Aecs Lab Exp2

7/28/2019 Aecs Lab Exp2

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EXPERIMENT-2

ENGLISH VOCABULARY

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTES

One word may often express the idea of a phrase. Here are some common one word

substitutes.

Egoist (also Egotist): a person who is selfish, self absorbed and self centered

Epitaph: inscription on a tombstone

Fatalist: one who believes in the philosophical doctrine of fatalism

Aristocracy: people of noble families or the highest social class. Also, government of a

country by a small group of people, especially hereditary nobility

Atheist: a person who does not believe in God or deities

Amphibian: a land animal that breeds in water

Ambiguity: an expression or statement that has more than one meaning

Cannibal: somebody who eats human flesh

Mercenary: somebody who works or serves only for personal profit. Also, a professional

soldier paid to fight for an army other than that of his or her country

Misogynist: a person who hates women

Misogamist: a person who does not believe in the institution of marriage

Omniscient: a person who knows everything

Omnivorous: an animal or a human being that eats any kind of food

Omnipotent: a person who has power over all

Panacea: a supposed cure for all diseases or problems

Parasite: a person supported by another and giving him/her nothing in return

Infallible: incapable of making a mistakeInfanticide: the killing of an infant


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Idolatry: the worship of idols or false gods

Inflammable: something that is quickly and easily set on fire and burned

English Vocabulary

One word sub st i tu tes

One word may often express the idea of a phrase. Here are some common one word

substitutes.

Epicure: somebody who is dedicated to sensual pleasure and luxury

Epidemic: an outbreak of a disease that spreads among a group of people quickly and

extensively

Fanatic: somebody who has extreme and sometimes irrational enthusiasms or beliefs,

especially in religion or politics

Feminist: a believer in women's rights

Herbivorous: an animal that eats only grass or other plants

Fratricide: the crime in which somebody kills his or her own brother

Matricide: the act of murdering one's own mother

Patricide: the act of murdering one's own father

Convalescence: the gradual return to good health after a period or illness or medical

treatment

Endemic: a disease that occurs within a specified area, region or locale

Anarchist: a person who rejects the need for a system of government in society and

proposes its abolition

Ambidextrous: a person who is able to use both hands with equal skill

Amateur: a person who does something for pleasure rather than for pay

Aborigines: original inhabitants of a place

Arbitrator: somebody designated to hear both sides of a dispute and make a judgment


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Autocracy: rule by one person who holds unlimited power

Edible: fit for eating

Potable: fit for drinking

Belligerents: nations engaged in war

Fastidious: a person who is concerned that even the smallest details should be just right

Somnambulism: sleepwalking

Stoic: a person who is unaffected by emotions

Theist: a person who believes in the existence of God

Verbatim: corresponding word for word translation

Pugnacity: inclined to fight or be aggressive

Valetudinarian: somebody who is excessively concerned with his or her own

Widow: a woman whose husband has died

Polygamy: the custom of having more than one spouse at the same time

Polyandry: the custom of having more than one husband at the same time

Triennial: taking place once every three years

Usurper: a person who seize something without the right to do so

Philanthropist: a person who helps others, especially those who are poor and in trouble

Plutocracy: the rule of a society by its wealthiest people

SYNONYMS

SYNONYMS are words of the same grammatical class (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.)that have similar meaning. No word means exactly the same as any other word and,

therefore, there are no exact synonyms in English.

Certain words may convey the same general notion, e.g. slay, kill, murder, execute and

slaughter. Though they are used in different senses and in different contexts, they may be

treated as synonyms. Read the examples given below.

He was slain on the battlefield.


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He was killed in action.

The robbers killed him and looted his property.

He was murdered in cold blood.

The criminal was executed.

The sheep were all slaughtered.

A list of synonyms is given below. No such list, of course, can be comprehensive.

