ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)

8/10/2019 ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)

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UNIVERSITY OF SAN JOSE-RECOLETOS

SCHOOL OF LAW

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GROUP 1TOPIC: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, LAW ON PUBLIC OFFICERS AND ELECTION LAW

Tuesday (8:00- 9:00pm); Friday (7:00- 9:00pm)

___________________________________________________________________

Subm!!"# !$:%A!!&' B()(!(*+

Subm!!"# b&:Group 1

___________________________________________________________________

J(*u(& ., /.10

GROUP 1 %A#m*!(!2" L(3+

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OUTLINE

• CHAPTER I %INTRODUCTION+- Scope

- Kinds of Adminisrai!e "a#- $ac%&round and Frame#or%- 'reaion of Adminisrai!e A&encies

• CHAPTER II %POWERS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES+

A o#ers in Genera*$ +,press and mp*ied o#ers' .iniseria* and /iscreionary o#ers/ .andaory and ermissi!e

+ +rrors in e +,ercise of o#ers

• CHAPTER III %POWER OF CONTROL, SUPERVISION (*#INVESTIGATION+

A residen$ n!esi&ai!e o#er (residen)

• CHAPTER IV %=UASI > LEGISLATIVE POWER+ A "e&is*ai!e o#er as Genera*

$ /e*e&aion of "e&is*ai!e o#er

' 'onemporary 'onsrucion of uasi- "e&is*ai!e o#er

• CHAPTER V %=UASI- JUDICIAL POWER+

A uasi- 2udicia* o#er in Genera*$ 2urisdicion' Adminisrai!e rocedure/ /ue rocess in uasi 3 2udicia* roceedin&s+ /ecision4 Appea* and 2udicia* 5e!ie#

• CHAPTER VI %DOCTRINES OF PRIMARY JURISDICTION ANDE?HAUSTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES+ A rimary 2urisdicion

$ /ocrines of +,ausion of Adminisrai!e 5emedies

• CHAPTER VII %JUDICIAL REVIEW+ A 2udicia* 5e!ie# in &enera*

$ "imiaions

' eiion for 5e!ie# (56"+ 56"+S F '65T)/ eiion for 'eriorari4 roiiion4 and .andamus

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+ Appea* y 'eriorari o e Supreme 'our

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Administrative Law

Te ranc of pu*ic *a# a fi,es e or&aniaion of e &o!ernmen and

deermines compeence of auoriies #o e,ecue e *a# and indicaes o indi!idua*

remedies for e !io*aions of is ri&s

Scope of Administrative Law

Adminisrai!e *a# emraces a** e *a# a conro*s4 or is inended o conro*4 e

adminisrai!e operaions of e &o!ernmen

Kinds of Administrative Law

A. Ta ody of saues sein& up or creain& adminisrai!e a&encies and

endo#in& em #i po#er and duies;

B. Ta ody of a&ency-made *a#4 ie4 ru*es4 re&u*aions and orders promu*&aed in

e e,ercise of <uasi-*e&is*ai!e and <uasi-=udicia* funcions;

C. Ta ody of *e&a* princip*es &o!ernin& e acs of pu*ic a&ens #ic conf*ic

#i pri!ae ri&s;

D. Ta ody of deerminaions4 decisions and orders of adminisrai!e odies made

in e se*emen of conro!ersies arisin& in eir paricu*ar fie*ds

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NATURE OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES

'oncep

Definition of administrative agency

- An adminisrai!e a&ency is defined as >?a@ &o!ernmen ody car&ed #i

adminiserin& and imp*emenin& paricu*ar *e&is*aion +,amp*es are #or%ers compensaion

commissions4 , , , and e *i%e , , , Te erm a&ency inc*udes any deparmen4

independen esa*ismen4 commission4 adminisraion4 auoriy4 oard or ureau , , , >

Republic v. Court of Appeals 200 SCRA 22

Facs:

Su&ar 5e&u*aory Adminisraion and 5epu*ic *aners $an% <uesioned e decision

of e 'A #ic dismissed e peiion of e former on e &round of *ac% of capaciy o sue

ssue:

BC adminisrai!e a&ency as on*y suc po#ers as e,press*y &raned o i y *a#

and ose a are necessari*y imp*ied in e e,ercise ereofD

56"CG:

Te S' ru*ed in e ne&ai!e Adminisrai!e a&ency as on*y suc po#ers as are

e,press*y &raned o i y *a# and ose a are necessari*y imp*ied in e e,ercise ereofD

n is case4 adminisrai!e a&ency is =udicia**y defined as E&o!ernmen ody car&ed #i

e adminiserin& and imp*emenin& paricu*ar *e&is*aion e,amp*es are #or%ers

compensaion commissions and e *i%e Te erm Ea&ency inc*udes any deparmen4

independen esa*ismen4 commission4 adminisraion4 auoriy or ureau

Test for determining administrative nature

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1 .andaory 3 sauory re<uiremen inended for e proecion of e ciiens and y a

disre&ard of #ic eir ri&s are in=urious*y affeced;

/irecory 3 if no susania* ri& depends on i and no in=ury can resu* from i&norin& i

and purpose of *e&is*aure can e accomp*ised in a manner oer an a prescried and

susania**y4 e same resu*s aained

A#m*!(!2" 9u*)!$*, #"9*"# - Adminisrai!e funcions are ose #ic in!o*!e e

regulation and control o!er e conduc and affairs of indi!idua*s for eir o#n #e*fare and

e promulgation of rules and regulations o eer carry ou e o*icy of e *e&is*aure or

suc as are de!o*!ed upon e adminisrai!e a&ency y e or&anic *a# of is e,isence

!n Re" Rodolfo #an$ano % SCRA 2&

Facs:

Hs a peiion fi*e y =ud&e .anano a**o#in& im o accep e appoinmen y

e,ecui!e order y e &o!ernor of *ocos Sur 5odo*fo farinas as e memer of *ocos Core

pro!incia* commiee on =usice creaed pursuan o presidenia* order Ta is memersip

in commiee #i** no in any #ay amoun o an aandonmen o is presen posiion as

e,ecui!e =ud&e of ranc ,i,4 5T'4 firs =udicia* re&ion and as a memer of =udiciary

ssue: Ba is an adminisrai!e a&encyD

5u*in&:

Adminisrai!e funcions are ose #ic in!o*!e e re&u*aion and conro* o!er e

conduc and affairs of indi!idua*s for eir o#n #e*fare and e promu*&aion of ru*es and

re&u*aions o eer carry ou e o*icy of e *e&is*aure or suc as are de!o*!ed upon e

adminisrai!e a&ency y e or&anic *a# of is e,isence

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Te peiion is denied Te 'onsiuion proiis e desi&naion of memers of e

=udiciary o any a&ency performin& <uasi-=udicia* or adminisrai!e funcions (Secion 14

Aric*e I4 'onsiuion)

nsofar as e erm ><uasi-=udicia*> is concerned4 i as a fair*y c*ear meanin& and

2ud&es can confiden*y refrain from paricipain& in e #or% of any adminisrai!e a&ency

#ic ad=udicaes dispues and conro!ersies in!o*!in& e ri&s of paries #iin is

=urisdicion Te issue in!o*!ed in is case is #ere o dra# e *ine insofar as adminisrai!e

funcions are concerned

>Adminisrai!e funcions> as used in Secion 1 refers o e e,ecui!e macinery of

&o!ernmen and e performance y a macinery of &o!ernmena* acs refers o e

mana&emen acions4 deerminaions4 and orders of e,ecui!e officia*s as ey adminiser e

*a#s and ry o ma%e &o!ernmen effeci!e Tere is an e*emen of posii!e acion4 of

super!ision or conro*

n e dissenin& opinion of 2usice Guierre:

Adminisrai!e funcions are ose #ic in!o*!e e re&u*aion and conro* o!er e

conduc and affairs of indi!idua*s for eir o#n #e*fare and e promu*&aion of ru*es and

re&u*aions o eer carry ou e po*icy of e *e&is*aure or suc as are de!o*!ed upon e

adminisrai!e a&ency y e or&anic *a# of is e,isence >#e can readi*y see a

memersip in e ro!incia* or 'iy 'ommiee on 2usice #ou*d no in!o*!e any re&u*aion

or conro* o!er e conduc and affairs of indi!idua*s Ceier #i** e 'ommiee on 2usice

promu*&ae ru*es and re&u*aions nor e,ercise any <uasi-*e&is*ai!e funcions s #or% is

pure*y ad!isory A memer of e =udiciary =oinin& any sudy &roup #ic concenraes on e

adminisraion of =usice as *on& as e &roup mere*y de*ieraes on pro*ems in!o*!in& e

speedy disposiion of cases paricu*ar*y ose in!o*!in& e poor and needy *ii&ans-or

deainees4 poo*s e e,perise and e,periences of e memers4 and *imis ise*f o

recommendaions #ic may e adoped or re=eced y ose #o a!e e po#er o

*e&is*ae or adminiser e paricu*ar funcion in!o*!ed in eir imp*emenaion

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Pub5) $99)", #"9*"# * "5(!$* !$ (#m*!(!2" 5(3

'ernande$ vs. Sto. (omas 2&) SCRA %*&

Facs:

n is eiion for 'eriorari4 roiiion and .andamus #i rayer for a Temporary

5esrainin& rder4 peiioners Sa*!ador ' Fernande and Anicia . de "ima assai* e

!a*idiy of 5eso*uion Co 9-710 of e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission and e auoriy of e

'ommission o issue e same

eiioner Fernande #as ser!in& as /irecor of e ffice of ersonne* nspecion and Audi

#i*e peiioner de "ima #as ser!in& as /irecor of e ffice of e ersonne* 5e*aions4

o a e 'enra* ffice of e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission in ueon 'iy4 .eropo*ian

.ani*a Bi*e peiioners #ere so ser!in&4 5eso*uion Co 9-710 si&ned y pu*ic

respondens aricia A So Tomas and 5amon +renea4 2r4 'airman and 'ommissioner4

respeci!e*y4 of e 'ommission4 #as issued

ssues:

(1)Beer or no e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission ad *e&a* auoriy o issue 5eso*uion Co

9-710 o e e,en i mer&ed e 'SS ?ffice of 'areer Sysems and Sandards@4 e

A ?ffice of ersonne* nspecion and Audi@ and e 5 ?ffice of ersonne*

5e*aions@4 o form e 5/ ?5esearc and /e!e*opmen ffice@; and

()Beer or no 5eso*uion Co 9-7 10 !io*aed peiioners consiuiona* ri& o securiy

of enure

5u*in&:

u*ic office is fre<uen*y used o refer o e ri&4 auoriy and duy4 creaed and

conferred y *a#4 y #ic4 for a &i!en period eier fi,ed y *a# or endurin& a e p*easure

of e creain& po#er4 an indi!idua* is in!esed #i some porion of e so!erei&n funcions

of &o!ernmen4 o e e,ercised y a indi!idua* for e enefi of e pu*ic

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+,aminaion of e fore&oin& sauory pro!isions re!ea*s a e 'SS4 +5A

and 554 and as #e** eac of e oer ffices4 consis of a&&re&aions of /i!isions4 eac of

#ic /i!isions is in urn a &roupin& of Secions +ac Secion4 /i!ision and ffice

comprises &roups of posiions #iin e a&ency ca**ed e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission4 eac

&roup ein& enrused #i a more or *ess defina*e funcion or funcions ese funcions are

re*aed o one anoer4 eac of em ein& emraced y a common or &enera* su=ec

maer Tese offices re*ae o e inerna* srucure of e 'ommission

Te o=eci!es sou& y e 'ommission in enacin& 5eso*uion Co 9-710 #ere

descried in a 5eso*uion in road erms as >effec?in&@ can&es in e or&aniaion o

sream*ine ?e 'ommissions@ operaions and impro!e de*i!ery of ser!ice> Tese can&es

in inerna* or&aniaion #ere rendered necessary y4 on e one and4 e decenra*iaion

and de!o*uion of e 'ommissions funcions effeced y e creaion of foureen (1)

5e&iona* ffices and niney-fi!e (9J) Fie*d ffices of e 'ommission rou&ou e counry4

o e end a e 'ommission and is saff may e rou& c*oser pysica**y o e

&o!ernmen emp*oyees a ey are mandaed o ser!e

C$ Be (S') noe4 firs*y4 a appoinmens o e saff of e 'ommission are no

appoinmens o a specified pu*ic office u raer appoinmens o paricu*ar posiions or

ran%s Tus a person may e appoined o e posiion of /irecor or /irecor I; or o e

posiion of Aorney I or Aorney I; or o e posiion of 5ecords fficer or 5ecords fficer

; and so for n e insan case4 peiioners #ere eac appoined o e posiion of

/irecor I4 #iou specificaion of any paricu*ar office or saion Te same is rue #i

respec o e oer persons o*din& e same posiion or ran% of /irecor I of e

'ommission

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A#m*!(!2" 9(m"3$@ $9 !4" P45;;*" %E<")u!2" O#" N$' //+

!ron and Steel Aut+ority vs. CA 2&* SCRA ,-)

1 /efiniion of Go!ernmen of e 5epu*ic of e i*s -

refers o e corporae &o!ernmena* eniy rou& #ic e funcions of &o!ernmen are

e,ercised rou&ou e i*ippines4 inc*udin&4 sa!e as e conrary appears from e

cone,4 e !arious arms rou& #ic po*iica* auoriy is made effeci!e in e

i*ippines4 #eer perainin& o e auonomous re&ions4 e pro!incia*4 ciy4 municipa* or

aran&ay sudi!isions or oer forms of *oca* &o!ernmen

/efiniion of A&ency of e &o!ernmen - refers o any of

e !arious unis of e Go!ernmen4 inc*udin& a deparmen4 ureau4 office4 insrumena*iy4

or &o!ernmen-o#ned or conro**ed corporaions4 or a *oca* &o!ernmen or a disinc uni

erein

/efiniion of nsrumena*iy - refers o any a&ency of e

Caiona* Go!ernmen4 no ine&raed #iin e deparmen frame#or% !esed #iin specia*

funcions or =urisdicion y *a#4 endo#ed #i some if no a** corporae po#ers4 adminiserin&

specia* funds4 and en=oyin& operaiona* auonomy4 usua**y rou& a carer Tis erm

inc*udes re&u*aory a&encies4 carered insiuions and &o!ernmen-o#ned or conro**ed

corporaions

D"9*!$* $9 A#m*!(!$* -

S vs. Dorr 2 /+il --2

Facs:

/orr is e o#ner of ne#spaper Emani*a freedom car&e #i e crime of *ie*

o&eer #i +duard H$rian

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Te defendans #ere ried and found &ui*y of e offense car&ed in e comp*ain4

and eac #as senenced o si, monsH imprisonmen a ard *aor and a fine of 140004

6nied Saes currency From is =ud&men e defendans a!e appea*ed o is cour

/urin& e course of e proceedin&s a moion #as made y e defendans as%in&

a ey e &raned a ria* y =ury4 as pro!ided for in Aric*e 1114 secion 4 of e 'onsiuion

of e 6nied Saes4 and under e si, amendmen o e 'onsiuion4 #ic moion #as

denied y e cour4 and an e,cepion #as a*so a%en o is ru*in&

ssue:

Te issue is o deermine #eer ese pro!isions of e 'onsiuion of e 6nied

Saes re*ain& o ria*s y =ury are in force in e i*ippine s*ands

5u*in&:

Adminisraion is e a&&re&ae of ose persons in #ose ands e reins of

&o!ernmen are for e ime ein&

1 Ta #i*e e i*ippine s*ands consiue erriory #ic as een ac<uired y and

e*on&s o e 6nied Saes4 ere is a difference e#een suc erriory and e erriories

#ic are a par-of e 6nied Saes #i reference o e 'onsiuion of e 6nied Saes

Ta e 'onsiuion #as no e,ended ere y e erms of e reay of aris4 under

#ic e i*ippine s*ands #ere ac<uired from Spain $y e reay e saus of e ceded

erriory #as o e deermined y 'on&ress

Ta e mere ac of cession of e i*ippines o e 6nied Saes did no e,end e

'onsiuion ere4 e,cep suc pars as fa** #iin e &enera* princip*es of fundamena*

*imiaions in fa!or of persona* ri&s formu*aed in e 'onsiuion and is amendmens4 and

#ic e,is raer y inference and e &enera* spiri of e 'onsiuion4 and e,cep ose

e,press pro!isions of e 'onsiuion #ic proii 'on&ress from passin& *a#s in eir

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conra!enion under any circumsances; a e pro!isions conained in e 'onsiuion

re*ain& o =ury ria*s do no fa** #iin eier of ese e,cepions4 and4 conse<uen*y4 e ri&

o ria* y =ury as no een e,ended ere y e mere ac of e cession of e erriory

Ta 'on&ress as passed no *a# e,endin& ere e pro!ision of e 'onsiuion re*ain&

o =ury ria*s4 nor #ere any *a#s in e,isence in e i*ippine s*ands4 a e dae of eir

cession4 for ria*s y =ury4 and conse<uen*y ere is no *a# in e i*ippine s*ands eni*in&

e defendans in is case o suc ria*; a e 'our of Firs nsance commied no error in

o!erru*in& eir app*icaion for a ria* y =ury

Te ac of 'on&ress of 2u*y 14 1904 eni*ed EAn Ac emporari*y o pro!ide for e

adminisraion of e affairs of ci!i* &o!ernmen in e i*ippine s*ands4 and for oer

purposes4 in secion J e,ends o e i*ippine s*ands near*y a** of e pro!isions of e

'onsiuion %no#n as e $i** of 5i&s $u ere #as e,emped from i e pro!isions of e

'onsiuion re*ain& o =ury ria*s conained in secion 4 Aric*e 1114 and in e si,

amendmen

Te cour reac e conc*usion a e i*ippine 'ommission is a ody e,press*y

reco&nied and sancioned y ac of 'on&ress4 a!in& e po#er o pass *a#s4 and as e

po#er o pass e *ie* *a# under #ic e defendans #ere con!iced

C"(!$*, "$8(*7(!$*, (*# (b$5!$* $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)"

Te adminisrai!e ody may e creaed y e 'onsiuion4 or y a Saue4

or y auoriy y "a# f creaed y e 'onsiuion ise*f4 e adminisrai!e ody can e

a*ered or ao*ised on*y y 'onsiuion $u #ere e ody #as creaed on*y y saue4

e *e&is*aure a reaed *ife ino i can amend or e!en repea* is carer4 erey

resu*in& in is ao*iion #ic is =usified if made in &ood fai

A' C"(!$* $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)"

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ugenio vs. CSC 2&- SCRA %*

Facs:

eiioner is e /epuy /irecor of e i*ippine Cuc*ear 5esearc nsiue Se

app*ied for 'areer +,ecui!e Ser!ice ('+S) +*i&ii*iy and a '+S ran%4 n Au&us 4 199;

se #as &i!en a '+S e*i&ii*iy n Sepemer 1J4 1994 se #as recommended o e

residen for a '+S ran% y e 'areer +,ecui!e Ser!ice $oard A** #as no o urn #e**

for peiioner n coer 14 1994 responden 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission passed 5eso*uion

Co 9J9 Te reso*uion ecame an impedimen o e appoinmen of peiioner as 'i!i*

Ser!ice fficer4 5an% I

ssue: BC e 'S' ad e po#er o ao*is e career e,ecui!e ser!ice oard

5u*in&:

Co >+,cep for suc offices as are creaed y e 'onsiuion4 e creaion of pu*ic

offices is primari*y a *e&is*ai!e funcion4 n so far as e *e&is*ai!e po#er in is respec is

no resriced y consiuiona* pro!isions4 i is supreme4 and e *e&is*aure may decide for

ise*f #a offices are suia*e4 necessary4 or con!enien Ben in e e,i&encies of

&o!ernmen i is necessary o creae and define duies4 e *e&is*ai!e deparmen as e

discreion o deermine #eer addiiona* offices sa** e creaed4 or #eer ese duies

sa** e aaced o and ecome e,-officio duies of e,isin& offices An office creaed y e*e&is*aure is #o**y #iin e po#er of a ody4 and i may prescrie e mode of fi**in& e

office and e po#ers and duies of e incumen4 and4 if i sees fi4 ao*is e office>

B' Ab$5!$* $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)"

1usacay v. 1uenaventura *- /+il )

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405



Facs:

*ainiff .arce*ino A $usacay #as a du*y-appoined and <ua*ified pre-#ar o**

co**ecor4 c*assified as permanen y e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission4 u #as *aid off due o

e desrucion of e rid&e caused y f*ood Ben e rid&e #as reconsruced and

reopened o raffic4 $usacay noified e responden ro!incia* Treasurer of is inenion and

readiness o resume is duies4 u e #as refused reinsaemen

ssue: Beer or no e oa* desrucion of e rid&e ao*ised e posiion of o**

co**ecor

Le*d:

Te S' ru*ed in e ne&ai!e A** offices creaed y saue are more or *ess

emporary4 ransiory or precarious in a ey are su=ec o e po#er of e *e&is*aure o

ao*is em $u is is no sayin& a e ri&s of e incumens of suc posiions may

e impaired #i*e e offices e,is4 e,cep for cause

De la Llana v. Alba %%2 SCRA 2*&

Facs:

Te peiioners <uesioned e consiuiona*iy of e 2udiciary 5eor&aniaion Ac of

1980 y impuin& e *ac% of &ood fai in is enacmen and caraceriin& as an undue

de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er o e presiden is auoriy o fi, compensaion and

a**o#ance of e =usices and =ud&es ereafer appoined and e deerminaion of e dae

#en e reor&aniaion sa** e deemed comp*eed n e oer and4 e so*icior

&enera* inerposed a defense of *e&iimae e,ercise of e po#er !esed in e $aasan&

amansa

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432



ssue: BC e enacmen ino *a# of $ 19 #as done in &ood fai

5u*in&:

Mes4 i #as done in &ood fai and is !a*id Tis conc*usion f*o#s from e

fundamena* proposiion a e *e&is*aure may ao*is cours inferior o e Supreme 'our

and erefore may reor&anie em errioria**y or oer#ise erey necessiain& ne#

appoinmens and commissions Secion 4 Aric*e I of e 'onsiuion !ess in e

Caiona* Assem*y e po#er o define4 prescrie and apporion e =urisdicion of e !arious

cours4 su=ec o cerain *imiaions in e ca&e of e Supreme 'our

Crisostomo v. Court of Appeals 2,) SCRA %-&

Facs:

residen Ferdinand + .arcos issued / Co 11 con!erin& e i* 'o**e&e of

'ommerce ino a o*yecnic 6ni!ersiy4 definin& is o=eci!es4 or&aniaiona* srucure and

funcions4 and e,pandin& is curricu*ar offerin&s

ssue: Beer or no / 11 did no ao*is u on*y can&ed4 e former '' ino #a

is no# e 6

Le*d:

Co4 #a oo% p*ace #as a can&e in academic saus of e educaiona* insiuion

no in is corporae *ife

Ben e purpose is o ao*is a deparmen or an office or an or&aniaion and o

rep*ace i #i anoer one4 e *a#ma%in& auoriy says so

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456



Ceier e addiion of a ne# course offerin&s nor can&es in is e,isin& srucure

and or&aniaion rin& aou e ao*iion of an educaiona* insiuion and e creaion of a

ne# one on*y an e,press dec*araion o a effec y e *a#ma%in& auoriy #i**

ESand ransferred simp*y means a *ands ransferred o e '' #ere o e

undersood as ransferred o e '' #ere o e undersood as ransferred o e 6 as

e ne# name of e insiuion

$u ese are ard*y indicia of an inen o ao*is an e,isin& insiuion and o

creae a ne# one Ce# course offerin&s can e added o e curricu*um of a scoo* #iou

affecin& is *e&a* e,isence Cor #i** can&es in is e,isin& srucure and or&aniaion rin&

aou is ao*iion and e creaion of a ne# one n*y an e,press dec*araion o a effec

y e *a#ma%in& auoriy #i**

C' R"$8(*7(!$* $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)"

1' R"$8(*7(!$*, #"9*"#

3ational Land (itles and Deeds Registration Administration vs. CSC 22% SCRA %&,

Facs:

Te records so# a in 19774 peiioner Garcia4 a $ace*or of "a#s

&raduae and a Firs &rade ci!i* ser!ice e*i&i*e #as appoined /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds I

under permanen saus Said posiion #as *aer rec*assified o /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds

pursuan o / 1J94 o #ic posiion4 peiioner #as a*so appoined under permanen

saus up o Sepemer 198 Se #as for #o years4 more or *ess4 desi&naed as Acin&

$ranc 5e&iser of /eeds of .eycauayan4 $u*acan $y !irue of +,ecui!e rder Co N9

(#ic oo% effec on Feruary 94 1981) #ic auoried e resrucurin& of e "and

5e&israion 'ommission o Caiona* "and Ti*es and /eeds 5e&israion Adminisraion and

re&iona*iin& e ffices of e 5e&isers erein4 peiioner Garcia #as issued an

appoinmen as /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds on coer 14 1984 under emporary saus4 for

no ein& a memer of e i*ippine $ar Se appea*ed o e Secreary of 2usice u er

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483



re<ues #as denied eiioner Garcia mo!ed for reconsideraion u er moion remained

inaced n coer 4 1984 peiioner Garcia #as adminisrai!e*y car&ed #i 'onduc

re=udicia* o e $es neres of e Ser!ice Bi*e said case #as pendin& decision4 er

emporary appoinmen as suc #as rene#ed in 198J n a .emorandum daed coer 04

198N4 e en .iniser4 no# Secreary4 of 2usice noified peiioner Garcia of e erminaion

of er ser!ices as /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds on e &round a se #as >recei!in& rie

money> Said .emorandum of Terminaion #ic oo% effec on Feruary 94 19874 #as e

su=ec of an appea* o e ner-A&ency 5e!ie# 'ommiee #ic in urn referred e appea*

o e .eri Sysems roecion $oard (.S$)

ssue:

