Aesthetics and Universality in Perspective

8/9/2019 Aesthetics and Universality in Perspective

1/28

Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts

co Qgr{qgktc~g

Bs Ksotfce Berog{ Jehhejfgr

Iwog 22( 2151

Ewtfmr mn zeszerd HMKFG[( Qcrmwgttcoj [qfgrg{( Erc{coj Mdg


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Tebhg mn Kmotgot{Eb{trekt////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;

Dg{krcqtcmo //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 4M~gr~cgz /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 4Cotrmdwktcmo /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 7

C/ Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts co Qgr{qgktc~g9 Hgerocoj Mwtkmlg{ ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// ////// >5/ Rgkmjocyg eg{tfgtckeh eod kwhtwreh uwehctcg{ mn hctgretwrg/ /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// // >2/ Eqqhs eqqrmekfg{ tm tfgcr rgedcoj eod krctckeh eoehs{g{ mn rfgtmrckeh( hctgrers( eod eg{tfgtckeh c{{wg{ mn

owlgrmw{ jgorg{/ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// >;/ [sotfg{cyg wodgr{teodcoj nmr qrmjrg{{c~g gdwketcmo co rg{qgkt tm cotgjretgd eg{tfgtckeh ~ehwg{ zctfco kwhtwreh

kmotgvt{/ ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// :4/ Dglmo{tretg kmlqgtgoks co rg{qgkt tm hctgrers jgorg( qfchm{mqfck nmwodetcmo( eod hctgrers nmrl ///////////// ////////// / :7/ Kmo{cdgr eod zrctg ebmwt eoehstckeh kferektgrc{tck{ mn tfg q{skfg co tgrl{ mn kferektgrcyetcmo( qhmt dsoelck{(

kmonhckt( eod eg{tfgtck //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 6>/ Mbigktc~ghs eod qgr{we{c~ghs kmlbcog tfg rfgtmrckeh {tretgjcg{ mn oerretcmo( gvqm{ctcmo( qgr{we{cmo( eod

dg{krcqtcmo tfet dglmo{tretg{ e kmlleod mn {teoderd Gojhc{f eod tfg rg{gerkf( mrjeocyetcmoeh( eod drentcoj

{tretgjcg{ mn Zrctcoj [teoderd 5/1 &CKE[( 2112( :1#/ ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 3:/ Rgkmjocyg eod ~ehcdetg tfg heojwejg ekuwc{ctcmo dg~ckg e{{mkcetgd zctf hcojwc{tck woc~gr{eh{ eod

treo{nmrletcmoeh jreller/ //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 36/ Dglmo{tretg wodgr{teodcoj mn tfg cooetg `omzhgdjg mn woc~gr{eh{( hcojwc{tck gvqgrcgokg( eod

cdcm{sokretck( heojwejg,qertckwher qrmqgrtcg{ mn e terjgt heojwejgtfg heojwejg mn tfg lcod,,nrml e

q{skfmhcojwc{tck eqqrmekf &Rednmrd( 5363( ;:#/ ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 513/ Dglmo{tretg eo ebchcts tm krctcuwg dcktcmo eod {sotev tm tfg qwrqm{g mn mreh kmllwocketcmo eod tfg clqekt mn

zmrd{( eod tm eoehsyg tfg tgkfocuwg w{gd co lgdce qe{{ejg{ eod tm g~ehwetg tfgcr gnngktc~gog{{ &CKE[( 2112(

:>#/ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 5151/ Rgkmjocyg co{teokg{ mn {wbkmo{kcmw{( kmo{kcmw{( wokmo{kcmw{( eod {wbhclcoeh e{{mkcetc~g tfmwjft //////////////// 55

CC/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Khe{{ck Qrm{g mn Kmonwkcw{ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 55CCC/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Khe{{ck Zmr` mn tfg Jchjelg{f Gqck ///////////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// ///////// 5;C^/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Khe{{ck Zmr` mn Fmlgr//////// /////////// ////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// /////// 54^/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Zmr` mn Kfrc{tmqfgr Lerhmz /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// /////// 54^C/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Khe{{ck{ mn Zchhcel [fe`g{qgerg /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// 57^CC/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Zmr` mn Bgo Imo{mo ///////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// ///////// 5>CCV/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Zmr` mn Ielg{ Imskg ////////// /////////// ////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// /////// 5:CV/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Zmr` mn Dsheo Tfmle{///////////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// ///////// 56Rgngrgokg{ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 21Eqqgodcv E9 Hctgrers Tgrl{ /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 22Eqqgodcv B9 [sotektck Tgrl{ G{{gotceh tm Woc~gr{eh Jreller ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// /////////// ////////// ///////// 22Eqqgodcv K9 [sotev Rg~cgz /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 22

5/ Gvqhgtc~g Qettgro{ //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 222/ Qerehhghc{l /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 24

Eqqgodcv D ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 2>


3/28

Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts co Qgr{qgktc~g ;

Eb{trekt

Eg{tfgtck{ dcrgkths kmrrg{qmod zctf tfg {twds mn gtfckeh ~ehwg{( qrmjrg{{c~g qfchm{mqfckeh ~ehwg{

bgtzggo kwhtwrg{( eod dg~ghmqlgoteh nmwodetcmo{ mn jreller/ Co~mh~coj trwtf( bgewts(

{sllgtrs( eod gtfckeh ~ehwg{ tfet kmotcowg tm lgrjg ekrm{{ kwhtwrg{( eg{tfgtckeh uwehctcg{

conhwgokg {gleotck{ et ehh hg~gh{ e{ {qgkcnck jrmwq{ mn heojwejg{ g~mh~g eod kmehg{kg cotm e

kmfgrgot woc~gr{eh kmllwocketc~g {s{tgl/ Tfrmwjf eo cotrmdwktcmo tm hctgrers eg{tfgtck{( tfg

qgrkgqtc~g hgerogr zchh rgehcyg tfet zmrd{ fe~g g~m`gd qrmjrg{{c~g eod g~go kmotredcktmrs

lgeocoj{ {cokg tfgcr mrcjco0 eod tfet hcojwc{tck eod eg{tfgtck kmlqmogot{ erg cotgjretgd cotm tfg

tfgmrcg{ eod mojmcoj fc{tmrs mn ehh ekedglck {wbigkt{/ Mn nmrglm{t clqmrteokg( tfgs bgkmlg

kmo{kcmw{ mn tfg oggd tm {ghgkt zmrd{ zctf jrget kerg/


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Dg{krcqtcmo

Eg{tfgtck{ cotgjretg{ ~ehwg{ eod qrmjrg{{c~g qfchm{mqfs zctfco ehh hctgretwrg/ Cokhwdcoj

kmokgqt{ tfet erg clqmrteot tm hcojwc{tck{ eod hctgretwrg co kwhtwreh zes{( eg{tfgtck{ rghetg{ tm

dglmkretck woc~gr{ehcts mn qgrkgqtcmo eod co{cjft tfet zrctgr{ eod {qge`gr{ mntgo kmo~gs co e

dreletck eod krgetc~g wocuwg {tshg/ Woc~gr{ehcts c{ tfg cotgjreh kmlqmogot tfet gvqeod{ {slqetfs

eod kmlqe{{cmo ekrm{{ kwhtwrg{( eod tfg woc~gr{eh jrelletckeh dg~ckg g{{gotceh tm

treo{nmrletcmoeh jreller eod tfg treo{hetcmo mn mog heojwejg tm eomtfgr/

Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts cotrmdwkg{ hgerogr{ tm clqmrteot kmokgqt{ tfet fe~g coctcetgd

eod {w{tecogd ekedglck {kfmmh{ {cokg g{mtgrck tclg{ mn tfg eokcgot{/ Tfg conhwgokg mn Kmonwkcw{(

fcgrmjhsqf{( tfg Jchjelg{f gqck( tfg Fmlgrck gqck eod mdg( Zchhcel [fe`g{qgerg( Bgo Imo{mo(

Kfrc{tmqfgr Lerhmz( Ielg{ Imskg( eod Dsheo Tfmle{ {gr~g e{ qrgkgdgot{ co e tredctcmo mr

co{qcretcmo mn dreletck( qmhctckehhs co{qcrcoj( eod qfcheotfrmqck hctgretwrg/ Tfg q{skfg mn tfg

mqqrg{{gd( tfg fmrrmr{ mn kmlbet( eod tfg {m~grgcjo lcod {gr~g e{ cotgrg{tcoj ke{g {twdcg{ eod

lmdgh{/ Bgnmrg edwht {twdgot{ keo rged ehmwd mr {chgoths qrmnmwod eod dreletck qrm{g( eod bgnmrg

tfgs keo dc{kw{{ tfg kmotgot{ mn {wkf lmowlgoteh hctgretwrg( tfgs {fmwhd fe~g eo mqqmrtwocts tm

hgero mn tfg gqck eod dreletck fc{tmrs co tfg tgrl{ mn[fe`g{qgerg{ conhwgokg{ {wkf e{ [gogke

eod Gwrcqcdg{( nmr gvelqhg( eod tfg kew{g{ tfet kmlqghhgd {wkf zmr`/

M~gr~cgz

Co rg{qgkt tm tfg reqcd cotgjretcmo mn dc~gr{g kwhtwrg{( eg{tfgtck{( ~c{kgrehhs lm~coj

hctgretwrg( eod woc~gr{eh jreller nwoktcmo co woc{mo/ Dwg tm tfg treo{qergot kmllwocketcmo mn

cotgrektc~g mohcog {trwktwrg{( tfg kmokgqt mn eg{tfgtck{ co hctgretwrg c{ clqmrteot tm tfg qrmjrg{{c~g

dg~ghmqlgot mn g~grs hgerogr/ E{ conre{trwktwrg{ eod hcojwc{tck qettgro{ kmotcowg tm kmehg{kg cotm


