for
young people and reduce poverty. The project’s expected long-term impact is to reduce the incidence
of poverty and the combined underemployment and unemployment rate by 2025. The results chain is
summarized in the diagram below:
Key Performance Indicators
Impact – Level 1
Reduce poverty incidence from 58.7% (2011) to 49% (2025)
Reduce the combined unemployment and underemployment rate for young men from 22% (2011) to 16%
(2025) and for young women from 31.9% (2011) to 26% (2025)
Impact – Level 2
Increased income for entrepreneurship support beneficiaries by 25% in 2020
At least 19,600 direct jobs created in 2020, 40% of which are for women.
Source: PAEIJ-SP Project Logical Framework
III. Project Feasibility
3.1 Economic and Financial Performance
3.1.1 The project’s profitability analysis gives a financial rate of return of 29% and an economic rate
of return of 14%, with a net present value (NPV) of CFAF 5.083 billion. This analysis was conducted on
the component concerning support to AVC entrepreneurship in the cassava, soya, maize and poultry
sub-sectors. Technical Annex B7 presents the income flows generated for each of the AVC links, i.e.
SMEs, young entrepreneurs and producers. The sensitivity test shows that by increasing the cost by
10%, the financial profitability would stand at 26% and the VAN at CFAF 4.6 billion.
3.1.2 The economic analysis shows the project to generate the following positive externalities,
especially in terms of tax revenue and jobs created: an estimated 19,600 direct jobs over a five-year
period, 18,187 of which will be in the AVC targeted by the project. The impact on indirect jobs (linked
to intermediate consumption) and induced jobs (from consumption of primary or secondary goods) is
difficult to estimate. A partnership is envisaged with the 'Let's Work' initiative of the International
7 The exact number of the project's partner MFIs will be determined in credit fund operations manual in order to ensure optimal coverage in the region.
Key indicators of Targeted Outcomes – Level 3
Component 1: Development of entrepreneurial
skills
Component 2: Inclusive
entrepreneurship financing mechanism
Component 3: Project
management and impact
assessment
-12 existing processing SMEs receive technical
support
- 1,300 young people are trained to start up their
own businesses (40% women)
-200 women from 21 vulnerable villages targeted
- Capacity of employment observatory built
- 5 training centres incorporate the new training
modules and are equipped
- 12 SMEs, 800 young people and
1,000 producer organizations have
access to financing
-At least 5 MFIs7 and one financial
institution are trained in agricultural
value chains
- 3 MFIs pilot mobile banking
- 21 villages receive equipment
financing for income-generating
activities
- The project team is
operational from the first year
- The baseline survey is
conducted at the start and end
of project
- The impact analysis report is
available
11
Financial Corporation (IFC) to carry out this work. Tax revenue flows are estimated at CFAF 18.5
billion over a 20-year period which will result in increased investment in basic public services especially
in the regions of the interior (see Technical Annex B7).
3.2 Environmental and Social Impact
Environment
3.2.1 The project was classified as category 3 in May 2015 and is, therefore, under no requirement to
observe any environmental or social safeguards. In this respect, it will include in the training curricula,
modules on raising environmental awareness in an effort to enhance the level of environmental culture
of future employees and entrepreneurs while developing professional practices that reconcile the
economy with the ecology.
Climate Change
3.2.2 While the project does not fall under the climate risk assessment system, with climatic vagaries
likely to impact adversely on the country’s economic growth, a study will be conducted on green
economy entrepreneurship opportunities and jobs. A prospective study will also be conducted on the
impact of climate change on prospects in growth sectors.
By investing in human capital and social inclusion, the project contributes to building the people’s
resilience to climate change. By raising the level of qualification of the human resources and promoting
their access to job opportunities, the project prepares the beneficiaries to emerge from poverty as well as
to become better equipped to develop climate change adaptation strategies. The project will also develop
modules on climate change adaptation so as to build the technical skills of the beneficiaries to boost
their resilience.