Beer or no memersip in e $ar4 #ic is e <ua*ificaion re<uiremen

prescried for appoinmen o e posiion of /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds under Secion of

+,ecui!e rder Co N9 (5eor&aniin& e "and 5e&israion 'ommission ("5') ino e

Caiona* "and Ti*es and /eeds 5e&israion Adminisraion or CA"T/5A) sou*d e re<uired

of andOor app*ied on*y o ne# app*icans and no o ose #o #ere a*ready in e ser!ice of

e "5' as depuy re&iser of deeds a e ime of e issuance and imp*emenaion of e

ao!esaid +,ecui!e rder

5u*in&:

f e ne#*y creaed office as susania**y ne#4 differen or addiiona* funcions4

duies or po#ers4 so a i may e said in fac o creae an office differen from e one

ao*ised4 e!en ou& i emraces a** or some of e duies of e o*d office i #i** e

considered as an ao*iion of one office and e creaion of a ne# or differen one Te same

is rue if one office is ao*ised and is duies4 for reasons of economy are &i!en o an

e,isin& officer or office

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

510



+,ecui!e rder Co N9 #as enaced o impro!e e ser!ices and eer

sysemaie e operaion of e "and 5e&israion 'ommission A reor&aniaion is carried

ou in &ood fai if i is for e purpose of economy or o ma%e ureaucracy more efficien

To is end4 e re<uiremen of $ar memersip o <ua*ify for %ey posiions in e CA"T/5A

#as imposed o mee e can&in& circumsances and ne# de!e*opmen of e imes

ri!ae responden Garcia #o former*y e*d e posiion of /epuy 5e&iser of /eeds did

no a!e suc <ua*ificaion is us c*ear a se canno o*d any %ey posiion in e

C"T/5A Te addiiona* <ua*ificaion #as no inended o remo!e er from office 5aer4 i

#as a crierion imposed concomian #i a !a*id reor&aniaion measure

R"($* 9$ )"(!$* $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)" >

Lianga 1ay Logging4 !nc. vs. 5udge nage % 5uly %*)

5u*in&:

As recen*y sressed y e 'our4 >in is era of c*o&&ed cour doc%es4 e

need for specia*ied adminisrai!e oards or commissions #i e specia* %no#*ed&e4

e,perience and capai*iy o ear and deermine promp*y dispues on ecnica* maers or

essenia**y facua* maers4 su=ec o =udicia* re!ie# in case of &ra!e ause of discreion4 as

ecome #e** ni& indispensa*e

Solid 6omes vs. /ayawal 2* August %*)*

5u*in&:

As a resu* of e &ro#in& comp*e,iy of e modern sociey4 i as ecome necessary

o creae more and more adminisrai!e odies o e*p in e re&u*aion of is ramified

aci!iies Specia*ied in e paricu*ar fie*ds assi&ned o em4 ey can dea* #i e

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537



pro*ems ereof #i more e,perise and dispac an can e e,peced from e *e&is*aure

or e cours of =usice

Reyes vs. Caneba

5u*in&:

>(T)e rus of e re*aed docrines of primary adminisrai!e =urisdicion and

e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies is a cours mus a**o# adminisrai!e a&encies o

carry ou eir funcions and discar&e eir responsii*iies #iin e specialized areas of

their respective competence Acs of an adminisrai!e a&ency mus no casua**y e

o!erurned y a cour4 and a cour sou*d as a ru*e no susiue is =ud&men for a of e

adminisrai!e a&ency acin& #iin e perimeers of is o#n compeence>

1lue 1ar Coconut /+il. 7s (antuico 2* 5uly %*))

5u*in&:

Te peiioners a*so <uesion e respondens auoriy o audi em Tey conend

a ey are ouside e ami of respondens >audi> po#er #ic is confined o

&o!ernmen-o#ned or conro**ed corporaions Tis ar&umen as no meri Secion (1) of

Aric*e P-/ of e 'onsiuion pro!ides a >Te 'ommission on Audi sa** a!e e

po#er4 auoriy and duy o e,amine4 audi4 and se*e a** accouns perainin& o e

re!enues and receips of4 and e,pendiures or uses of funds and propery4 o#ned or e*d in

rus y or perainin& o4 e Go!ernmen4 or any of is sudi!isions4 a&encies or

insrumena*iies4 inc*udin& &o!ernmen-o#ned or conro**ed corporaion #i ori&ina*

carers4 and on a pos-audi asis

, , ,

(d) Suc non&o!ernmena* eniies recei!in& susidy or e<uiy direc*y or indirec*y from or

rou& e Go!ernmen #ic are re<uired y *a# or e &ranin& insiuion o sumi o

538

539

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563



suc audi as a condiion of susidy or e<uiy> (a*ics supp*ied) Te 'onsiuion forma**y

emodies e *on& esa*ised ru*e a pri!ae eniies #o and*e &o!ernmen funds or

susidies in rus may e e,amined or audied in eir and*in& of said funds y &o!ernmen

audiors

CHAPTER II

POWERS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES

A' P$3" IN GENERAL

B' E?PRESS AND IMPIED

C' MINISTERIAL AND DISCRETIONARY POWERS

M*!"(5 P$3"

D"9*!$*:

M*!"(5 P$3": is a po#er e,ercised in response o a duy as imposed y *a# and is

performance does no depend upon e discreion if e adminisrai!e a&ency in!o*!ed or of

e adminisrai!e officers performin& said po#ers (Suare4 001)

Some =urisprudenia* definiions of miniseria* po#er are as fo**o#s:

Symaco vs. Aquino4 Q

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

586

587

588

589



EA pure*y miniseria* ac or duy o a discreiona* ac4 is one #ic an officer or riuna*

performs in a &i!en sae of facs4 in a prescried manner4 in oedience o e

mandae of *e&a* auoriy4 #iou re&ard o or e e,ercise of is o#n =ud&men4

upon e propriey of e ac done f e *a# imposes a duy upon a pu*ic officer4

and &i!es im e ri& o decide o# or #en e duy sa** e performed4 suc duy

is miniseria* on*y #en e discar&e of e same re<uires neier e e,ercise of

officia* discreion nor =ud&men

Cariño vs. Capulong, Q

EA miniseria* duy is one #ic is so c*ear and specific as o *ea!e no room for e

e,ercise of discreion in is performance n e oer and4 a discreionary duy is

a #ic y naure re<uires e e,ercise of =ud&men

Asuncion vs. De Yriarte, Q

ESimp*y ecause e duies of an officia* appen o e miniseria*4 i does no

necessari*y fo**o# a e may no4 in e adminisraion of is office4 deermine

<uesions of *a#

M*!"(5 #u!& #!*8u4"# 9$m #)"!$*(& ;$3"

M*!"(5 Du!& D)"!$*(& P$3" Pu"5& m*!"(5 ()!#u!&'*ear and specific as o

*ea!e no room for e

e,ercise of discreion in is

performance

5e<uires e e,ercise of

=ud&men

An officer or riuna* performs in

a &i!en sae of facs4 in a

prescried manner4 in

oedience o e mandae of

*e&a* auoriy4 #iou re&ard o

or e e,ercise of is o#n

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607



=ud&men4 upon e propriey of

e ac done5e<uires neier e

e,ercise of officia* discreionnor =ud&men

"a# imposes a duy upon

a pu*ic officer and &i!esim e ri& o decide o#

or #en e duy sa** e

performed5emedy : .andamus eiion for ceriorari

IMPORTANCE: To deermine #a remedy may e a!ai*ed of y an a&&rie!ed pary a&ains

e non-performance of duy y e officer

Carino vs. Capulong 222 SCRA ,*-

F()!:

Te peiioner fi*ed e presen case o annu* e order issued y e

responden 2ud&e and pre!en e same in conducin& furer earin& ereof A.A

'ompuer 'o**e&e siuaed in /a!ao ciy operaed as an +ducaiona* nsiuion

#iou e re<uired auoriaion a mus e secured firs efore e /+'S As a

conse<uence ereof4 e /+'S issued an order for e c*osure of e said scoo*

#i e aid of e mi*iary as per a&reemen of e #o &o!ernmena* a&encies Te

pri!ae responden fi*ed a case efore e 5T' /a!ao o en=oin /+'S from

imp*emenin& e said c*osure pendin& e appro!a* of e re<ues o operae of e

said scoo* Te said re<ues #as denied y e /+'S for no comp*yin& e

re<uiremens prescried y e /eparmen Te said case #as dismissed4

undauned e pri!ae responden appea* efore e 'A #ic *aer affirmed e

decision of e *o#er cour Te pri!ae responden en fi*ed a peiion efore e

5T' of .a%ai #i e same cause of acion no# usin& e or&aniaion of e

parens of eir sudens Te said cour presided y e responden 2ud&e issued

e pre*iminary in=uncion sou& y e pri!ae responden Lence4 is peiion Te

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

627

628



pri!ae responden conended a e same sou*d e permied o operae ecause

/+'S is on*y performin& a miniseria* po#er o!er e circumsance Te /+'S on

e oer and conended a i e,ercises a discreionary po#er in pursuan o e

pro!isions of *a# #i respec o educaiona* insiuions

Iu": Beer or no e pu*ic peiioner e,ercised miniseria* or discreionary

funcion

Ru5*8:

Te S' ru*ed a e pu*ic peiioner e,ercised discreionary po#er #i

respec o e issuance of permi o operae as an educaiona* insiuion Te 'our

furer disin&uised miniseria* and discreionary po#ers A purely ministerial act or

duty to a discretional act, is one hich an officer or tri!unal performs in a given state

of facts, in a prescri!ed manner, in o!edience to the mandate of legal authority,

ithout regard to or the e"ercise of his on #udgment 4 upon e propriey of e ac

done f e *a# imposes a duy upon a pu*ic officer4 and &i!es im e ri& o

decide o# or #en e duy sa** e performed4 suc duy is miniseria* on*y #en

e discar&e of e same re<uires neier e e,ercise of officia* discreion nor

=ud&men

Accordin&*y4 e &ranin& of *icense o operae is !esed upon e =ud&men of e

/+'S in securin& e <ua*iy educaion a an educaiona* insiuion sou*d pro!ide

pursuan o e consiuiona* pro!ision on educaion and e or&anic *a# auoriin&

said deparmen o issue ru*es and re&u*aions perinen ereo

#ateo vs. CA %* SCRA 2)0

F()!:

629

630

631

632

633

634

635

636

637

638

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655



eiioners fi*ed an acion for e reco!ery of a parce* of *and 5T' ru*ed in

fa!or e peiioner ssued e,ecuion of =ud&men for pri!ae responden eiioner

fi*ed re*ief from =ud&men 2ud&e denied peiion for re*ief from =ud&men eiioner

fi*ed mandamus

Iu": Beer or no &ranin& of e peiion for re*ief from =ud&men is miniseria*D

Ru5*8:

.iniseria* duy in &ranin& appea* $u decidin& on =ud&in& on e appea* is

discreionary

1 .iniseria* duy4 defined - is one hich an officer or tri!unal performs in a

given state of facts, in a prescri!ed manner, in o!edience to the mandate of legal

authority, ithout regard to or the e"ercise of his on #udgment (remedy mandamus)

/iscreionary po#er4 defined - $f the la imposes a duty upon a pu!lic officer,

and gives him the right to decide ho or hen the duty shall !e performed (remedy

ceriorari)

mporance of %no#in& disincion 3 to determine the remedies availa!le%

/e*e&aion of miniseria* and discreionary po#er

D)"!$*(& ;$3"

D"9*!$*:

D)"!$*(& P$3": Tis is e po#er of adminisrai!e a&encies o ac officia**y on cerain

cases referred o em accordin& o e dicaes of eir o#n =ud&men and conscience and

no conro**ed y e =ud&men or conscience of oers (Suare4 001)

Some =urisprudenia* definiions of miniseria* po#er are as fo**o#s:

656

657

658

659

660

661

662

663

664

665

666

667

668

669

670

671

672

673

674

675

676

677

678

679

680

681

682



Asuncion vs. De Yriarte, Q

E/iscreion4 i may e said &enera**y4 is a facu*y conferred upon a cour or oer

officia* y #ic e may decide a <uesion eier #ay and si** e ri& Te po#er conferred upon e di!ision of arci!es #i respec o e re&israion of aric*es of

incorporaion is no of a caracer is of e same caracer as e deerminaion

of a *a#sui y a cour upon e meris can e decided on*y one #ay correc*y

&eralco Securities Corp vs. Savellano, Q

E>/iscreion4> #en app*ied o pu*ic funcionaries4 means a po#er or ri& conferred

upon em y *a# of acin& officia**y4 under cerain circumsances4 unconro**ed y e

=ud&men or consciences of oers A pure*y miniseria* ac or duy in conradicion o

a discreiona* ac is one #ic an officer or riuna* performs in a &i!en sae of facs4

in a prescried manner4 in oedience o e mandae of a *e&a* auoriy4 #iou

re&ard o or e e,ercise of is o#n =ud&men upon e propriey or impropriey of e

ac done f e *a# imposes a duy upon a pu*ic officer and &i!es im e ri& o

decide o# or #en e duy sa** e performed4 suc duy is discreionary and no

miniseria* E

'inamira vs. (amos, )

EAn officer o #om a discreion is enrused canno de*e&ae i o anoer4 e

presumpion ein& a e #as cosen ecause e #as deemed fi and compeen o

e,ercise a =ud&men and discreion4 and un*ess e po#er o susiue anoer in

is p*ace as een &i!en o im4 e canno de*e&ae is duies o anoer

5epu*ic !s 'apu*on&, )

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

696

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705



E(d)iscreion #en app*ied o pu*ic funcionaries4 means a po#er or ri& conferred

upon em y *a# of acin& officia**y4 under cerain circumsances4 unconro**ed y e

=ud&men or conscience of oers A pure*y miniseria* ac or duy in conradicion o a

discreiona* ac is one #ic an officer or riuna* performs in a &i!en sae of facs4 in

a prescried manner4 in oedience o e mandae of a *e&a* auoriy4 #iou re&ard

o or e e,ercise of is o#n =ud&men upon e propriey or impropriey of e ac

done f e *a# imposes a duy upon a pu*ic officer and &i!es im e ri& o decide

o# or #en e duy sa** e performed4 suc duy is discreionary and no

miniseria*

eop*e !s uiae, )

E$u suc >discreion> afforded a =ud&e means sound discreion e,ercised4 no

arirari*y or #i**fu**y4 u #i re&ard o #a is ri& and e<uia*e under

e circumstances and e la 4 and direced y e =ud&es reason and conscience o

=us resu*

D' MANDATORY AND PERMISSIVE DUTIES AND POWERS

G"*"(55&

Te <uesion as o #eer a duy or po#er !esed in an officia* or adminisrai!e a&ency is

mandaory or permissi!e depends upon e %ind of e saue #ic &raned suc po#er

Saues may e c*assified eier mandaory or direcory Te c*assificaion is imporan in

reso*!in& e <uesion of #a effec sou*d e &i!en o e mandae of a saue

/'1 M(*#(!$& (*# #")!$& ;$3" $ #u!", 8"*"(55&'

706

707

708

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

730

731



1 .andaoryOproiiory saue4 defined and effec

Sarina vs. C'! of 1u8idnon 2& SCRA %,

Ru5*8: A mandaory saue is a saue #ic commands eier posii!e*y a

somein& e done4 or performed in a paricu*ar #ay4 or ne&ai!e*y a somein& e

no done4 *ea!in& e person concerned no coice on e maer e,cep o oey

ermissi!eOdirecory saue4 defined and effec

#eralco Securities Corp. vs. Savellano %% SCRA )0&

F()!: Tis case sou& o se aside and annu* e #ri of mandamus issued y

2ud&e Sa!e**ano4 orderin& peiioner .era*co Securiies 'orporaion o pay and

peiioner 'ommissioner of nerna* 5e!enue o co**ec from e former e amoun of

J1. y #ay of a**e&ed deficiency corporae income a,4 p*us ineress and

surcar&es due ereon and o pay pri!ae respondens JR of e oa* amoun

co**eci*e as informersH re#ard

Iu": Beer or no e #ri of mandamus is correc

Ru5*8: Tus4 afer e 'ommissioner #o is specifica**y car&ed y *a# #i e

as% of enforcin& and imp*emenin& e a, *a#s and e co**ecion of a,es as afer

a maure and orou& sudy rendered is decision or ru*in& a no a, is due or

co**eci*e4 and is decision is susained y e Secreary4 no# .iniser of Finance

(#ose ac is a of e residen un*ess reproaed)4 suc decision or ru*in& is a

!a*id e,ercise of discreion in e performance of officia* duy and canno e

conro**ed muc *ess re!ersed y mandamus A conrary !ie#4 #erey any sran&er

or informer #ou*d e a**o#ed o usurp and conro* e officia* funcions of e

'ommissioner of nerna* 5e!enue #ou*d creae disorder and confusion4 if no caos

and oa* disrupion of e operaions of e &o!ernmen

732

733

734

735

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

750

751

752

753

754

755

756

757

758



Agpalo" A direcory saue is a saue #ic is permissi!e or discreionary in naure and

mere*y ou*ines e ac o e done in suc a #ay a no in=ury can resu* from i&norin& i or

a is purpose can e accomp*ised in a manner oer a prescried and susania**y e

same resu* oained

/'1 W4"* m(*#(!$& $ #)"!$*(&

Tere is no uni!ersa* ru*e y #ic direcory pro!isions in a saue may in a**

circumsances e disin&uised from ose #ic are mandaory n e deerminaion of is

<uesion4 e primary o=ec is o ascerain *e&is*ai!e inen

n Taada !s Iuenco4 EBords of permissi!e caracer may e &i!en a mandaory

si&nificance in order o effec e *e&is*ai!e inen4 and4 #en e erms of a saue are suc

a ey canno e made effeci!e o e e,en of &i!in& eac and a** of em some

reasona*e operaion4 #iou consruin& e saue as mandaory4 suc consrucion sou*d

e &i!en;

T"! !$ #"!"m*" *(!u" $9 !(!u!" (*# !4(! $9 ;$3"'

Te es &enera**y emp*oyed o deermine #eer a saue is mandaory or direcory

or a of e po#er !esed y i is o ascerain e conse<uences a #i** fo**o# in case

#a e saue re<uires is no done or #a i forids is performed

E' ERRORS IN E?ERCISE OF POWERS

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779

780

781

782

783

784



G$2"*m"*! *$! b$u*# b& "$ $9 ;ub5) $99)"'

Te &o!ernmen can do no #ron& auories on*y *e&a* acs y is officers s officers and

a&ens do #ron& or commi unauoried acs And #en ey do4 ey are no errors or acs

of e &o!ernmen

/ocrine of non-suai*iy of e sae inapp*ica*e 3 t+e state cannot be sued

wit+out its consent.

Shauf vs. CA, *+* SC(A *-

F()!: eiioner #as app*yin& for a posiion for &uidance counse*or in a scoo* (na!y

ased) #ic #as denied e!en ou& se #as <ua*ified Fi*ed a case a&ains e

mi*iary officia*s concerned ecause of discriminaion Te mi*iary in!o%ed e non-

suai*iy of e sae

Iu": Beer or no e non-suai*iy c*ause app*ies

Ru5*8: Te princip*e of non-suai*iy does no app*y ecause e peiioner is

<uesionin& e persona* =ud&men or discreion of e officia*s no eir office y

!irue of eir officia* capaciy

G$2"*m"*! *$! !$;;"# b& m!(@" $9 $99)"'

Go!ernmen can suse<uen*y correc e misa%e or e erroneous app*icaion of e

*a#

Commissioner of !nternal Revenue vs. C(A 2-& SCRA -&)

5u*in& : **e&a* or in!a*id acs #ic are in e,cess of e =urisdicion of adminisrai!e

a&ency canno ind e &o!ernmen4 erefore esoppe*s does no app*y

785

786

787

788

789

790

791

792

793

794

795

796

797

798

799

800

801

802

803

804

805

806

807

808

809

810

811

812



P"um;!$* $9 "8u5(!&'

Go!ernmen officia*s are presumed o perform eir funcions #i re&u*ariy and

sron& e!idence is necessary o reu is presumpion

1lue 1ar Coconut vs. (antuico %- SCRA %

F()!:

Te residen issued / creain& e i*ippine 'oconu Auoriy and

esa*ised a coconu sai*iaion fund Te memers #ere ori&ina**y 11 u reduced

o 7 Tereafer4 responden cairman of e coconu auoriy iniiaed a specia*

coconu end-user companies #ic inc*uded e peiioner Te cairman direced o

co**ec sor *e!ies and o!erpriced susidies o app*y e same o se*emen of sor

*e!ies sou*d ey fai* o pay 'A a&reed o re*ease e susidy pro!ided ey pos

a ond e<ua* o e amoun of e dispued c*aim eiioner conended a i is

unaccepa*e a e 'A 'airman and Audior ad no =urisdicion Tey caused

e #io*din& of e susidy case endorsed o e cour

Iu": Beer or no responden 'A cairman may disre&ard e 'A ru*es and

decision ad ecame moo

Ru5*8:

Te *e&a* presumpion is a officia* duy as een du*y performed; and i is

paricu*ar*y sron& as re&ards adminisrai!e a&encies , , !esed #i po#ers said o

e <uasi-=udicia* in naure4 in connecion #i e enforcemen of *a#s affecin&

paricu*ar fie*ds of aci!iy4 e proper re&u*aion andOor promoion of #ic re<uires a

ecnica* or specia* rainin&4 aside from a &ood %no#*ed&e and &rasp of e o!era**

condiions4 re*e!an o said fie*ds4 conainin& in e naion Te conse<uen po*icy

813

814

815

816

817

818

819

820

821

822

823

824

825

826

827

828

829

830

831

832

833

834

835

836

837

838

839

840



and pracice under*yin& our Adminisrai!e "a# is a cours of =usice sou*d respec

e findin&s of fac of said adminisrai!e a&encies4 un*ess ere is aso*ue*y no

e!idence in suppor ereof or suc e!idence is c*ear*y4 manifes*y and paen*y

insusania*

Acts done by an official are presumed to be valid.

CHAPTER III

POWER OF CONTROL, SUPERVISION AND INVESTIGATION

A' PRESIDENT AS CHIEF E?ECUTIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

+P+'6TI+ B+5 F TL+ 5+S/+CT

Te residen is e 'ief Adminisrai!e fficer of e Go!ernmen Bi*e e 'onsiuion

does no e,press*y say so4 e as a posiion y reason of is ein& 'ief +,ecui!e and

ead of e &o!ernmen Le #e*ds a** adminisrai!e po#ers a inere in suc posiion

Adminisrai!e po#er is an ad=unc and is desi&ned o comp*emen e effeci!e e,ercise of

e,ecui!e po#er4 !esed in e residen

Article $$ Section $

The e"ecutive poer shall !e vested in the /resident of the /hilippines.

.arcos ! .an&*apus

T4" *"2!(b5" 6u"!$* (" b& "*um"(!*8 )"!(* ;$3" $9 !4" P"#"*!' D#

!4" 9(m" $9 !4" C$*!!u!$* *!"*# !4(! !4" P"#"*! 4(55 "<")" !4$" ;")9)

;$3" (*# *$ $!4" A" !4"" "*um"(!"# ;$3" !4" b"(#!4 (*# )$;" $9

"<")u!2" ;$3"

841

842

843

844

845

846

847

848

849

850

851

852

853

854

855

856

857

858

859

860

861

862

863

864

865

866

867

868



#ou*d no e accurae4 o#e!er4 o sae a e,ecui!e po#er is e po#er o enforce

*a#s4 for e residen is e ead if sae as #e** as ead of e &o!ernmen and #ae!er

po#ers erein in suc posiion perain o e office un*ess e 'onsiuion ise*f #io*ds i

Furermore e 'onsiuion ise*f pro!ides a e e,ecuion of *a#s is on*y one of e

po#ers of e residen

'oro**ary4 e po#ers of e residen canno e said o e *imied on*y o specific po#ers

enumeraed in e 'onsiuion n oer #ords4 e,ecui!e po#er is more an e sum of

specific po#ers enumeraed

PRESIDENTS POWER OF CONTROL

Secion 174 Aric*e I The /resident shall have control of all e"ecutive departments,

!ureaus and offices. 0e shall ensure that the las !e faithfully e"ecuted.