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e woc~gr{eh heojwejg tfet c{ rgedchs dc{tcojwc{febhg tm g~grs ~cebhg codc~cdweh mn tfg nwoktcmoeh

zmr` dsoelck( edwht hgerogr{ lw{t rgleco qgrkgqtc~g eod `omzhgdjgebhg tm qrmjrg{{c~g kfeojg

mn {gleotck eod hctgrers kmlqmogot{/ Tfc{ qrmigkt nmkw{g{ mo tfg{g cotgjreh {s{tgl{/

Cotrmdwktcmo

E{ tfgs rged ehmwd qe{{ejg{ mn dreletck zmr`{ bmtf mn Kmonwkcw{ eod mn Rgoec{{eokg

zrctgr{( nmr gvelqhg( edwht hgerogr{ fe~g eo mqqmrtwocts tm qertckcqetg co e `cod mn rmhg qhes e{

tfgs cdgotcns zctf tfg ewtfmr{( {wbigkt{( kferektgr{( kwhtwreh dsoelck{( etlm{qfgrg( kmonhckt( eod

eg{tfgtck{ mn wocuwghs dcnngrgot tclg{ eod heod{/ Wqmo dghc~grs mn tfg dreletck qrg{gotetcmo{

omtgd fgrg( tfg jhm{{ercg{ omtgd co Eqqgodcv E eod Eqqgodcv B( eod tfg hg{{mo zchh {gr~g e{

clqmrteot jwcdghcog{ tmzerd kmlqhgtg dc{kw{{cmo ebmwt tfg mqgo,godgd uwg{tcmo{ rgjerdcoj

kwhtwrg eod eg{tfgtck{/ Tfc{ c{ eo cotrmdwktcmo tm uwg{tcmo{ qgrtecocoj tm eokcgot eod qrgkgdgotceh

zmr`{( tm tfg Mdg,,tfg ~c{cmo( mb{gr~etcmo{( eod qgr{qgktc~g{ mn tmdes{ kmlbeteot0 e hctgrers

zmr` tfet lw{t bg qrgkgdgd bs e {twds co eg{tfgtckeh hctgrers c{{wg{ eod uwg{tcmo{/

Rgjerdcoj e Ke{g [twds eod eo mqgo,godgd uwg{tcmo( tfg qrmigkt zchh eh{m ngetwrg e

QmzgrQmcot Qrg{gotetcmo eod eo ewdcm rgkmrdcojtfg qrmigkt c{ ektwehhs eo gvqhmretcmo mn tfg

lcod mn tfg eokcgot qfchm{mqfgr eod tfg kew{g{ tfet lmtc~etg fm{tchcts eod {trwjjhg/ Tfg eoehs{c{

mn kmlbet rguwcrg{ e q{skfmeoehstck rg~cgz mn lmtc~g{/ Hgerocoj,gvqgrcgokg kmotgvt{ cokhwdg

nwrtfgr rg{gerkf eod rgedcoj tfet qgrteco tm eg{tfgtck{ co hctgretwrg( q{skfmhmjs( eod tfg {mkceh

{kcgokg{( nmr gvelqhg( eod co tfg qrmjrg{{c~g hgerocoj( go~crmolgot( eod kmhhebmretcmo tfrmwjf

nwrtfgr edwht,hgerogr co{trwktcmo/ C fe~g cokhwdgd eqqgodckg{ mn jhm{{ercg{ eod rgedcoj letgrceh tm

e{{c{t co wodgr{teodcoj eod eoehsycoj tfg dsoelck{ mn dreletck qrm{g/ Tfg ncr{t {clqhg hg{{mo

zchh co~mh~g {fmrt khe{{ck zmr`{ mn Kmonwkcw{/ C cokhwdg gvtre rgedcoj letgrceh tfet zchh

ewjlgot tfg mbigktc~g{ mn tfg qrmigkt( eod tfet zchh gofeokg tfg rgedcoj gvqgrcgokg mn tfg edwht


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Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts co Qgr{qgktc~g >

hgerogr/ E{ tfgs rged ehmwd dreletck khe{{ck{( hgerogr{ zchh bg lmtc~etgd tm gvqhmrg eod tm {ferg

eg{tfgtck{ nrml eo ewtfgotck bwt woc~gr{eh dmleco e{ tfgs cdgotcns zctf tfg ewtfmr{ ~mckg/C/ Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts co Qgr{qgktc~g9 Hgerocoj Mwtkmlg{

Fe~coj nmhhmzgd eod rged tfg {guwgokg mn tfg qrmjrel( edwht hgerogr{ {fehh bg ebhg tm9

5/ Rgkmjocyg eg{tfgtckeh eod kwhtwreh uwehctcg{ mn hctgretwrg/

E{{mkcetgd zctf evcmhmjs( eg{tfgtck{ co~mh~g{ tfg {twds mn gtfckeh ~ehwg{ eod ~ehwg

iwdjlgot{ rgjerdcoj trwtf( bgewts( eod {sllgtrs zfckf cokhwdg kwhtwreh eod gtfckeh conhwgokg{/

Mrcjcoeh eg{tfgtckc{l co~mh~gd tfg qfchm{mqfs mn Clleowgh @eot &5:24,5614# zfm tewjft hert

qmwr hert &ert nmr ert{ {e`g#qfchm{mqfgr{ eod krctck{ mn ehh ert nmrl{( bmtf hctgrers eod ~c{weh(

ettglqtgd tm dgncog tfg qrmqgrtcg{ mn retcmoeh wodgr{teodcoj/ @eot rgkmjocygd tfet tfg kmokgqt mn

bgewts eod mn omrlehcts ~ercgd nrml kwhtwrg tm kwhtwrg/ Zehtgr Qetgr &56;3,5634# conhwgokgd

Gwrmqgeo Eg{tfgtckc{l zctf tfg cdge tfet ertc{tck {tshg eod lmreh gnngkt lw{t gvqeod {slqetfcg{

eod kmlqe{{cmo ekrm{{ kwhtwrg{ &[gg Eqqgodcv E#/

2/ Eqqhs eqqrmekfg{ tm tfgcr rgedcoj eod krctckeh eoehs{g{ mn rfgtmrckeh(

hctgrers( eod eg{tfgtckeh c{{wg{ mn owlgrmw{ jgorg{/

Eokcgot qfchm{mqfgr{ {wkf e{ Qhetm eod Erc{tmthg fed zrcttgo tfet eo mbigkt gctfgr

qm{{g{{g{ e uwehcts {wkf e{ bgewts zctf om rgjerd tm tfg kwhtwrg tfrmwjf tfg mbigkt{ mb{gr~gr/ Et

he{t( De~cd Fwlg &5:55,5::># tewjft tfet {qgkcnck uwehctcg{ mn eo mbigkt( {wkf e{ bgewts eod

{sllgtrs( zgrg {wbigktc~gtfg uwehctcg{ rgqrg{gotgd tfg qgr{qgktc~g mn tfg mb{gr~gr &mr

bgfmhdgr#/ Tfg ~cgzqmcot mn @eot rg{mh~g{ tfg kmonhckt rgjerdcoj kwhtwreh dc~gr{ctcg{@eotceo

qfchm{mqfs co~mh~g{ eg{tfgtck{ e{ {wbigktc~g ~cgz{ tfet les bg woc~gr{ehhs ~ehcd/ Tfg{g kmokgqt{

erg qrg{gotgd co qmgtrs( qmhctckeh trgetc{g{( bcmjreqfcg{( fc{tmrcg{( eod co bmtf ncktcmo eod

omoncktcmo( nmr gvelqhg/


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Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts co Qgr{qgktc~g :

;/ [sotfg{cyg wodgr{teodcoj nmr qrmjrg{{c~g gdwketcmo co rg{qgkt tm cotgjretgd

eg{tfgtckeh ~ehwg{ zctfco kwhtwreh kmotgvt{/

Rgnhgktcoj mo kwhtwreh dc{tcoktcmo{( mog les omtg wocuwg eg{tfgtck ~ercebhg{ ekrm{{

{qgkcnck kmotgvt{ tfet nmr tfmw{eod{ mn sger{ fe~g rglecogd tfg {elg( eg{tfgtck ~ercebhg{ tfet(

tfrmwjf treo{qergot cotgrg{t eod kmllwocketcmo( erg bgkmlcoj {wbigktc~g eod woc~gr{eh/

Ekkwlwhetc~g qgrkgqtcmo{ e{ cotrmdwkgd bs Fwlg rgngr tm tfg clqrg{{cmo{ mn qfs{ckeh conhwgokg{(

tfg qgrkgqtcmo{ zfckf rghetg tm tfg kmokgqt mn woc~gr{eh nmrl tfet c{ codgqgodgot mn {qgkcnck

letgrceh uwehctcg{/ Heojwejg eod clejg{ tfet g~m`g qgrkgqtcmo eod tfet jmed tfg {go{g{ rghetg tm

eg{tfgtck{( bgkew{g eg{tfgtck{ keoomt qrgngr mog kwhtwrg m~gr eomtfgr nmr kew{g{ tfet rgnhgkt

wo{mwod mr cofwleog iwdjlgot( dc{krclcoetcmo tfet kmotredckt{ kmodctcmogd ~ehwg{ eod

qrgngrgokg{eg{tfgtck{ c{ mrcgotgd omt ebmwt tfg qfs{ckeh bwt ebmwt tfg kmodctcmocoj mn kwhtwreh

clqrg{{cmo/ Co nekt( eg{tfgtck{ owrtwrg{ kmlqe{{cmo tfrmwjf kmo{trwktc~c{t clqrg{{cmo{ eod

co{cjft retfgr tfeo tfrmwjf tfg qfs{ckeh nmrl ehmog/

4/ Dglmo{tretg kmlqgtgoks co rg{qgkt tm hctgrers jgorg( qfchm{mqfck

nmwodetcmo( eod hctgrers nmrl

Kfcog{g eg{tfgtck{ cokhwdg clqrg{{cmo{ tm dc~gr{g conhwgotceh rgektcmo{9 Tm Kmonwkcw{( tfg

fwleoctcg{ mn lw{ckeh eod qmgtck hctgretwrg gvqeodgd gtcuwgttg( tfg hc mn fwleocts0 tm Lmyc(

lw{ckeh eod ertc{tck hctgretwrg zgrg khe{{c{t eod ferlnwh tm kmllmo qgmqhg/ E{{mkcetgd zctf tfg