Social Impact
3.2.3 By refocusing the employment and skills development issues at the heart of public policy
in Togo, the project will help to ensure inclusiveness in the country’s growth. The project will have
quite a significant social impact as it will reduce the risk of vulnerability to poverty and social exclusion
by improving youth employment (drop in the unemployment and underemployment rate from 29% to
19% from 2011 to 2025). These combined effects will help to reduce the poverty rate estimated at
58.7%, according to the last Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) survey in 2011, to 49% in
2025, going by projections.
3.2.4 The project, therefore, contributes to calming social tensions generated by youth
unemployment. It also contributes to mitigating the risk of social conflicts among the different
population categories by reducing regional disparities in access to quality training and job opportunities.
Togo has just emerged from a severe socio-political crisis which occurred from 1990 to 2006 and needs
to consolidate the gains made in recent years. Lastly, the project will help to settle young people in their
own environment by developing regional and local potential on agricultural value chains.
3.2.5 The project will also provide specific support (resilience kit) to 21 remote and vulnerable
villages located in the agricultural value chain support area. Interventions such as functional literacy
education and family planning sensitization tailored to the characteristics of these communities, will
help link them to sources of growth boosted at the regional level.
3.2.6 Increasing agro-processing will improve the nutritional status of the country for
vulnerable children. The project will support food-processing SMEs in the fortification of food
12
products such as soy flour, in an effort to diversify their production. This will help solve the chronic
malnutrition prevalence among under-five children in rural areas.
Gender
3.2.7 Gender inequalities are still very prevalent in the social and economic fabric of the
country in terms of access to resources and decision-making and in family organization and
reproductive life. In 2011, about 43.3% of young people and adults aged 15 to 44 were illiterate, with
over two-thirds (670 000) of them women. Indeed, 23.4 % of young girls have no qualification
(compared to 17% of boys). Only 15% of women completed secondary school (compared to 45% for
men). Access to family planning is poor and early and unwanted pregnancies among young girls further
complicate their access to education, decent employment and any likelihood of social mobility. Also,
factors of production such as land and infrastructure are an issue for women who are hampered by
transportation difficulties in rural areas. The project includes the following gender promotion activities:
- Specific support to women entrepreneurs in AVC and access to financing (650 young
women entrepreneurs and 5,712 women belonging to producer organizations);
- Establishment of a mentoring system for young women entrepreneurs;
- Support to functional literacy for women in targeted vulnerable villages;
- Sensitization on, and access to family planning for young girls and women;
- Pilot agricultural mutual health scheme, with gender approach;
- Training on gender and inclusion for all project stakeholders;
The Table in Annex IV of this report shows the major challenges and how the project plans to address
them. Technical Annex A4 presents a more detailed gender situation analysis in Togo
IV. Implementation
4.1 Implementation Arrangements
4.1.1 Institutional Arrangements: The Executing Agency is the Ministry of Grassroots
Development, Crafts, Youth and Youth Employment (MDBAJEJ), through the Department of Youth
Employment (DEJ). A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established within the DEJ to oversee
the implementation of all the project components and prepare periodic project status reports under the
guidance of a Coordinator to be recruited. The capacity assessment of the DEJ revealed the need to
recruit PMU staff made up of a team of experts (procurement, financial management, monitoring and
evaluation and gender) and support staff (secretary, driver and messenger).
4.1.2 A Steering Committee, chaired by the General Secretary of MDBAJEJ, and comprising a
representative of all beneficiary institutions of the project, will be set up to ensure efficient guidance and
coordination of activities. The Steering Committee will supervise and monitor implementation. It will
meet every six months to validate the annual reports, the programme and work timetable, and the annual
project budget. The Project Coordinator will provide secretariat services for the Steering Committee
meetings. A Financing Committee will be established to supervise the part concerning the
entrepreneurship financing mechanism. This committee will comprise the Project Unit, State funds and
13
representatives of the banking system. At project start-up, it will be responsible for validating the credit
operations manual and terms of reference for the selection of the commercial bank and microfinance
institutions through competitive bidding.