U e po#er o a*er or modify or nu**ify or se aside #a a suordinae officer ad done in

e performance of is duies and o susiue is =ud&men #i a of e *aer

U e presidenHs po#er of conro* o!er e e,ecui!e ranc e,ends o a** e,ecui!e officers

from caine o secreary o e *o#*ies c*er% in e e,ecui!e deparmen

U e ri& of e residen o inerfere in e e,ercise of suc discreion as may e !esed y

*a# in e officers of e,ecui!e deparmens4 ureaus or offices of e naiona* &o!ernmen4

as #e** as o e ac in *ieu of suc officers

Araneta v. 1atmaitan

Te *e&a*iy of e residens issuance of an e,ecui!e order annin& fisin& y ra#*

#as <uesioned ecause e Secreary of A&ricu*ure4 and no e residen4 #as e officia*

auoried y 'on&ress o issue ru*es and re&u*aions o imp*emen e an on ra#* fisin&

n susainin& e *e&a*iy of e e,ecui!e order4 e Supreme 'our ru*ed a since e

869

870

871

872

873

874

875

876

877

878

879

880

881

882

883

884

885

886

887

888

889

890

891

892

893

894

895

896



Secreary of A&ricu*ure #as empo#ered o re&u*ae or an fisin& y ra#*4 e residen in

e e,ercise of po#er of conro* can a%e o!er from im suc auoriy and issue e

e,ecui!e order o e,ercise i Te residens po#er of conro* means a if a caine

secreary or a ead of a ureau or a&ency can issue ru*es and re&u*aions4 as auoried y

*a#4 e residen as e po#er no on*y o modify or amend e same u can a*so

supp*an e ru*es y anoer se enire*y differen from ose issued y is suordinae

Te residen e,ercises e po#er of conro* rou& e,ecui!e deparmens and e,ecui!e

officia*s 6nder e 'onsiuion4 a** e,ecui!e and adminisrai!e or&aniaions are ad=uncs

of e e,ecui!e deparmen4 e eads of !arious e,ecui!e deparmens are assisans and

a&ens of e 'ief +,ecui!e4 and4 e,cep in cases #ere e 'ief +,ecui!e is re<uired

y e 'onsiuion or e *a# o ac in person or e e,i&encies of e siuaion demand a

e ac persona**y4 e mu*ifarious e,ecui!e and adminisrai!e funcions of e 'ief

+,ecui!e are performed y and rou& e e,ecui!e deparmen secrearies as is a*er

e&os4 and e acs of e secrearies of suc deparmens4 performed and promu*&aed in

e re&u*ar course of usiness4 are un*ess disappro!ed or reproaed y e 'ief +,ecui!e

4 preempi!e*y e acs of e 'ief +,ecui!e

U e residens po#er of conro* inc*udes e po#er o deai* an e,ecui!e officer in e

office4 #iou any prior appro!a* from any e,ecui!e officer4 as *on& as ere is no reducion

of ran% or sa*ary and is no considered as discip*inary acion

Tecson v. Salas

Lence4 e ac of e residen canno e counermanded y a secreary #o is a

mere suordinae of e residen nor can a suordinae of e deparmen of secreary

disre&ard is superiors a*erin& is acion in e performance of is funcion as e

deparmen secreary4 #o as po#er of conro* o!er im4 ac as e residens a*er-e&o

and is acion is presumed o e a of e residen

897

898

899

900

901

902

903

904

905

906

907

908

909

910

911

912

913

914

915

916

917

918

919

920

921

922

923

924



DOCTRINE OF =UALIFIED POLITICAL AGENCY

U e residen canno e e,peced o e,ercise is conro* po#ers a** a e same ime and

in person4 and ere is need for im o de*e&ae some of em o is caine memers

U under is docrine4 a** e,ecui!e and adminisrai!e or&aniaions are ad=uncs of e

+,ecui!e /eparmen4 e eads of !arious e,ecui!e deparmen assisans and a&ens of

'ief +,ecui!e

U e residens po#er of conro* is direc*y e,ercised y im o!er e memers of e

'aine #o4 in urn and y is auoriy4 conro* e ureaus and oer offices under eir

respeci!e =urisdicion in e e,ecui!e deparmens Te acs of e deparmen Secreary

are presumed o e e acs of e residen

Lm!(!$* $* !4" P"#"*! )$*!$5 ;$3"

U e ao*iion or creaion of an e,ecui!e office

U e suspension or remo!a* of career e,ecui!e officia*s or emp*oyees #iou due process

of *a#

U e sein& aside4 modificaion4 or supp*anin& of decisions of <uasi-=udicia* a&encies

inc*udin& a of e ffice of e residen on conesed cases a a!e ecome fina*

pursuan o *a# or o ru*es and re&u*aions promu*&aed o imp*emen e *a#

P"#"*! ;$3" $9 u;"2$*

U Super!ision is a *esser po#er an conro* Te po#er of super!ision does no a**o# e

superior o annu* e acs of e suordinae

U e po#er o see a e officia*s concerned perform eir duies and if ey *aer fai* or

ne&*ec o fu*fi** em4 a%e suc acion or seps as prescried y *a# o ma%e em perform

eir duies

O#*(*)" P$3"

925

926

927

928

929

930

931

932

933

934

935

936

937

938

939

940

941

942

943

944

945

946

947

948

949

950

951



U e residens ordinance po#er is e +,ecui!es ru*e-ma%in& auoriy in imp*emenin&

or e,ecuin& consiuiona* or sauory po#er

V +,ecui!e rders- acs of e residen pro!idin& for ru*es of a &enera* or permanen

caracer in imp*emenaion or e,ecuion of consiuiona* or sauory po#ers sa** e

promu*&aed in e,ecui!e orders

V Adminisrai!e rders- acs of e residen #ic re*ae o paricu*ar aspecs of e

&o!ernmena* operaions in pursuance of is duies as adminisrai!e ead sa** e

promu*&aed in adminisrai!e orders

V roc*amaions- acs of e residen fi,in& a dae of dec*arin& a saus or condiion of

pu*ic momen or ineres4 upon e e,isence of #ic e operaion or a specific *a# or

re&u*aion is made o depend4 sa** a!e e force of an e,ecui!e order

V .emorandum orders- acs of e residen on maers of adminisrai!e deai* or of

suordinae or emporary ineres #ic on*y concern a paricu*ar officer or office of e

&o!ernmen sa** e emodied in memorandum orders

V .emorandum circu*ars- acs of e residen on maers re*ain& o inerna* adminisraion

#ic e residen desires o rin& e aenion of a** or some deparmens4 a&encies4

ureau or offices of e &o!ernmen4 for informaion or for comp*iance

V Genera* or specia* orders- acs and commands of e residen in is capaciy as

'ommander in 'ief of e Armed Forces of e i*ippines sa** e issued as &enera* or

specia* orders

P$3" $2" (5"*

U S")!$* /oer to Deport Te residen sa** a!e e po#er o depor a*iens su=ec o

e re<uiremens of due process

952

953

954

955

956

957

958

959

960

961

962

963

964

965

966

967

968

969

970

971

972

973

974

975

976

977



U S")!$* /oer to Change 2on3$mmigrant Status of Aliens. Te residen su=ec o e

pro!isions of e *a#4 sa** a!e e po#er o can&e e saus of non-immi&rans y

a**o#in& em o ac<uire permanen residence saus #iou necessiy of !isa

U S")!$* 1. /oer to Countermand Decisions of the 'oard of Commissioners of the

'ureau of $mmigration. Te decision of e oard of 'ommissioners #ic as =urisdicion

o!er a** deporaion cases sa** ecome fina* and e,ecuor afer 0 days from promu*&aion4

un*ess #iin suc period e residen sa** order e conrary

U S")!$* 11. /oer 4ver Aliens under the 1eneral /rinciples of $nternational 5a. Te

residen sa** e,ercise e respec o a*iens in e i*ippines suc po#ers are reco&nied

y e &enera**y acceped princip*es of inernaiona* *a#

P$3" $9 Em*"*! D$m(*, E)4"(!, L(*# R""2(!$* (*# R")$2"& $9 I55- 8$!!"*

W"(5!4

U S")!$* 1/ /oer of 6minent Domain. Te residen sa** deermine #en i is

necessary or ad!ana&eous o e,ercise e po#er of eminen domain in ea*f of e

Caiona* Go!ernmen and direc e So*icior Genera*4 #ene!er e deems e acion

ad!isa*e 4 o insiue e,propriaion proceedin&s as e proper cour

U S")!$* 1 /oer to Direct 6scheat or (eversion /roceedings Te residen sa** direc

e So*icior Genera* o insiue escea or re!ersion proceedin&s o!er a** *ands ransferred

or assi&ned o persons dis<ua*ified under e 'onsiuion o ac<uire *and

U S")!$* 10. /oer to reserve lands of the pu!lic and private domain of the government.

(1) Te residen sa** a!e e po#er o reser!e for se*emen or pu*ic use4 and for

specific pu*ic purposes4 any of e *ands of e pu*ic domain4 e use of #ic is no

oer#ise direced y *a# Te reser!e *and sa** ereafer remain su=ec o e specific

pu*ic purpose indicaed uni* oer#ise pro!ided y *a# or proc*amaion

978

979

980

981

982

983

984

985

986

987

988

989

990

991

992

993

994

995

996

997

998

999

1000

1001

1002

1003

1004



() Le sa** a*so a!e e po#er reser!e from sa*e or oer disposiion and for specific

pu*ic uses or purposes4 any *and e*on&in& o e pri!ae domain of e Go!ernmen4 or

any of e friar *ands4 e use of #ic is no oer#ise direced y *a# and ereafer suc

*and sa** e used for e purposes specified y suc proc*amaion uni* oer#ise pro!ided

y *a#

U S")!$* 1' /oer over $ll3gotten 7ealth. Te residen sa** direc e So*icior Genera*

o insiue proceedin&s o reco!er properies un*a#fu**y ac<uired y pu*ic officia*s or

emp*oyees from eir nominees or ransferees

Biin e period fi,ed in or any e,ension ereof auoried y e 'onsiuion4 e

residen sa** a!e e auoriy o reco!er a** i**-&oen properies

P$3" $9 A;;$*!m"*!

U Caure

$asica**y e,ecui!e

rero&ai!e of e appoinin& po#er

U Kinds of Appoinmens

5e&u*ar- re<uires e confirmaion of 'A

Ad inerim- appoinmen a%es effec immediae*y

5ecess- needs no confirmaion y e 'A

U S")!$* 1' /oer of Appointment Te residen sa** e,ercise e po#er o appoin suc

officia*s as pro!ided for in e 'onsiuion and *a#s

U S")!$* 1 /oer to $ssue Temporary Designation.

(1)Te residen may emporari*y desi&nae an officer a*ready on e &o!ernmen

ser!ice or any oer compeen person o perform e funcions of an office in e e,ecui!e

ranc4 appoinmen o #ic is !esed in im y *a#4 #en (a) Te officer re&u*ar*y

1005

1006

1007

1008

1009

1010

1011

1012

1013

1014

1015

1016

1017

1018

1019

1020

1021

1022

1023

1024

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031



appoined o e office is una*e o perform is duies y reason of i**ness4 asence or any

oer cause or () Tere e,iss a !acancy

() Te person desi&naed sa** recei!e e compensaion aaced o e posiion4

un*ess e is a*ready in e &o!ernmen ser!ice in #ic case e sa** recei!e on*y suc

addiiona* compensaion as4 #i is e,isin& sa*ary4 sa** no e,ceed e sa*ary auoried

y *a# for e posiion fi**ed Te compensaion erey auoried sa** e paid ou of e

funds appropriaed for e office or a&ency concerned

() n no case sa** a emporary desi&naion e,ceed 1 year

O!4" P$3"

B' POWER OF INVESTIGATION

Coice and earin& in in!esi&aion

f e *a#4 upon #ic e in!esi&aion is auoried4 pro!ides a e person

in!esi&aed e &i!en noice or accorded e opporuniy o e eard4 en suc ri& canno

e i&nored nor e e denied noice and earin& #iou !io*ain& is ri& o due process

f e *a# is si*en on e maer4 noice and earin& depends upon e sa&e durin&

#ic in!esi&aion is conduced and e possi*e conse<uences o im of e oucome of

suc in!esi&aion

U +,ecui!e po#er of in!esi&aion

vangelista v. 5arencio

as een essayed a e *ife *ood of e adminisrai!e process is e f*o# fac4

e &aerin&4 e or&aniaion and e ana*ysis of e!idence n!esi&aions are usefu* for a**

adminisrai!e funcions4 no on*y for ru*e ma%in&4 ad=udicaion4 and *icensin& u a*so for

prosecuin&4 for super!isin& and direcin&4 and for purposes no more specific an

i**uminain& oscure areas o find ou #a if anyin& sou*d e done An adminisrai!e

a&ency may e auoried o ma%e in!esi&aions4 no on*y in proceedin&s of *e&is*ai!e or

1032

1033

1034

1035

1036

1037

1038

1039

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

1046

1047

1048

1049

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

1058

1059



=udicia* naure4 u a*so in proceedin& #ose so*e purpose is o oain informaion upon

#ic fuure acion of a *e&is*ai!e or =udicia* naure may e a%en and may re<uire e

aendance of #inesses in proceedin&s of a pure*y in!esi&aory naure may conduc

&enera* in<uiries ino e!i*s ca**in& for correcion4 and o repor findin&s o appropriae odies

and ma%e recommendaions for acion

Te residens in!esi&aory po#er emanaes from is po#er of super!ision and

conro* o!er a** e,ecui!e deparmens4 ureaus and offices; is po#er of super!ision o!er

*oca* &o!ernmen unis; and is po#er of appoinmen of presidenia* appoinees4 #ic are

conferred upon im y e 'onsiuion

U n<uisii!e o#er4 #ic is %no#n as e,aminin& or in!esi&aory po#er4 is one of e

deerminai!e po#ers of an adminisrai!e ody #ic eer ena*es i o e,ercise <uasi-

=udicia* auoriy Tis po#er a**o#s e adminisrai!e ody o inspec e records and

premises and in!esi&ae e aci!iies4 of persons or eniies comin& under is =urisdicion4 or

re<uire disc*osure of informaion y means of accouns4 records4 repors4 esimony of

#inesses4 producion of documens or oer#ise

I*2"!8(!$& ;$3" ( m(* 9u*)!$*

An in!esi&aory ody #i e so*e po#er of in!esi&aion does no e,ercise =udicia*

funcions and is po#er is *imied o in!esi&ain& e facs and ma%in& findin&s in respec

ereo Te es #eer an adminisrai!e ody is e,ercisin& =udicia* funcions or mere*y

in!esi&aory funcions is;

V ad=udicaion si&nifies e e,ercise of po#er and auoriy o ad=udicae upon e ri&s and

o*i&aions of e paries efore i

V if e on*y purpose of in!esi&aion is o e!a*uae e!idence sumied efore i ased on

facs and circumsances presened o i4 and if e a&ency is no auoried o ma%e a fina*

pronouncemen affecin& e paries4 en ere is asence of =udicia* discreion and

=ud&men

1060

1061

1062

1063

1064

1065

1066

1067

1068

1069

1070

1071

1072

1073

1074

1075

1076

1077

1078

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087



CHAPTER IV

=UASI - LEGISLATIVE POWER

A' L"85(!2" P$3" ( G"*"(5

L"85(!2" ;$3" 3 is e po#er o ma%e4 a*er and repea* *a#s

- is !esed in e 'on&ress

S";((!$* $9 P$3" proiis e de*e&aion of pure*y and ineren*y *e&is*ai!e po#er

Suc po#er consiss &enera**y of #a e *a# sa** e4 o #om i may e app*ied4 or #a

acs are necessary o effecuae e *a#

E?CEPTION: may de*e&ae as o o# e *a# sa** e enforced4 o issue ru*es o fi** in

deai*s4 o ascerain facs on #ic e *a# #i** operae o e,ercise po*ice po#er and o fi,

raes

A#m*!(!2" Ru5"-M(@*8 !4" ;$3" o promu*&ae ru*es and re&u*aions or &enera*

orders #ic are *e&a**y indin& and recei!e sauory force upon &oin& ino effec

D!*)!$* b"!3""* =u(-5"85(!2" ;$3" $ u5" m(@*8 (*# 6u(-u#)(5 $

(#u#)(!$*

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

1114



1) Te ru*es and re&u*aions issued in e e,ercise of RULE-MAKING POWER are of

&enera* app*icai*iy issued y e adminisrai!e a&ency o imp*emen is pure*y

adminisrai!e po*icies and funcions ADJUDICATION means a deerminaion of ri&s and

pri!i*e&es and duies y an adminisrai!e a&ency resu*in& in a decision or order #ic

app*ies o specific siuaions or o specific persons or eniies and is premised on a findin& of

facs or on a repor of i

) Te issuance of ru*es and re&u*aions in e e,ercise y an adminisrai!e a&ency of is

=UASI-LEGISLATIVE POWER does no re<uire noice and earin& Bi*e ADJUDICATION

re<uires noice and earin& or a *eas e opporuniy o e eard on e por of e affeced

person as a prere<uisie for e !a*idiy of is decision

T&;" $9 u5"-m(@*8 ;$3"

1) 5u*e-ma%in& y reason of paricu*ar de*e&aion of auoriy

) 5u*e-ma%in& y e consrucion and inerpreaion of a saue ein& adminisered

) /eerminaion of facs under a de*e&aed po#er as o #ic a saue sa** &o ino effec

B' D"5"8(!$* $9 L"85(!2" P$3"

D"5"8(!$* $9 5"85(!2" ;$3" 3 refers o e &ran of auoriy y e *e&is*aure o

adminisrai!e a&encies o issue ru*es and re&u*aions concernin& o# e *a# enrused o

em for imp*emenaions may e enforced

P$3" $9 ub$#*(!" 5"85(!$* 3 is e de*e&aed auoriy o issue ru*es and re&u*aions

o carry ou e pro!isions of e saue #ic a!e e force and effec of *a#

R"($*: Te increasin& comp*e,iy of e as% of e &o!ernmen and e &ro#in& inai*iy

of e *e&is*aure o cope direc*y #i e myriad pro*ems demandin& is aenions

T"! !$ #"!"m*" 2(5#!& $9 #"5"8(!$*

1115

1116

1117

1118

1119

1120

1121

1122

1123

1124

1125

1126

1127

1128

1129

1130

1131

1132

1133

1134

1135

1136

1137

1138

1139

1140

1141

1142



1'+ C$m;5"!"*" T"! > e *a# mus e comp*ee in a** is iems and condiions #en i

*ea!es e *e&is*aure suc a #en i reaces e de*e&ae e on*y in& e #i** a!e o do

is enforce i

/'+ Su99)"*! S!(*#(# T"! > ere mus e ade<uae &uide*ines or *imiaions in e *a# o

map ou e oundaries of e de*e&aeHs auoriy and pre!en e de*e&aion from runnin&

rio Sandard may e e,press or imp*ied

R"8u5(!$* )(**$! "!)! *$ "*5(8" !4" 5(3

P"5("7 2' Au#!$ G"*"(5

Te auoriy o creae municipa* corporaions is essenia**y and eminen*y *e&is*ai!e in

naure since ey are pure*y creaures of e saue

P"$;5" 2' M()""* % SCRA 0.+

Te *a#ma%in& ody canno de*e&ae o an e,ecui!e officia* e po#er o dec*are #a

acs sou*d consiue an offense Te 'our ru*ed a e Secreary of A&ricu*ure e,ceeded

is auoriy and e adminisrai!e order #as de!oid of *e&a* asis ecause e Fiseries

"a# did no e,press*y proii e*ecro fisin&

T$5"#$ 2' C25 S"2)" C$mm$*

Te 'S' issued a re&u*aion proiiin& e emp*oymen in e 'i!i* Ser!ice a person #o is

a*ready J7 or more years of a&e4 e,cep #i e prior consen of e 'ommission and e

appoinee possesses specia* <ua*ificaion and e !acancy canno e fi**ed y promoion of

<ua*ified officers As e ci!i* ser!ice *a# #ic e 'ommission is as%ed o imp*emen does

no conain any suc proiiion or <ua*ificaion4 e Supreme 'our4 in To*edo ! 'i!i*

Ser!ice 'ommission4 nu**ified said re&u*aion

Ru5" mu! b" "($*(b5"

1143

1144

1145

1146

1147

1148

1149

1150

1151

1152

1153

1154

1155

1156

1157

1158

1159

1160

1161

1162

1163

1164

1165

1166

1167

1168

1169

1170



Lu;(*8)$ 2' C$u! $9 A;;"(5

5' issued a reso*uion4 #ic pro!ides a E no e,aminee (in *icensure e,aminaions in

accounancy) sa** aend any re!ie# c*ass4 riefin&4 conference or e *i%e conduc y or

sa** recei!e any and-ou4 re!ie# maeria*4 or any ip from any scoo*4 co**e&e or uni!ersiy4

or any re!ie# cener or e *i%e or any re!ie#er4 *ecurer4 insrucor officia* or emp*oyee of

any if e aforemenioned or simi*ar insiuions durin& e ree days immediae*y precedin&

e!ery e,aminaion day inc*udin& e e,aminaion day Te 'our dec*ared suc reso*uion

unconsiuiona* for ein& unreasona*e and !io*ai!e of academic freedom

P$4b!$* (8(*! "-#"5"8(!$* E<)";!$*

- /ocrine of Epoesas de*e&aa non de*e&ari proes 3 #a as een de*e&aed canno e

de*e&aed

- Te de*e&aion of is *e&is*ai!e po#er may e susained on*y upon e &round a some

sandard for is e,ercise is pro!ided and a e *e&is*aure in ma%in& e de*e&aion as

prescried e manner of e e,ercise of e de*e&aed po#er

R(!" F<*8 W4"* 4"(*8 "6u"#

Te funcion of prescriin& raes y an adminisrai!e a&ency may e eier a *e&is*ai!e or

an ad=udicai!e funcion (<uasi-=udicia*)

L"85(!2" 9u*)!$* 3 e &ran of a prior noice and earin& o e affeced paries is no a

re<uiremen of due process

- #en e ru*es or e raes are mean o app*y o a** enerprises of a

&i!en %ind rou&ou e i*ippines4

A#u#)(!2" 9u*)!$* 3 prior noice and earin& are essenia* o e !a*idiy of suc raes

1171

1172

1173

1174

1175

1176

1177

1178

1179

1180

1181

1182

1183

1184

1185

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198



- #en e ru*es or e raes app*y e,c*usi!e*y o a named person or

eniy and are predicaed upon a findin& of facs4 on e asis of #ic e ru*es or raes are

ased

C' C$*!"m;$(& C$*!u)!$*

D!*)!$* b"!3""* A#m*!(!2" Ru5" (*# I*!";"!(!$*'

A#m*!(!2" u5" > #en an adminisrai!e a&ency promu*&aes ru*es and re&u*aions4 in

e e,ercise of is ru*e-ma%in& po#er de*e&aed o i y e *e&is*aure4 E ma%es a ne# *a#

#i e force and effec of a !a*id *a#

A#m*!(!2" *!";"!(!$* > Ben i renders an opinion or &i!es a saemen of po*icy4 i

mere*y inerpres a pre-e,isin& *a#

E<")u!2" C$*!u)!$*, 8"*"(55& @*# $9'

- is e consrucion p*aced upon e saue y an e,ecui!e or adminisrai!e officer ca**ed

upon o e,ecue or adminiser suc saue

T&;" $9 E<")u!2" *!";"!(!$* $9 !4" 5(3'

1'+ To imp*emen e *a# +ier e,press or imp*ied

) $y e Secreary of 2usice in is capaciy as e cief *e&a* ad!isor of e &o!ernmen i

is in e form of opinions issued upon re<ues of adminisrai!e or e,ecui!e officia*s #o

enforce e *a#

) is e inerpreaion anded do#n in an ad!ersary proceedin& in e form of a ru*in& y an

e,ecui!e officer e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia* po#er

F$m $9 I*!";"!(!$*

- 5u*es4 circu*ars4 opinions4 and direci!es

1199

1200

1201

1202

1203

1204

1205

1206

1207

1208

1209

1210

1211

1212

1213

1214

1215

1216

1217

1218

1219

1220

1221

1222

1223

1224

1225

1226



Pub5)(!$* *$! "6u"#'

- 5u*es #ic are mere*y inerpreaions of e *a# or of e re&u*aions issued o imp*emen

e *a# need no e pu*ised o e effeci!e4 e said inerpreaion no ein& considered as

*a#

C$*!u)!$* $9 u5" (*# "8u5(!$*

- 5u*es and re&u*aions issued y e,ecui!e or adminisrai!e officers pursuan o4 and as

auoried y4 *a# a!e e force and effecs of *a#s

- An adminisrai!e ody as e po#er o inerpre is o#n ru*e and suc inerpreaion

ecomes par of e ru*e ise*f

B' D"5"8(!$* $9 L"85(!2" P$3"

Te de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er refers o e &ran of auoriy y e *e&is*aure o

adminisrai!e a&encies o issue ru*es and re&u*aions concernin& o# e *a# enrused o

em for imp*emenaion may e enforced1 Te reasons for e de*e&aion of is po#er are:

e increasin& comp*e,iy of e as% of e &o!ernmen and e &ro#in& inai*iy of e

*e&is*aure o cope direc*y #i e myriad pro*ems demandin& is aenion or in oer

#ords4 e ree facors name*y: e &ro#in& comp*e,iies of modern *ife4 mu*ip*icaion of

numer of su=ecs *eadin& &o!ernmen re&u*aion4 increase difficu*ies in adminiserin& *a#s

Te &ro# of e sociey as ramified is aci!iies and creaed pecu*iar and sopisicaed

pro*ems a e *e&is*aure canno e e,peced reasona*y o compreend Specia*iaion

e!en in *e&is*aion as ecome necessary To many of e pro*ems aendan upon presen-

1Agpalo, Administrative Law, Law on Public Officers and Election Law, !!" Ed. P.#