Sco eod Seoj( kmokgqt{ mn ~crtwg( eod tfg dgncogd nelchs,rmhg co jm~grolgot( ehh mn zfckf

conhwgokg hctgrers jgorg( qfchm{mqfck nmwodetcmo( eod hctgrers nmrl( Kmonwkceoc{l eod tfg Kfmw

dsoe{ts clqrg{{ w{ g~go tmdes/ Codceo eg{tfgtck{ cokhwdg `e~se( zfckf keo rgngr tm qrmkgdwrg{(

{slbmh{( dgtechgd {qcrctweh {tetg{( eod re{e eg{tfgtck{( tfg woc~gr{eh bhc{{ mn tfg {ghn/ Tfg{g erg

kmokgqt{ tfet kmotrcbwtg tm mwr wodgr{teodcoj mn eg{tfgtck{ eod woc~gr{ehcts/


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7/ Kmo{cdgr eod zrctg ebmwt eoehstckeh kferektgrc{tck{ mn tfg q{skfg co tgrl{ mn

kferektgrcyetcmo( qhmt dsoelck{( kmonhckt( eod eg{tfgtck

Rgnhgktcoj mo kwhtwreh dc{tcoktcmo{ zctfco tfg lwhtckwhtwreh dmleco{ mn tfg cotgrogt( mog

les omtg wocuwg eg{tfgtck ~ercebhg{ ekrm{{ {qgkcnck kmotgvt{ tfet nmr tfmw{eod{ mn sger{ fe~g

rglecogd tfg {elg( eg{tfgtck ~ercebhg{ tfet( tfrmwjf treo{qergot cotgrg{t eod kmllwocketcmo( erg

bgkmlcoj {wbigktc~g eod woc~gr{eh/ Ekkwlwhetc~g qgrkgqtcmo{ e{ cotrmdwkgd bs Fwlg rgngr tm

tfg clqrg{{cmo{ mn qfs{ckeh conhwgokg{( tfg qgrkgqtcmo{ zfckf rghetg tm tfg kmokgqt mn woc~gr{eh

nmrl tfet c{ codgqgodgot mn {qgkcnck letgrceh uwehctcg{/ Heojwejg eod clejg{ tfet g~m`g

qgrkgqtcmo eod tfet jmed tfg {go{g{ rghetg tm eg{tfgtck{ bgkew{g eg{tfgtck{ keoomt qrgngr mog

kwhtwrg m~gr eomtfgr nmr kew{g{ tfet rgnhgkt wo{mwod mr cofwleog iwdjlgot zfckf kmotredckt{

kmodctcmogd ~ehwg{ eod qrgngrgokg{eg{tfgtck{ c{ mrcgotgd omt ebmwt tfg qfs{ckeh bwt ebmwt tfg

kmodctcmocoj mn kwhtwreh clqrg{{cmo/ Co nekt( eg{tfgtck{ owrtwrg{ kmlqe{{cmo tfrmwjf

kmo{trwktc~c{t clqrg{{cmo{ eod co{cjft retfgr tfeo tfrmwjf tfg qfs{ckeh nmrl ehmog/ Nmr gvelqhg(

tfg Kfcog{g dcd nmr leos sger{ ettrcbwtg ~grs {lehh nggt e{ e nglcocog uwehcts zfchg mtfgr

kwhtwrg{ fe~g rgjerdgd ~mhwqtwmw{og{{ e{ e {cjo mn nglcococts/ [mlg kwhtwrg{ ed~mketg nmr

gnngktc~g dcqhmletck rghetcmo{ eod qgekg,`ggqcoj zfchg mtfgr{ tfrmwjf fc{tmrs ed~mketg nmr

fcjfg{t lchcters kmlqgtgokcg{/ [mlg kwhtwrg{ glqfe{cyg tfg ~ehwg mn qwrcts eod kmlqe{{cmo0

mtfgr{( ncrg eod tfg drejmo/ Tfg{g kwhtwreh dclgo{cmo{ eod enngkt{ erg cotgjretgd zctf tfg hgerocoj

mn hgerogr( ettrcbwtg{ tfet tfg qrmjrg{{c~g tgekfcoj qfchm{mqfs kmotcowg{ tm rgncog tfrmwjf

eg{tfgtck{( e {wbigkt tfet woc~gr{eh heojwejg eod qfchm{mqfs co~mh~gtfg {kmqg mn ls qrmigkt/


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>/ Mbigktc~ghs eod qgr{we{c~ghs kmlbcog tfg rfgtmrckeh {tretgjcg{ mn

oerretcmo( gvqm{ctcmo( qgr{we{cmo( eod dg{krcqtcmo tfet dglmo{tretg{ e

kmlleod mn {teoderd Gojhc{f eod tfg rg{gerkf( mrjeocyetcmoeh( eod drentcoj

{tretgjcg{ mn Zrctcoj [teoderd 5/1 &CKE[( 2112( :1#/

Rghetcoj tm tfg nmkw{ eod dg~ghmqlgot mn e kmo{trwktc~g( treo{qergoths woc~gr{eh

heojwejg( e qrmjrg{{c~g qfchm{mqfs lgrjg{ nrml eg{tfgtckeh clqrg{{cmo{( uwehctcg{ tfet erg

co{trwktc~g eod tfet erg qert mn tfg qrmkg{{ mn hgerogr,kgotgrgd gdwketcmo/ Tfg qrmjrg{{c~g

qfchm{mqfs mn gdwketcmo eh{m c{ qert mn cotgrdc{kcqhcoers {twdcg{ tfet g~m`g eo gvqeo{c~g couwcrs

cotm kwhtwreh ~ehwg{( tfg kmokgqtweh eod fc{tmrckeh nmwodetcmo{ mn kmotglqmrers {twdcg{ co

hctgretwrg &[cojgr . Dwoo( 2111( ;#/ Co~mh~coj tfgmrgtckeh eod eoehstckeh rghg~eokg mn tfg

fwleoctcg{( tfg {kcgokg{( tfg krgetc~g ert{( eod heojwejg( m~grt uwehctcg{ mn eg{tfgtck{ erg

conhwgokgd bs kwhtwrg/ Fmzg~gr( tfgs rghetg tm tfg eg{tfgtck ~ehwg mn e hctgrers tgvt( tgekfgr{ eod

krctck{ e{{wlg tfet rghetc~g trgetlgot tm bg e{ eo ewtmomlmw{ mbigkt c{mhetgd nrml omo,hctgrers

~ehwg{ eod dc{kcqhcog{ &[cojgr . Dwoo( 2111( ;#/ Tfg{g c{{wg{ g~m`g eo gvqeo{c~g couwcrs cotm

kwhtwreh eod eg{tfgtck ~ehwg{ nmr eo cofgrgot heojwejg tfet c{ woc~gr{ehhs lmtc~etgd/

:/ Rgkmjocyg eod ~ehcdetg tfg heojwejg ekuwc{ctcmo dg~ckg e{{mkcetgd zctf

hcojwc{tck woc~gr{eh{ eod treo{nmrletcmoeh jreller/

Eg{tfgtck{ co~mh~g{ {wbigktc~g ~cgz{ tfet erg ekuwcrgd tfrmwjf tfg codc~cdweh{ cokcqcgot

oggd tm rghetg zctf go~crmolgoteh e{{mkcetcmo{ tmzerd {wr~c~eh eod dg~ghmqlgot/ Tfet oggd

jgogretg{ cokgotc~g rguwcrgd tm {w{teco tfg {ghn eod tm rghetg zctf go~crmolgoteh kmlqmogot{

tmzerd tfg ekfcg~glgot mn {wkf ~cteh nwoktcmo{/ Tfc{ cokcqcgot codc~cdweh oggd tm rghetg zctf

go~crmolgoteh e{{mkcetcmo{ c{ e {wr~c~eh co{tcokt eod e woc~gr{eh jreller tfet O/ Kfml{`s


10/28


dg{krcbg{ e{ eo cooetg tgodgoks mn e jgogtckehhs qrgqrmjrellgdHeojwejg Nekwhts zfckf

qrm~cdg{ {mlg jgogtck bhwgqrcot mn tfg reojg mn qm{{cbhg heojwejg{ &Rednmrd( 5363( ;>#/

6/ Dglmo{tretg wodgr{teodcoj mn tfg cooetg `omzhgdjg mn woc~gr{eh{(

hcojwc{tckgvqgrcgokg( eod cdcm{sokretck( heojwejg,qertckwher qrmqgrtcg{ mn e

terjgt heojwejgtfg heojwejg mn tfg lcod,,nrml e q{skfmhcojwc{tck

eqqrmekf &Rednmrd( 5363( ;:#/

Co~mh~coj tfg hcojwc{tck woc~gr{eh{ mn Woc~gr{eh Jreller zctf om e qrcmrc be{c{( tfg

jgogtck bhwgqrcot c{ e{{mkcetgd zctf e heojwejg ekuwc{ctcmo dg~ckg &HED# bs zfckf e kfchd mre

dg~ghmqcoj heojwejg hgerogr c{ godmzgd/ E{ heojwejg hgerogr{ dc{kmwot {mlg qmtgotceh rwhg{ e{

hcojwc{tckehhs clqm{{cbhg( Kfml{`s{ {trwktwrg,dgqgodgokg qrcokcqhg c{ khger/ Fg rgkmjocyg{ e

dgqgodgoks mo {trwktwrg,dgqgodgot mqgretcmo{ tfet erg qrgdgtgrlcogd bs e rg{trcktc~g coctceh

