Advanced Physical Science1st Semester Exam Review

December ~ 2009

Know #2: SI units of measurement Mass – grams (g) Volume – milliliters (mL) Density – grams per cubic cm (g/cm³) Distance – meters (m) Speed – meters per second (m/s) Velocity - meters per second South (m/s South) Acceleration – m/s² South Force – Newtons (N)

#3: Three types of scientific models

Physical Mathematical Conceptual

#4 Examples of physical properties of matter Solubility State of matter (solid, liquid, gas) Density Ductility Malleability Thermal conductivity Shape, texture, etc. Odor Color Back

#5 Viscosity and an example

Physical property of a liquid which is its level of resistance to flow

High viscosity – stronger attraction of molecules, flow is slower

Honey has a high viscosity compared to water

#6: The states of matter…

Solid – Definite shape, definite

volume Liquid – Definite volume, no definite

shape Gas – No definite shape or volume Plasma – (gas) No definite shape of

volume

#6 Continued – Changes of State

Liquid to gas – evaporation Gas to liquid – condensation Solid to liquid – melting (endothermic) Liquid to solid – freezing (exothermic) Sublimation – solid to gas

#7: What sublimation is

Solid becoming a gas without going through the liquid state.

Example – Dry Ice

# 8: Properties of metals…

Hard Shinny Malleable – can be pounded, pressed Ductile – can be pulled into wire Good conductors of heat

#9: Properties of non-metals…

Dull Not malleable/ductile Poor conductors

#10: The parts of an atom and their charges

Protons – positive, in nucleus Neutrons – no charge, in nucleus Electrons – negative charge, move in all

directions at various levels around the nucleus

#11: How the periodic table is arranged…

By increasing atomic number from left to right

Family / groups in columns Periods in horizontal rows

#13: Reference point…

Place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion

#14: Balanced, unbalanced forces and net force

Balanced – forces acting on an object are equal; no movement/ motion

Unbalanced – forces acting on an object are not equal; results in motion

Net force – Combination of all forces acting on an object

Force can be a push or a pull

#15: Examples of Acceleration and what would not be an example Speeding up – or slowing down Changing direction Spinning around Orbiting

NOT Examples: Going in one direction at a steady rate Not moving at all

Understand 1: The Scientific Method

Ask question or state problem Gather info Form a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Observe Analyze Draw a conclusion

Scientific Method, continued

Independent variable – The one you’re testing; the one that’s changing

Dependent variable – the one that changes as a result of the experiment; what you’re measuring.

#2: The difference between scientific law and theory

Scientific Theory - Explains / an explanation based on hypothesis and observations

Scientific Law – Summarizes/ a summary of many results; Will predict or tell what will happen every time.

#4: Examples of chemical properties and what they mean

Flammability – ability to burn Reactivity– Ability to chemically combine

#5: The difference between a physical and chemical property

Physical property – can be observed or measured without changing identity

See slide #4 under “Know” Chemical property – ability to change

into a new substance

# 6: Difference between mass and weight

Mass is the amount of matter in an object

Weight is the measure of gravitational force on an object

#7: The particles in solids, liquids and gases

In solids they vibrate in place ( strong attractions of particles)

Liquids – Are close but slide past one another

Gases – Move apart independently and randomly

#8: The difference between compounds and mixtures

Compounds – a chemical combination of elements

Mixtures – combination of 2+ substances not chemically combined

Compound examples – H2O, CO2

Mixture examples – dirt, pizza, salad, blood, oil & vinegar

#9: Difference between elements and compounds

Elements are pure substances that can’t be broken down by physical or chemical means (particle – atom)

Compounds are pure substances made of 2+ elements combined chemically (particle – molecule)

Difference between solvent and solute

The solvent is the substance in which the solute is dissolved.

Salt water- Water is the solvent, salt is the solute

# 11: Difference between metals, non-metals and metalloids

Metals are shiny, malleable, ductile and good conductors of heat

Non-metals are dull and poor conductors Metalloids are semi-conductors;

properties of both

#12: Difference between mass number and atomic number

Atomic number is the # of protons in an atom

Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons

Atomic mass is how much mass is contained in all the particles of an atom. On the Periodic Table it is the average mass of the isotopes.

# 13: Motion vs. Speed

Motion is an object’s change of position relative to a reference point

Speed is the distance traveled over the time it takes to get there; D/T

#14: Speed vs. Velocity

Speed is D/T (m/s) Velocity is D/T in a certain direction -

North, South, East, West (m/s East) When you know speed and direction,

you can determine velocity Acceleration is the change in velocity

over time (m/s² South) V2 – V1

T2 - T1

#15: Static vs. Kinetic friction

Static friction – friction that does not allow movement

Kinetic friction – friction that allows movement

Static – Trying to move a ton of concrete blocks

Kinetic – Sliding a book

#1 Be able to…

A pure substance is the smallest sample of matter where there is only one type of particle (an atom or molecule). Elements and compounds are both considered the smallest samples of matter. A single element or a single compound (elements combined chemically) have definite physical and chemical properties.

#4: Be able to….

Compounds are the chemically combined atoms of elements whose smallest particle is a molecule

#5: Be able to…

By spinning around, orbiting or changing direction

#6 & 7: Be able to…

Exothermic – heat out. For example, freezing

Endothermic – heat in. For example, melting

#8: Be able to calculate…

Density – M/V – 1st you have to calculate volume – L x W x H (or by water displacement cm³), then divide mass by your answer

Speed – D/T Acceleration – V2 – V1

T2 - T1

Net Force

5 N East and 8 N West

Net Force = 3 N West