1227

1228

1229

1230

1231

1232

1233

1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

1240

1241

1242

1243

1244

1245

1246

1247

1248

1249

1250

1251

1252

1253

1



day undera%in&s4 e *e&is*aure may no a!e e compeence o pro!ide e direc and

efficacious or specific so*uion

n e case of S$5# H$m", I*)' 2'P(&(3(5, i e*d EAs a resu* of e &ro#in&

comp*e,iy of e modern sociey4 i as ecome necessary o creae more and more

adminisrai!e odies o e*p in e re&u*aion of is ramified aci!iies Specia*ied in e paricu*ar fie*ds

assi&ned o em4 ey can dea* #i e pro*ems ereof #i more e,perise and dispac an can e

e,peced from e *e&is*aure or e cours of =usice Tis is e reason for e increasin& !esure of <uasi-

*e&is*ai!e and <uasi-=udicia* po#ers in #a is no# no unreasona*y ca**ed e four deparmen of e

&o!ernmen Saues conferrin& po#ers on eir adminisrai!e a&encies mus e *iera**y consrued o

ena*e em o discar&e eir assi&ned duies in accordance #i e *e&is*ai!e purpose

Lo#e!er4 n !ie# of e docrine of separaion of po#ers4 adminisrai!e a&encies do

no possess *e&is*ai!e or =udicia* po#er in e sric sense4 and suc po#er may no e

de*e&aed o em4 e,cep #ere oer#ise pro!ided y e 'onsiuion Lo#e!er4 *imied

po#er may e conferred o carry ou e *e&is*ai!e purpose Furer4 i is said a e

essenia*s of *e&is*ai!e funcions4 name*y4 e deerminaion of *e&is*ai!e po*icy and is

formu*aion and promu*&aion as a defined and indin& ru*e of conduc4 canno e de*e&aed

y e *e&is*aure

n E(!"* S4;;*8 L*" VS' POEA4 #eer e issuance of .emorandum

'ircu*ar Co is a !io*aion of non-de*e&aion of po#er ' Supreme 'our e*d a ere #as

!a*id de*e&aion of po#ers n <uesionin& e !a*idiy of e memorandum circu*ar4 +asern

Sippin& "ines conended a +A #as &i!en no auoriy o promu*&ae e re&u*aion4

and e!en #i suc auoriaion4 e re&u*aion represens an e,ercise of *e&is*ai!e

discreion #ic4 under e princip*e4 is no su=ec o de*e&aion G+C+5A" 56"+: Con-

1$$ %C&A $, $' (1')'*+ De Leon, De Leon r , Administrative Law- e/t and Cases, !1! ed pp. 1$#01$$1## %C&A "++

1254

1255

1256

1257

1258

1259

1260

1261

1262

1263

1264

1265

1266

1267

1268

1269

1270

1271

1272

1273

1274

1275

1276

1277

1278

1279

23

4



de*e&aion of po#ers; e,cepion is rue a *e&is*ai!e discreion as o e susani!e

conens of e *a# canno e de*e&aed Ba can e de*e&aed is e discreion o

deermine o# e *a# may e enforced4 no #a e *a# sa** e Te ascerainmen of

e *aer su=ec is a prero&ai!e of e *e&is*aure Tis prero&ai!e canno e adicaed or

surrendered y e *e&is*aure o e de*e&ae T#o Tess of Ia*id /e*e&aion of "e&is*ai!e

o#er Tere are #o acceped ess o deermine #eer or no ere is a !a*id de*e&aion of

*e&is*ai!e po#er4 !i4 e comp*eeness es and e sufficien sandard es 6nder e firs

es4 e *a# mus e comp*ee in a** is erms and condiions #en i *ea!es e *e&is*aure

suc a #en i reaces e de*e&ae e on*y in& e #i** a!e o do is o enforce i

6nder e sufficien sandard es4 ere mus e ade<uae &uide*ines or saions in e *a# o map

ou e oundaries of e de*e&aeHs auoriy and pre!en e de*e&aion from runnin& rio

$o ess are inended o pre!en a oa* ransference of *e&is*ai!e auoriy o e de*e&ae4

#o is no a**o#ed o sep ino e soes of e *e&is*aure and e,ercise a po#er

essenia**y *e&is*ai!e P,, Te de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er as ecome e ru*e and is non-

de*e&aion e e,cepion

Te case of T(!(# 2' S")"!(& $9 !4" D";!' $9 E*"8&J4 e peiions ca**en&e

e consiuiona*iy of 5A Co 8180 eni*ed EAn Ac /ere&u*ain& e /o#nsream i*

ndusry and For er urposes Te dere&u*aion process as #o pases: (a) e

ransiion pase (Au& 14 199N) and e () fu** dere&u*aion pase (Fe 84 1997 rou&

+ Co 7)Sec 1J of 5A Co 8180 consiues an undue de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er o

e residen and e Sec of +ner&y ecause i does no pro!ide a deerminae or

deermina*e sandard o &uide e +,ecui!e $ranc in deerminin& #en o imp*emen e

fu** dere&u*aion of e do#nsream oi* indusry4 and e *a# does no pro!ide any specific

sandard o deermine #en e prices of crude oi* in e #or*d mar%e are considered o e

dec*inin& nor #en e e,can&e rae of e peso o e 6S do**ar is considered sa*e

Beer or no sec 1J !io*aes e consiuiona* proiiion on undue de*e&aion of po#er

" )1 %C&A ++!,+"!0+" (1''$*

1280

1281

1282

1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290

1291

1292

1293

1294

1295

1296

1297

1298

1299

1300

1301

1302

1303

1304

1305

1306

5



Te cour ru*ed a Sec 1J can urd*e o e comp*eeness es and e sufficien

sandard es 5A Co 8180 pro!ided a e fu** dere&u*aion #i** sar a e end of .arc

1997 re&ard*ess of e occurrence of any e!en Tus4 e *a# is comp*ee on e <uesion of

e fina* dae of fu** dere&u*aionSec 1J *ays do#n e sandard o &uide e =ud&men of

e residenQe is o ime i as far as pracica*e #en e prices of crude oi* and

pero*eum in e #or*d mar%e are dec*inin& and #en e e,can&e rae of e peso o e

6S do**ar is considered sa*e

T"! !$ #"!"m*" 2(5#!& $9 #"5"8(!$*

1 Te )$m;5"!"*" of e saue ma%in& e de*e&aion

Completeness test o deermine #eer or no ere is a !a*id de*e&aion of

*e&is*ai!e po#er saes a e *a# mus e comp*ee in a** is iems and condiions #en i

*i!es e *e&is*aure suc a #en i reaces e de*e&ae e on*y in& e #i** a!e o do

is o enforce i 6nder is es4 is comp*eeness is necessary so a y appropriae =udicia*

re!ie# and conro*4 any acion a%en pursuan o de*e&aed auoriy may e %ep #iin e

defined *imis of e auoriy conferred

n e case of P"5("7 2' Au#!$ G"*"(5N4 is is #ere residen (.arcos)

issued e,ecui!e orders creain& municipa*iies 3 is is purpored*y in pursuan o

Sec N8 of e 5e!ised Adminisrai!e 'ode #ic pro!ides a e residen of e

i*ippines may y e,ecui!e order define e oundary4 or oundaries4 of any

pro!ince4 su-pro!ince4 municipa*iy4 ?o#nsip@ municipa* disric or oer po*iica*

sudi!ision4 and increase or diminis e erriory comprised erein4 may di!ide any

pro!ince ino one or more su pro!incesWTe I +mmanue* e*ae and a a,payer

fi*ed a specia* ci!i* acion o proii e audior &enera* from disursin& funds o e

appropriaed for e said municipa*iies e*ae c*aims a e +s are

unconsiuiona* Le said a Sec N8 of e 5A' as een imp*ied*y repea*ed y Sec

of 5A 70 #ic pro!ides a arrios may Eno e creaed or eir oundaries

# 1" %C&A "#' (1'#"*

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6



a*ered nor eir names can&ed e,cep y Ac of 'on&ress or of e correspondin&

pro!incia* oard Eupon peiion of a ma=oriy of e !oers in e areas affeced and

e Erecommendaion of e counci* of e municipa*iy or municipa*iies in #ic e

proposed arrio is siuaed e*ae ar&ues4 accordin&*y: Ef e residen4 under is

ne# *a#4 canno e!en creae a arrio4 can e creae a municipa*iy #ic is

composed of se!era* arrios4 since arrios are unis of municipa*iiesD Te Audior

Genera* counered a on*y arrios are arred from ein& creaed y e residen

.unicipa*iies are e,emp from e ar and a a municipa*iy can e creaed

#iou creain& arrios +,isin& arrios can =us e p*aced ino e ne# municipa*iy

Tis eory o!er*oo%s4 o#e!er4 e main impor of e*aeH ar&umen4 #ic is a

e sauory denia* of e presidenia* auoriy o creae a ne# arrio imp*ies a

ne&aion of e i&&er po#er o creae municipa*iies4 eac of #ic consiss of

se!era* arrios Te <uesion in is case is a #eer 'on&ress as de*e&aed e

po#er o creae arrios o e residen y !irue of Sec N8 of e 5A' Te cour

said a a*ou& 'on&ress may de*e&ae o anoer ranc of e &o!ernmen e

po#er o fi** in e deai*s in e e,ecuion4 enforcemen or adminisraion of a *a#4 i is

essenia*4 o foresa** a !io*aion of e princip*e of separaion of po#ers4 a said *a#:

9a: be complete in itself ; it must set fort+ t+erein t+e policy to be e<ecuted4

carried out or implemented by t+e delegate ; and 9b: fi< a standard ; t+e

limits of w+ic+ are sufficiently determinate or determinable Q o #ic e

de*e&ae mus conform in e performance of is funcions ndeed4 #iou a

sauory dec*araion of po*icy4 e de*e&ae #ou*d4 in effec4 ma%e or formu*ae suc

po*icy4 #ic is e essence of e!ery *a#; and4 #iou e aforemenioned sandard4

ere #ou*d e no means o deermine4 #i reasona*e cerainy4 #eer e

de*e&ae as aced #iin or eyond e scope of is auoriy

n e case a ar4 e po#er o creae municipa*iies is eminen*y *e&is*ai!e in

caracer no adminisrai!e

1334

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Te presence of a u99)"*! !(*#(#

6nder is es4 ere mus e ade<uae &uide*ines or *imiaions in e *a# o map ou e

oundaries of e de*e&ae auoriy and pre!en e de*e&aion from runnin& rio7Sufficien

sandard prescried in + 797 3 E.emorandum 'ircu*ar no is one suc adminisrai!e

re&u*aion Te mode* conrac prescried erey as een app*ied in a si&nifican numer

of e cases #iou ca**en&e y e emp*oyer Te po#er of e +A in re<uirin& e

mode* conrac is no *imied as ere is a sufficien sandard &uidin& e de*e&ae in e

e,ercise of e said auoriy Te sandard is disco!era*e in e e,ecui!e order ise*f #ic

in creain& e +A4 mandaed i o proec e ri&s of o!erseas Fi*ipino #or%ers o fair

and e<uia*e emp*oymen pracices 8

Sufficiency of Sandards

Te sufficiency of a paricu*ar sandard or *imi &o!ernin& e auoriy and discreion

of e adminisrai!e a&ency in effecin& e po*icy of e *e&is*aure &rea*y depends upon

e naure of e po#er e,ercised and e naure of e ri& resriced y suc po#er or

upon #eer or no proper re&u*aion or conro* re<uires e !esin& of suc discreion

Furer4 /eai*ed sandards are no re<uired4 especia**y in re&u*aory enacmens under

po*ice po#er Lo#e!er4 i mus e noed a e persona* =ud&men of e a&ency4 #ere

unresrained4 is no sandard or sufficien sandard +!en #en ere ad een *aid do#n

road sandards4 suc are no sufficien if e saue e,press*y adds Ein e opinion of e

a&ency4 or e,press*y confers po*icy-ma%in& po#er upon e a&ency

As far as our cour is concerned4 ey a!e *aid do#n sufficien sandards Efair and

equita!le employment practices as ru*ed in e case of +asern Sippin& "ines4 nc !s

+A; E pu!lic interest saed in e case eop*e !s 5osena*4 as #e** as E8ustice and

$De Leon, De Leon r , Administrative Law- e/t and Cases, !1! ed p. 1$) par.("*)1## %C&A "++

1362

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7

8



equity e*d in Anamo% Go*d Fie*ds !s '54 a*so in e case of 'a*a*an& !s Bi**iams4 9

pu!lic convenience and elfare4 Esimplicity economy and efficiency in 'er!anes !s

Audior Genera*9

Tere as een a <uesion #eer e residen4 #o under is ne# *a# canno

e!en creae a arrio4 can creae a municipa*iy #ic is composed of se!era* arrios4 since

arrios are unis of municipa*iies Te cour e*d in e case C(#$*( 2' Mu*);(5!& $9

B*(*8$*(*4 suc c*aim is unena*e4 for said case in!o*!ed4 no e creaion of a ne#

municipa*iy4 u a mere ransfer of erriory Q from an a*ready e,isin& municipa*iy

('ardona) o anoer municipa*iy ($ina&onan)4 *i%e#ise4 e,isin& a e ime of and prior o

said ransfer is o!ious4 o#e!er4 a4 #ereas e po#er o fi, suc common oundary4

in order o a!oid or se*e conf*ics of =urisdicion e#een ad=oinin& municipa*iies4 may

para%e of an adminisrai!e naure Q in!o*!in&4 as i does4 e adopion of means and #ays

o carry ino effec e *a# creain& said municipa*iies Q e auoriy o creae municipa*

corporaions is essenia**y *e&is*ai!e in naure n e *an&ua&e of oer cours4 i is Esric*y a

*e&is*ai!e funcion or Eso*e*y and e,c*usi!e*y e e,ercise of *e&is*ai!e po#er

A*ou& 'on&ress may de*e&ae o anoer ranc of e Go!ernmen e po#er o

fi** in e deai*s in e e,ecuion4 enforcemen or adminisraion of a *a#4 i is essenia*4 o

foresa** a !io*aion of e princip*e of separaion of po#ers4 a said *a#: %(+ b" )$m;5"!" *

!"59 ! mu! "! 9$!4 !4""* !4" ;$5)& !$ b" "<")u!"#, )("# $u! $ m;5"m"*!"#

b& !4" #"5"8(!"/ (*# %b+ 9< ( !(*#(# !4" 5m! $9 34)4 (" u99)"*!5&

#"!"m*(!" $ #"!"m*(b5" !$ 34)4 !4" #"5"8(!" mu! )$*9$m * !4"

;"9$m(*)" $9 4 9u*)!$*' ndeed4 #iou a sauory dec*araion of po*icy4 e

de*e&ae #ou*d in effec4 ma%e or formu*ae suc po*icy4 #ic is e essence of e!ery *a#;

and4 #iou e aforemenioned sandard4 ere #ou*d e no means o deermine4 #i

reasona*e cerainy4 #eer e de*e&ae as aced #iin or eyond e scope of is

'Agpalo, Administrative Law, Law on Public Officers and Election Law, !!" Ed.p.#)

1388

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9



auoriy Lence4 e cou*d erey arro&ae upon imse*f e po#er4 no on*y o ma%e e

*a#4 u4 a*so Q and is is #orse Q o unma%e i4 y adopin& measures inconsisen #i

e end sou& o e aained y e Ac of 'on&ress4 us nu**ifyin& e princip*e of

separaion of po#ers and e sysem of cec%s and a*ances4 and4 conse<uen*y4

underminin& e !ery foundaion of our 5epu*ican sysem Secion N8 of e 5e!ised

Adminisrai!e 'ode does no mee ese #e** se*ed re<uiremens for a !a*id de*e&aion of

e po#er o fi, e deai*s in e enforcemen of a *a# does no enunciae any po*icy o e

carried ou or imp*emened y e residen Ceier does i &i!e a sandard sufficien*y

precise o a!oid e e!i* effecs ao!e referred o

Te po#er of conro* under e pro!ision Secion 10 (1) of Aric*e I of e

'onsiuion imp*ies e ri& of e residen o inerfere in e e,ercise of suc discreion as

may e !esed y *a# in e officers of e e,ecui!e deparmens4 ureaus4 or offices of e

naiona* &o!ernmen4 as #e** as o ac in *ieu of suc officers Tis po#er is denied y e

'onsiuion o e +,ecui!e4 insofar as *oca* &o!ernmens are concerned Bi respec o

e *aer4 e fundamena* *a# permis im o #ie*d no more auoriy an a of cec%in&

#eer said *oca* &o!ernmens or e officers ereof perform eir duies as pro!ided y

sauory enacmens Lence4 e residen canno inerfere #i *oca* &o!ernmens4 so *on&

as e same or is officers ac Biin e scope of eir auoriy Le may no enac an

ordinance #ic e municipa* counci* as fai*ed or refused o pass4 e!en if i ad erey

!io*aed a duy imposed ereo y *a#4 a*ou& e may see o i a e correspondin&

pro!incia* officia*s a%e appropriae discip*inary acion erefor Ceier may e !oe4 se

aside or annu* an ordinance passed y said counci* #iin e scope of is =urisdicion4 no

maer o# paen*y un#ise i may e Le may no e!en suspend an e*eci!e officia* of a

re&u*ar municipa*iy or a%e any discip*inary acion a&ains im4 e,cep on appea* from a

decision of e correspondin& pro!incia* oard

U;$* !4" $!4" 4(*# 9 !4" P"#"*! )$u5# )"(!" ( mu*);(5!&, 4" )$u5#, * "99")!,

"m$2" (*& $9 ! $99)(5, b& )"(!*8 ( *"3 mu*);(5!& (*# *)5u#*8 !4""* !4"

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b($ * 34)4 !4" $99)(5 )$*)"*"# "#", 9$ 4 $99)" 3$u5# !4""b& b")$m"

2()(*!' T4u, b& m""5& b(*#4*8 !4" ;$3" !$ )"(!" ( *"3 mu*);(5!& %9 4" 4(#

!+, 3!4$u! ()!u(55& )"(!*8 !, 4" )$u5# )$m;"5 5$)(5 $99)(5 !$ ubm! !$ 4

#)!(!$*, !4""b&, * "99")!, "<")*8 $2" !4"m !4" ;$3" $9 )$*!$5 #"*"# !$ 4m

b& !4" C$*!!u!$*'

$u i mus e rememered a e sandard fi,ed canno e en*ar&ed nor resriced

n e case of T(!(# 2' S")"!(& $9 E*"8&4 Beer or no 5A 8180 is consiuiona* Te

S' dec*ared e unconsiuiona*iy of 5A 8180 ecause i !io*aed Sec 19 of Ar 1 of e

'onsiuion !io*aed a pro!ision ecause i on*y sren&ens o*i&opo*y #ic is conrary

o free compeiion canno e denied a our do#nsream oi* indusry is operaed and

conro**ed y an o*i&opo*y4 a forei&n o*i&opo*y a a eron4 Se** and 'a*e, sand as e

on*y ma=or *ea&ue p*ayers in e oi* mar%e A** oer p*ayers e*on& o e "i**ipuian *ea&ue

As e dominan p*ayers4 eron4 Se** and 'a*e, oas of e,isin& refineries of !arious

capaciies Te ariff differenia* of R erefore #or%s o eir immense enefi Me4 is is

on*y one ed&e of e ariff differenia* Te oer ed&e cus and cus deep in e ear of eir

compeiors erecs a i& arrier o e enry of ne# p*ayers Ce# p*ayers a inend o

e<ua*ie e mar%e po#er of eron4 Se** and 'a*e, y ui*din& refineries of eir o#n #i**

a!e o spend i**ions of pesos Tose #o #i** no ui*d refineries u compee #i em

#i** suffer e u&e disad!ana&e of increasin& eir produc cos y R Tey #i** e

compein& on an une!en fie*d Te ar&umen a e R ariff differenia* is desira*e

ecause i #i** induce prospeci!e p*ayers o in!es in refineries pus e car efore e

orse Te firs need is o arac ne# p*ayers and ey canno e araced y urdenin&

em #i ea!y disinceni!es Biou ne# p*ayers e*on&in& o e *ea&ue of eron4 Se**

and 'a*e,4 compeiion in our do#nsream oi* indusry is an id*e dream

5A 8180 is unconsiuiona* on e &round iner a*ia a i discriminaed a&ains e

Ene# p*ayers insofar as i p*aced em a a compeii!e disad!ana&e !is-X-!is e

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esa*ised oi* companies y re<uirin& em o mee cerain condiions a*ready ein&

oser!ed y e *aer

An e,amp*e #ere sandard is insufficien is e case4 Y*$! 2' IAC10 #ere Tere

ad een an e,isin& *a# #ic proiied e s*au&erin& of caraaos (+ NN) To

sren&en e *a#4 .arcos issued + NN-A #ic no on*y anned e mo!emen of

caraaos from inerpro!inces u as #e** as e mo!emen of caraeef So4 e *a# #as

conesed #eer i is !a*id or no Accordin& o e Supreme 'our4 e + is no !a*id as i

indeed !io*aes due process + NN-A reaed a presumpion ased on e =ud&men of e

e,ecui!e Te mo!emen of caraaos from one area o e oer does no mean a

suse<uen s*au&er of e same #ou*d ensue Mno sou*d e &i!en o defend imse*f and

e,p*ain #y e caraaos are ein& ransferred efore ey can e confiscaed Te S'

found a e ca**en&ed measure is an in!a*id e,ercise of e po*ice po#er ecause e

meod emp*oyed o conser!e e caraaos is no reasona*y necessary o e purpose of

e *a# and4 #orse4 is undu*y oppressi!e /ue process is !io*aed ecause e o#ner of e

propery confiscaed is denied e ri& o e eard in is defense and is immediae*y

condemned and punised Te confermen on e adminisrai!e auoriies of e po#er o

ad=ud&e e &ui* of e supposed offender is a c*ear encroacmen on =udicia* funcions and

mi*iaes a&ains e docrine of separaion of po#ers Tere is4 fina**y4 a*so an in!a*id

de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#ers o e officers menioned erein #o are &raned un*imied

discreion in e disriuion of e properies arirari*y a%en

ssues on !a*idiy of de*e&aion

S$5)!$ G"*"(5 2' MMA114 Te .eropo*ian .ani*a Auoriy issued rdinance

Co 114 auoriin& ise*f >o deac e *icense p*aeOo# and impound aendedO unaendedO

aandoned moor !eic*es i**e&a**y par%ed or osrucin& e f*o# of raffic in .ero .ani*a>

Te 'our issued a reso*uion re<uirin& e .eropo*ian .ani*a Auoriy and e So*Gen o

1! 2& 3o. $"$, 4arc5 !, 1')$11 ! %C&A )+$ (1''1*

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10

11



sumi separae commens in *i& of e conradicion e#een e rdinance and e S'

ru*in& Te ..A defended e ordinance on e &round a i #as adoped pursuan o e

po#er conferred upon i y + (formu*aion of po*icies4 promu*&aion of reso*uions) Te

So* Gen e,pressed e !ie# a e ordinance #as nu** and !oid ecause i represened an

in!a*id e,ercise of a de*e&aed *e&is*ai!e po#er Te f*a# in e measure #as a i !io*aed

e,isin& *a#4 specifica**y / 1N0J4 #ic does no permi4 and so imp*ied*y proiis4 e

remo!a* of *icense p*aes and e confiscaion of dri!ers *icenses for raffic !io*aions in

.eropo*ian .ani*a Le made no menion4 o#e!er4 of e a**e&ed impropriey of e,aminin&

e said ordinance in e asence of a forma* ca**en&e o is !a*idiy Te <uesion is on e

ordinance #eer rdinance 11 is =usified on e asis of e Genera* Be*fare '*ause

emodied in e "G' Te cour decided a is un=usifia*e under e Genera* Be*fare

'*ause

Te 'our o*ds in is case a ere is a !a*id de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er o

promu*&ae suc measures4 i appearin& a e re<uisies of suc de*e&aion are presen .