{kfgletck tmzerd hcojwc{tck kmlqgtgoks( hcojwc{tck woc~gr{eh{ tfet cokhwdg be{ck woc~gr{eh

{sotektck {trwktwrg eh{m nrml mog heojwejg tm eomtfgr &Rednmrd( 5363( ;7#/ Tfc{ kmokgqt

rgjerdcoj tfg heojwejg ekuwc{ctcmo dg~ckg eod woc~gr{eh jreller rgkmjocygd bs Kfml{`s erg

qert mn tfg eg{tfgtckeh qgrkgqtcmo tfet hgerogr,kgotgrgd gdwketcmo eod qrmjrg{{c~g qfchm{mqfs mn

gdwketcmo conhwgokg( g{qgkcehhs nrml tfg dc~gr{g kwhtwreh cotgroeh go~crmolgot/

3/ Dglmo{tretg eo ebchcts tm krctcuwg dcktcmo eod {sotev tm tfg qwrqm{g mn

mreh kmllwocketcmo eod tfg clqekt mn zmrd{( eod tm eoehsyg tfg tgkfocuwg

w{gd co lgdce qe{{ejg{ eod tm g~ehwetg tfgcr gnngktc~gog{{ &CKE[( 2112( :>#/

Tfg dggq {trwktwrg mn {gotgokg{ c{ dgncogd bs tfg {teoderd tfgmrs tfet Rednmrd eod

Kfml{`s rgngr tm e{ jgogretc~g jreller/ Gojhc{f gvc{tgotceh {tetglgot{ cokhwdg tfgrg c{/ Co

[qeoc{f( mog zchh omtg Fes0 co Nrgokf( Ch s e( eod co Jgrleo( nmrl{ mn febgr qrgkgdgd bs e


11/28


qrmomwo mr qrmqgr omwo/ Zfgo tfg gvc{tgotceh nmrl c{ m~grw{gd( tfg clqekt mn zmrd{ eod mn

lgeocoj bgkmlg{ feys cn omt hm{t ehtmjgtfgr &[gg Eqqgodcv B( Eqqgodcv K#/

51/ Rgkmjocyg co{teokg{ mn {wbkmo{kcmw{( kmo{kcmw{( wokmo{kcmw{( eod

{wbhclcoeh e{{mkcetc~g tfmwjft

Kmodctcmocoj bgjco{ zfchg eo codc~cdweh c{ eo coneot( eod tfg qrmkg{{ c{ lm{t kmlqhgv bs

tfg tclg eo codc~cdweh bgkmlg{ eo edwht0 fmzg~gr( {mlg edwht{ erg lmrg mbigktc~g tfeo mtfgr{(

eod {mlg erg ebhg tm {wb{teotcetg tfgcr eqtctwdg{ eod tfgcr mqgo,lcodgdog{{ e{ tfgs erg ebhg tm

kmotrmh tfgcr go~crmolgot eod tfg gvqgktetcmo{ clqm{gd bs ewtfmrctetc~g ncjwrg{/ [mlg qergot{(

mog lw{t bger co lcod( erg lmrg woc~gr{ehhs lcodgd eod mbigktc~g tfeo mtfgr qergot{/ Nmr lmrg

conmrletcmo rgjerdcoj tfc{ {wbigkt( qhge{g rgngr tm [tg~go Qejhcgreoc{ km~grejg &Qejhcgreoc(

2117#/

Tfg {wkkggdcoj gvgrkc{g{ co~mh~g kmokgqt{ tfet fe~g conhwgokgd eg{tfgtckeh ~ehwg{ eod

qrcokcqhg{ mn woc~gr{ehcts {cokg omt mohs tfg eokcgot{ bwt omz/

CC/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Khe{{ck Qrm{g mn Kmonwkcw{

Ekuwecotgd zctf hctgrers tgrl{( eg{tfgtckeh uwehctcg{( eod hcojwc{tck kmlqmogot{( tfg

codc~cdweh zchh kmo{cdgr eod lgeocojnwhhs rg{qmod tm {clqhg gvgrkc{g{ co rg{qgkt tm e rg~cgz mn

Kmonwkcw{ eod rghetgd tgekfcoj{ tfet ehcjo zctf Bgoielco Bhmml*{ Rg~c{gd Tevmomls Qsrelcd

Tebhg( "tfg {cv hg~gh{ mn tfg Kmjoctc~g Qrmkg{{" &Nmrgfeod( 2117# qere/ 52#/ Rglglbgr tfet( zctf

ct{ mrcjco co tfg Kfmw dsoe{ts &512:,27> B/K/#( Kmonwkceoc{l c{ e tgekfcoj eod mnnckceh Kfcog{g

krggd tfet rgkmjocyg{ Kmonwkcw{ &775=,4:3 B/K/# e{ eo gvglqhers zrctgr/ Ehtfmwjf leos mn fc{

zmr`{ fe~g ~eoc{fgd( fg rgleco{ e woc~gr{eh lmdgh zfm{g oelg dmg{ kehh tm mwr ettgotcmo fc{

zmr` e{ eo Clqgrceh Woc~gr{cts eod e{ eo g~ehwetcoj {s{tgl bs zfckf jm~grolgoteh glqhmsgg{

dm lecoteco ct{ qmzgrnwh conhwgokg/ Dc{tcokt nrml Bwddfc{l eod Temc{l tfet mog les wodgr{teod


12/28


tfrmwjf ct{ clqmrteot rghetcmo{fcq zctfigo &fwleocts#( ct{ rg~grgokg nmr eokcgot {ejg{( lmreh

co{trwktcmo( qgr{moeh ~crtwg zctfco jm~grolgot( eod ct{ fmhc{tck retcmoeh qfchm{mqfs(

Kmonwkceoc{l fe{ conhwgokgd woc~gr{eh eg{tfgtck{( qfchm{mqfs( eod {mkceh dmleco{/ Tfg ncr{t {gt

mn hgerocoj gvgrkc{g{ {fmwhd gokmwrejg tfg edwht hgerogr tm kmotcowg tm dg~ghmq mrcjcoeh rg{qmo{g{

ebmwt Kmonwkcw{ zmr` co rg{qgkt tm tfg gvelqhg qrm~cdgd co Eqqgodcv D9

Rglglbgr,,Dg{krcbg tfg go~crmolgot mr qhekg co zfckf tfg hctgrers mr ertc{tck zmr`te`g{ qhekg9 Eo gvelqhg mn e rghg~eot rg{qmo{g les cokhwdg rgngrgokg tm Kmonwkcw{ e{ e

nmkw{ mo tfg dmleco mn e {ejg &tfg zc{g#( tfg dc{tcokt rgkmjocygd rmhg mn nelchs eod {mkceh

rghetcmo{fcq{( tfg Sco eod Seoj tfgmrs( mr ogm,Kmonwkceoc{le lgteqfs{ckeh {s{tgl

tfet eh{m conhwgokgd Ieqeo/

Wodgr{teod,,[wllercyg tfg lgeocoj( lmreh hg{{mo( cotgotcmo( eod ncjwretc~g {qggkf&rfgtmrck( eg{tfgtck{( eod woc~gr{ehcts# mn tfg zrctgr mr ertc{t9 Eo gvelqhg mn e rghg~eot

rg{qmo{g les cokhwdg rgngrgokg tm Kmonwkcw{ kmotglqhetcmo mn zc{dml eod iw{tckg co

tgrl{ mn jm~grolgot/

Eqqhs,,Dgrc~g e tfgmrs e{ tm zfs tfg zrctgr mr ertc{t eddrg{{gd tfg lgeocoj mr lmrehhg{{mo mn e zmr`9 Eo gvelqhg mn e rghg~eot rg{qmo{g les cokhwdg rgngrgokg tm Kmonwkcw{

edlmoc{fcoj mn g~grsmog zfm rged{ mr fger{ fc{ zmr` tm kmo{cdgr tfg rcjft{ eod oggd{ mn

mtfgr{/

Eoehsyg,,Dcnngrgotcetg bgtzggo tfg leco {kgog mr dsoelck{ eod tfg zes smw zmwhdkmo{trwkt tfg leco {kgog mr dsoelck{9 Eo gvelqhg mn e rghg~eot rg{qmo{g les cokhwdg

rgngrgokg tm e kwrrgot kc~ch ke{g {wkf e{ tfet mn M{ker Jreot {m e{ tm kmlqgh( co qerehhgh tm

Kmonwkcw{( tfg {slqetfs eod kmlqe{{cmo nrml tfg rgedgr mr ewdcgokg rguwcrgd tm

ed~mketg nmr zc{dml eod nmr tfg zc{g iwrc{dcktcmo mn jm~grolgot/


13/28

Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts co Qgr{qgktc~g 5;