Students may refer to Rogets Thesaurus for a further list of synonyms.

abbreviate abridge, shorten

abstain refrain

absurd ridiculousaccomplish achieve, perform

adversity calamity, misfortune

adversary opponent, enemyalteration change

authentic genuineautocrat despot, tyrantavaricious greedy

aversion dislike, antipathy

bias prejudice

blend mix, minglebondage slavery

briskvigorous

checkrestrain, stop, curbcompel coerce, force

competition rivalry

comprehend understand, graspconfer grant

confess admit

confuse confound, perplex

conscious awarecontemplate meditate

contrary opposite

courteous polite, civildegeneration deterioration

deplorable regrettable, lamentable

despise scorn, disdaindeny refuse

dexterous clever, skilful

dismal gloomydizzy giddy, dazed, unsteady

eccentric peculiar, odd

efficient able, competent

endure suffer, tolerateenergy force, vigour


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enormous huge, immense

eternal timeless, perpetual

famous celebrated, renownedfeeble weak, infirm

felicity happiness, bliss

ferocious fierce, savageflashy showy, gaudy

frailty weakness, failing, foible

frankcandid, open

general universal

gentle tender, mild, kindgigantic huge, stupendous

giggle laugh, titter

grave sober, seriousgriefsorrow, pain, agony

guard- defend, protecthasty rash

hazardous riskyhideous repulsive, ugly

hinder obstruct, prevent

holy sacredhumble meek

idle lazy, indolent

illegal unlawful, lawless

impudent impertinent, insolentincite instigate, provoke

irritation vexation, annoyance

jealous enviousjeer mock, sneer

juvenile youthful

keeper custodiankind benevolent

laconic brief, concise

latent dormant, hidden

lax loose, negligent, carelesslenient tolerant, gentle, mild

liberal generous

liberty freedom, independenceloyal faithful, true

mad insane

magnificent splendid, statelymagnify exaggerate, glorify

malady illness, disease

marvel miracle, wondermiserly stingy, closefisted, niggardly


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misery suffering, tribulation

modest bashful, unassuming

mourn lamentnave artless, simple

nasty filthy, dirty

noble lofty, illustriousnorm standard

novice beginner

obscene filthy, indecent

obstacle hindrance

obstinate stubbornobvious clear, evident

odd strange, peculiar

opportunity occasionoption choice

pardon forgive, excusepermit allow

pious devout, godly, religiousprecise exact

premature hasty

proficient adept, expertprofuse lavish, extravagant

progeny offspring, descendants

prudent discreet, wise, sagacious

queer strange, eccentricquest search

quit leave, depart

quiver tremble, shiverrare scarce, infrequent

remember recollect, recall

reserved reticentrespect esteem, regard

restraint restriction, curb

revenge vengeance, retribution

reverence venerationrude impolite, discourteous

savage barbarous, cruel

scold rebuke, reprove, reprimand, censuresevere stern, strict

shy bashful, coy

slander defamationsly crafty, cunning

solitary lonely

superfluous unnecessary, needlesssympathy compassion, fellow-feeling


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tacit silent, unspoken

tedious tiresome

tender soft, delicatethin slender, lean

thrifty frugal, economical

thrive prosper, flourishtimid shy, diffident

tradition custom, convention

transparent clear, lucid

ubiquitous omnipotentultimate final, last

usual common, ordinary

vanquish conquer, defeatvenom poison

vulgar coarse, indecent

winsome charming, attractive

wizard magicianzeal enthusiasm

ANTONYMS

Antonyms are words of the same grammatical class that have opposite meanings.

English Vocabulary

Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same grammatical class that have opposite meanings.