These requisites are. *: the completeness of the statute ma;ing the delegation< and =: the

presence of a sufficient standard.3333

Te measures in <uesion are enacmens of *oca* &o!ernmens acin& on*y as

a&ens of e naiona* *e&is*aure Cecessari*y4 e acs of ese a&ens mus ref*ec and

conform o e #i** of eir principa* To es e !a*idiy of suc acs in e specific case no#

efore us4 #e app*y e paricu*ar re<uisies of a !a*id ordinance as *aid do#n y e

acceped princip*es &o!ernin& municipa* corporaions Accordin& o +**io4 a municipa*

ordinance4 o e !a*id: 1) mus no conra!ene e 'onsiuion or any saue; ) mus no e

unfair or oppressi!e; ) mus no e paria* or discriminaory; ) mus no proii u may

re&u*ae rade; J) mus no e unreasona*e; and N) mus e &enera* and consisen #i

pu*ic po*icy

A carefu* sudy of e Gonon& decision #i** so# a e measures under

consideraion do no pass e firs crierion ecause ey do no conform o e,isin& *a# Te

perinen *a# is / 1N0J / 1N0J does no a**o# eier e remo!a* of *icense p*aes or e

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confiscaion of dri!ers *icenses for raffic !io*aions commied in .eropo*ian .ani*a Tere

is noin& in e fo**o#in& pro!isions of e decree auoriin& e .eropo*ian .ani*a

'ommission o impose suc sancions n fac4 e pro!isions proii e imposiion of suc

sancions in .eropo*ian .ani*a Te 'ommission #as a**o#ed o >impose fines and

oer#ise discip*ine> raffic !io*aors on*y >in suc amouns and under suc pena*ies as are

erein prescried4> a is4 y e decree ise*f Co#ere is e remo!a* of *icense p*aes

direc*y imposed y e decree or a *eas a**o#ed y i o e imposed y e 'ommission

Coa*y4 Secion J ereof e,press*y pro!ides a >in case of raffic !io*aions4 e dri!ers

*icense sa** no e confiscaed> Tese resricions are app*ica*e o e .eropo*ian .ani*a

Auoriy and a** oer *oca* po*iica* sudi!isions comprisin& .eropo*ian .ani*a4 inc*udin&

e .unicipa*iy of .anda*uyon& YTe re<uiremen a e municipa* enacmen mus

no !io*ae e,isin& *a# e,p*ains ise*f "oca* po*iica* sudi!isions are a*e o *e&is*ae on*y y

!irue of a !a*id de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e po#er from e naiona* *e&is*aure Tey are mere

a&ens !esed #i #a is ca**ed e po#er of suordinae *e&is*aion As de*e&aes of e

'on&ress4 e *oca* &o!ernmen uni canno conra!ene u mus oey a a** imes e #i** of

eir principa* n e case efore us4 e enacmens in <uesion4 #ic are mere*y *oca* in

ori&in4 canno pre!ai* a&ains e decree4 #ic as e force and effec of a saue To

susain e ordinance #ou*d e o open e f*ood&aes o oer ordinances amendin& and so

!io*ain& naiona* *a#s in e &uise of imp*emenin& em Tus4 ordinances cou*d e passed

imposin& addiiona* re<uiremens for e issuance of marria&e *icenses4 o pre!en i&amy;

e re&israion of !eic*es4 o minimie carnappin&; e e,ecuion of conracs4 o foresa**

fraud; e !a*idaion of pars4 o deer imposure; e e,ercise of freedom of speec4 o

reduce disorder; and so on Te *is is end*ess4 u e means4 e!en if e end e !a*id4

#ou*d e u*ra !ires Te measures in <uesion do no mere*y add o e re<uiremen of /

1N0J u4 #orse4 impose sancions e decree does no a**o# and in fac acua**y proiis

n so doin&4 e ordinances disre&ard and !io*ae and in effec paria**y repea* e *a# Be

ere empasie e ru*in& in e Gonon& case a / 1N0J app*ies on*y o e .eropo*ian

.ani*a area is an e,cepion o e &enera* auoriy conferred y 5A Co 1 on e

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'ommissioner of "and Transporaion o punis !io*aions of raffic ru*es e*se#ere in e

counry #i e sancion erein prescried4 inc*udin& ose ere <uesioned Te 'our

a&rees a e ca**en&ed ordinances #ere enaced #i e es of moi!es and sares e

concern of e res of e pu*ic for e effeci!e reducion of raffic pro*ems in .eropo*ian

.ani*a rou& e imposiion and enforcemen of more deerren pena*ies upon

raffic !io*aors A e same ime4 i mus a*so reierae e pu*ic mis&i!in&s o!er e auses

a may aend e enforcemen of suc sancion in e*udin& e i**ici pracices descried

in deai* in e Gonon& decision A any rae4 e fac is a ere is no sauory auoriy

for and indeed ere is a sauory proiiion a&ains e imposiion of suc pena*ies in e

.eropo*ian .ani*a area Lence4 re&ard*ess of eir meris4 ey canno e impose y e

ca**en&ed enacmens y !irue on*y of e de*e&aed *e&is*ai!e po#ers is for 'on&ress

o deermine4 in e e,ercise of is o#n discreion4 #eer or no o impose suc sancions4

eier direc*y rou& a saue or y simp*y de*e&ain& auoriy o is effec o e *oca*

&o!ernmens in .eropo*ian .ani*a Biou suc acion4 / 1N0J remains effeci!e

and coninues proii e confiscaion of *icense p*aes of moor !eic*es (e,cep under e

condiions prescried in " ) and of dri!er *icenses as #e** for raffic !io*aions

in .eropo*ian .ani*a

5u*es or 5e&u*aions Genera**y

5u*es and re&u*aion are e produc of suordinae *e&is*aion f !a*id4 e ru*es and

re&u*aions issued y e adminisrai!e a&encies o imp*emen e *a# a!e e force and

effec of a *a# 6ni* se aside4 e ru*es are indin& upon e e,ecui!e and adminisrai!e

a&ency

n order o e !a*id4 e adminisrai!e ru*es and re&u*aions mus e &ermane o e

o=ecs and purpose of e *a#4 conform o e sandards a e *a# prescries4 mus e

reasona*e and mus e re*aed so*e*y o carryin& ino effec e &enera* pro!isions of e

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*a#1 A ru*e is indin& on e cours so *on& as e procedure fi,ed for is promu*&aion is

fo**o#ed and is scope is #iin e saue &raned y e *e&is*aure4 e!en if e cours do

no a&ree #i e po*icy saed erein1

5e&u*aions canno 5esric nor +n*ar&e e "a#

Te ru*e is a an Adminisrai!e a&ency canno add o or derac from e pro!isions

of e *a# i is desi&ned o imp*emen Adminisrai!e re&u*aions adoped under *e&is*ai!e

auoriy y a paricu*ar deparmen mus e in armony #i e pro!isions of e *a# ey

are inended o carry ino effec Tey canno #iden is scope Tese a&encies cannoamend an ac of 'on&ress

5u*es mus e reasona*e

n e case of Lu;(*8)$ 2' CA14 i is ru*ed y e cour a e reso*uion of e

5' pro!idin& e,aminees of e 'A oard e,aminaion sa** no aend any re!ie# c*ass4

riefin&4 conference or e *i%e conduc y4 or sa** recei!e any andou4 re!ie# maeria*4 or

any ip from any scoo*4 co**e&e or uni!ersiy or any re!ie# cener or e *i%e WW durin& e

ree day immediae precedin& e!ery e,aminaion day inc*udin& e,aminaion day4 #as

unconsiuiona* for ein& unreasona*e and !io*ai!e of academic freedom

As e,p*ained in is case4 Ei is an a,iom in adminisrai!e *a# a adminisrai!e

auoriies sou*d no ac arirari*y and capricious*y in e issuance of ru*es and re&u*aions

To e !a*id4 suc ru*es and re&u*aions mus e reasona*e and fair*y adoped o secure e

end in !ie# f so#n o ear no reasona*e re*aion o e purposes for #ic ey are

auoried o e issued en ey mus e e*d in!a*id

1

6da. De Penida vs. Pena, 1)$ %C&A 1#1 (1''*1+a7ug &ural Ban8 vs. Central Ban8 1# %C&A 1! (1')#*1 2& no. $$+$, April ', 1'))

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n e oer and4 e ru*es issued y e adminisrai!e a&ency o carry ou e *a#

mus e &ermane o is proper o=ec Te &enera* ru*e is a e po#er o reor&anie

e,ecui!e offices &raned y e *a# o reor&aniaion commission does no inc*ude !esin&

an adminisrai!e ody e <uasi-=udicia* auoriy o ad=udicae cerain c*aims #ic

ordinari*y come #iin e =urisdicion of e re&u*ar cours

Lo#e!er4 ere is e so ca**ed resricion on &ran of =udicia* po#er Te docrine of

separaion of po#ers of &o!ernmen a*so operaes o resric e e,ercise of =udicia* funcions

o adminisrai!e a&encies Since e *e&is*aure canno e,ercise =udicia* funcions4 i

cerain*y is prec*uded from de*e&ain& e e,ercise of =udicia* funcions o adminisrai!e

a&encies or officers Lo#e!er4 i is reco&nied a some =udicia* po#ers may e conferred

and e,ercise y an adminisrai!e a&ency #iou !io*ain& any pro!isions of e *a# Suc

a is =udicia* po#er is a resriced one4 *imied on*y o #a is incidena* and reasona*y

necessary o e proper and efficien adminisraion of e saues a are commied o

em for adminisraion

5u*es consiuin& an offense

Te adminisrai!e as%ed o e,ecue e *a# as no po#er o pena*ie !io*aion of is ru*es

and re&u*aion #ere e *a# does no pro!ide e !io*aion of suc ru*es and e!en i does

no prescrie e pena*y for suc !io*aion Te case of eop*e !s .aceren4 e cour ru*ed

a e Secreary of A&ricu*ure e,ceeded is auoriy and e adminisrai!e order #as

de!oid of *e&a* asis ecause e fiseries *a# did no e,press*y proii e*ecro fisin&

Ben 5u*es a%e effecD Ta%e noe on e case of T(*(#( 2' Tu2"(1J4 #ere e 'our

ru*ed a Secion of e 'i!i* 'ode pro!ides a E"a#s sa** a%e effec afer fifeen days

fo**o#in& eir comp*eion of eir pu*icaion in e fficia* Gaee4 un*ess oer#ise i is

pro!ided E 'o!ered y Tis ru*e are presidenia* decrees and e,ecui!e orders promu*&aed

y e residen in e e,ercise of *e&is*ai!e po#ers #ene!er e same are !a*id*y

1" 1# %C&A # (1')#*

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de*e&aed y e *e&is*aure or4 a presen4 direc*y conferred y e 'onsiuion

Administrative rules and regulations must also be publis+ed if t+eir purpose is to

enforce or implement e<isting law pursuant also to a valid delegation

+,cepion on e roiiion a&ains re-de*e&aion is e docrine of proesas

de*e&aa non de*e&ari proes or #a as een de*e&aed canno e de*e&aed Te docrine

ress on e princip*e a a de*e&aed po#er consiues no on*y a ri& u a duy in

!io*aion of e rus reposed in e de*e&ae mandaed o discar&e i direc*y

n case of de*e&aion of a rae-fi,in& po#er4 e on*y sandard #ic e *e&is*aure is

re<uired o prescrie for e &uidance of e adminisrai!e auoriy is a e rae e

reasonable and =ust Lo#e!er4 e!en in e asence of an e,press re<uiremen as o

"($*(b5"*"4 is sandard may e imp*ied1N

"i%e#ise4 i as een e*d a e auoriy &i!en y e "TF5$4 e re&u*aory ody #i

de*e&aed po#er o fi, raes of pu*ic ui*iies4 o pro!incia* us operaors o se a fare ran&e

o!er and ao!e e auoried e,isin& fare and i**e&a* and in!a*id4 as i is anamoun o an

undue de*e&aion of *e&is*ai!e auoriy- proesas de*e&aa non de*e&ari proes17

C' C$*!"m;$(& C$*!u)!$*

ZA#m*!(!2" u5" (*# *!";"!(!$* #!*8u4"#

Ben an adminisrai!e a&ency promu*&aes ru*es and re&u*aion4 i ma%es a ne# *a# #i

e force and effec of a !a*id *a#4 #i*e #en i renders an opinion or &i!es a saemen of

po*icy; i mere*y inerpres a pre-e,isin& *a# Te ru*es promu*&aed pursuan o *a# are

indin& on e cours4 e!en if innae #isdom n e oer and4 adminisrai!e inerpreaion

of e *a# is es mere*y ad!isory4 for i is e cours a deermines #a e *a# means

1#

De Leon, De Leon r , Administrative Law- e/t and Cases, !1! ed. p.1$' par ()*1$De Leon, De Leon r , Administrative Law- e/t and Cases, !1! ed. p.1$'9 :ilusang 4a7o ;no Labor Center

vs. 2arcia r. +' %C&A +)# (1''*

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18



A ru*e is indin& on e cours so *on& as e procedure fi,ed for is promu*&aion is

fo**o#ed is scope is #iin e sauory auoriy &raned y *e&is*aure e!en no e

a&reemen #i e po*icy saed erein or in is innae #isdom(/a!is4 op ci4 19J-197)

ZE<")u!2" C$*!u)!$* ! @*#

Te duy of enforcin& e *a# necessari*y ca**s for e inerpreaion of is ami&uous

pro!ision Te e,ecui!e and e adminisrai!e officer &enera**y e !ery firs inerpre e

*a#4 preparaory o is enforcemens

Te ree ypes of +,ecui!e nerpreaion:

◆Te consrucion y an e,ecui!e or adminisrai!e officer direc*y ca**ed imp*emenaion

-A pracice or a mode of enforcemen of no app*yin& e saue o cerain siuaion or of

app*yin& i in a paricu*ar manner is an imp*ied inerpreaion

◆Te consrucion y e Secreary of 2usice in is capaciy as e cief *e&a* ad!iser of

e &o!ernmen

-n e form of opinions issued upon re<ues of adminisrai!e or e,ecui!e officia*s #o

enforce e *a#

◆Te inerpreaion anded do#n in an ad!ersary proceedin& in e form of a ru*in& y e

e,ecui!e officer e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia* po#er

-Te cour in a case poined ou e disincion e#een an inerpreaion y e e,ecui!e

officer car&ed #i e enforcemen of a *a# and y anded do#n y an e,ecui!e or

adminisrai!e officia* in an ad!ersary proceedin&: Tere is a asis for ma%in& suc a

disincion ecause e posiion of a pu*ic officer4 car&ed #i e enforcemen of a *a#4 is

differen from e one #o mus decide a dispue

ZF$m $9 *!";"!(!$*

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Te consrucion or inerpreaion y adminisrai!e or adminisrai!e a&encies may a%e

many form4 common*y compreend #i e erm >adminisrai!e pracice> Te

adminisrai!e pracice inc*udes any forma* or informa* ac of e adminisrai!e a&ency of a

pre!ious =udicia* inerpreaion of a saue y e S'; e cour #i** accord #ei& o

consrucion y adminisrai!e or e,ecui!e deparmens of e &o!ernmen

ZPub5)(!$* *$! "6u"#'

5u*es #ic are mere*y inerpreaion of e *a# or of e re&u*aions issued o imp*emen

e *a# need no e pu*ised o e effeci!e

ZW"84! ())$#"# !$ )$*!"m;$(*"$u )$*!u)!$*'

G54 #ere ere is dou o e proper inerpreaion of a saue4 e uniform consrucion

p*aced y e e,ecui!e officer car&ed #i is enforcemen #i** e adoped4 if necessary o

reso*!e e dou 6n*ess4 i is so#n o e c*ear*y erroneous4 conemporaneous

consrucion #i** conro* e inerpreaion of e saue y e cour

C$*!u)!$* $9 !4" u5" (*# "8u5(!$*'

An adminisrai!e ody as e po#er o inerpre is o#n ru*e and suc inerpreaion

ecomes par of e ru*e ise*f 6n*ess so#n o e erroneous4 unreasona*e or arirary

suc inerpreaion is eni*ed o reco&niion and respec from e cour .oreo!er4 e

dismissa* of cour sui of non-e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies does no prec*ude e

a&&rie!ed pary from appea*in& e decision o e office of e secreary

R"($* 34& )$*!"m;$(*"$u )$*!u)!$* 82" mu)4 3"84!'

Te conemporaneous consrucion is eni*ed o &rea #ei& ecause i comes from e

paricu*ar ranc of &o!ernmen ca**ed upon o imp*emen e *a# us consrued n oer

#ords4 e facor *eadin& e cour o &i!e e princip*e of conemporaneous consrucion

muc #ei& are e respec due e &o!ernmena* a&ency or officia* car&ed #i e

imp*emenaion of e *a#4 eir compeence e,perness4 e,perience4 and informed

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=ud&emen4 and e fac a ey fre<uen*y are drafers of e *a# ey inerpre

ZL"85(!2" (;;$2(5 $9 (#m*!(!2" )$*!u)!$*'

Te *e&is*ai!e is presumed o a!e fu** %no#*ed&e of a conemporaneous or pracica*

consrucion of a saue y an adminisrai!e or e,ecui!e officer car&ed #i is

enforcemen Te *e&is*aure may4 y acion or inacion4 appro!e or raify suc

conemporaneous consrucion is an a,iom of *a# a *e&is*ai!e raificaion consrucion

is e<ui!a*en o mandae4 in e "ain ma,im, ratiha!ito acquiparatur mandate.

R"-"*()!m"*! b& 5"85(!u"'

Te princip*e of *e&is*ai!e appro!a* y re-enacmen sas a e re-enacmen of e

saue4 pre!ious*y &i!en a conemporaneous consrucion4 is a persuasi!e indicaion of e

adopion y e *e&is*aure of e prior consrucion

Te reason #y suc conemporaneous consrucion &i!en muc #ei& due o e fac

a ere is an a&reemen e#een #o deparmen o e meanin& of e *a#4 and i

de!o*!es upon e =udiciary o &i!e i a deferenia* reamen

ZW4"* )$*!"m;$(*"$u )$*!u)!$* #"8(#"#'

Te conemporaneous consrucion of a saue !is neier conro**in& nor indin& upon

e cour Te duy and po#er o inerpre e *a# is !esed upon e =udicia* ranc Te

cour may disre&ard e conemporaneous consrucion4 #en ere is no ami&uiy4 c*ear

erroneous4 #ere sron& reason o e conrary e,iss and #ere e cour &i!es pre!ious*y

differen inerpreaion is e ro*e of e =udiciary o refine and #en necessary4 o correc

e consiuiona* or sauory inerpreaion

E$*"$u )$*!u)!$* )"(!" *$ 84! "<)";!$*'

An erroneous conemporaneous consrucion creaes no !esed ri& on e par of ose

#o re*ied upon4 and fo**o#ed suc consrucion A !esed ri& may no arise from #ron&

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inerpreaion of a *a# y adminisrai!e officer #ose primary duy is o enforce and no o

consrue4 e *a# 'onse<uen*y4 ose #o enefied from e erroneous conemporaneous

consrucion may no pre!en correcion of suc or e,cuse emse*!es from comp*yin& #i

e consrucion as correced; nor can ey se up suc error as *e&a* osac*e a&ains

reco!ery from em of #a ey a!e recei!ed pursuan o and on e asis of4 e

erroneous app*icaion of *a#

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=u(-u#)(5 b$#& as een defined as Ean organ of government other than a

court and, other than a legislature, hich affects the rights of private parties through either

ad#udication or rule ma;ing.> =*

THE PRESIDENTIAL ANTI-DOLLAR SALTING TASK FORCE 2' H$*$(b5" C$u! $9

A;;"(5, K((m95 Im;$!-E<;$! C$', I*)', "!'(5'

GR' N$' , M()4 1, 1, "* b(*) %S(m"*!$, J'+

FACTS:

residenia* Ani-do**ar Sa*in& Tas% Force (A/S Tas% Force)4 eaded y Sae

rosecuor 2ose 5osa*es issued N searc #arrans a&ains Karamfi* mpor-+,por 'o4 nc

e a* (Karamfi*) Karamfi* fi*ed a peiion efore e 5T' o en=oin e imp*emenaion of e

searc #arrans Te 5T' issued a T5 and en se e case for a earin& Suse<uen*y4

e 5T' fa!ored Karamfi* Te 'our of Appea*s ('S)4 a firs4 fa!ored A/S Lo#e!er4 upon

moion y Karamfi*4 e decision #as re!ersed

ISSUE:

Beer or no A/ is a <uasi-=udicia* ody (co-e<ua* #i e ran% and sandin& of

e 5T')

HELD:

eiion DENIED n sumiin& a i is a <uasi-=udicia* eniy4 e peiioner saes

a i is endo#ed #i Ee,press po#ers and funcions under / Co19N4 o prosecue

forei&n e,can&e !io*aions as defined and punised under / Co 188

A 6u(-u#)(5 b$#& as een defined as Ean organ of government other than a

court and, other than a legislature, hich affects the rights of private parties through either

1 residenia* Ani-do**ar Sa*in& as% Force ! 'A ?.arc 1N41989@

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22



an ad#udication or rule ma;ing.> Te mos common ypes of suc odies a!e een *ised as

fo**o#s:

1 A&encies creaed o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is $99"*8 $m"

8(!u!&, 8(*!, $ ;")(5 ;25"8"4 *i%e e defunc i*ippine Ieerans $oard4

$oard on ensions for Ieerans4 and CA55A4 and i*ippine Ieerans

Adminisraion A&encies se up o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is seedin& o carry

on cerain 8$2"*m"*! 9u*)!$*4 *i%e e $ureau of mmi&raion4 e $ureau of

nerna* 5e!enue4 e $oard of Specia* n<uiry and $oard of 'ommissioners4 e 'i!i*

Ser!ice 'ommission4 e 'enra* $an% of e i*ippines A&encies se up o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is performin& some

bu*" "2)" 9$ !4" ;ub5)4 *i%e e $ureau of oss4 e osa* Sa!in&s $an%4

.eropo*ian Baer#or%s and Se#era&e Auoriy4 i*ippine Caiona* 5ai*#ays4 e

'i!i* Aeronauics Adminisraion A&encies se up o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is see%in& o

"8u5(!" bu*" (99")!"# 3!4 ;ub5) *!""!4 *i%e e Fier nspecions $oard4

e i*ippine aen ffice4 ffice of e nsurance 'ommissionerJ A&encies se up o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is see%in& under

e po*ice po#er o "8u5(!" ;2(!" bu*" (*# *#2#u(54 *i%e e Securiies [

+,can&e 'ommission4 $oard of Food nspecors4 e $oard of 5e!ie# for .o!in&

icures4 and e rofessiona* 5e&u*aion 'ommissionN A&encies se up o funcion in siuaions #erein e &o!ernmen is see%in& o (#u!

*#2#u(5 )$*!$2"" ecause of some sron& socia* po*icy in!o*!ed4 suc as e

Caiona* "aor 5e*aions 'ommission4 e 'our of A&rarian 5e*aions4 e 5e&iona*

ffices of e .inisry of "aor4 e Socia* Securiy 'ommission4 $ureau of "aor

Sandards4 Bomen and .inors $ureau

As may e seen4 i is e asic funcion of ese odies o ad=udicae c*aims andOor o

deermine ri&s4 and un*ess is decisions are reasona*y appea*ed o e proper

re!ie#in& auoriies4 e same aain fina*iy and ecome e,ecuor A perusa* of e

A/s or&anic ac4 / Co 19N4 as amended y / Co 004 con!inces e 'our a

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e T(@ F$)" 3( *$! m"(*! !$ "<")" 6u(-u#)(5 9u*)!$*, !4(! , !$ !&

(*# #")#" )5(m (*# "<")u!" ! u#8m"*! As e residenHs arm ca**ed upon o

coma e !ice of Edo**ar sa*in& or e *ac%mar%ein& and sa*in& of forei&n e,can&e4

i is as%ed a*one y e decree o and*e e prosecuion of suc aci!iies4 u noin&

more

Te undera%in& of A/ is o deermine #eer or no proa*e cause e,iss o

#arran e fi*in& of car&es #i e proper cour4 meanin& o say4 o conduc an in<uiry

pre*iminary o a =udicia* recourse4 and o recommend acion Eof appropriae auoriies

is no un*i%e a fisca*Hs office a conducs a pre*iminary in!esi&aion o deermine

#eer or no prima facie e!idence e,iss o =usify au*in& e responden o cour4 and

ye4 #i*e i ma%es a deerminaion4 i canno e said o e acin& as a <uasi-cour For

i is e cours4 u*imae*y4 a pass =ud&men on e accused4 no e fisca*

f e residenia* Ani-/o**ar Sa*in& Tas% Force is no a <uasi-=udicia* ody4 i canno

e said o e co-e<ua* or coordinae #i e 5e&iona* Tria* 'our Tere is noin& in is

ena*in& saures a #ou*d demonsrae is sandin& a par #i e said cour

SANTIAGO, JR 2' BAUTISTA

/ SCRA 1, M()4 ., 1.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

E/eerminaion y a commiee as #o sou*d e ran%ed firs4 second and ird onors

amon& &raduain& pupi*s does no re<uire <uasi-=udicia* ad=udicaion

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

FACTS:

Te appe**an #as a &rade N pupi* in a cerain pu*ic e*emenary scoo* As e

scoo* year #as en aou o end4 e E'ommiee on e 5ain& of Sudens for Lonor #as

consiued y e eacers concerned a said scoo* for e purpose of se*ecin& e Eonor

sudens of is &raduain& c*ass Bi e scoo* rincipa*4 as cairman4 and e memers of

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1853

1854

1855

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860

1861

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1866

1867

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874



e commiee de*ieraed and fina**y ad=ud&ed Socorro .edina4 aricia "in&a and Teodoro

' Sania&o4 2r as firs4 second and ird onors4 respeci!e*y Te scoo*Hs &raduaion

e,ercises #ere ereafer se for .ay 14 19NJ; u ree days efore a dae4 e Eird

p*acer Teodoro Sania&o4 2r4 represened y is moer4 and #i is faer as counse*4

sou& e in!a*idaion of e Eran%in& of onor sudens us made4 y insiuin& e ao!e-

menioned ci!i* case in e 'our of Firs nsance of 'oaao4 commiee memers a*on&

#i e /isric Super!isor and e Academic Super!isor of e p*ace

ISSUE:

Beer or no e deerminaion y a commiee of onor sudens is a <uasi-=udicia*

po#er as o e su=ec o =udicia* re!ie# y peiion for ceriorari under 5u*e NJ or 5u*es of

'our

HELD:

Co Supreme 'our ru*ed a is 9u*)!$* #$" *$! "6u" 6u(-u#)(5

(#u#)(!$*' 2udicia* acion is an ad=udicaion upon e ri&s of paries #o in &enera*

appear or are rou& efore e riuna* y noice or process4 and upon #ose c*aims some

decision or =ud&men is rendered imp*ies imparia*iy4 disineresedness4 a #ei&in& of

ad!erse c*aims4 and is inconsisen #i discreion on e one and- for e riuna* mus

decide accordin& o *a# and e ri&s of e paries- or #i dicaion on e oer; for in e

firs insance i mus e,ercise is o#n =ud&men under e *a#4 and no ac under a mandae

from anoer po#er

may e said &enera**y a e e,ercise of =udicia* funcion is o deermine #a e

*a# is4 and #a e *e&a* ri&s of paries are4 #i respec o a maer in conro!ersy; and

#ene!er an officer is c*oed #i a auoriy4 and undera%es o deermine #ose

<uesions4 e acs =udicia**y

W4(! (" JUDICIAL OR =UASI-JUDICIAL ACTS

is difficu*4 if no impossi*e4 precise*y o define #a are =udicia* or <uasi =udicia* acs4

and ere is considera*e conf*ic in e decisions in re&ard ereo4 in connecion #i e

*a# as o e ri& o a #ri of ceriorari is c*ear4 o#e!er4 a i is e naure of e ac o

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

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1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902



e performed4 raer an e office4 oard4 or ody #ic performs i4 a deermines

#eer or no i is e discar&e of a =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* funcion $t is not essential that

the proceedings should !e strictly and technically #udicial, in the sense in hich that ord is

used hen applied to courts of #ustice, !ut it is sufficient if they are quasi #udicial. $t is

enough if the officers act #udicially in ma;ing their decision, hatever may !e their pu!lic

character. ==

=UASI-JUDICIAL ADJUDICATION

Te reso*uion of conro!ersies is e raison d?etre of cours

H$3 !4 ""*!(5 9u*)!$* ())$m;54"#

1 Te ascerainmen of (55 !4" m(!"(5 (*# "5"2(*! 9()! from e p*eadin&s and

from e e!idence adduced y e paries Afer a deerminaion of e facs as een comp*eed4 b& !4" (;;5)(!$* $9 !4"

5(3 ereo o e end a e conro!ersy may e se*ed auoriai!e*y4 definie*y

and fina**y

W4(! (" ! "6u"m"*!