4.1.3 Procurement Arrangements for Goods, Works and Services: In November 2011, the Bank
reviewed the country’s national procurement procedures which were updated in February 2014. Bank-
financed procurement will be made according to national procedures for national competitive bidding
for goods and works in accordance with Letter of Agreement No. ORVP.0/LTR/2014/06/002 dated 22
May 2014 on the use of national procedures for national competitive bidding. Procurement by
international competitive bidding and selection of consulting services will be carried out in accordance
with the Bank's Rules and Procedures for the Procurement of Goods and Works (May 2008 edition,
revised in July 2012), or as the case may be, Bank Rules and Procedures for the Use of Consultants
(May 2008 edition, revised in July 2012) using appropriate Bank standard bidding documents. It will
also be carried out in accordance with the provisions to be set out in the financing agreement. The
procurement plan for 18 months prepared by the Government, the detailed procurement methods and the
table on the procurement of goods, works and services are presented in the technical annexes of the
report (Annex B5). Advance Procurement Action (APA) may be used if the Government submits a
request for it to the Bank. It will concern the recruitment of members of the project unit and technical
assistance staff to facilitate project start-up.
4.2 Financial Management
4.2.1 The PAEIJ-SP will be implemented by a Project Management Unit within the
Department of Youth Employment (DEJ) of the Ministry of Grassroots Development, Crafts, Youth
and Youth Employment (MDBAJEJ). The management tools, namely accounting software, the
administrative, financial and accounting procedures manual and the youth credit operations manual, will
be prepared and introduced no later than three (3) months following the first disbursement. All the
financial management components, from the budget, internal audit, accounting, cash situation, financial
reports to the external audit mechanism will be set up.
4.2.2 Disbursements will be made using the direct payment and reimbursement methods for
suppliers and service providers, and by the revolving fund or special account method for the youth
credit tranches. First disbursement will be subject to the opening of special accounts. Preparation of the
credit manual and opening of special accounts that will be activated by the Coordinator and financial
management expert will be a condition precedent to disbursement of the entrepreneurship financing
tranche. The project will produce quarterly financial monitoring reports and an annual budget, annual
financial statements, financial statement notes, special accounts reconciliation statements and physical
inventory statements of capital assets.
4.2.3 An independent project audit will be conducted at the end of each fiscal year for the
duration of the project. The auditor will be recruited by competitive bidding based on terms of reference
previously approved by the Bank for a maximum duration of three fiscal years, subject to validation of
the report of the first fiscal year. The auditor will be paid using the direct payment method. A second
auditor will be recruited under the same conditions to verify resources and expenditure under the
entrepreneur financing component.
4.2.4 The overall risk relating to the financial management of the, including that of lack of
internal control, is moderate, taking into account the financial management system and risk mitigation
measures proposed by the Bank.
14
4.3 Project Monitoring
4.3.1 The project will focus on establishing a project monitoring mechanism, and will
strengthen the national entrepreneurship support programmes monitoring system. A survey on the
baseline situation will be conducted at project start-up. A single identifier will be introduced to monitor
the beneficiaries of all the entrepreneurship support programmes. Based on the work plan retained, the
project will transmit a performance monitoring plan at the beginning of each year and update the results
indicator framework. Core project activities will be closely monitored as set out on the table below:
Table 9
Monitoring of project's key activities Activities
Period Responsible institution
Project approval
October 2015 AfDB
Signing of Grant and Loan
Agreements
November 2015 AfDB
Fulfilment of disbursement
conditions
December 2015 GOV/AfDB
Recruitment for PIU and the
international expert
December 2015 GOV
Establishment of Steering
Committee
January 2016 GOV
Preparation of operations manual
for financing component
January 2016 GOV/AfDB
Official launching January 2016 AfDB/GOV
Competitive bidding for initial
contracts, including selection of
commercial bank and MFIs
February - May 2016 GOV/ Project team
Conduct of study on the baseline
situation
March to July 2016 GOV/ Project team
Signing of agreement with ETD and
ILO
February 2016 GOV Project team
Start-up of activities May 2016 GOV Project team
Mid-term review October 2017 AfDB/GOV Project team
Impact assessment June 2017 and June 2020 GOV Project team
Project closure
Project completion
December 2020
June 2021
AfDB/GOV
AfDB/GOV
4.4 Governance
4.4.1 The project will strengthen existing institutional structures to enhance their efficiency in
the fulfilment of their missions. First, the project aims to improve coordination between the actions of
Government and TFPs in order to support entrepreneurship at the central and regional levels. The single
identifier will be used to monitor young entrepreneurs from the time they start the training to when they
obtain a loan from a microfinance institution. This monitoring platform will help avoid duplication and
heighten the visibility of support from the various partners and State institutions. The project will also
build the capacity of MDBEJ in order to improve the efficacy of active labour market programmes, in
collaboration with ILO. The monitoring and evaluation system and the impact analysis will help create
a culture of evaluation that will guide results-based policy decision-making.