A list of antonyms is given below. For a comprehensive list, consult a good thesaurus.

above below, beneath

abstract concrete

accept reject

acquit condemnadvance retreat

affirm deny

affluence poverty

aggravate alleviate, lessenagree differ

allow forbidanalysis synthesis

ancestor descendant

ancient modern

aristocrat commonerarrive depart


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ascent descent

assent dissent

asset liabilityattract repel

awake asleep

barren fertilebase noble

beliefdoubt

benediction malediction

benevolent malevolentbold timid

boom slump

bravery cowardicebright dim, dull

carnal spiritual

centrifugal centripetal

cheap dear, costlycheerful gloomy

clever stupid

common rarecompulsory optional

concord discord

confident diffidentcreate destroy

dawn dusk

debtor creditordeep shallow

defensive offensive

deliberate unintentional, accidentaldiligent crazy

dilute concentrated

dwarfgiant

elevation depressionexclude include

exit entrance

exotic indigenousexpand contract

explicit implicit

external internalextravagant frugal, thrifty

famous obscurefat lean, thin

fictitious real

forget rememberfrequent rare


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fresh stale

friendly hostile

gather scattergeneral particular, special

generous mean

gradual abrupt, suddenguilty innocent

harsh gentle

hasty leisurely

haughty meekheavy light

hit miss

hollow solidhonour shame

hope despair

host- guest

hurt healideal actual

idle busy

imagination realityincrease decrease

industrious indolent, lazy

inferior superiorinhale exhale

input output

joy sorrowjunior senior

kind cruel

kindle extinguishknowledge ignorance

lament rejoice

later earlier

latter formerlead follow

lend borrow

let hireliberate enslave

literal figurative

loose tightlose find

major minor

masculine feminine

material spiritualmemory oblivion

mild severe, stern

miser spendthrift


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monogamy polygamy

monotony variety, diversity

nave sophisticated

narrow broad

native foreignnatural artificial

neutral partial

observe reverseodd even

offer refuse

often seldomomission commission

optimistic pessimistic

oral writtenoriental occidental

original duplicate, copyostensible actual

partly whollypermanent temporary

permit prohibit

pleasure painpractice theory

pragmatic idealistic

praise blame

precede succeedpride humility

profit loss

progress regressprogressive retrograde

promote demote

public privatequiet noisy

queer normal

rash cautious, careful

rapid slow, leisurelyrecede advance

relative absolute

reluctant ready, willingreserved sociable

resist submit

retail wholesalereward punish

rigid flexible

ripe raw


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rise fall, set

rude polite

sacred secular, profane

safe risky, dangerous

saint sinnerservant master

sharp blunt

simple complex, complicatedsink - swim, float

smile frown

sober drunk, rashsolid liquid

straight crooked, curved

strait broadstrange familiar

subjective objectivesucceed fail

sure doubtfulsweet bitter, sour

sympathy antipathy

tense relaxedterrestrial celestial

tight loose, slack

tranquil disturbed, agitated

transparent opaquetriumph defeat

trivial important

unite separate

upright dishonest

urbane rude, unculturedvacant occupied

vague clear, definite

vertical horizontal

victory defeatvirtue vice

voluntary compulsory

wax wanezenith nadir


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WORD ROOTS

A root, as its name suggests, is a word or word part from which other

words grow, usually through the addition ofprefixes and suffixes. The root

of the word vocabulary, for example, is voc, a Latin root meaning "word" or"name." This root also appears in the words advocacy, convocation,

evocative, vocal, and vociferous.

Understanding the meanings of the common word roots can help us

deduce the meanings of new words that we encounter. But be careful: root

words can have more than one meaning and various shades of meaning. In

addition, words that look similar may derive from different roots. So when

you meet up with a new word, be sure to rely on a dictionary to check its

definition.

The table below defines and illustrates 30 of the most common Greek and

Latin roots. The letter in parentheses indicates whether the root word is

Greek (G) or Latin (L).

