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Administration of Medication
Oral Medications
• Oral medications come in multiple forms including powder, tablet, paste, and liquid
• Feed additives – Oral medications added to the horse’s feed, usually grain
• Pills should be crushed instead of whole
• Medications often have an objectable taste increasing the chance of the horse not eating the food
Oral Medications
Oral Medications
Oral Medications
Oral Medications
Nasogastric Intubation
• Use of a nasogastric tube can cause trauma
• Nosebleeds may happen if horse throws its head around during the procedure
• The bleeding usually stops on its own – unless the horse has a bleeding disorder
Nasogastric Intubation
• Into the esophagus• may be necessary to sedate the horse• It may be necessary to warm the tube if it
is cold • Stand on the side of the horse to help
avoid being struck
Nasogastric Intubation
• Premeasure the tube• Keep the tube from moving around• When administering liquid, it should never
be forced• Horse stomach: 4 – 5 gallons
Nasogastric Intubation
• one gallon at a time
• This can be repeated in 30 mins. if necessary
• Tubes come in a variety of sizes
• Lube the tube
Nasogastric Intubation
Nasogastric Intubation
Nasogastric Intubation
Nasogastric Intubation
Injections
• IM injections – The most commonly used and accessible muscles are the brachiocephalicus, pectoral, gluteal, semitendinosus, & triceps brachii
• Maximum volume depends on the muscle used• General rule = 15mL in one location (larger
muscle body) & 5 – 10mL in smaller muscle bodies (pectoral)
• The maximum volume can be increased by 5mL in larger draft breeds
Injections• Lateral Cervical – The most
common site for IM injections–Pinch & Stick–This site is contraindicated in
nursing foals
Injections
InjectionsPectoral Muscle – Used for smaller volumes–Site has good ventral drainage
• Triceps Muscle – Generally used when all other common sites have been exhausted–Not suitable for large doses
Injections
Injections
• Gluteal Muscle – Consists of several muscle bellies in the rump area covered by thick, tight skin–More force is required to penetrate
the skin
–“Thump thump stick”
Injections
Injections
• Semitendinosus Muscle – Better for smaller amount of medications, less than 10mL– The injection is given at the most
prominent area of the buttocks as viewed from a lateral position
– Horses are prone to kicking when the needle is inserted, never stand behind the horse
Injections
IV Injections
• Jugular Vein – The most common peripheral vein used – The carotid artery and
vagosympathetic nerve trunk lie deep to the jugular vein• Both structures run parallel to the jugular
vein• It is possible to puncture either structure if
the jugular vein is gone through or missed
IV Injections
IV Injections
IV Injections• Large hematomas that can last for weeks
may be the result of a carotid stick
• If medication is injected into the carotid a large bolus of medication is delivered to the brain– This may cause the horse to seizure, This may cause the horse to seizure,
collapse, or go into cardiac or respiratory collapse, or go into cardiac or respiratory arrestarrest
– Injecting into the carotid should be avoided at all costs
IV Injections
• Whenever possible the vein should be accessed in the cranial groove of the jugular groove– There is more muscle between the carotid
and the jugular in this location– Need to be able to tell the difference between
arterial and venous blood– Divide the neck into thirds and use the upper
third
IV Injections
• Accessory Veins : – Lateral Thoracic
– Cephalic
– Saphenous
– Coccygeal
• Generally a 1 inch needle is needed when using these veins
IV Injections
• Lateral Thoracic – Runs along the ventrolateral aspect of the thorax– The blood flows cranially toward the brachial
vein
• Cephalic Vein – Located on the forelimb– Difficult to access in a standing horse
• Saphenous Vein – Located on the hind limb– Difficult to access in the standing horse
IV Injections
IV Injections
IV Injections
• Coccygeal Vein – Lies on the ventral midline of the tail– small volumes of nonirritating
substances– Swelling or perivascular scarring may
occlude the coccygeal artery – tail may slough off
IV Injections
SQ Injections
• Most common site is under the skin of the lateral neck
• Technique is the same as small animals
• SQ route is not suitable for larger volumes, therefore this site is not used for fluid therapy
SQ Injection
IV Catheterization
• Most common site used for IV catheter placement is the jugular vein, followed by the lateral thoracic vein, and then the leg veins
• When choosing an IV catheter consider: – size of the animal– length of time the catheter will remain in place– length of the catheter– function of the catheter
IV Catheterization
• Cutdowns are rarely performed in the horse
• Short catheters (2-3 inches) are not suitable for long term use. – Can easily be dislodged by the
movement of the horse– Can perforate the vein – shorter = stiffer
IV Catheterization - Stiffness– Polypropylene catheters are available in larger
gauges, but reactivity = not good for long term use, usually no more than 24 hours
– Teflon and polyurethane catheters fall into the moderate range for both reactivity & stiffness
• 7 days• These are the most popular catheters
IV Catheterization
• Silicone is the most pliable and least reactive– 4 weeks– Only available in smaller diameters
• Not a good choice when larger volumes are needed
IV Catheterization
• Immediately after inserting the catheter and placement is confirmed a cap needs to be placed.
• Once the IV cap is in place the catheter needs to be flushed w/ a heparin flush to prevent clotting w/ in the catheter or cap
• Secure catheter to skin• CATHETER CARE!!!
IV Catheterization
• IV catheter should not be used to obtain blood samples
• Once the catheter has been removed pressure & antibiotic ointment should be applied to the site
IV Catheter
IV Catheter
IV Catheter
IV Catheter
IV Catheterization - Thrombophlebitis
• Inflammation of a vein with concurrent Inflammation of a vein with concurrent thrombus formationthrombus formation
• The thrombus formation may begin on the catheter itself or on damaged areas of the vein walls created by insertion or use of the catheter
• Once thrombus formation begins it may grow large enough to completely obstruct blood flow
• This can situation can be complicated by bacterial growth (septic thrombophlebitis)
Enema Administration
• This once popular route for large animals is rarely utilized today
• Mainly used in foals to help aid in the passage of meconium
• Fluids should never be forced – may rupture the rectum
• An average size adult horse (1000#) can be given on average 1 – 3 gallons of liquid