4.4.2 The project will also work together with the Ministry of Education to support MDBEJ to
implement activities that will have medium and long-term impacts on the root causes of youth
underemployment. The study on skill needs for growth sectors, implementation of programmes
15
resulting from the study and the improvement of entrepreneurship education will ensure that training is
constantly anchored in the expectations of the productive sector.
4.5 Sustainability
4.5.1 The inclusion of entrepreneurship support in the value chain, with specific actions for the
various links of the chain, will help ensure the sustainability of the different enterprises to be
established. The contractual terms will have provisions ensuring that all parties meet their
commitments. The study on agricultural insurance will lead to the introduction of insurance products
that are suited to the agricultural sector. The agriculture mutual health scheme will be used to cover any
health risks of beneficiaries and their family members – risks that otherwise, could jeopardize their
capacity to repay the loan. It will also improve the health status of the beneficiaries, thereby enabling
them to be more productive. The project aims to create a pool of young people who will receive
assistance to set up their businesses and fulfil certification formalities. The project will also help to
establish an office specialized in supporting enterprises, and which may continue to exist after the end of
the project.
4.5.2 The technical training designed to meet the needs of the agricultural value chains and of
young entrepreneurs will be institutionalized with the support of a training design expert who could
also use the design as training modules for job seekers. Improving entrepreneurship training will ensure
that the young people who come out of the training system are equipped with the skills needed to start
their own business, thereby reducing the current costs for training and providing support to start
businesses.
4.5.3 The establishment of the financial mechanism has been designed to fit into the private
financial sector. The use of a commercial bank will lead to the establishment of an MFI refinancing
system suitable for the private financial sector. Similarly, the project will encourage commercial banks
to prioritize the financing of agricultural sector SMEs by helping them to improve their knowledge of
the sector. This financial mechanism will be established under a public-private partnership arrangement,
where government funds for supporting young entrepreneurs are allocated upstream, and downstream
for the selection of MFIs and financial institutions. Technical assistance will be provided to support
Government in its selection of the most appropriate microfinance refinancing mechanism, drawing on
best practices and following the example of Morocco or Cameroon which have opted for private sector
funding.
4.6 Risk Management and Mitigation
4.6.1 Measures will be taken to mitigate the risks identified in order to ensure the project's success.
The main risks presented in the table below are also indicated in the results-based logical framework
matrix.
16
Table 9
Risk Assessment and Mitigation Measures Risk Level Mitigation Measures
Deterioration of the
macroeconomic situation Low
Continuation of ongoing economic reforms with the support of
TFPs
Unconducive business environment
for VSE and SMEs
Moderate Institutional support to TFPs to improve the business environment
Crowding out effects and distortion
created by public entrepreneurship
support funds
Moderate Project to promote public-private partnership and capacity
building of MFIs
The commercial bank selected
delays the release of resources to
microfinance institutions
Moderate
An operations manual will be prepared using Advance
Procurement Action in order to identify such risks and propose
mitigation measures in the provisions of the contracts to be signed
by the parties
Weak participation by productive
sector Low
Enhance dialogue with federation of enterprises upstream of the
project and determine the collaboration framework
4.7 Knowledge Building
4.7.1 The PAIEJ-SP will ensure the production of analytical reports on the status of young
people on the labour market in Togo through the use of the first employment survey to be conducted
with WAEMU support. The report will be produced by the employment observatory with ILO support
considering its value added in terms of labour market statistics.