Word Roots

ROOT MEANING EXAMPLES

-auto- (G) self automatic, autopsy-bene- (L) good benefit, benign

-bio- (G) life biography, biology

-chrono- (G) time chronic, synchronize

-dict- (L) say dictate, diction

-duc- (L) lead, make deduce, produce

-gen- (L) give birth gene, generate

-geo- (G) earth geography, geology

-graph- (G) write autograph, graph

-jur-, -jus- (L) law jury, justice

-log-, -logue- (L) thought logic, obloquy

-luc- (L) light lucid, translucent

-man(u)- (L) hand manual, manure


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-mand-, -mend- (L) order demand, recommend

-mis-, -mit- (L) send missile, transmission

-omni- (L) all omnivorous

-path- (G) feel empathy, pathetic-phil- (G) love philosophy, bibliophile

-phon- (G) sound phonics, telephone

-photo- (G) light photograph, photon

-port- (L) carry export, portable

-qui(t)- (L) quiet, rest acquit, tranquil

-scrib-, -script- (L) write ascribe, script

-sens-, -sent- (L) feel resent, sensitive

-tele- (G) far off telecast, telephone

-terr- (L) earth terrain, territory

-vac- (L) empty evacuate, vacate

-vid-, -vis- (L) see visible, video

COMMON ROOT WORDS AND WORD ORIGINS

ROOTS MEANING WORD

alter other Alternate (one after the other), alter ego(second self,trusted friend)ami,amic-

love Amiable (friendly), amicable (lovable)

aqua,aque

water Aquatic(watery), aquarium(fish tank),aqueduct(conveyance of water)

bell war Belligerent(to wage war), bellicose(of war)

brev short Brief(short), abbreviate(to shorten)cap take, seize Capture(take into ones possession or control by force),

captivate(person or animal imprisoned or confined),


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captivity(the condition of being imprisoned or confined),captor(a person that catches or confines another)

corp body Corpus(a collection or body of written texts of aparticular author or of a subject) , corpse(a dead body ofa human being), corporal(relating to the human body)

derm- skin Dermatology(study of skin diseases), epidermis(outerlayer of skin), hypodermic(of medical tools used to injectdrugs under a persons skin)

duo two duodynam- power dynamo, hydrodynamicsego self egotist, egomaniaequ equal equal, equity, equanimity, equate, equidistantfac make, do manufacture, factory, benefactor

fil threadlike filamentfrater brother fraternal, fraternizegam- marriage monogamy, polygamy, bigamygeo- earth geopolitical, geology, geography, geothermal

grad,gress

step gradual, progression, transgression

hemo,hema,hem

blood hemophilia, hematology, hemoglobin

holo whole,entire

holograph

iso equal,identical

isolate

ject throw inject, reject, subject, projectionjud judge judicial, judge, adjudicateleg, lect read, legible, lectern, lecturer, election


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chooseliter letter literature, illiterate, literalloc place local, locationmar sea marine, marinermater mother maternal, maternity, matriarchy, matricide

meta,met

behind,between

metacognitionbehind the thinking

neuro nerve neurology, neurosis, neurobiology

nov new novel, renovate, innovation, novellanym,onym

word,name

synonym, acronym, anonymous, pseudonym

odonto tooth orthodontistone who straightens teeth

ortho- straight,correct

orthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic

pac peace pacify, Pacific Ocean, pacifistpater father paternal, paternity, patricide, patrilineal, patrioticpath feeling,

sufferingsympathy, apathy, empathy, telepathy, pathology

psych- soul, spirit,mind

psychology, psychic, psychobiography

pugna fight pugnacious, pugilistquer,quis

ask query, inquisition,

sci know scientificspec,spic

look, see spectacles, spectator, inauspicious, prospect

spir coil spiralspont by one's

own forcespontaneous

stat stay, station


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positiontang,tact

touch tactile, tangible

temp time temporary, temporizetherm- heat thermal, thermos, thermometer

trophy nutrition,food

atrophywithout nutrition

uro urine urologistver truth veracity, verify, verityvert turn introvert, irreversible, vertigozoo animal zoo, zoology, zoolatry