1 re!ious*y "!(b54"# u5" (*# ;*);5" C$*)"!" 9()!4 #eer pas or presen4 affecin& deerminae indi!idua*s D")$* as o #eer ese facs are &o!erned y e ru*es and princip*es

HON' ISIDRO CARINO %S")"!(& $9 DECS+, et.al. vs' THE COMMISSION ON HUMAR

RIGHTS, et.al> GR' N$' 1, D")"mb" /, 11, E* b(*) %N(2((, J'+

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

The most that may !e conceded to the Commission in the ay of ad#udicative poer is that

it may investigate, receive evidence and ma;e findings of fact as regards claimed human

rights violations involving civil and political rights. 'ut fact finding is not ad#udication, and

cannot !e li;ened to the #udicial function of a court of #ustice, or even a quasi3#udicial agency Sania&o4 2r !s $auisa4 S'5A 188

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

23



or official. The function of receiving evidence and ascertaining therefrom the facts of a

controversy is not a #udicial function, properly spea;ing.

A grant of investigatory poer does not include a grant of quasi3#udicial or quasi legislative.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

FACTS:

Some 800 pu*ic scoo* eacers4 amon& em memers of e .ani*a u*ic Scoo*

Teacers Associaion (.STA) and e A**iance of 'oncerned Teacers (A'T) underoo%

#a ey descried as Emass concered acions o dramaie and i&*i& eir p*i&

resu*in& from e a**e&ed fai*ure of e pu*ic auoriies o ac upon &rie!ances a ad

ime and a&ain een rou& o e *aerHs aenion Tis mass concered acions appened

durin& ordinary c*ass days

For fai*ure o eed e reurn-o-#or% order4 e 'L5 comp*ainans (pri!ae

respondens) #ere adminisrai!e*y car&ed Tey #ere a*so pre!eni!e*y suspended for

niney (90) days n e adminisrai!e case e respondens *aer fi*ed separae ans#ers4

oped for a forma* in!esi&aion4 and a*so mo!ed Efor suspension of e adminisrai!e

proceedin&s pendin& reso*uion y e Supreme 'our of eir app*icaion for issuance of an

in=unci!e #riOemporary resrainin& order Te moion for suspension #as denied

ISSUE:

Beer or no e 'ommission on Luman 5i&s is a <uasi-=udicia* ody #ic as

ad=udicaory po#er

HELD:

eiion DENIED Te 'ommission e!iden*y inends o ise*f ad=udicae4 a is o

say4 deermine #i e caracer of fina*iy and definieness4 e same issues #ic a!e

een passed upon and decided y e Secreary of +ducaion4 'u*ure [ Spors4 su=ec o

e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957



Te 'our dec*ares !4" C$mm$* $* Hum(* R84! !$ 4(2" *$ u)4 ;$3"

(*# !4(! ! 3( *$! m"(*! b& !4" 9u*#(m"*!(5 5(3 !$ b" (*$!4" )$u! $ 6u(-u#)(5

(8"*)& * !4 )$u*!&, $ #u;5)(!" mu)4 5" !(@" $2" !4" 9u*)!$* $9 !4" 5(!!"'

Te mos a may e conceded o e 'ommission in e #ay of ad=udicai!e po#er

is a i may in!esi&ae4 recei!e e!idence and ma%e findin&s of fac as re&ards c*aimed

uman ri&s !io*aions in!o*!in& ci!i* and po*iica* ri&s $u fac findin& is no ad=udicaion4

and canno e *i%ened o e =udicia* funcion of a cour of =usice4 or e!en a <uasi-=udicia*

a&ency or officia* T4" 9u*)!$* $9 ")"2*8 "2#"*)" (*# ()"!(**8 !4""9$m !4"

9()! $9 ( )$*!$2"& *$! ( u#)(5 9u*)!$*4 proper*y spea%in& To e considered

suc4 e facu*y of recei!in& e!idence and ma%in& facua* conc*usions in a conro!ersy mus

e accompanied y e auoriy of applying the la to those factual conclusions to the end

that the controversy may !e decided or determined authoritatively, finally and definitively,

su!#ect to such appeals or modes of revie as may !e provided !y la.

Te proposiion is made c*ear y e consiuiona* pro!isions specifyin& e po#ers

of e 'L5:

1 I*2"!8(!"4 on is o#n or on comp*ain y any pary4 a** forms of uman ri&s

!io*aions in!o*!in& ci!i* and po*iica* ri&s; Adop is operaiona* &uide*ines and ru*es of procedure4 and cie for )$*!"m;! for

!io*aions ereof in accordance #i e 5u*es of 'our; ro!ide appropriae *e&a* of a** persons #iin e i*ippines4 as #e** as Fi*ipinos

residin& aroad4 and pro!ide for pre!eni!e measures and *e&a* aid ser!ices o e

m"(u" 9$ !4" ;$!")!$* $9 4um(* 84! underpri!i*e&ed #ose uman ri&s

a!e een !io*aed or need proecion; +,ercise 2!$(5 ;$3" o!er =ai*s4 prisons4 or deenion faci*iies;J +sa*is a coninuin& ;$8(m $9 ""()4, "#u)(!$*, (*# *9$m(!$* o

enance respec for e primacy of uman ri&s;N R")$mm"*# o e 'on&ress effeci!e measures o promoe uman ri&s and o

pro!ide for compensaion o !icims of !io*aions of uman ri&s4 or eir fami*ies;7 M$*!$ e i*ippine Go!ernmenHs comp*iance #i inernaiona* reay o*i&aions

on uman ri&s;

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988



8 G(*! immuniy from prosecuion o any person #ose esimony or #ose

possession of documens or oer e!idence is necessary or con!enien o deermine

e ru in any in!esi&aion conduced y i or under is auoriy;9 R"6u"! !4" (!(*)" of any deparmen4 ureau4 office4 or a&ency in e

performance of is funcions;10 A;;$*! is officers and emp*oyees in accordance #i *a#; and11 erform suc oer duies and funcions as may e pro!ided y *a#

As sou*d a once e oser!ed4 on*y e firs of e enumeraed po#ers and funcions

ears any resem*ance o ad=udicaion or ad=ud&men Lo#e!er4 i canno ry and decide

cases (or ear and deermine causes) as cours of =usice4 or e!en <uasi-=udicia* odies doT$ *2"!8(!" *$! !$ (#u#)(!" $ (#u#8"'

9 !nvestigate4@ common*y undersood means o e,amine4 e,p*ore4 in<uire or de*!e or

proe ino4 researc on4 sudy Te purpose of in!esi&aion4 of course4 is o disco!er4 o find

ou4 o *earn4 oain informaion

Ad=udicate4@ common*y or popu*ar*y undersood4 means o ad=ud&e4 arirae4 =ud&e4

decide4 deermine4 reso*!e4 ru*e on4 se*e

Lence i is a e 'ommission on Luman 5i&s4 a!in& mere*y e po#er Eo

in!esi&ae4 canno and sou*d no Ery and reso*!e on e meris (ad=udicae) e maers

in!o*!ed in Sri%in& TeacerHs case Tese are maers undoued*y and c*ear*y #iin e

ori&ina* =urisdicion of e Secreary of +ducaion4 ein& #iin e scope of e discip*inary

po#ers &raned o im under e 'i!i* Ser!ice "a#4 and a*so4 #iin e appe**ae =urisdicion

of e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission

WHAT ARE THE DETERMINATIVE POWERS OR THE CLASSIFICATION OF

ADJUDICATORY POWERS

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017



1. ENABLING o#ers 3 Tose a permi e doin& of an ac #ic e *a# undera%es

o re&u*ae and #ou*d e un*a#fu* #iou &o!ernmen appro!a* 6sua**y

caraceried y e &ran or denia* of permi or auoriaion

+,amp*e: ssuance of *icenses o en&a&e in a paricu*ar usiness

. DIRECTING o#ers 3 Tose a in!o*!e e correci!e po#ers of pu*ic ui*iy

commissions4 po#ers of assessmen under e re!enue *a#s4 reparaions under

pu*ic ui*iy *a#s4 and a#ards under #or%menHs compensaion *a#s4 and po#ers of

asrac deerminaion suc as definiion !a*uaion4 c*assificaion and fac findin&+. DISPENSING o#ers 3 +,emp*ified y e auoriy o e,emp from our re*a, a

&enera* proiiion4 or auoriy o re*ie!e from an affirmai!e duy s difference from

*icensin& po#er is a dispensin& po#er sancions a de!iaion from a sandard. SUMMARY o#ers 3 Tose a app*y compu*sion or force a&ains person or

propery o effecuae a *e&a* purpose #iou a =udicia* #arran o auorie suc

acion 6sua**y #iou noice and earin&

+,amp*e: Aaemen of nuisance4 summary resrain4 *e!y of propery of de*in<uen

a, payers

". E=UITABLE o#ers 3 Tose a perain o e po#er o deermine e *a# upon a

paricu*ar sae of facs refers o e ri& o and mus4 consider and ma%e proper

app*icaion of e ru*es of e<uiy

+,amp*e: o#er o appoin a recei!er4 po#er o issue in=uncions

=UASI-JUDICIAL DISTINGUISHED FROM =UASI-LEGISLATIVE

B3RAL RL"

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2032

2033

2034

2035

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2037

2038

2039

2040

2041

2042



=u(-u#)(5 (#u#)(!$* refers o a deerminaion of ri&s4 pri!i*e&es and duies

y an adminisrai!e a&ency resu*in& in a decision or order affecin& a named person and

ecomin& fina* and e,ecuor afer e *apse of a cerain period

CLS!3" /oes no co!er ru*es and re&u*aion of &enera* app*icai*iy issued y

e adminisrai!e ody o imp*emen is pure*y adminisrai!e po*icies and funcions4 in e

e,ercise of is <uasi-*e&is*ai!e po#er

/isincion as o RULE OR REGULATION issued y an A#m*!(!2" A8"*)& in

e e,ercise of :

=UASI-JUDICIAL =UASI-LEGISLATIVECoice and earin& is re<uired Coice and earin& is no necessary4 in an

adminisrai!e a&ency acions

/isincion as o e JUDICIAL ACTION TO =UESTION A DECISION of a <uasi-

=udicia* a&ency in e e,ercise of:

=UASI-JUDICIAL =UASI-LEGISLATIVEFi*ed #i e 'our of Appea*s Fi*ed #i e 5e&iona* Tria* 'our

WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR CREATION OF =UASI-JUDICIAL AGENCIES

1 To u*)5$8 )$u! #$)@"! To mee e 8$3*8 )$m;5"<!" $9 m$#"* $)"!&

To 4"5; * !4" "8u5(!$* of ramified aci!iies of a de!e*opin& counry To "*!u! !$ ;")(57"# (8"*)" * ;")9"# 9"5# #i eir specia*

%no#*ed&e4 e,perience4 and capai*iy e as% of dea*in& #i pro*ems ereof as

ey a!e e e,perience4 e,perise and po#er of dispac o pro!ide so*uions

ereo

VOLUNTARY ARBITRATOR A =UASI-JUDICIAL OFFICER

+ "upan&co ! 'A4 1N0 S'5A 88 ?1988@

2043

2044

2045

2046

2047

2048

2049

2050

2051

2052

2053

2054

2055

2056

2057

2058

2059

20602061

2062

2063

2064

2065

2066

24



Ab!(!$*

is e reference of a dispue o an imparia* ird person for deerminaion on e asis of

e!idence and ar&umens presened y e paries #o a!e ound emse*!es o accep e

decisionD may e !o*unary or compu*sory

V$5u*!(& Ab!(!$* is e referra* of a dispue y e paries pursuan o a

!o*unary ariraion c*ause or a&reemen o an imparia* ird person or pane* for a fina*

reso*uion

I*2$5u*!(& Ab!(!$* is one compe**ed y e &o!ernmen o accep e reso*uion

of e dispue rou& e ariraion of a ird pary

Te *(!u" $9 !4" 3$@ $9 2$5u*!(& (b!(!$ 4 #eer ()!*8 (5$*" $ * (

;(*"5 ma%es im ac<uire e saus of a <uasi-=udicia* a&ency4 as e acs as a <uasi-=udicia*

officer #o deermines e ri&s of e paries and renders decision4 #ic is (;;"(5(b5"

b& ;"!!$* 9$ "2"3 !$ !4" C$u! $9 A;;"(5 3!4* 1 #(& 9$m ")";! !4""$9'/0

B' JURISDICTION

WHAT IS JURISDICTION

Ju#)!$* is deri!ed from e "ain #ords4 =uries and deco@4 #ic mean !

spea8 by t+e law.@ 2urisdicion means e po#er or capaciy conferred y e 'onsiuion

or y *a# o a cour or riuna* o enerain4 ear and deermine cerain conro!ersies4 and

render =ud&men ereonJ

HOW JURISDICTION IS DETERMINED

"uon /e! $an% ! AssHn of "uon /e! $an% +mp*oyees4 9 S'5A 1N ?199J@; ceanic $ic /i!ision(FFB) ! 5omero4 10S'5A 9 ?198@; 'oninena* .ar*e 'orp ! C"5'4 1N1 S'5A 1J1 ?1088@" eop*e ! .ariano4 71 S'5A N00 ?197N@

2067

2068

2069

2070

2071

2072

2073

2074

2075

2076

2077

2078

2079

2080

2081

2082

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2084

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2086

2087

2088

2089

2090

2091

2092

2526

27



2urisdicion is deermined y e saue in force a e ime of e commencemen of

e acionN

WHAT ARE THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF JURISDICTION

1 2urisdicion o!er !4" *(!u" $9 !4" ()!$* 2urisdicion o!er !4" ub")! m(!!"

a 5efers o e naure of e cause of acion and of e re*ief sou& #ic is

!esed y *a# and #ic is no ac<uired y consen or ac<uiescence of e

paries4 nor y e uni*aera* assumpions ereof y a riuna*4 neier can i

e fi,ed y e #i** of e paries4 nor can i e ac<uired rou&4 or #ai!ed4

en*ar&ed or diminised y4 any ac or omission of e paries4 nor can i e

conferred y ac<uiescence of e cour or riuna* 2urisdicion o!e !4" u" 9(m"# * !4" ;5"(#*8 2urisdicion o!er ;"$* $9 !4" ;(!"

a 2urisdicion o!er e person of e ;"!!$*" $ ;5(*!99 is ac<uired y e

*aerHs fi*in& e iniiaory p*eadin& and payin& e re<uired doc%e or fi*in&

fees 2urisdicion o!er e person of e ";$*#"*! $ #"9"*#(*! is ac<uired y

e ser!ice of summons or y is !o*unary sumission o e auoriy of e

cour or riuna*c

E?TENT OF JURISDICTION

Ju#)(5 ;$3" 4 #ic is e po#er o ear and decide cases e#een paries #o

a!e e ri& o sue in cours of *a# and e<uiy4 b"5$*8 !$ !4" u#)(& $ !4" )$u!'

2urisdicion o ear and decide suc causes is &raned y e 'onsiuion or y e saues4

and un*ess a =urisdicion on a specific maer as een c*ear*y conferred y 'on&ress upon a

<uasi-=udicia* a&ency4 e *aer canno e,ercise i and e same remains #i e cours

under eir consiuiona**y conferred =udicia* po#er

# .unicipa*iy of So&od ! 5osa*4 01 S'5A N8 ?1991@

2093

2094

2095

2096

2097

2098

2099

2100

2101

2102

2103

2104

2105

2106

2107

2108

2109

2110

2111

2112

2113

2114

2115

2116

2117

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2119

2120

2121

2122

28



RULE: An adminisrai!e ody o #ic <uasi-=udicia* po#er as een de*e&aed is a

riuna* of *imied =urisdicion and as suc i cou*d #ie*d on*y suc po#ers as are specifica**y

&raned o i y is ena*in& saure T4" "<!"*! !$ 34)4 (* (#m*!(!2" (8"*)& m(&

"<")" u)4 ;$3" #";"*# 5(8"5&, 9 *$! 34$55&, $* !4" ;$2$* $9 !4" !(!u!"

)"(!*8 $ "m;$3"*8 u)4 (8"*)&7

Te po#er &raned y *a# o an adminisrai!e a&ency o issue ru*es and re&u*aions4

and procedures in e e,ecuion and imp*emenaion of is assi&ned as% inc*udes e

issuance of a ru*e &o!ernin& appea*s o e ffice of e residen4 e!en if e ena*in& *a#

does no pro!ide for e remedy of appea*4 and fai*ure o appea* from a decision of e

adminisrai!e a&ency ;")5u#" !4" (88"2"# ;(!& 9$m ""@*8 u#)(5 ")$u"'/

HOW IS THE JURISDICTION OF A =UASI-JUDICIAL AGENCY CONSTRUED

An adminisrai!e ody o #ic <uasi-=udicia* po#er as een de*e&aed is a riuna*

of *imied =urisdicion and as suc i cou*d #ie*d on*y suc po#ers as are specifica**y &raned

o i y i ena*in& saue s =urisdicion is inerpreed strictissimi =uris.=+

RE-STATEMENT OF THE RULE

Te e,en of =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* po#ers #ic an adminisrai!e a&ency may

e,ercise is #"9*"# b& 5(3'

An adminisrai!e a&ency may e,ercise $*5& u)4 ;$3" ( 4(2" b""* "<;"5&

$ m;5"#5& 8(*!"# b& !4" !(!u!" )"(!*8 u)4 (8"*)&'

TEJADA 2' HOMESTEAD PROPERTY CORPORATION

$

Anipo*o 5ea*y 'orp ! CLA4 1J S'5A 99 ?1987@) Iicorias .i**in& 'o4 nc ! ffice of e residenia* Assisan for "e&a* Affairs4 1J S'5A 17 ?1987@' 'in I "and $an% of e i*ippines4 01 S'5A 190 ?1991@

2123

2124

2125

2126

2127

2128

2129

2130

2131

2132

2133

2134

2135

2136

2137

2138

2139

2140

2141

2142

2143

2144

2145

2146

2147

2148

2930

31



1 SCRA 10 Q1

FACTS:

ri!ae responden Tac*in I $ane offered o se** o peiioner +nri<ueo F Te=ada a

00 s<uare meer *o o#ned y responden corporaion ri!ae responden su&&esed a

peiioner pay a reser!aion fee of 04000004 #ic #ou*d form par of e consideraion in

case ey reac a fina* a&reemen of sa*e and #ic amoun #as o e reurned o e

peiioner sou*d e paries fai* o reac an a&reemen Afer payin& e reser!aion fee4 e

responden corporaion can&ed e erms of mon*y amoriaion #ic resu*ed in e

demand of e peiioner for e reurn of is reser!aion fee 5esponden refused o reurn

e same and peiioner rou& sui #i e 5T' for a co**ecion of sum of money

5espondens erein fi*ed a moion o dismiss conesin& e =urisdicion of e 5T' o ear

e case Te same #as denied and respondens appea*ed o e 'A #o decided in eir

fa!or eiioner ar&ues a inasmuc as ere is no perfeced conrac of sa*e e#een e

paries4 e c*aim for reco!ery of e reser!aion fee proper*y fa**s #iin e =urisdicion of e

re&u*ar cours and no a of e LS5'

ISSUE:

Beer or no e 5T' ad =urisdicion o!er e reco!ery of reser!aion fee

HELD:

6nder residenia* /ecree Co 14 e CLA as e,c*usi!e =urisdicion o ear and

decide c*aims in!o*!in& refund and oer c*aims fi*ed y a sudi!ision *o or condominium

uni uyer a&ains e pro=ec o#ner4 ec Tere is no suc <ua*ificaion in said pro!ision of

*a# a ma%es a disincion e#een a perfeced sa*e and one a as ye o e perfeced

Te #ord Euyer in e *a# sou*d e undersood o e anyone #o purcases anyin& for

money 6nder e circumsances of is case4 one #o offers o uy is as muc a uyer as

one #o uys y !irue of a perfeced conrac of sa*e Said po#ers a!e since een

ransferred o e L"5$

Ben an adminisrai!e a&ency or ody is conferred <uasi-=udicia* funcions4 a**

conro!ersies re*ain& o e su=ec maer perainin& o is specia*iaion are deemed o e

2149

2150

2151

2152

2153

2154

2155

2156

2157

2158

2159

2160

2161

2162

2163

2164

2165

2166

2167

2168

2169

2170

2171

2172

2173

2174

2175

2176



inc*uded #iin e =urisdicion of said adminisrai!e a&ency or ody Sp*i =urisdicion is no

fa!ored Since in is case e acion for refund or reser!aion fee arose from a proposed

purcase of a sudi!ision *o o!ious*y e L"5$ as e,c*usi!e =urisdicion o!er e case

ESTOPPEL TO DENY JURISDICTION

GENERAL RULE:

2urisdicion o!er e su=ec maer is )$*9""# b& !4" C$*!!u!$* $ b& 5(3, (*#

m(& *$! b" )$*9""# b& (8""m"*! $9 !4" ;(!"4 nor can i e #ai!e m(& b" ("#

(! (*& !(8" of e proceedin& as a defense

E<)";!$*:

Bere an a&&rie!ed pary appea*ed an ad!erse decision o a i&er adminisrai!e

ody4 suc as e ffice of e residen4 e canno ereafer ca**en&ed e

=urisdicion of e appe**ae ody o decide e appea*ed case

n BAR#3(S A3D ((!L /R( 1ARD vs. CA4 -0 e Supreme 'our ru*ed4

ELa!in& a*ready in!o%ed e =urisdicion of e GT+$ in e ear*ier acions

in!o*!in& e same conro!ersy as a efore us4 AF' canno no# e eard o

<uesion a same =urisdicion simp*y ecause i #as una*e o oain e re*iefs

prayed for y i from e GT+$ Be a!e #arned a&ains suc pracice on more an

one occasion in e pas

is a se*ed ru*e a a pary canno in!o%e e =urisdicion of a cour o

secure affirmai!e re*ief a&ains is opponen and afer fai*in& o oain suc re*ief4

repudiae or <uesion a same =urisdicion Te 'our fro#ns upon and does no

o*erae e undesira*e pracice of some *ii&ans #o sumi !o*unari*y a cause and

en accepin& e =ud&men #en fa!ora*e o em and aac%in& i for *ac% of

=urisdicion #en ad!erse

PARTY CANNOT TAKE INCONSISTENT POSITIONS

+! Garmens and Te,i*e +,por $oard !s 'A4 79 S'A/ J1J4 N8 S'5A J8 ?1997@

2177

2178

2179

2180

2181

2182

2183

2184

2185

2186

2187

2188

2189

2190

2191

2192

2193

2194

2195

2196

2197

2198

2199

2200

2201

2202

2203

32



A pary or *ii&an canno a%e a posiion in cour differen from a #ic e oo%

efore an adminisrai!e ody Tis may no e permied for e reason a under*ies e

re<uiremen of prior e,ausin& of adminisrai!e remedies o &i!e adminisrai!e auoriies

e prior opporuniy o decide conro!ersies #iin is compeence4 and in muc e same

#ay a4 on e =udicia* *e!e*4 issues no raised in e *o#er cour canno e raise for e firs

ime on appea*1

C' ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE

Ru5" $9 P$)"#u", G"*"(55&

- Te 'onsiuion empo#ers <uasi-=udicia* a&encies o issue eir o#n ru*es of

procedure pro!ides a ru*es of procedure of <uasi-=udicia* odies sa** remain effeci!e

un*ess disappro!ed y e Supreme 'our Tis is an imp*ied &ran of po#er o issue

procedura* ru*es

- Te &ran if <uasi-=udicia* po#er o an adminisrai!e a&ency carries #i i e po#er

o promu*&ae is ru*es of procedure for e proper e,ercise of is ad=udicai!e po#er and for

e &uidance of ineresed paries or pary *ii&ans- 5u*es of procedure issued y <uasi-=udicia* odies mus no diminis4 increase4 or

modify susani!e ri&s- Te 5u*es of 'our are supp*eory o ru*es of procedure of <uasi-adminisrai!e

a&encies Tis means a any deficiency or asence of app*ica*e pro!ision 5u*es of 'our