4.7.2. An impact study will be conducted under the project to provide empirical evidence of the
project’s decision to support entrepreneurship and SMEs in agricultural value chains. The
findings of this study will improve the Bank’s knowledge of factors underpinning the success of support
to entrepreneurship and also inform decision-making in a country which invests heavily in such
activities.
4.7.3 The skill needs study will lead to the development of tools to forecast labour market
expectations. With such tools, the training system could be adjusted more effectively to enhance the
employability of young people.
V. Legal Framework
5.1 Legal Instrument
The project will be financed with an ADF grant of UA 6.67 million, a TSF grant of UA 1.33 million, an NTF
loan of UA 6.5 million and a counterpart contribution of UA 0.77 million. The legal instrument of the project
will be a Grant Protocol Agreement and a Loan Protocol Agreement to be signed between the Togolese
Republic and the Bank.
5.2 Conditions Associated with Bank’s Intervention
Conditions associated with the Grant
5.2.1 Conditions precedent to Grant effectiveness. The Grant Agreement will become effective on the
date of its signature by the Donee and the Bank
5.2.2 Conditions precedent to first disbursement of the Grant resources. The Fund’s obligation
to effect the first disbursement of the grant shall be subject to the effectiveness of the Grant Protocol
17
Agreement pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 5.2.1 above, and evidence that the Donee has, both in
form and in substance, fulfilled the following special conditions to the satisfaction of the Fund:
(i) Recruitment of the Project Implementation Unit Coordinator and financial manager,
whose qualifications and experience shall be deemed acceptable by the Bank; and
(ii) Opening of a special account in a commercial bank deemed acceptable by the Bank, into
which the grant resources shall be paid.
Conditions associated with the Loan:
5.2.3 Conditions precedent to loan effectiveness: effectiveness of the Loan Agreement shall be
subject to fulfilment, to the Bank's satisfaction, of the conditions stipulated in Section 12.01 of the
General Conditions Applicable to Loan and Guarantee Agreements of the Bank.
5.2.4 Conditions precedent to first disbursement of loan resources. The Fund’s obligation to
effect the first disbursement of the loan shall be subject to the effectiveness of the Loan Agreement
pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 5.2 above, and evidence that the Borrower has, both in form and
in substance, fulfilled the following special conditions to the satisfaction of the Fund:
(i) Recruitment of the Project Implementation Unit Coordinator and financial manager,
whose qualifications and experience shall be deemed acceptable by the Bank; and
(ii) Opening of a special account in a commercial bank deemed acceptable by the Bank, into
which the loan resources shall be paid.
5.2.5 Other Conditions: Moreover, the Donee/Borrower shall submit to the Fund:
(i) No later than three (3) months following the first disbursement of the grant and the loan,
the project’s administrative and financial procedures manual as well as the operations
manual of the entrepreneurship and VSE/SME financing mechanism; and
(ii) The credit fund operations manual.
5.2.6 Undertakings. The Donee/Borrower shall also undertake to:
(i) Set up and appoint the members of the Project Steering Committee and the Financing
Committee without delay;
(ii) Proceed with the recruitment of all members of the project team.
5.3 Compliance with Bank Policies
This project is in line with the Bank’s applicable policies. It will be implemented under the Bank’s
operations strategy for Togo as defined in the CSP (2010-2015), which was reviewed at mid-term and
approved in December 2013 by the Board as well as the Bank’s 2013-2022 Strategy and the Human
Capital Strategy (2014-2018).
VI. RECOMMENDATION
Management recommends that the Board of Directors approve: (i) an ADF grant for an amount not
exceeding UA 6.67 million; (ii) a TSF grant for an amount not exceeding UA 1.33 million; and (iii) an
NTF loan for an amount not exceeding UA 6.50 million to the Togolese Republic for the purposes and
subject to the conditions stipulated in this report.