G~ehwetg,,E{{g{{ zfgtfgr mr omt tfg lgeocoj mr lmreh hg{{mo c{ kmlqhgtghs ekfcg~gdfmz ct les bg qrektckeh eod ettecoebhg mr cdgehc{tck( ~c{cmoers( eod gvqhmretc~g9 Eo

gvelqhg mn e rghg~eot rg{qmo{g les cokhwdg rgngrgokg tm e nwrtfgr wokmotrmhhgd ekt mn

coiw{tckg tfet dmg{ kmlqgh kmokgro tm nmkw{ mo zc{dml eod jm~grolgot e{ qgr tfg

lg{{ejg mn Kmonwkcw{ zmr`/

Krgetg9 Kmlqm{g hsrck{( dreletck qrm{g( mr e qmgl tm kmo~gs tfg {elg lgeocoj mrlmreh hg{{mo co e ogz {trwktwrgd nmrl/ Eo gvelqhg mn e rghg~eot rg{qmo{g les cokhwdg

tfg {fercoj mn e ogzhs zrcttgo qmgl mr {moj tfet cokhwdg{ Kmonwkceo uwehctcg{/

CCC/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Khe{{ck Zmr` mn tfg Jchjelg{f Gqck

E leimr hctgrers zmr` co{krcbgd cotm tebhgt{ dwrcoj ebmwt 2111 B/K/( tfm{g E{{srceo

fcgrmjhsqf{ tfet zgrg mrcjcoehhs qrg{gr~gd co khes tebhgt{ zgrg dc{km~grgd co tfg hcbrers mn E{{wr,

Beoc,Qeh bgtzggo >>6,>2> B/K/ e{ omtgd co tfg hco` qrm~cdgd tm tfg Gqck co tfg Rgngrgokg{

[gktcmo &E{{srceo Cotgroetcmoeh Ogz{ Ejgoks( o/d/#/ Eo gvelqhg mn e rghg~eot rg{qmo{g ebmwt

tfg Gqck les cokhwdg tfg &5#rglglbgrcoj mn tfg [wlgrceo @coj( e lmrteh {gg`coj cllmrtehcts(

{wbigkt{ mn lstfmhmjs/ Mog les &2# wodgr{teod eod &;# eqqhs tfg oggd tm g{keqg e dc{e{tgr zctf

tfg rghg~eot rgngrgokg tm eomtfgr nhmmd( oetcmoeh dc{e{tgr( mr leimr ekkcdgot bs hc~coj co

{qekgkrent/ Mog les &4# eoehsyg tfg dsoelck{ zctf e rghg~eot rg{qmo{g qgrtecocoj tm tfg

rghetcmo{fcq mn ~cebchcts eod {w{tecoebchcts/ Eo gvelqhg mn e rghg~eot &7# g~ehwetcmo mn tfg gqck

kmwhd cokhwdg e rgngrgokg tm e ncjwrg {wkf e{ Qmokg dg Hgmo zfm {mwjft tfg nmwoteco mn smwtf/

Eo gvelqhg mn e rghg~eot eoehmjs( mr ncktctcmw{ mr mrcjcoeh {tmrs kmwhd {gr~g e{ e hgerocoj &>#

krgetcmo ebmwt lmrteh {trwjjhg co uwg{t mn gtgroeh dclgo{cmo{( e kmokgqt mn woc~gr{eh qrmqmrtcmo{

eod eg{tfgtck {cjocnckeokg/


14/28


C^/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Khe{{ck Zmr` mn Fmlgr

Ehtfmwjf Tfg Betthg mn tfg Nrmj{ eod Lckg( tfgFmlgrck Fslo{( eod {mlg mn tfgGqck

Kskhg zmr`{ erg ekkrgdctgd bs kmotglqmrers {kfmher{ tm Fmlgr &311,611 B/K/#( mog les qrm~cdg

e rghg~eot rg{qmo{g tm tfg rgkmhhgktcmo mn Fmlgr{ zmr` bs&5# rglglbgrcoj tfg{g zmr`{ e{

mrcjcoeh hgjgod{ tfet {mlg Wocterceo{ bghcg~g erg kmlqchetcmo{ mn {g~greh treo{krcbgr{/ Mog les

rghg~eoths hgero eh{m bs &2# wodgr{teodcoj tfet tfg Trmieo Zer mn tfgChcedeod tfg Mds{{gs

mkkwrrgd m~gr 411 sger{( eod tfet kmhhgktcmo{ mn fc{tmrs( nmh` {tmrcg{( eod hgjgod{ mn tfg hctgrers

zmr`{ zgrg lecotecogd bs rfeq{mdg{ eod berd{ nmr leos jgogretcmo{ &Nmv( 211>#/ Nwrtfgr

wodgr{teodcoj c{ clqmrteot rgjerdcoj tfg rgbwtteh{ m~gr tfgChhcede{ e zmr` tfet rgqrg{got{ tfg

{tshg codcketc~g mn mohs mog cotghhcjgokg {mwrkg/ Tm &;# eqqhs tfc{ dreletck fc{tmrs( mog les

kmo{cdgr tfg eoehstck {kfmmh eod erreojg nmr kmo{cdgretcmo e qrektckeh ~gr{g nmr rgkctetcmo( &4#

eoehsycoj tfg rghg~eoks tm kmotglqmrers eod qrmjrg{{c~g g~got{ eod c{{wg{ co rg{qgkt tm

dcqhmletck rghetcmo{( iw{tckg( fgehtf( codw{trs( eod kmllgrkg/ Mog les &7# g~ehwetg tfg zmr`

zctf e rghg~eot rg{qmo{g ebmwt tfg enngkt mn tfg zmr` tfrmwjf rg{qmo{g{ eod kmllgoters mn tfg

ewdcgokg( &># krgetcoj clqmrteot omtg{ ebmwt nhe{fbek`( qerehhgh dsoelck hcog{( eod eoehs{c{ e{

kmlqmogot{ mn tfg zrctcoj qmrtnmhcm tfet gofeokg tfg hgerocoj( co{trwktcmoeh( eod e{{g{{lgot

kskhg{/ Tfg{g gvgrkc{g{ co~mh~g kmokgqt{ tfet fe~g conhwgokgd eg{tfgtckeh ~ehwg{ eod qrcokcqhg{ mn

woc~gr{ehcts {cokg tfg eokcgot{/

^/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Zmr` mn Kfrc{tmqfgr Lerhmz

^c{cmoers kmhm{{eh krgetwrg{ tfet dgns g~grs kmo~gotcmo( eod tfet mohs tfg lcodg les

lm~g( tfg kferektgr{ eod kmokgqt{ mn Kfrc{tmqfgr Lerhmzg &57>4,573;# g~m`g tfg khe{{ckeh

lstfmhmjckeh lw{g/ Fc{ cllmrteh co~mketcmo{ erg gnngktgd bs Kcrkg{ zeod( eod tfg ogkter mn

tfg Rmleo jmd Im~g &{fmrt nmr Iwqctgr( tfg jmd mn hcjft( {`s( zgetfgr( tfg {tetg( zghnerg( eod


15/28


hez{# &Woc~gr{cts mn Mvnmrd( 5333( :;,:4#/ Lerhmzg eocletgd tfg kmo~gotcmoehhs Ghcyebgtfeo

ekedglck trejgds g~go bgnmrg [fe`g{qgerg/ Gvelqhg{ mn rghg~eot &5# rglglbgrcoj mn Lerhmzg

cokhwdg tfg g~m`coj mn mr rgngrgokg tm Tfg Trejckeh Fc{tmrs mn Dr/ New{tw{( tfg ~c{kgreh {tmck

tclg{ mn [gogke &4,>79 Rmleo {tetg{leo( dreletc{t( eod qfchm{mqfgr#( eod tfg lmrteh kmlbet mn

tfg tclg{ mn glqgrmr{( Qgr{ceo Vgrvg{( Keg{er{( Fmhs Zer{( eod ^c`coj,Qcretg kmouwg{t{/ Tm &2#

wodgr{teod Lerhmzg c{ tm qmodgr tfg ncgrkg{t kmo{guwgokg{ mn lgrg neote{s tfet keo kmlqgh eo

glqgrmr tm mrdgr zer eod woiw{t gvgkwtcmo( qerehsycoj trcbwhetcmo{ tfet clqrg{{gd tfg mrcjcoeh

Rgoec{{eokg drele nmr zfckf Lerhmzg c{ ekkrgdctgd/ Cllmrteh bgewts eod qe{{cmo tfet mog les

&;# eqqhs e{ e rgngrgokg tm tfg cllmrtehcts( qmzgrnwh gtgroeh {m~grgcjots tfet les bg &4#

eoehsygd e{ e {gerkf nmr woc~gr{eh zfmhgog{{ eod gtgroeh kmo{kcmw{og{{( tfg gvqhmretcmo nmr

iw{tckg eod hmojg~cts/ E{ mog &7# g~ehwetg{ Lerhmzg( mog keo {go{g fc{ reqqmrt zctf [fe`g{qgerg

eod Tfmle{ Oe{fg &57>:,5>15# m~gr {wqgrfwleo qmzgr{ mn {g~greh lwtwehhs nwoktcmoeh

kferektgr{ retfgr tfeo mn mog leco kferektgr/ Tm krgetg &># e drele mr eomtfgr hctgrers zmr` zctf

tfg lejocnckgot kmlqe{{cmo mn Lerhmzg c{ tm rgkehh lmlgot{ hc`g tfm{g mn Hgeodgr zfm{g

uwc~grcoj brge{tbrgetfhg{{ {qm`g {mlgtfcoj( eod {cjfgd mwt tfg rg{t &Woc~gr{cts mn Mvnmrd(

5333( :4#/

^C/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Khe{{ck{ mn Zchhcel [fe`g{qgerg

Go~c{cmocoj eod dgbetcoj gtfgrgeh dclgo{cmo{ eod dmzonehh{ tfrmwjf tfg Ghcyebgtfeo

eod gerhs Iekmbgeo qgr{qgktc~g( hctgrers kmokgct{ &neokcnwh mr {terthcoj eoehmjcg{#( qgrkgqtcmo(