#ou*d e app*ied

Ru5" Sub")! !$ Su;"m" C$u! M$#9)(!$*

- A** procedura* ru*es4 #eer issued y <uasi-=udicia* a&encies or emodied in

saues enaced y 'on&ress4 are su=ec o a*eraion or modificaion y e Supreme 'our

in e e,ercise of is consiuiona* ru*e-ma%in& po#er4

+1 'uerdo ! 'A4 1NN S'5A NJ7 ?1988@

2204

2205

2206

2207

2208

2209

2210

2211

2212

2213

2214

2215

2216

2217

2218

2219

2220

2221

2222

2223

2224

2225

2226

2227

2228

2229

2230

2231

33



- n @irst 5epanto Ceramics $nc. vs. CA4 e pro!ision of Sec 79 of 5A 794 #ic

saes a e decision of e .ines Ad=udicaion $oard may e appea*ed y a Epeiion for

re!ie# y ceriorari and <uesion of *a# may e fi*ed y e a&&rie!ed pary #i e S'

#iin 0 days from e receip of e order or decision of e $oard is no effeci!e4 as ere

is no so#in& from e face ereof a i #as enaced #i e ad!ice and concurrence of

e S' Lence suc order or decision may on*y e appea*ed o e 'A pursuan o 5u*e

of e 5e!ised 5u*es of 'our-

T")4*)(5 Ru5" N$! A;;5)(b5"

- Te ecnica* ru*es of procedure and of e!idence pre!ai*in& in cours of *a# and

e<uiy are no conro**in& in adminisrai!e proceedin&s- urpose: o free adminisrai!e oards or a&encies from e compu*sion of ecnica*

ru*es so a e mere admission of maer #ic #ou*d e deemed incompeen in =udicia*

proceedin&s #ou*d no in!a*idae an adminisrai!e order- Te ru*e a an adminisrai!e a&ency e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia* po#er is no ound

y ecnica* ru*es of procedure and e!idence sou*d no e so inerpreed as o dispense

#i e fundamena* and essenia* ri& of due process4 suc as e opporuniy o e eard

and e e,isence of susania* e!idence o suppor is decision- is a se*ed Eprincip*e a adminisrai!e ru*es of procedure sou*d e consrued

*iera**y in order o promoe eir o=ec and o assis e paries in oainin& =us4 speedy

and ine,pensi!e deerminaion of eir respec c*aims and defenses

P$)"#u" P")b"# b& B$$@ VII $9 1 A#m*!(!2" C$#"

- Sec 1 pro!ides a e ru*es of procedure erein prescried Esa** e app*ica*e o

a** a&encies defined in e ne, succeedin& secion4 e,cep e 'on&ress4 e 2udiciary4 e

'onsiuiona* 'ommission4 mi*iary esa*ismens in a** maers re*ain& e,c*usi!e*y o

Armed Forces personne*4 e $oard of ardons and aro*e4 and sae uni!ersiies- Agency -] inc*udes any deparmen4 ureau4 office4 commission4 auoriy or officer

of e Caiona* Go!ernmen auoried y *a# or e,ecui!e order o ma%e ru*es4 issue

2232

2233

2234

2235

2236

2237

2238

2239

2240

2241

2242

2243

2244

2245

2246

2247

2248

2249

2250

2251

2252

2253

2254

2255

2256

2257

2258

2259

2260

2261



*icenses4 &ran ri&s or pri!i*e&es4 and ad=udicae cases; researc insiuions #i respec o

*icensin& funcions; &o!ernmen corporaion #i respec o funcions re&u*ain& pri!ae

ri&s4 pri!i*e&e4 occupaion or usiness; and officia*s in e e,ercise of discip*inary po#er as

pro!ided y *a#

Ju!)(b5" C$*!$2"& C$*!"!"# C("

- Te assumpion of =urisdicion of an adminisrai!e a&ency o ad=udicae a

conro!ersy re<uires a ere mus e an appropriae case #ic in!o*!es a =usicia*e

conro!ersy- is one insiued y and a&ains paries a!in& ineres in e su=ec maer

appropriae for =udicia* deerminaion predicaed on a &i!en sae of facs- /arty3in3interest -] is e person o #om e ri& o see% =udicia* redress or re*ief

e*on&s #ic can e enforced a&ains e pary correspondin&*y car&ed #i a!in& een

responsi*e for4 or o a!e &i!en rise o4 e cause of acion- Contested Case -] any proceedin&4 inc*udin& *icensin&4 in #ic e *e&a* ri&s4

duies or pri!i*e&es assered y specific paries as re<uired y e 'onsiuion or y *a# are

o e deermined afer earin&

] Ben e &ran4 rene#a*4 denia* or cance**aion of a *icense is re<uired

o e preceded y noice and earin&4 i ecomes a conesed case4 in

#ic e!en e procedure app*ica*e for conesed cases app*ies

- 5icense -]inc*udes e #o*e or any par of any a&ency permi4 cerificae4 passpor4

c*earance4 appro!a*4 re&israion4 carer4 memersip4 sauory e,empion or oer form of

permission4 or re&u*aion of e e,ercise of a ri& or pri!i*e&e- 5icensing -]inc*udes a&ency process in!o*!in& e &ran4 rene#a*4 denia*4 re!ocaion4

suspension4 annu*men4 #idra#a*4 *imiaion4 amendmen4 modificaion or condiionin& of

*icense

] +,cep in cases of #i**fu* !io*aion of perinen *a#s4 ru*es and

re&u*aions or #en pu*ic safey re<uires oer#ise4 no *icense may e#idra#n4 suspended or annu**ed #iou noice and earin&

2262

2263

2264

2265

2266

2267

2268

2269

2270

2271

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2274

2275

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2277

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2286

2287

2288

2289

2290

2291



- $efore a riuna*4 oard or office may e,ercise =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* acs4 i is

necessary a ere e a *a# a &i!es rise o some specific ri&s of persons or propery

under #ic ad!erse c*aims o suc ri&s are made4 and e conro!ersy ensuin& erefrom

is rou&4 in urn4 efore e riuna*4 oard or officer c*oed #i po#er and auoriy o

deermine #a a *a# is and ereupon ad=udicae e respeci!e ri&s of e conendin&

paries

I*!!u!$* $9 P$)""#*8

- Te proceedin&s are insiued y e fi*in& of a comp*ain or peiion

- Forma* App*icaion

] A**e&es e u*imae facs and prays for specific re*iefs

] 5u*es a&ains forum soppin& app*ies o <uasi-=udicia* proceedin&s

] 'omp*ain sou*d conain a cerificaion under oa a comp*ainan:

1 Las no erefore commenced any acion or fi*ed any c*aim

in!o*!in& e same issues in any cour4 riuna*4 or <uasi-=udicia* a&ency and o e es of

is %no#*ed&e4 no suc oer acion or c*aim is pendin& erein

f ere is suc oer pendin& acion or c*aim4 a comp*ee saemen

of e presen saus ereof;

f e sou*d ereafer *earn a e same or simi*ar acion or c*aim

as een fi*ed or is pendin&4 e sa** repor a fac #iin J days erefrom o e cour

#erein is aforesaid comp*ain or iniiaory p*eadin& ad een fi*ed

- +, are or nforma* roceedin&s

] App*icaion for permis or *icenses or rene#a* ereof

].ay e iniiaed y a mere *eer sen y a comp*ainan

] Tese proceedin&s ecome conesed #en e app*icaion is opposed or

denied4 or suc *eer4 afer e, pare in!esi&aion4 so# e need for e person comp*ained

of o e &i!en opporuniy o e eard on e maer

2292

2293

2294

2295

2296

2297

2298

2299

2300

2301

2302

2303

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2306

2307

2308

2309

2310

2311

2312

2313

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2315

2316

2317

2318

2319



F$um S4$;;*8

-] Te improper pracice of &oin& from one cour o anoer in e ope of securin& a

fa!ora*e re*ief in one cour #ic anoer cour as denied or e fi*in& or repeiious suis or

proceedin&s in differen cours concernin& susania**y e same su=ec maer

-] A pary see%s a fa!ora*e opinion in anoer forum4 oer an appea* or ceriorari

T"! !$ D"!"m*" F$um S4$;;*8

- Beer e e*emens of *iis pendenia are presen or #eer a fina* =ud&men in

one case #i** amoun o res =udicaor in e oer- Bere ere are ideniy of paries or ineress represened4 ri&s assered and re*ief

sou& in differen riuna*s

A)6u!$* $9 Ju#)!$*

- 'y acquiring #urisdiction over the person of the petitioner

]y !o*unary appearance rou& fi*in& a comp*ain4 peiion or an iniiaory or

appropriae p*eadin& and payin& fees4 if re<uired y e a&encyHs ru*es

- 'y acquiring #urisdiction over the person of the respondent

]y !o*unary appearance or sumiin& o e ody or y ser!ice of summons

upon im

- Summons -] a #ri y #ic a responden is noified pf e acion a&ains im and is

as%ed o fi*e is ans#er ereo

P"-T(5 C$*9""*)"

-

$efore a conesed case is scedu*ed for earin&4 a pre-ria* conference is e*damon& e paries o e case

2320

2321

2322

2323

2324

2325

2326

2327

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2329

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2348



- Sec 10 of $oo% 7 of e 1987 Adminisrai!e 'ode re<uires a ETo e,pedie

demonsrai!e proceedin&s in!o*!in& conf*icin& ri&s or c*aims and o!iae e,pensi!e

*ii&aions4 e!ery a&ency sa** in e pu*ic ineres4 encoura&e amica*e se*emen4

compromise4 and ariraion

D"9(u5! * A#m*!(!2" C("

Default -] used in is road meanin&4 o inc*ude fai*ure o fi*e a responsi!e p*eadin&4

fai*ure o appear in any earin& or fai*ure o presen e!idence4 in any of #ic insances e

earin& may proceed in is asence #iou !io*ain& e paryHs ri& o due process

A#m*!(!2" P$)""#*8 H"(*8

- n!o*!es:1 a%in& and e!a*uaion of e!idence deerminin& facs ased upon e e!idence presened renderin& an order or decision suppored y e facs pro!ed- Te paries sa** e &i!en opporuniy o presen e!idence and ar&umen on a**

issues Te Enoice and earin& are procedura* re<uiremens of due process4 e asence

of #ic #i** render e decision in a conesed case nu** and !oid Te essence of

procedura* due process in admin proceedin&s is e opporuniy o e eard- Te moion for reconsideraion consiues a sufficien opporuniy o e eard =us as

an appea* e a%en from e decision accords e *osin& pary e opporuniy o presen is

side Any suc procedura* sep cures e defec of *ac% of pre!ious noice4 e,cep #en e

oer due process re<uiremen ie presence of susania* e!idence as asis of e

decision 4 co*d neura*iy of an imparia* =ud&e on e par of e <uasi-=udicia* officer4

compeen and imparia* riuna*4 a!e no een comp*ied #i- Learin& does no necessari*y re<uire a ria* ype presenaion of e!idence To e

eard does no mean !era* ar&umens efore riuna*; i can e rou& #rien p*eadin&

Lo#e!er #ere i appears a ere are issues of fac #ic canno e decided #iou

ria*s of e case on e meris4 one mus e e*d-

Sub;$"*( (*# C$*!"m;! $9 C$u!

2349

2350

2351

2352

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2354

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2356

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2360

2361

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2379



- Su!poena -] is a process direced o a person re<uirin& im o aend and esify a

e earin& or ria* of e acion or a any in!esi&aion conduced under e *a#s of e

counry- Su!poena DucesTecum -] an order o produce specified documens4 and e same

is issued upon app*icaion of a pary y so#in& c*ear and une<ui!oca* proof a e

documens sou& o e produced conain e!idence re*e!an and maeria* o e issue

efore e a&ency- Te auoriy o issue supoena and supoena duces ecum and o punis for

conemp any disoedience ereof y ise*f4 if so auoried4 or rou& e cours4 app*ies

on*y in e e,ercise y e adminisrai!e a&ency of is <uasi-=udicia* po#er and no is

adminisrai!e or miniseria* funcions

E2#"*)"

- Te ri& o cross-e,amine #inesses4 #ic Sec 1() $oo% 7 of e 1987

Adminisrai!e 'ode &i!es e!ery pary4 imp*ies a no earsay e!idence e admied4 as e

ri& of cross-e,amine is e safe&uard a&ains is admission- Admitting of 6vidence 3] e a&ency may admi and &i!e proai!e !a*ue o e!idence

common*y acceped y reasona*y pruden men in conduc of eir affairs- Affida!is of Binesses may no e considered un*ess e affians are pu in e

#iness sand for cross-e,aminaion on eir affida!is4 e,cep #en e paries #ai!e e

same e,press*y or imp*ied*y- .aers of =udicia* noice a!e maeria* re<uisies1 i mus e one of common and &enera* %no#*ed&e i mus e #e** and auoriai!e*y se*ed and no doufu* or uncerain i mus e %no#n o e #iin e *imis of e =urisdicion of e riuna*- To assure comp*iance #i e re<uisies of =udicia* noice4 e ru*es re<uire a e

<uasi-=udicia* riuna* or a&ency sa** noify e paries of e facs a%e =udicia* noice4 and

sa** afford em e opporuniy o cones e facs so noiced

H"()4& $9 E2#"*)" V(5u"

1. /roof 'eyond (easona!le Dou!t -] re<uired for con!icion of an accused in a

crimina* case means a #ic is *o&ica* and ine!ia*e resu* of e e!idence on record4

e,c*usi!e*y of any oer consideraion4 or mora* cerainy or a de&ree of proof #ic

produces con!icion in an unpre=udiced mind

2380

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23962397

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. Clear and Convincing -] a measure or de&ree of proof #ic #i** produce in mind

of rier of facs a firm e*ief or con!icion as o e a**e&aions sou& o e esa*ised+. /reponderance of 6vidence -] e de&ree of e!idence re<uired in ci!i* cases4 means

a e!idence #ic is of &reaer #ei& or more con!incin& a a #ic is offered inopposiion o. Su!stantial 6vidence -] e re<uired o reac a conc*usion in adminisrai!e

proceedin&s or o esa*is a fac efore adminisrai!e and <uasi-=udicia* odies means

suc re*e!an e!idence as a reasona*e mind mi& accep as ade<uae o suppor a

conc*usion; more an a scini**a u may e some#a *ess an preponderance

D"5"8(!$* $9 =u(-Ju#)(5 P$3"

Te po#er conferred upon an adminisrai!e a&ency o issue ru*es and re&u*aions

necessary o carry ou is funcions as een e*d o e an ade<uae source of auoriy o

de*e&ae a paricu*ar funcion4 un*ess y e,press pro!ision of e *a# or y imp*icaion i as

een #ie*d

D"5"8(!$* !$ R")"2" E2#"*)"

- Sec (1) E+!ery A&ency sa** a!e suc numer of <ua*ified and compeen

memers of e ar as earin& officers as may e necessary for e earin& and

ad=udicaion of conesed casesTe pro!ision is an imp*ied &ran of po#er o <uasi-=udicia*

a&encies o de*e&ae o earin& officers e recepion of e!idence- A <uasi-=udicia* ody may de*e&ae e funcion o recei!e e!idence and perform any

and a** acs necessary for e reso*uion of facua* issues fa**in& #iin is =urisdicion- Te de*e&ae mere*y repors e facs found and e <uasi-=udicia* ody reain e

po#er o appro!e or re=ec e repor and o decide e case- Te ru*e a re<uires an adminisrai!e officer o e,ercise is o#n =ud&men and

discreion does no prec*ude im from ui*iin&; as a maer of pracica* adminisrai!e

procedure4 e aid of suordinaes o in!esi&ae and repor o im e facs4 on e asis of

#ic e officer ma%es is decision

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D' DUE PROCESS IN =UASI-JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS

G"*"(55&

- T#o conceps:

1 Su!stantive Due /rocess 3 responsi!eness o e supremacy of reason4

oedience o e dicaes of =usice; re<uires a e *a# ise*f4 no mere*y e procedures y

#ic e *a# #ou*d e enforced is fair4 reasona*e and =us

/rocedural Due /rocess 3 consiss of e asic ri&s of noice and

earin&4 as #e** as e &uaranee of ein& eard y an imparia* and compeen riuna*;

refers o e meod or manner y #ic e *a# is enforced

C(#*(5 Pm(& R"6u"m"*! $9 Du" P$)", G"*"(55&

1 e ri& o a earin& #ic inc*udes e ri& o presen oneHs case and sumi

e!idence in suppor ereof

e riuna* mus consider e e!idence presened

e decision mus a!e somein& o suppor ise*f

e e!idence mus e susania*4 and susania* e!idence means suc e!idence

as a reasona*e mind mi& accep as ade<uae o suppor a conc*usion

J e decision mus e ased on e e!idence presened a e earin&4 or a *eas

conained in e record and disc*osed o e paries affeced

N e riuna* or ody of any of is =ud&es mus ac on is o#n independen

consideraion of e *a# and facs of e conro!ersy4 and no simp*y accep e !ie#s of

suordinae

7 e oard or ody sou*d in a** conro!ersia* <uesions4 render is decision in suc

manner a e paries o e proceedin& can %no# e !arious issues in!o*!ed4 and e

reason for e decision rendered

8 e officer or riuna* conducin& e in!esi&aion mus e !esed #i compeen

=urisdicion and so consiued as o afford a person car&ed adminisrai!e*y a reasona*e

&uaranee of onesy and imparia*iy

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- Ba due process aors is no *ac% of pre!ious noice u e aso*ue *ac% of

opporuniy o e eard Te essence of due process is e opporuniy o e eard

R"6u!" $9 Du" P$)", G"*"(55&

- Te princip*e of due process furnises a sandard o #ic &o!ernmena* acion

sou*d conform in order o impress i #i e srand of !a*idiy Fide*iy o suc sandard

mus of necessiy e e o!erridin& concern of e &o!ernmen a&encies e,ercisin& <uasi-

=udicia* funcions

- n <uasi-=udicia* proceedin&s4 #ere i appears a ere are issues of fac #ic

canno e decided #iou a ria* of e case on e meris4 one mus e e*d Te ru*e is

#ere and ad=udicai!e fac is a issue4 a ria*-ype earin& ou& o e e*d- Adminisrai!e due process inc*ude:

1 e ri& o noice4 e i acua* or consruci!e4 of e insiuion of e

proceedin& a may affec a personHs *e&a* ri&s

reasona*e opporuniy o appear and defend is ri&s4 inroduce

#inesses and re*e!an e!idence in is fa!or

a riuna* so consiued as o &i!e im reasona*e assurance of onesy

and imparia*iy4 and one of compeen =urisdicion

a findin& or decision y a riuna* suppored y susania* e!idence

presened a e earin&4 or a *eas conained in e records or disc*osed o e paries

affeced

C$5#-N"u!(5!& $9 Im;(!(5 Ju#8"

- A criica* componen of due process is a earin& efore and imparia* and

disineresed riuna* n&rained is e ru*e a e!ery *ii&an is eni*ed o noin& *ess a

e co*d neura*iy of an imparia* =ud&e

-

nsances:a a earin& officer in a conesed case canno ac as prosecuor in e same case

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an admin officer #o as rendered a decision in a conesed case canno re!ie#4

afer e as een promoed o a i&er posiion #i re!ie# funcions4 e decision in e

said case

- n order a e re!ie# of e decision of a suordinae officer mi& no urn ou o

e a farce4 e re!ie#in& officer mus perforce e oer an e officer #ose decision is

under re!ie#; oer#ise4 ere cou*d e no differen !ie# or ere #ou*d e no rea* re!ie# of

e case

Im;(!(5 (*# C$m;"!"*! Tbu*(5

- ne of e indispensa*e re<uiremens of due process in adminisrai!e proceedin& is

a e riuna* conducin& e in!esi&aion:

1 mus e !esed #i compeen =urisdicion

consiued as o afford a person car&ed adminisrai!e*y a reasona*e

&uaranee of onesy and imparia*iy

N$!)" (*# H"(*8

- /ue process as &uaraneed y e consiuion e,ends o admin proceedin&s4 e

foremos re<uiremen of #ic is e ri& o a earin&4 #ic inc*ude e ri& o presen

oneHs case and o sumi e!idence in suppor ereof Te need for noice and opporuniy o

e eard is e ear of procedura* due process

- A !io*aion of any of e cardina* re<uiremens of due proceedin&s renders any

=ud&men or order issued erein nu** and !oid and can e aac%ed in any appropriae

proceedin&

- f ere is an a**e&ed !io*aion of e ru*es4 en e pary affeced sou*d e &i!en e

cance o so# oer#ise and no in a moion for reconsideraion ereafer fi*ed4 as e

issue of !io*aion raises facua* issues #ic re<uire ria*-ype earin& o ascerain is ru

a /rior 2otice and 0earing (equired

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- n adminisrai!e case4 e &enera* ru*e is a prior noice and earin& are

necessary on*y #ere e *a# so re<uires

- Te in<uiry sou*d erefore e ino e ena*in& saue #ic c*oes an

adminisrai!e a&ency or officer #i cerain duies and responsii*iies in e discar&e of

#ic some person may e ad!erse*y affeced

- n any conesed case a** paries sa** e eni*ed o noice and earin& Te

noice sa** e ser!ed a *eas fi!e days efore e dae of e earin& and sa** sae e

same4 ime and p*ace of earin&

- n a case decided y e Supreme 'our4 i #as e*d a: ETe

Sandi&anayan can pre!eni!e*y suspend a pu*ic officia* car&ed #i a crime efore i4

ere mus firs e a earin& o deermine e !a*idiy of e informaion4 and a findin& a

e informaion is !a*id ma%es i mandaory for e cour o pre!eni!e*y suspend e accused

for a period no e,ceedin& niney days

7hen /rior 2otice 2ot (equired

- As a &enera* ru*e4 #ere #a is e,ercised is po*ice po#er du*y de*e&aed o

an adminisrai!e officer4 or #ere #a is sou& o e pre!ened or acie!ed re<uires

immediae acion for e pu*ic &ood or ineres4 prior noice or earin& is no necessary for

e !a*idiy of e acion a%en4 so *on& as e a&&rie!ed pary is suse<uen*y accorded

earin& on e acion a%en4 y e adminisrai!e a&ency sein& e case for earin& or

upon moion or peiion y e a&&rie!ed pary

- Te #idra#a*4 suspension or annu*men of a *icense in cases of #i**fu*

!io*aion of perinen *a#s4 ru*es and re&u*aions or #en pu*ic securiy4 ea* or safey so

re<uire

P$ N$!)" N$! R"6u"# * !4" E<")" $9 P$5)" P$3"

- Bere e ac <uesioned resu*s from e e,ercise of po*ice po#er of e sae4 prior

noice and earin& are no re<uired4 un*ess e app*ica*e *a# so e,press*y pro!ides

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'onsideraions of procedura* due process canno ou#ei& e e!i* sou& o e pre!ened

y e e,ercise of po*ice po#er- Kinds of Cuisances:1 2uisance per se 3 consiues a direc menace o pu*ic ea* or safey4 and so may

e aaed summari*y4 #iou *e&a* proceedin&s and #iou earin& 2uisance per accidens 3 #ic depends upon cerain condiions or circumsances

and #ic is a <uesion of fac4 canno e aaed #iou due earin& in a riuna*

auoried o decide #eer suc in& does in *a# consiue a nuisance- T#in ri&s of noice and earin& may e considered dispensa*e in cerain

insances:1. n proceedin&s #ere ere is an ur&en need for immediae acion4 *i%e e summary

aaemen of a nuisance per se

2. Bere ere is a enai!eness of adminisrai!e acion4 a is 4 #ere e responden

is no prec*uded from en=oyin& e ri& o noice and earin& a a *aer ime #iou pre=udice

o e person affeced4 suc as e summary disrain and *e!y of e propery of a

de*in<uen a,payer4 and e rep*acemen of a emporary appoinee

3. Bere e #in ri&s a!e pre!ious*y een offered u e ri& o e,ercise em ad

no een c*aimed

N$!)" M*mum R"6u"m"*! * Summ(& Dm(5

- n summary proceedin&s4 #ic are auoried y *a# o e insiued a&ains errin&

po*ice officers4 e fi*in& of car&es #ic mus e made %no#n o e responden and e

a**o#ance of reasona*e opporuniy o responden o ans#er e car&es consiue e

minimum re<uiremens of due process- is mandaory a car&es e specified in #riin& and a e affida!is in suppor

ereof e aaced o e comp*ain ecause ese are e on*y #ays y #ic e!idence

a&ains e responden can e rou& o is %no#*ed&e- Te ru*e a e re<uiremens of due process are saisfied if a pary iniia**y denied a

earin& is suse<uen*y &raned one y means of moion of reconsideraion app*ies on*y if

e car&es and e e!idence a&ains im are se for in e record

N$!)" (*# H"(*8 * R(!"-F<*8

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- Te issuance of a fi,in& rae order4 #ic is issued y and adminisrai!e a&ency in

e e,ercise of is <uasi-=udicia* po#er re<uires noice and earin&- As a &enera* ru*e4 a pu*ic ui*iy mus e afforded some opporuniy o e eard as o

e propriey and reasona*eness of rae fi,ed for is ser!ices y a pu*ic ser!ice

commission

P$ N$!)" * Iu(*)" $9 E< P(!" $ P"5m*(& O#"