I
Annex I
Comparative Socio-Economic Indicators of Togo
Year Togo Africa
Develo-
ping
Countries
Develo-
ped
Countries
Basic Indicators
Area ( '000 Km²) 2014 57 30 067 80 386 53 939Total Population (millions) 2014 7,0 1 136,9 6,0 1,3Urban Population (% of Total) 2014 39,5 39,9 47,6 78,7Population Density (per Km²) 2014 123,1 37,8 73,3 24,3GNI per Capita (US $) 2013 530 2 310 4 168 39 812Labor Force Participation - Total (%) 2014 81,0 66,1 67,7 72,3Labor Force Participation - Female (%) 2014 50,9 42,8 52,9 65,1Gender -Related Dev elopment Index Value 2007-2013 0,803 0,801 0,506 0,792Human Dev elop. Index (Rank among 187 countries) 2013 166 ... ... ...Popul. Liv ing Below $ 1.25 a Day (% of Population)2008-2013 52,5 39,6 17,0 ...
Demographic Indicators
Population Grow th Rate - Total (%) 2014 2,6 2,5 1,3 0,4Population Grow th Rate - Urban (%) 2014 3,8 3,4 2,5 0,7Population < 15 y ears (%) 2014 41,7 40,8 28,2 17,0Population >= 65 y ears (%) 2014 2,8 3,5 6,3 16,3Dependency Ratio (%) 2014 71,4 62,4 54,3 50,4Sex Ratio (per 100 female) 2014 97,4 100,4 107,7 105,4Female Population 15-49 y ears (% of total population) 2014 24,7 24,0 26,0 23,0Life Ex pectancy at Birth - Total (y ears) 2014 56,9 59,6 69,2 79,3Life Ex pectancy at Birth - Female (y ears) 2014 78,5 60,7 71,2 82,3Crude Birth Rate (per 1,000) 2014 35,9 34,4 20,9 11,4Crude Death Rate (per 1,000) 2014 10,5 10,2 7,7 9,2Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000) 2013 55,8 56,7 36,8 5,1Child Mortality Rate (per 1,000) 2013 84,7 84,0 50,2 6,1Total Fertility Rate (per w oman) 2014 4,6 4,6 2,6 1,7Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100,000) 2013 450,0 411,5 230,0 17,0Women Using Contraception (%) 2014 21,2 34,9 62,0 ...
Health & Nutrition Indicators
Phy sicians (per 100,000 people) 2004-2012 5,3 46,9 118,1 308,0Nurses (per 100,000 people)* 2004-2012 27,4 133,4 202,9 857,4Births attended by Trained Health Personnel (%) 2009-2012 59,4 50,6 67,7 ...Access to Safe Water (% of Population) 2012 60,0 67,2 87,2 99,2Healthy life ex pectancy at birth (y ears) 2012 50,0 51,3 57 69Access to Sanitation (% of Population) 2012 11,3 38,8 56,9 96,2Percent. of Adults (aged 15-49) Liv ing w ith HIV/AIDS 2013 2,3 3,7 1,2 ...Incidence of Tuberculosis (per 100,000) 2013 73,0 246,0 149,0 22,0Child Immunization Against Tuberculosis (%) 2013 97,0 84,3 90,0 ...Child Immunization Against Measles (%) 2013 72,0 76,0 82,7 93,9Underw eight Children (% of children under 5 y ears) 2005-2013 16,5 20,9 17,0 0,9Daily Calorie Supply per Capita 2011 2 366 2 618 2 335 3 503Public Ex penditure on Health (as % of GDP) 2013 4,5 2,7 3,1 7,3
Education Indicators
Gross Enrolment Ratio (%)
Primary School - Total 2011-2014 134,4 106,3 109,4 101,3 Primary School - Female 2011-2014 126,7 102,6 107,6 101,1 Secondary School - Total 2011-2014 54,9 54,3 69,0 100,2 Secondary School - Female 2011-2014 30,4 51,4 67,7 99,9Primary School Female Teaching Staff (% of Total) 2012-2014 14,7 45,1 58,1 81,6Adult literacy Rate - Total (%) 2006-2012 60,4 61,9 80,4 99,2Adult literacy Rate - Male (%) 2006-2012 74,1 70,2 85,9 99,3Adult literacy Rate - Female (%) 2006-2012 48,0 53,5 75,2 99,0Percentage of GDP Spent on Education 2009-2012 4,0 5,3 4,3 5,5
Environmental Indicators
Land Use (Arable Land as % of Total Land Area) 2012 48,7 8,8 11,8 9,2Agricultural Land (as % of land area) 2012 0,7 43,4 43,4 28,9Forest (As % of Land Area) 2012 4,9 22,1 28,3 34,9Per Capita CO2 Emissions (metric tons) 2012 0,2 1,1 3,0 11,6
Sources : AfDB Statistics Department Databases; World Bank: World Development Indicators; last update :
UNAIDS; UNSD; WHO, UNICEF, UNDP; Country Reports.