{go{wehcts( eod gvqrg{{cmo{ mn Zchhcel [fe`g{qgerg &57>4,5>5># rgleco{ e qrmnmwod hctgrers

conhwgokg/ Mog lcjft &5# rglglbgr fcl nmr fc{ rgngrgokg{ tm tfg Cdg{ mn Lerkf eod Gqcqfeocg{(

nmr gvelqhg( coLekBgtf eod Tzghntf Ocjft( rg{qgktc~ghs/ Tm wodgr{teod &2# tfg Rgoec{{eokg

kmotglqhetcmo eod kghgbretcmo mn tfg qerdmoebhg mr kmodglogd q{skfg( mog lcjft {ferg


16/28

Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts co Qgr{qgktc~g 5>

[fe`g{qgerg{ qmglTfg Qfmgocv eod tfg Twrthg( nmr gvelqhg &Woc~gr{cts mn Mvnmrd( 5333( q/

:6,65#/ Zfs dmg{ fg rgngr tm e bcrd tfet c{ rg{mh~gd bwt tm e{fg{= Tfc{ &;# eqqhcketcmo mn

Rgoec{{eokg tredctcmo les gokmwrejg mog tm &4# eoehsyg tfg Ghcyebgtfeo q{skfg tfet bger{

g~grs nmwhg tsreot zcoj Ptm\ {e~g tfg Gejhg ngetfrgd @coj {m {trckt &Woc~gr{cts mn Mvnmrd(

5333( q/ :3# co tgrl{ mn dreletck mqqrg{{cmo co oggd mn qfcheotfrmqck e{{c{teokg/ E{ mog &7#

g~ehwetg{ tfg Rgoec{{eokg oetwrg tfrmwjf [fe`g{qgerg( mog les dgtgkt eo eoetfgle nmr tfg

kmonhckt{ mn tfg kmllmo codc~cdweh {wnngrcoj ferd{fcq clqm{gd bs lmoerkfceh mr {m~grgcjo

nmrkg{/ Mog les &># krgetg clqmrteot ertcnekt omtg{( eoehmjcg{( eod ogz zmr` co rgngrgokg tm

[fe`g{qgerg{ mrcgotetcmo ebmwt woc~gr{eh kmokgqt{/

^CC/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Zmr` mn Bgo Imo{mo

Tm &5# rglglbgr Bgo Imo{mo &57:;,5>;:# c{ tm rgkehh tfg kmo{guwgokg{ mn le{{c~g

berberc{l eod bhmmd{fgd rgkehhgd bs tfg {tejg( tfg le{uwg( ngr~got qrec{g( qmgtrs( hsrckc{l( eod

tfg gokmlcwl/ Tm &2# wodgr{teodImo{mo{ le{uwg( mog lw{t go~c{cmo tfg qeotmlclg{(

deokg{( km{twlg{( eod tfgetrckeh le{`{ tfet tfg{qceo{ eod qheszrcjft{ lcjft qmrt tm rmseh kmwrt{

{m e{ tm jeroc{f {wqqmrt( drg{{ {tshg{ eod qgrnmrleokg{ tfet mog les e &;# eqqhs co e qrektckeh

{`ct bgnmrg eo ewdcgokg mr khe{{rmml/ Tm &4# eoehsygImo{mo{ zmr`( mog lw{t kmo{cdgr tfg

le{uwg{ jmhdgo ejg( e uwg{t nmr hsrckeh jrekg eod {wlqtwmw{ rmseh {qhgodmr( co eddctcmo tm tfg

cotgrhwdg zfckf co tfg kmlck eotcle{uwg qermdcgd tfg qrgdmlcoeot qhmt co lg{lgrcycoj sgt

tewotcoj zmrd{/ Nmr gvelqhg9 Dgetf{ {ghng c{ {mrrszfgo Netg{ twrod krwghh0 Sgt tfrgg nchhd

Ymdcek`g{ zmr` fed fg bggogTfg {tejg{ igzghh &Woc~gr{cts mn Mvnmrd( 5333#/ Eo &7#

g~ehwetcmo mn Imo{mo rg~geh{ fc{ {twds eod nmhhmzcoj mn [gogke( e qgokfeot nmr tfg edeleot

qe{{cmo nmr tfg gvtgo{cmo mn drele g~go {cokg Lerhmzg eod [gogke( tfg edeleot oggd nmr e

{wqqmrtc~g ewdcgokg/ Tm Imo{mo{Lglmrs mn ls bghm~gd Le{tgr Zchhcel( mog c{ qrmnmwodhs


17/28

Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts co Qgr{qgktc~g 5:

clqrg{{gd bs tfg {wqgrfwleo lcod tfet c{ e{ fg tgrl{( tfg {mwh mn tfg ejg/ Imo{mo{ gokmlcwl

tm [fe`g{qgerg c{ lm{t {trc`coj/ Tm Imo{mo( omt g~go Kfewkgr( [qgo{gr( mr Bgewlmot keo letkf

[fe`g{qgerg{ mwt{teodcoj dgdcketcmo e{ e qheszrcjft eod qmgt/ Tm &># krgetg omtg{ ebmwt he{tcoj

zmrd{ {wkf e{ Imo{mo{ keo trwhs bg eo e{{gt tm tfg zrctgr{ qmrtnmhcm/ [fe`g{qgerg e{ e

lmowlgot g~gr hc~coj zctfmwt e tmlb tfet keo {fe`g nmrg~gr tfg {tejglmrg {m tfeo Hetco mr

Jrgg`( tfwodrcoj Eg{kfshw{( Gwrcqcdg{( [mqfmkhg{( Qekw~cw{( Ekkcw{qrmnmwodg{t lcod{ erg

cllmrteh &[fe`g{qgerg( 5335( vc~,vc~c#/

CCV/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Zmr` mn Ielg{ Imskg

Tm rglglbgr&5# Ielg{ Imskg( mog lw{t qmodgr tfg rg~mhwtcmoers eod coom~etcoj

hctgrers {tshg( {wkf e{ tfg {trgel mn kmo{kcmw{og{{/ Tm &2# wodgr{teod tfc{ kmokgqt( mog lcjft

kmo{cdgr Zchhcel Ielg{ zfm kmcogd tfg tgrl co fc{ Qrcokcqhg{ mn Q{skfmhmjs &5631# tm dg{krcbg

tfg coogr nhmz mn gvqgrcgokg/ Tm &;# eqqhs tfg dg{krcqtcmo tm Imskg ebmwt tfg q{skfmhmjckeh

qrmkg{{ mn tfmwjft eod {go{etcmo{ tfet nhmz tfrmwjf e qgr{moe nmr om retcmoeh kew{g( mog les

eoehsyg tfg kmokgqtcmo eod kmo{kcmw{og{{ mn e kferektgr {wkf e{ [tgqfgo Fgrm/ E{ Imskg fed

edeqtgd tfg cotgrcmr lmomhmjwg tfrmwjf qwbhc{fgd Nrgokf zmr`{( fg conhwgokgd mtfgr tzgotcgtf

kgotwrs ewtfmr{ {wkf e{ ^crjcoce Zmhng eod Zchhcel Newh`ogr zfm eh{m goebhgd tfmwjft eod

clqrg{{cmo{ mn kferektgr{ tm nhmz e{ nrml e zghh tfrmwjf {qmoteogmw{ {mlgtclg{ clletwrg

{sotev/ Mog les &4# eoehsyg tfc{ {tshg nmr cofgrgot {wqgroetwreh qmzgr{/ [wkf e qrmqgo{cts tm

{gerkf tfgq{skfg kgrtecohs lw{t rgnhgkt tfg ewtfmr{ uwg{t nmr woc~gr{ehcts co tfg tgrl{ mn eo

cofgrgot kmo{kcmw{og{{ mr cllmrteh dclgo{cmo c{ e {wbigkt tfet mog lcjft &7# g~ehwetg tfrmwjf

tfg ewtfmr{ bcmjreqfs/ Imskg{ eg{tfgtck{ cokhwdg{ e beheokg bgtzggo fc{ dc{kmotgot zctf Crc{f

oetcmoehcts eod zctf Ig{wct Ketfmhckc{l co eo crmock leoogr/ Tfg ewtfmr gvqrg{{g{ eo ed~gotwrmw{

sgerocoj nmr tfg coom~etc~g g~mketcmo mn co{cjft( tfg {wddgo {qcrctweh leocng{tetcmo &gqcqfeos#


18/28


mn Tfg Qmrtrect mn tfg Ertc{t e{ e Smwoj Leo eod eo mrcjcoeh ~gr{cmo mn tfg khe{{ck Whs{{g{/ Mog

lcjft krgetg &># e zmr` co tfc{ {tshg tm edd tm mog{ zrctcoj qmrtnmhcm/

CV/ Gvgrkc{g{ Co~mh~coj tfg Zmr` mn Dsheo Tfmle{

E{ kmokgro{ rgjerdcoj eg{tfgtck{ tfet erg kwhtwrehhs eod gtfckehhs conhwgokgd eod tfet lw{t

kmehg{kg necrhs tm nmrl tfg qgr{qgktc~g{ mn tfet zfckf kmo{tctwtg{ bgewts &nmr gvelqhg( {sllgtrs

~gr{w{ e{sllgtrs0 heod{keqg ~gr{w{ jerdgocoj qrgngrgokg{0 le{kwhcog ~gr{w{ nglcocog

qrgngrgokg{( gtk/#( eg{tfgtck{ conhwgokg hctgretwrg( ert( qfchm{mqfs( eod q{skfmhmjs/ Eg{tfgtckeh