PREFIXES

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES

a-, an- not, without amoral, anesthetic, apolitical, asocialab- away from abduction, abstain, abnormal

ad- to, toward adjoin, adjacent (lying near to)

ambi- both ambidextrous, ambivalent

ana- up, back, again analogy, anatomy, anagram

anti- against antipathy, antiwar, antisocial

apo- from, away from apology, apologize

auto- self autobiography, automobile, autocracy, automato

bene- good benediction benevolent benefactor

cata-, cat- down, against catastrophe--a turning down

centro, centri- around, center concentric, centrifugal

circum- around circumlocution circumference, circumventcom- with, together communal, community

con- with, together connect, confide conspire

contra- against contradict, contravene

de- down, away descend, deject (cast down)

dia-, di- through, across diameter, division

dis- apart, not disengage, discord, discomfort

dys- ill, difficult, bad dysfunctional, dysentery

e- out of, from elect (choose out of), eject (throw out)

ecto- on the outside ectoderm--outer skin

en-, em- in empathy--feeling in

endo- within, inside endoscope--instrument for observing inside

epi- upon epitaph epidermis, epicenter

eso- inward, within esoteric--more inward, esophagus

eu- well, good euthanasia--good death

ex- out of, from exhume, exhale, exodus

hetero- other, different heterosexual, heterodoxy, heterodox heterogene

homo- same homosexual, homogeneous, homogenized


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hyper- over hypertension, hypersensitive, hyperactivity

hypo- under hypotension, hypodermic

il- not illegitimate, illicit, illegal, illegible

im- not imperfect, impolite, impossible

im- into imbibe (drink in, take in)

in- not indiscreet, invisiblein- into incorporate (take into the body)

inter- between intervene (come between), interstate

intra- within intrastate, intramural

ir- not irregular, irrational, irredeemable

macro- large macrocosm, macroeconomics

mal, male- bad, evil malediction malevolent, malnutrition

meta- beyond metaphysical

micro- small microscope, microcosm, microeconomics

mono- one, single monologue, monotheism, monarchy, monogamy

neo- new, recent neologism, neo-liberal, neonatology. neolithic

ob- against object, obstruct (build against)palin-, pali- back, again palindrome

pan- all, every pantheism, Pan-Hellenic, panorama, pandemic

para- false paramilitary, paralegal, parachute

per- through percolate (flow through) perforate (punch through

peri- around perimeter, periscope

phil-, philo- like, lover of philosophy, Francophile, bibliophile, philanthropy

poly- many, several polygon, polygamy, polytechnic, polytheism

post- after postgraduate, posthumous postpone

pre- before precede, predict (tell before)

pro- for, forward promote, project

pros- toward, in front prospectview in front, something coming up

proto- first prototype, protoplasm, protobiology

pseudo false pseudonym, pseudoscience

re- again, back repeat, recede, regress (step back)

retro- back retrogression, retroactive

se- away from seduce (lead away), secede

sub- under submarine, subject, subhuman subterranean

sur-, super- over, above superhuman, superego, superintend, surpass

syn-, sym-, syl-,sys-

with, together symphony, synonym, system, syllable

tele- distant, far off telephone, telepathy, television, telegramtrans- across transient, Transatlantic, transport (carry across)


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SUFFIXES

SUFFIX DEFINITION EXAMPLE

-agog, -agogue

leader demagogue, pedagogue

-cide kill(ing) patricide, infanticide, herbicide. suicide-ectomy cutting appendectomy, splenectomy

-ia, -y act, state amnesia, mania, democracy, anarchy

-ic, -tic, -ical,-ac

having to do with anthropomorphic, dramatic, biblical,cardiac

-ics things having to dowith

optics, physics

-isk, -iscus small asterisk--a little star

-ism the belief in pacifism, terrorism, socialism,communism

-ist one who believes in pacifist, terrorist, socialist, communist

-ite one connected with meteorite, polite, cosmopolite-logy study field of biology, geology, etymology,

cardiology

-oid resembling, like-shaped

asteroid, spheroid

-or, -er one who takes part in doctor, actor, teacher, driver

-phobia exaggerated fear photophobia, claustrophobia,agoraphobia

-sis act, state, condition of analysis

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Aecs Lab Exp2