Note : n.a. : Not Applicable ; … : Data Not Available.
TogoCOMPARATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS
octobre 2015
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2000
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Infant Mortality Rate( Per 1000 )
To go Africa
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2000
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
GNI Per Capita US $
To go Africa
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
2000
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Population Growth Rate (%)
Togo Africa
01020304050607080
2000
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Life Expectancy at Birth (years)
To go Africa
II
Annex II
Table of AfDB Portfolio in Togo
Sec-
tor Project Name
Amount
committ
ed (%)
Window Approval
Date
Disbursement
Deadline
Amount
Disbursed
Amount
Approved
Disburs.
Rate (%)
Wa
ter
&
Sa
nit
ati
on
Integrated Water Information System Development Project AWF 12/01/2009 30/08/2015 1 237 031 1 237 031 100,00
Toilets for all in Sokodé through the valorisation of faecal sludge
and microcredit AWF 19/04/2013 30/06/2016 99 314 934 277 10,63
Sub-Total Water and Sanitation 2.49 1 336 345 2 171 308 61,55
Go
v
Resource Mobilization and Institutional Capacity Building Project
(PAMOCI) FSF 09/10/2014 30/06/2019 245 052 5 000 000 4,90
Sub-Total Governance 5.73 245 052 5 000 000 4,90
So
cia
l
Kara and Lome Markets Reconstruction and Traders Support
Project ADF 22/01/2014 31/12/2018 0 1 930 000 0,00
Kara and Lome Markets Reconstruction and Traders Support
Project ADF 22/01/2014 31/12/2018 208 268 1 650 000 12,62
FAPA- Kara and Lome Markets Reconstruction and Traders
Support Project FAPA 26/01/2015 31/12/2018 0 584 093 0,00
Emergency Aid to Mitigate Effects of Lome and Kara Market
Fires SRF 14/08/2013 30/06/2015 714 796 714 796 100,00
Sub-Total Social 5.59 923 064 4 878 889 18,92
Total National 13.80% 2 504 461 12 050 197 20,78
Mu
ltin
ati
on
al
Tra
nsp
ort
Benin/Togo: Lome-Cotonou Road Rehabilitation and Abidjan-
Lagos Corridor Transport Facilitation Project – Phase 1 ADF 05/10/2011 31/12/2016 217 207 4 810 000 4,52
Togo/Burkina: Community Road Rehabilitation and Lome-Ouaga
Corridor Transport Facilitation Project ADF 27/06/2012 31/12/2017 10 004 829 17 800 000 56,21
Togo/Burkina: Community Road Rehabilitation and Lome-Ouaga
Corridor Transport Facilitation Project ADF 27/06/2012 31/12/2017 10 290 496 30 230 000 34,04
Togo/Burkina: Community Road Rehabilitation and Lome-Ouaga
Corridor Transport Facilitation Project FSF 27/06/2012 31/12/2017 181 780 21 500 000 0,85
Togo/Burkina: Community Road Rehabilitation and Lome-Ouaga
Corridor Transport Facilitation Project EU-AITF 23/02/2015 31/12/2017 0 922 451 0,00
Sub-Total Transport 86.20 20 694 312 75 262 451 27,50
Total Multinational 86.20% 20 694 312 75 262 451 27,50
Total Public Sector 100.00 23 198 773 87 312 648 26,57
The overall performance of the Bank's portfolio as at 31 July 2015 is considered satisfactory with a score of 3.14 on a scale of 0 to 4.
For projects approved between 2014 and 2015, the average lapse of time between approval and fulfilment of the conditions precedent
to first disbursement was 4.5 months. The disbursement rate for public sector projects was 26.57% for an average age of 2.44 years.