~ehwg{ ebmwt cokmojrwmw{ gnngkt{ eh{m conhwgokg ert( hctgretwrg( nchl( eod tfgetrg tfrmwjf wooetwreh

kmlbcoetcmo{ eod iwvteqm{ctcmo{( ehh zfckf zg kmo{cdgr co rg{qgkt tm Dsheo Tfmle{ &5354,537;#/

^ehwg{ tfet kmlqgh tfg cdgeh{( qrcokcqhg{( mr qrektckg mn krgetcoj neote{tck mr e{sllgtrck clejgrs

erg eh{m e{{mkcetgd zctf tfg eg{tfgtck{( tfgrgnmrg( tfet mog les &5# rglglbgr co rg{qgkt tm

Tfmle{/

Conhwgokgd bs Jgrerd Leohgs Fmq`co{ &5644,5663#( Tfmle{ {wrrgehc{t hsrckeh uwehctcg{

g~m`g e {wqgroetwreh zmrhd tfet gokmlqe{{g{ eod clbwg{ tfg qgrkgqtc~g etlm{qfgrg mn fc{ zmr`/

E{ mog &2# wodgr{teod{tfg nmrkg tfet tfrmwjf tfg jrggo nw{g kmlqgh{ eod jc~g{ qfs{ckeh nmrl

tfet eh{m rg{kcod{( mog keo eh{m {go{g eomtfgr rgehl tfet drc~g{ tfg zetgr tfrmwjf tfg rmk`{ eod

eh{m fc{ bhmmdtfet drc~g{ tfg lmwtfcoj {trgel{( twrocoj fc{ bhmmd tm zev &Woc~gr{cts mn

Mvnmrd( 5333( >25#/ Mog lcjft &;# eqqhs tfg qmzgrnwh {wrrgehc{t hcjft eod qmzgr mn Tfmle{ tm

~c{weh clejg{ {wkf e{ e qecotcoj mn [eh~edmr Dehc &5314,5363# mr tfg {wddgo nhe{f mn hcjft

tfrmwjf e zcodmz tfet qgr{c{t{ e{ eo gvtgodgd lgteqfmr( tfg hclct mn tfg jhmbg{( e{ deshcjft{

tfg bmogzfgohmjck{ dcg &Woc~gr{cts mn Mvnmrd( 5333( >22#/ E{ mog &4# eoehsyg{Tfmle{

qmzgrnwh hcjft( mog les dgtgkt tfet Tfmle{ dmg{ omt bghcg~g tfet hcng lw{t {wkkwlb tm tfg

qfs{ckeh zmrhd( e ~ehwg {s{tgl gvqrg{{gd g~go co fc{ tcthg{ ehmog( {wkf e{ Eod dgetf {fehh fe~g


19/28


om dmlcocmo/ E{ mog &7# g~ehwetg{ tfg clejgrs eod {wrrgehc{l mn Tfmle{( mog dgtgkt{ fc{ w{g

mn rghcjcmw{ bwt eoehstckeh uwehctcg{ tfet erg q{skfmeoehstck e{ qgr tfg dgncoctcmo eod qrektckg {gt

nmrtf bs [cjlwod Nrgwd &567>,53;3#/ Qmodgrcoj Tfmle{ Dm omt jm jgothg cotm tfet jmmd

ocjft( mog lcjft krgetg &># e {`gtkf mn e {fgqfgrd eod e {tenn( mr e {`gtkf mr dg{krcqtcmo mn e {ter

m~grfged bgelcoj gnnwhjgokg zfgrg mohs der`og{{ {fmwhd bg/ Tfg{g erg nwrtfgr kmokgqt{ tfet

kmlqrc{g mwr wodgr{teodcoj mn eg{tfgtck{ eod woc~gr{ehctsbgewts nrml e hcjft mn eomtfgr mr

gtgroeh zmrhd0 mog kwhtwrg( {mkceh( mr codc~cdweh jrmwq {gg`coj eod nwhnchhcoj e lc{{cmo nmr ~cktmrs(

{wkkg{{( mr elog{ts/


20/28


Rgngrgokg{

E{{srceo Cotgroetcmoeh Ogz{ Ejgoks &o/d/#/ Tfg Gqck mn Jchjelg{f/ Rgtrcg~gd Iwhs 57( 2151(

nrml fttq9--zzz/ecoe/mrj-bmm`{-gmj-gmj/qdn

Kmonwkcw{( @/ N/ &2151( Iwog#/ Uwnw/ Rgtrcg~gd Iwhs 6( 2151( nrml

fttq9--kmllwocts/tre~ghkfcoejwcdg/kml-nmrwl2/e{q=c6

Dwoo( E/( . [cojgr( E/ &2111#/Hctgrers eg{tfgtck{9 e rgedgr/ Mvnmrd W@9 Bhek`zghh Qwbhc{fgr{

Htd/

Nmrgfeod( L/ &2117#/ Bhmml*{ tevmomls9 Mrcjcoeh eod rg~c{gd/ Co L/ Mrgs &Gd/#( Glgrjcoj

qgr{qgktc~g{ mo hgerocoj( tgekfcoj( eod tgkfomhmjs/ Rgtrcg~gd Iwhs 7( 2151( nrml

fttq9--qrmigkt{/kmg/wje/gdw-gqhtt-codgv/qfq=tcthg


21/28


[fe`g{qgerg( Z/ &5335#/ Zchhcel [fe`g{qgerg,,Tfg kmlqhgtg zmr`{ &2od gd/#/ Mvnmrd MV2 >DQ9

Mvnmrd Woc~gr{cts Qrg{{/

Woc~gr{cts mn Mvnmrd &5333#/ Tfg Mvnmrd bmm` mn Gojhc{f ~gr{g &Kfrc{tmqfgr Rck`{( Gd/#/ Jrget

Khergodmo( Mvnmrd9 Mvnmrd Woc~gr{cts Qrg{{/


22/28


Eqqgodcv E9 Hctgrers Tgrl{

Bgnmrg rgedcoj tfg hctgrers zmr`( qhge{g kmo{cdgr tfg hctgrers tgrl{ zfckf C cokhwdg co ls mzo

co{trwktcmoeh zgb e{ qgr tfg nmhhmzcoj9

fttq9--zzz/eokcgot{`sbrcdjg/kml-rm{gtte]{tmog]qmgl(]hct]rg~cgz/ftl

Eqqgodcv B9 [sotektck Tgrl{ G{{gotceh tm Woc~gr{eh Jreller

Bgnmrg qrmkggdcoj zctf tfg rgedcoj mn Kmonwkcw{ eod tfg gvgrkc{g{ qgrtecocoj tfgrgtm( qhge{g

kmo{cdgr tfg {sotektck tgrl{ g{{gotceh tm Woc~gr{eh Jreller tfet C cokhwdg co ls mzo

co{trwktcmoeh zgb e{ qgr tfg nmhhmzcoj9

fttq9--zzz/eokcgot{`sbrcdjg/kml-zgbuwg{t/ftl

Eqqgodcv K9 [sotev Rg~cgz

5/ Gvqhgtc~g Qettgro{

e# Ct qettgro{

Qhge{g omtg tfet tfg gvqhgtc~g ctc{ nrguwgoths m~grw{gd zfgo ehtgroetg zmrdcoj eod {sotektck nmrl

zmwhd qrmdwkg e {trmoj eod glqfetck nmkw{ et tfg bgjcoocoj mn tfg {gotgokg/ Nmr gvelqhg

Ct ze{ Kfrc{tmqfgr zfm mnngrgd co~ehwebhg rghcgn/

Nwoktcmocoj e{ tfg eotckcqetmrs {wbigkt mn e qfre{g mr khew{g tfet c{ co e {wkkggdcoj qhekg co tfg

{gotgokg( tfg nrguwgoths w{gd ctqrmdwkg{ mb{kwrg eod lwdds nmkw{0 tfw{( tfg {gotgokg c{ omt

ge{chs rged mr wodgr{tmmd/ Tfg nmhhmzcoj gvelqhg mn tfg ctqettgro {fmwhd tsqckehhs bg e~mcdgd9

Ct c{ codggd mb~cmw{ tm eosmog tfet mwr gdwketcmoeh {s{tgl

c{ dcrgktgd qmmrhs bs tfg Bmerd mn Gdwketcmo/
http://www.ancientskybridge.com/rosetta_stone_poem,_lit_review.htmhttp://www.ancientskybridge.com/rosetta_stone_poem,_lit_review.htmhttp://www.ancientskybridge.com/webquest.htmhttp://www.ancientskybridge.com/webquest.htmhttp://www.ancientskybridge.com/webquest.htmhttp://www.ancientskybridge.com/rosetta_stone_poem,_lit_review.htm


23/28

Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts co Qgr{qgktc~g 2;

b# Tfgrg qettgro{

Tfg m~grw{g mn gvqhgtc~g qettgro{ eh{m rg{wht{ co qmmrhs nmkw{gd {gotgokg{/ [gotgokg{ bgjcoocoj

zctf tfgrg erg kehhgd gvc{tgotceh {gotgokg{e{ Uwcr` eod Jrggobewl zrctg( zfgo

wo{trg{{gd( tfgrg c{ nmhhmzgd bs e nmrl mn tfg ~grb bg( tfg khew{g tfet gvqrg{{g{ tfg omtcmo mn

gvc{tgokg/ Tfgrg c{ {clqhs lgeo{ tfgrg gvc{t{( eod cn tfg leco cdge mn tfg {gotgokg c{ omt tfg