The portfolio does not contain any project at risk.
III
Annex III : Key Related Projects Financed by Other Development Partners
Partners Project and Amount Project Purpose World Bank Private Sector Development Support
Project (PADSP – USD 13 million
Entrepreneurship support, based on
call for proposals, support and
competition of the business plan
and grant for project
implementation
WADB Grassroots Development Support
Programme (PRADEB) - CFAF 6
billion
Support for grassroots
development and youth
employment promotion:
multifunctional platform and rural
entrepreneurship
CFAF 10 billion loan (CFAF 5 billion
in 2014 and CFAF 5 billion in 2015)
Support to replenish the National
Inclusive Finance Fund
IFAD National Rural Entrepreneurship
Promotion Project, (PNPER) - USD
39.6 million
Support for development of rural
entrepreneurship for the youth in
rural communities
AFD Modernization of Vocational Training
in Togo Project, for an amount of
EUR 6 million
Support for modernization of
vocational training schemes under
public-private partnership
arrangement
Agricultural Training Support Project -
EUR 6 million
Support for vocational training,
whose main component will focus
on the agricultural and rural
training sector
GIZ Employment Promotion and
Vocational Training Project
(PROFOPEJ) - EUR 20 million
Support for upgrading learning
methods through dual training
schemes in growth sectors
Programme for Rural and Agricultural
Development in Togo (PRODRA) –
EUR 7.25 million
Support for development of
farmers’ business schools, with
focus on agricultural value chains
IV
Annex IV
Mainstreaming of Gender-related Challenges in Project
Challenges Project Response
Gender expertise in the Bank’s project
design team
In addition to literature review during project appraisal, meetings were
also held with key gender actors in order to include their input in the
project design, and use their expertise through:
- Dialogue with the Ministry of Social Action, Women’s Promotion
and Literacy;
- Appraisal mission meeting with five civil society organizations
working on women’s rights and gender equality in Togo;
- Meeting with a group of rural women farmers from remote
communities in the region where the project is implemented; and
- Crosscutting gender issues considered in meetings with all project
actors.
Gender expertise within PIU The project ensures adequate presence of gender expertise throughout the
project implementation period:
- Inclusion of a gender expert in PIU
- Inclusion of Ministry of Social Action and Women’s Promotion
and Literacy in the Steering Committee
- Provision of gender training for major organizations active in
project implementation
Monitoring and evaluation
Collect all disaggregated data on project
Include gender indicators in project implementation to narrow gender
gaps
Country’s challenges
Lack of qualitative and quantitative
disaggregated gender information
Ensure that all studies, reports and research supported by the project are
carried out with a gender perspective
Quantitatively collect all gender disaggregated data
Selection criteria for young beneficiaries of
entrepreneurship support, excluding women
(due to their poor access to education, poor
mobility and lack of autonomy)
Apply affirmative action with specific criteria, to support women
entrepreneurs
Lack of knowledge of the business
environment
Implement mentoring system for women by linking them with women
who have successfully helped young women to develop their initiatives
or enterprises
Women’s illiteracy in remote rural villages Develop a mobile caravan to promote functional literacy education
integrating the gender perspective, in vulnerable villages targeted by the
project
Lack of education on reproductive health,
undesired pregnancies and early marriages
Difficult access to health services, in
particular for women in rural areas
Collective and individual counselling on reproductive health during
women’s literacy and entrepreneurship activities, including assisting
women confidentially with the contraceptive method of their choice.
Develop pilot health insurance scheme in agricultural areas
Lack of financing for women entrepreneurs Provide gender training for microfinance/microcredit institutions
Inability of Government and private sector
actors to take gender inequalities into account
Provide gender training and economic empowerment for women, yearly
for all actors involved, including management, with commitments signed
by each stakeholder and monitoring the agreements for the period.
V
Annex V
Map of Togo
This map has been provided by the staff of the African Development Bank exclusively for the use of the
readers of the report to which it is attached. The names used and the borders shown do not imply on the
part of the Bank Group and its members any judgment concerning the legal status of a territory nor any
approval or acceptance of these borders