{clqhg mog mn gvc{tgokg( ehtgroetg {sotektck kmo{trwktcmo {fmwhd bg w{gd9

Tfgrg erg owlgrmw{ nhez{ fgrg < Owlgrmw{ nhez{ gvc{t fgrg/

Dg{qctg ct{ coeqqrmqrcetgog{{( cogvqgrcgokgd zrctgr{ tgod tm bgjco {gotgokg{ zctf tfgrg/ Tfg

tgodgoks eqqger{ co owlgrmw{ nmrl{0 fmzg~gr( tfg lm{t kmllmo erg {clcher tm tfg nmhhmzcoj

tzm gvelqhg{9

5/ Co fcjf krclg rgjcmo{( tfgrg {fmwhd bg lmrg {gkwrcts mnnckgr{ eqqmcotgd tm

qetrmh tfg {trggt{ entgr der`/

Mr

Tfgrg c{ lmrg trmwbhg {tgzcoj tfet tfgs kmwhd omt nmrg{gg/

2/ Tfgrg erg hgjctcletg kmokgro{ elmoj gdwketmr{ rgjerdcoj tfg uwehcts mn

co{trwktcmo tfet mwr tgekfgr{ erg rgkgc~coj/

Mokg zg treo{hetg tfg ncr{t `cod mn {gotgokg{ cotm {gotgokg{ be{gd mo tfg ~grb gvc{t( tfg qrmbhgl

c{ khger9

5/ Lmrg {gkwrcts mnnckgr{ {fmwhd gvc{t eqqmcotgd tm qetrmh tfg {trggt{ entgr der`/

2/ Lmrg trmwbhg gvc{t{ {tgzcoj tfet tfgs kmwhd omt gvqgkt/

Khgerhs( tfg zrctgr{ mn tfg{g {gotgokg{ dcd bger co lcod omt tfg cdge mn gvc{tgokg bwt tfg cdge mn

ektcmo{co tfg ncr{t( tfg ektcmo mn {gkwrcts mnnckgr{ bgcoj e{{cjogd0 co tfg {gkmod( tfg ektcmo mn

lmrg trmwbhg &tfet c{# {tgzcoj/ Tfg {gotgokg{ {fmwhd bg zrcttgo e{ nmhhmz{9


24/28


5/ Lmrg {gkwrcts mnnckgr{ {fmwhd bg eqqmcotgd tm qetrmh tfg {trggt{ entgr der`/

2/ Lmrg trmwbhg c{ {tgzcoj tfet tfgs kmwhd omt gvqgkt/

Zg les dc{km~gr tfg coeqqrmqrcetgog{{ mn tfg tfgrg bgjcoocoj{ tfrmwjf eo clqmrteot khwg co

tfg mrcjcoeh {gotgokg{ zfckf zg mb{gr~g tm bg tfg qrg{gokg mn tfg ~grbeh{eqqmcotgd eod

{tgzcoj,,tfet gvc{t entgr tfg {wbigkt{ mn tfg {gotgokg{/ Zfgo kmo{trwktgd co tfc{ leoogr( tfg

tfgrg co~ercebhs {fmwhd bg ghclcoetgd( eod tfg ~grbeh {fmwhd bg kfeojgd cotm e ncoctg ~grb/

Tfg {gkmod tfgrg qrmbhgl c{ dcnngrgot/ E{ zg rgrged tfg {gotgokg( zg dc{km~gr om ~grbeh

nmhhmzcoj tfg {wbigkt kmokgro{/ Cn zg kfeojg tfc{ {gotgokg cotm mog be{gd mo gvc{t( tfg rg{wht

c{ eo clqrm~gd {sotektck {trwktwrg( mog zctf e nmkw{ tfet c{ omt feygd bs woogkg{{ers ~grbeh{9

Hgjctcletg kmokgro{ gvc{t elmoj gdwketmr{

Ehtfmwjf e kmokgro les gvc{t( zfgo mog {tetg{ tfet ct gvc{t{ elmoj {mlg jrmwq mn qgmqhg( mog

c{ omt nmkw{coj mo tfg jrmwq bwt {clqhs mo ct{ kmokgro/ Tfg {gotgokg {fmwhd bg zrcttgo9

Gdwketmr{ erg hgjctcletghs kmokgrogd ebmwt tfg uwehcts mn co{trwktcmo

tfet mwr tgekfgr{ erg rgkgc~coj/

2/ Qerehhghc{lQerehhgh {trwktwrg &qerehhghc{l# c{ clqmrteot tm {sotev/ Leos {gotgokg{ cokhwdg hc{t{ mn tzm( tfrgg(

mr lmrg zmrd{( qfre{g{ mr khew{g{ {gqeretgd bs kmlle{/ Tfg{g kmlqmwod omwo{( qfre{g{( mr

khew{g{ {fmwhd bg hc{tgd co qerehhgh/ Tfg{g hco`gd kmlqmogot{ {fmwhd bg co tfg {elg jrelletckeh

nmrl/ Kmllmohs co~mh~coj tfg kmmrdcoetcoj kmoiwoktcmo eod( tfgs les eh{m co~mh~g mtfgr

kmmrdcoetcoj kmoiwoktcmo{mr( bwt( mr sgt/ Tfg rwhg mn qerehhgh {trwktwrg c{ tfet tfg{g

kmoiwoktcmo{ {fmwhd kmoogkt {clcher jrelletckeh woct{ w{gd co tfg {elg zes/ Nmr gvelqhg( tzm

mr lmrg omwo{ w{gd e{ {wbigkt{ mn e {gotgokg( mr tzm mr lmrg omwo{ w{gd e{ mbigkt{ mn tfg {elg

~grb mr mn tfg {elg qrgqm{ctcmo( mr tzm mr lmrg qrgqm{ctcmoeh qfre{g{ lmdcnscoj tfg {elg omwo

mr tfg {elg ~grb( eod {m mo/ W{ejg les bg tm {mlg dgjrgg qgrlc{{c~g ebmwt tfc{ rwhg et tclg{0


25/28


fmzg~gr( zfgo dg~cetcmo gvc{t{( tfg nwoktcmo mn tfg woct{ c{ lmrg clqmrteot tfeo jrelletckeh

nmrl/ Nmr co{teokg( tfg nmhhmzcoj {gotgokg{ erg tsqckehhs kmo{cdgrgd tm bg kmrrgkt g~go tfmwjf

tfgs erg gvkgqtcmo{ tm tfg {teoderd rwhg9

[fg fetg{ dmj{( ket{( eod zfetg~gr c{ getcoj fgr qheot{ &e omwo khew{g#/

Lertfe c{ ne{kcoetgd &e kmlqhglgot# bs ehh {qmrt{ bwt e dg~mtgg &e kmlqhglgot# mn be{gbehh/

Jgmrjg dcd tfg zmr` {qggdchs &ed~grb# eod zctf eo gsg tm mwr kmo~gocgokg &ed~grbceh#/

Tfg ncr{t gvelqhg cokhwdg{ e kmoiwoktcmo tfet hco`{ e {grcg{ mn tzm omwo{ eod e omwo khew{g0 ehh

tfrgg mn tfg hco`gd {grcg{ nwoktcmo e{ dcrgkt mbigkt{ mn fetg{/ Tfg {gkmod {gotgokg cokhwdg{ tfg

kmoiwoktcmo tfet imco{ tfg edigktc~g( ne{kcoetgd( zctf e omwo( dg~mtgg0 bmtf erg kmlqhglgot{ mn

Lertfe/ Co tfg tfcrd gvelqhg( tfg kmoiwoktcmo imco{ tfg ed~grb {qggdchs( zctf tfg qrgqm{ctcmoeh

qfre{g( zctf eo gsg tm mwr kmo~gocgokg( bwt tfg qrgqm{ctcmoeh qfre{g c{ ed~grbceh( lmdcnscoj dcd

co tfg {elg leoogr tfet {qggdchs dmg{/ Tfg{g erg tfrgg gvkgqtcmo{ tm tfg rwhg e{ tfgs dm omt

gvglqhcns tfet {trwktwrg ehzes{ te`g{ qrgkgdgokg m~gr jrelletckeh nmrl/ E{ tfg qerehhgh

{trwktwrg rwhg codcketg{( bmtf {trwktwrg eod jrelletckeh nmrl w{wehhs lw{t bg tfg {elg/

Qerehhgh {trwktwrg rguwcrg{ tfet tfg kmlqmogot zfckf nmhhmz{ tfg kmoiwoktcmo c{ hc`g {mlg

{trwktwrg tfet qrgkgdg{ tfg kmoiwoktcmo/ Cn mog zrctg{ e {clqhg omwo + ~grb + dcrgkt mbigkt e{ e

{gotgokg( nmr gvelqhg( eod wtchcyg{ tfg kmoiwoktcmo eod( mog kmwhd kmlqhgtg tfg {gotgokg{ co mohs

tfrgg zes{9

Imfo bct tfg ket eod tfg dmj/ &qerehhgh dcrgkt mbigkt{#/

Imfo bct tfg ket eod `ck`gd tfg dmj/ &qerehhgh ~grb qfre{g{#

Imfo bct tfg ket( eod Lers `ck`gd tfg dmj/ &qerehhgh {gotgokg{#


26/28

Eg{tfgtck{ eod Woc~gr{ehcts co Qgr{qgktc~g 2>

Eqqgodcv D

Co rgngrgokg Kmonwkcw{ zmr` e{ treo{hetgd bs Gyre Qmwod( tfg tcthg cokhwdgd co tfg

Rgngrgokg{ [gktcmo c{ qwbhc{fgd bs Ogz Dcrgktcmo{ Qwbhc{fcoj Kmlqeos &ODQK(

53>4( qq/ >,6#

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Ekrm{{ jre{{ eod zetgr

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C keoomt fmomwr smwr ekt

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27/28

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Uwnw &nrml Kmonwkcw{( 2151( 5#

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28/28


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Tfg fgert nhcg{ trwg ,

Tfg rcjft eojhg mn ~crtwg

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Aesthetics and Universality in Perspective