- As a &enera* ru*e4 pro!isiona* re*iefs4 suc as emporary resrainin& orders4 cease or

desis orders4 may e &raned y <uasi-=udicia* a&encies #iou prior noice and earin&

- Simi*ar*y4 in discip*inary proceedin&s4 e discip*inin& auoriy may pre!eni!e*y

suspend e officer or emp*oyee car&es #i a &ra!e offense #iou prior noice or earin&4

e pre!eni!e suspension no ein& a pena*y

- Ceeds e esa*ismen of prima facie e!idence

O;;$!u*!& !$ b" H"(#

- +ssence of due process in adminisrai!e proceedin&s is e opporuniy o e,p*ain

oneHs side or a cance o see% reconsideraion of e acion or ru*in& comp*ained of

- As *on& as e paries #ere &i!en e opporuniy o e eard efore e =ud&men

#as rendered4 e demands of due process #ere sufficien*y me

- +!en if ere is noice or opporuniy o e eard4 #ic is said o e e essence of

due process4 ere is si** !io*aion of due process #ic renders e decision or ru*in& of e

adminisrai!e a&ency in!a*id4 #ere:

1 ere is no e!idence o suppor e decision

#ere e!idence oer an a presened durin& e proceedin&s or disc*osed in e

records #as a%en ino accoun in renderin& e ru*in&

#ere e <uasi-=udicia* ody or officer did no possess e co*d neura*iy of an

imparia* =ud&e4 as #en e aced as in!esi&aor

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#ere e adminisrai!e officer or ody aced #i &ra!e ause of discreion

amounin& o *ac% or e,cess of =urisdicion

W4"" !4"" *$ D"*(5 $9 Du" P$)"

- A pary #o as een noified of e earin& u fai*ed o aend e same or

refrained from paricipain& in e a&ency proceedin&s canno comp*ain a e as een

denied due process

M$!$* 9$ R")$*#"(!$* Cu" P$)"#u(5 Du" P$)" D"9")! E<)";!$*

Genera* 5u*e: Te ru*e a e fi*in& of a moion for reconsideraion of e decision or

ru*in& a&ains a pary cured e defec in e *ac% of prior noice and earin& as o prec*ude

e pary from c*aimin& denia* of due process assumes a e oer re<uiremens of due

process a!e een comp*ied #i

+,cepions:

1 f any of e oer re<uiremens as no een oser!ed4 e ru*e does no

app*y4 as #en e e!idence a&ains e pary is no se for in e record of e case4 one

of e indispensa*e re<uiremens of due process ein& a e decision of an

adminisrai!e a&ency mus e rendered on e e!idence conained in e record and

disc*osed o e pary affeced and e moion for reconsideraion no ein& sufficien o cure

e faa* defec

Te fac a e affeced pary ad een eard efore an in!esi&ain&

ody4 #ose findin&s #ere e asis of e discip*inary acion a&ains im4 does no prec*ude

a findin& a e as een denied due process4 renderin& e pena*y imposed as in!a*id4

#ere e in!esi&ain& ody did no inc*ude as memer a represenai!e from an

or&aniaion specifica**y re<uired y *a# o e so represened erein ecause one of e

indispensa*e re<uiremens of due process a e officer or riuna* conducin& e

in!esi&aion mus e !esed #i compeen =urisdicion and so consiued as o afford a

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person car&ed adminisrai!e*y a reasona*e &uaranee of onesy and imparia*iy4 #as no

fo**o#ed

Bere e decision a&ains im as noin& o suppor ise*f4 one of e

cardina* re<uiremens of due process ein& a e decision or ru*in& of an adminisrai!e

ody mus e suppored y susania* e!idence

Sub!(*!(5 E2#"*)" ( B( $9 D")$*

- Anoer cardina* re<uiremen of due process in adminisrai!e ad=udicaion is a

e decision mus e rendered on e e!idence presened a e earin& or a *eas

conained in e record and disc*osed o e paries affeced

- Te decision mus e suppored y susania* e!idence and asen suc #ou*d

render e decision !oid

R84! !$ C$u*"5, N$! ( Du" P$)" R"6u"m"*!

- n e case of "umi<ued !s +,e!ea e issue raised #as: E/oes e due process

c*ause encompass e ri& o e assised y counse* durin& an adminisrai!e in<uiryD Te

Supreme 'our ru*ed a peiioners in!o%e e ri& of an accused in crimina* proceedin& o

a!e compeen and independen counse* of is o#n coice "umi<ued #as no accused of

any crime in e proceedin&s e*o# Te in!esi&aion conduced y e commiee creaed

y /ep rder 1J #as for e purpose of deerminin& if e cou*d e e*d adminisrai!e*y

*ia*e under e *a# for e comp*ains fi*ed a&ains im Bi*e in!esi&aions conduced y

an adminisrai!e ody may a imes e a%in o a crimina* proceedin&4 e fac remains a

under e e,isin& *a#s4 a pary in an adminisrai!e in<uiry may or may no e assised y

counse*4 irrespeci!e of e naure of e car&es and of e respondenHs capaciy o

represen imse*f4 and no duy ress on suc ody o furnis e person ein& in!esi&aed

#i counse*

2640

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- Te ri& o counse* is no indispensa*e o due process un*ess re<uired y e

'onsiuion or e *a# n adminisrai!e proceedin&s4 e essence of due process is simp*y

e opporuniy o e,p*ain oneHs side

E' DECISION, APPEAL AND JUDICIAL REVIEW

D")$* D"9*"#

(n adminisrai!e *a#) means e #o*e or any par of e fina* disposiion4 no of an

iner*ocuory caracer4 #eer affirmai!e4 ne&ai!e4 or in=unci!e in form4 of a <uasi-=udicia*

a&ency in any maer4 inc*udin& *icensin&4 rae fi,in& and &ranin& of ri&s and pri!i*e&es

P"$# !$ R"*#" D")$*

- Secion 1 of $oo% I of e 1987 Adminisrai!e code pro!ides a e Ea&ency

sa** decide eac case #iin iry days fo**o#in& is sumission

- A case is deemed sumied for decision afer o paries sa** a!e conc*uded

presenaion of eir e!idence or upon e fi*in& of eir respeci!e memoranda4 if re<uired or

if ey so as% and e same e &raned

- A saue re<uirin& rendiion of =ud&men #iin a specified ime is &enera**y consrued

o e mere*y direc*y4 so a non-comp*iance #i i does no in!a*idae e =ud&men on e

eory a if e saue ad inended suc resu* i #ou*d a!e c*ear*y indicaed4 u e

fai*ure of e adminisrai!e or <uasi-=udicia* officer o decide e case #iin e prescried

period may render im adminisrai!e*y *ia*e erefore4 as e is en=oined y e code of

conduc for pu*ic officers o promp*y ac on a** maers efore im

F$m $9 D")$*

- Te fac a <uasi-=udicia* a&encies are no cours of =usice does no e,cuse em

from e re<uiremen a eir decisions sou*d c*ear*y and disinc*y e,press e facs ande *a# on #ic ey are ased

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- Sec 14 $oo% I of e 1987 Adminisrai!e 'ode re<uires a E+!ery decisions

rendered y e a&ency in a conesed case sa** e in #riin& and sa** sae c*ear*y and

disinc*y e facs and e *a# on #ic i is ased

- 'omp*iance y <uasi-=udicia* riuna*s or a&encies #i e re<uiremens of decision-

#riin& ecomes especia**y imporan in appea*a*e decisions ecause decisions of <uasi-

=udicia* odies are appea*a*e o e 'our of Appea*s y means of a peiion for re!ie#4 in

#ic e appe**an is eni*ed o raise <uesions of fac4 or of *a#4 or o

Pub5)(!$* $9 D")$*

- Te *a# re<uires a e!ery a&ency sa** pu*is and ma%e a!ai*a*e for pu*ic

inspecion a** decisions or fina* orders in e ad=udicaion of conesed cases

R"5"9 (*# S(*)!$*

(elief -] inc*udes e #o*e or par of any &ran of money4 assisance4 *icense4

auoriy4 pri!i*e&e4 e,empions4 e,cepion4 or remedy; reco&niion of any c*aim4 ri&4

immuniy4 pri!i*e&e4 e,empion or e,cepion; or a%in& of any acion upon e app*icaion or

peiion of any person

Sanction-] inc*udes e #o*e or par of a proiiion4 *imiaion or oer condiion

affecin& e *iery of any person; e #io*din& of re*ief; e imposiion of pena*y or fine;

e desrucion4 a%in&4 seiure or #io*din& of propery; e assessmen of dama&es4

reimursemen4 resiuion4 compensaion4 cos4 car&es or fees; e re!ocaion or

suspension of *icense; or e a%in& of oer compu*sory or resrici!e acion

F*(5!& $9 D")$*

- Te decision of e a&ency sa** ecome fina* and e,ecuor 1J days afer e receip

of a copy ereof y e pary ad!erse*y affeced un*ess #iin a period an adminisrai!e

appea* or =udicia* re!ie#4 if proper4 as een perfeced ne moion for reconsideraion maye fi*ed4 #ic sa** suspend e runnin& of e said period

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- An adminisrai!e a&ency may a*er4 modify or re!erse is decision #i or #iou a

moion for reconsideraion4 on*y efore e decision ecomes fina* and e,ecuor Te

esa*ised princip*e is a once a decision ecomes fina* and e,ecuor4 i is remo!ed from

e po#er or =urisdicion of e <uasi-=udicia* ody #ic rendered i o furer a*er or amend4

muc *ess re!o%e i

P$mu58(!$* $9 D")$*

- A decision of an adminisrai!e officer or a&ency4 in e e,ercise of <uasi-=udicia*

po#er4 ecomes indin& on*y afer i is !a*id*y promu*&aed

- /romulgation -] e de*i!ery of e decision o e c*er% of cour for fi*in& and

pu*icaion

-]e process y #ic a decision is pu*ised4 officia**y announced4

made %no#n o e pu*ic or de*i!ered o e c*er% of cour form fi*in&4

coup*ed #i noice o e paries or eir counse*

- f a e ime of e promu*&aion of a decision or reso*uion4 a =ud&e or a memer of a

co**e&iae cour or <uasi-=udicia* a&ency ad ear*ier si&ned or re&isered is !oe for e

decision4 as !acaed is office4 is !oe is auomaica**y #idra#n or cance**ed

N$!)" $9 D")$*

- Te paries are eni*ed o e informed of e decision rendered y e <uasi-

adminisrai!e a&ency

- f a pary is represened y counse*4 e noice of e decision mus e made upon

counse* is #e** se*ed a noice o counse* is noice o c*ien n e oer and4 noice

o c*ien does no mean noice o counse*

D")$* b& C$55"8(!" B$#& V$!" R"6u"#

2722

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- Te appe**ae sou*d assi&n errors commied4 e &enera* ru*e ein& a e

appe**ae ody may no pass upon errors no assi&ned

A#m*!(!2" R"2"3

- (evie -] reconsideraion or re-e,aminaion of a decision or ru*in& of a suordinae

officer y a superior officer or i&er adminisrai!e a&ency

- 5e!ie# y a superior officer or deparmen ead may e undera%en mou proprio if

e decision as no ye ecome fina*4 in e e,ercise of is conro* po#er o!er e acs of

is suordinae

- Bi*e ere is no dispuin& e auoriy of adminisrai!e superiors o re!erse e

findin&s of eir suordinaes4 is po#er mus e e,ercised sparin&*y and on*y upon a c*ear

so#in& error

- Genera* 5u*e: e!idence no forma**y sumied durin& e earin& efore an

adminisrai!e a&ency may no e sumied4 for e firs ime4 on appea* and e re!ie#in&

adminisrai!e ody may no4 erefore4 consider i

- +,cepion: #en an issue #as no raised efore e *o#er adminisrai!e

a&ency and e!idence on connecion ere#i #as no accordin&*y presened4

u #ic issue #as reso*!ed y e *aer in is decision4 e ad!erse pary4 on appea*4

#as eni*ed o presen reua* e!idence on said issue and e refusa* of e re!ie#in&

a&ency o consider suc reua* e!idence on e &round a e same #as no forma**y

offered durin& e earin& consiued &ra!e ause of discreion and *ef decision on

appea* #iou susania* asis o suppor i

P"um;!$* $9 L"8(5!&

Genera* 5u*e: Te *e&a* presumpion a officia* duy as een du*y performed is

paricu*ar*y sron& as re&ards o acs of <uasi-=udicia* a&encies in connecion #i e

enforcemen of *a#s affecin& paricu*ar fie*ds of aci!iy4 e proper re&u*aion or promoion

of #ic re<uires a ecnica* or specia* rainin&4 aside from a &ood %no#*ed&e and &rasp of e o!era** condiions re*e!an o said fie*d

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+,cepion: Tere is no presumpion of re&u*ariy of any adminisrai!e acion #ic

resu*s in depri!in& a a,payer of is propery rou& a, sa*e

F*(5!& $9 D")$* $9 A;;"55(!" A8"*)&

- n any conesed case4 e decision of e appe**ae a&ency sa** ecome fina* and

e,ecuor fifeen days afer e receip y e paries of a copy ereof4 un*ess a moion for

reconsideraion is seasona*y fi*ed or a peiion for re!ie# of suc decision is fi*ed #i e

'our of Appea*s #iin fifeen days from receip of e decision or of e denia* of e moion

for reconsideraion

R" Ju#)(!(

- Te docrine of res =udicaa app*ies o decisions or orders of adminisrai!e a&encies

a a!e ecome fina* Suc decisions or orders are conc*usi!e upon e ri&s of e

affeced paries as ou& a cour of &enera* =urisdicion ad rendered e same

- Te ru*e #ic forids e reopenin& of a maer once =udicia**y deermined y

compeen auoriy app*ies as #e** o e =udicia* and <uasi-=udicia* acs of pu*ic4 e,ecui!e

or adminisrai!e officers and oards acin& #iin eir =urisdicion as e =ud&mens of

cours a!in& &enera* =udicia* po#ers

W4"* R" Ju#)(!( D"8(#"#

Genera* 5u*e: nce a *ii&anHs ri&s a!e een ad=udicaed in a !a*id =ud&men y a

compeen cour e sou*d no e &raned an unrid*ed *icense o come ac% for anoer ry

+,cepions:

1. Ben ere are super!enin& e!ens #ic ma%e i imperai!e4 in e i&er ineres

of =usice4 o modify said =ud&men o armonie e disposiion #i e pre!ai*in&

circumsances4 especia**y #ere no pri!ae indi!idua* #i** e financia**y pre=udiced y

o!erurnin& e fina* =ud&men

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2. Te ru*e may a*so e o!er*oo%ed #ere e same as een #ai!ed or as no een

ime*y raised as a defense4 #ere e app*icaion of e princip*e4 under e paricu*ar facs

oainin&4 #ou*d amoun o a denia* of =usice or a ar o a !indicaion of a *e&iimae

&rie!ance

3. Te princip*e may e disre&arded if is app*icaion #ou*d in!o*!e e sacrifice of

=usice o ecnica*iy

Genera* 5u*e: Te princip*e does no operae e#een persons #o4 a!in& een co-

paries in e firs case4 are opposin& paried in e second case

+,cepion: Bere e indi!idua* c*aims of suc co-paries in e firs case #ere raised

in issued4 *ii&aed and deermined4 res =udicaa app*ies o suc co-paries

P$3" !$ Iu" W! $9 E<")u!$* !$ E*9$)" Ju#8m"*!

n e case of GSS !s 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission4 e Supreme 'our susained e

po#er of e 'S' o order e,ecuion of is fina* decision issued in e e,ercise of is <uasi-

=udicia* or ad=udicaory auoriy4 as ere is no *a# #ic denies i suc auoriy

E #ou*d seem <uie o!ious a e auoriy o decide cases is inui*e un*ess

accompanied y e auoriy o see a #a as een decided is carried ou

6n*ess e *a# !esin& <uasi-=udicia* po#er o an a&ency pro!ides oer#ise4 e

a&ency promu*&ain& is decision as e imp*ied po#er o issue a #ri of e,ecuion o

enforce is decision

CHAPTER VI

DOCTRINES OF PRIMARY JURISDICTION AND E?HAUSTION OF

ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES

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• D$)!*" $9 Pm(& Ju#)!$*

- Definition" i re<uires a a p*ainiff sou*d firs see% re*ief in an adminisrai!e

proceedin& efore e see%s a remedy in cour4 e!en ou& e maer is proper*y presened

o e cour4 #ic is #iin is =urisdicion

- a*so re<uires a if e case as een fi*ed in cour4 i sou*d suspend e =udicia*

proceedin&s uni* e maer sa** a!e een resed ou y e adminisrai!e a&ency

#ic as een !esed #i auoriy o reso*!e e same A*so een referred as docrine of

prior resor4 or e,c*usi!e adminisrai!e =urisdicion or pre*iminary resor

- 6nder e docrine4 Ee cours canno and #i** no deermine a conro!ersy in!o*!in&

a <uesion #ic is #iin e =urisdicion of an adminisrai!e riuna*4 especia**y #ere e

<uesions demands e e,ercise of sound adminisrai!e discreion re<uirin& e specia*

%no#*ed&e4 e,perience and ser!ices of e riuna* o deermine ecnica* and inricae

maers of fac and #ere a uniformiy of ru*in& is essenia* o comp*y #i e purposes of

re&u*aory saue adminisered

- Reasons" o a%e ad!ana&e of adminisrai!e e,perise and o aain uniformiy of

app*icaion of re&u*aory *a#s is can e secured on*y if deerminaion of e issue is *ef o

e adminisrai!e ody

- Doctrine does not apply" if e adminisrai!e a&ency as no =urisdicion o!er e

case and any of e e,cepions under e /ocrine of +,ausion of Adminisrai!e remedies

A*so <uesions of *a# may appropriae*y e deermine in e firs insance y cours ecause

uniformiy may e secured rou& re!ie# y a sin&*e Supreme 'our and a unifyin&

inf*uence #i** in!o*!e neier facua* deerminaion no e e,ercise of specia* =ud&men

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- Distinguis+ from Doctrine of <+austion of Administrative remedies"

/ocrine of rimary 2urisdicion app*ies #ere a c*aim is ori&ina**y co&nia*e in e cours4

e =udicia* process ein& suspended pendin& referra* of cerain issues o e adminisrai!e

a&ency for is re!ie# hereas /ocrine of +,ausion of Adminisrai!e remedies app*ies

#ere a c*aim is co&nia*e in e firs insance y e adminisrai!e a&ency a*one4 =udicia*

inerference ein& #ie*d uni* e adminisrai!e process as run is course and e

a&ency acion is ripe for re!ie#

• D$)!*" $9 E<4(u!$* $9 A#m*!(!2" "m"#"

- Definition" cour acion canno prosper uni* a** e remedies a!e een e,aused

e adminisrai!e *e!e*

- re<uires a #ere a remedy efore an adminisrai!e a&ency is pro!ided and can

si** e resored o y &i!in& e said a&ency e!ery opporuniy o decide a maer a comes

#iin is =urisdicion; re*ief mus e firs sou& y e,ausin& is remedy efore rin&in& an

acion in or resorin& o e cours of =usice

- ffect of failure to e<+aust remedies"

does no affec e =urisdicion of e cour $6T e non-comp*iance #i** depri!ed e

comp*ainan of cause of acion #ic is &round for a moion o dismiss and if no in!o%ed ae proper ime i is deemed #ai!ed Te cour can a%e co&niance of e case and ry i

- Reasons"

o Firs4 o ensures an order*y procedure #ic fa!ors a pre*iminary sifin& process4

paricu*ar*y #i respec o maers pecu*iar*y #iin e compeence of e adminisrai!e

a&ency4 a!oidance of inerference #i funcions of e adminisrai!e a&ency y #io*din&

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=udicia* acion uni* e adminisrai!e process ad run is course4 and e pre!enion of

aemps o s#amp e cours y resor o em in e firs insance

o Second4 o pro!ide *ess e,pensi!e and more speedy so*uions o dispue

o Tird4 o &i!e e adminisrai!e a&ency e opporuniy o ac and correc e errors

commied in e adminisrai!e forum

o "as*y4 separaion of po#er4 #ic en=oins upon e =udiciary a ecomin& po*icy of

non-inerference #i maers comin& primari*y #iin e compeence of e oer

deparmens

6nder e Doctrine of /rimary 5urisdiction 9or /rior Resort:, cours canno and

#i** no reso*!e a conro!ersy in!o*!in& a <uesion #ic is #iin e =urisdicion of an

adminisrai!e riuna*4 especia**y #ere e <uesion demands e e,ercise of sound

adminisrai!e discreion re<uirin& e specia* %no#*ed&e4 e,perience and ser!ices of e

adminisrai!e riuna* o deermine ecnica* and inricae maers of fac

Te Doctrine of <+austion of Administrative Remedies, on e oer and4

re<uires a efore a pary is a**o#ed o see% e iner!enion of e cour4 i is a pre-

condiion a e sou*d a!e a!ai*ed firs of a** e means of adminisrai!e processes

afforded im Lence4 if a remedy #iin e adminisrai!e macinery can si** e resored oy &i!in& e adminisrai!e officer concerned e!ery opporuniy o decide on a maer a

comes #iin is =urisdicion en suc remedy sou*d e e,aused firs efore e courHs

=udicia* po#er can e sou& Te premaure in!ocaion of courHs =urisdicion is faa* o oneHs

cause of acion Accordin&*y4 asen any findin& of #ai!er or esoppe* e case is suscepi*e

of dismissa* for *ac% of cause of acion Con-e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies is no4

o#e!er4 =urisdiciona* on*y renders e acion premaure4 i.e., c*aimed cause of acion is

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no ripe for =udicia* deerminaion and for a reason a pary as no cause of acion o

!eni*ae in cour 9Carale v. Abarintos4 2* SCRA %-2:

Tis docrine4 o#e!er4 is disre&arded in e fo**o#in& insances:

*: hen there is a violation of due process<

=: hen the issue involved is purely a legal question<

-: hen the administrative action is patently illegal amounting to lac; or e"cess of

#urisdiction<

: hen there is estoppel on the part of the administrative agency concerned<

B: hen there is irrepara!le in#ury<

: hen the respondent is a department secretary hose acts as an alter ego of the

/resident !ears the implied and assumed approval of the latter<

: hen to require e"haustion of administrative remedies ould !e unreasona!le<

: hen it ould amount to a nullification of a claim<

+: hen the su!#ect matter is a private land in land case proceeding<

*E: hen the rule does not provide a plain, speedy and adequate remedy, and

**: hen there are circumstances indicating the urgency of #udicial intervention.

9/aat v. CA4 2 SCRA %:

E<)";!$* !$ !4" Ru5"

3ot applicable w+ere public interest reEuires immediate court resolution

n Arro Transportation Corp. v. 'oard of Transportation4 e Supreme 'our ru*ed

a e docrine of e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies may e o!er*oo%ed #ere pu*ic

ineres re<uires immediae cour reso*uion of e issue raised

3ot applicable w+ere administrative act is a nullity

Bere e acs of a <uasi-=udicia* a&ency are paen*y i**e&a*4 e docrine of

e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies does no come ino p*ay

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Foremos amon& e e,cepions o e ru*e of e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies

is #en e assai*ed ac4 order or decisions is paien*y i**e&a* or #as performed or issued

#iou =urisdicion or in e,cess of =urisdicion

3ot applicable w+ere administrative remedy is not adeEuate

Bere e decision of e deparmen secreary is4 y *a#4 e,ecuor afer a cerain

fi,ed period4 e a&&rie!ed pary need no e,aus adminisrai!e remedy as an appea* o

e residen #i** no e as sufficien4 ade<uae and e,pediious o &ran im re*ief as a

=udicia* re*ief4 suc as a #ri of pre*iminary in=uncion

3ot applicable w+ere =udicial relief is reEuired to prevent violence

ro*ems of pu*ic order #erey one pary ad resored o !io*ence o pre!en e

oer from cuin& and au*in& *o&s4 e a&&rie!ed pary can immediae*y resor o cour

acion y see%in& in=unci!e re*ief #iou a#aiin& e oucome of e adminisrai!e case4

for iner#ined #i e issue of oundary are e <uesions of pu*ic order and e

deerminaion of conracua* re*aions #ic on*y e cours of =usice a!e =urisdicion

3ot applicable apply w+ere agency acted wit+ no =urisdiction

Bere e *a# en app*ica*e pro!ides a a decision of an adminisrai!e a&ency is

appea*a*e o e deparmen secreary and en o e ffice of e residen4 e,ausin&

suc adminisrai!e remedies of appea* is no necessary #ere e a&ency aced #iou

=urisdicion or #i &ra!e ause of discreion in a%in& co&niance of a e*aed appea* from

decision of a *o#er *e!e* adminisrai!e ody #ic ad ecome fina* and ereafer

re!ersin& i

3ot applicable w+ere t+ere is yet no administrative order

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fo**o#s a ere as o e some sor of decision4 order or ac4 more or *ess fina* in

caracer a is ripe for re!ie# and proper*y e su=ec of an appea* o a i&er

adminisrai!e ody or officer4 for e princip*e of e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedies o

operae f ere is none4 and a issue is #eer or no e in!esi&aion o e conduced y

an adminisrai!e officer is #iin is compeence4 en a sui for proiiion may *ie a&ains

said adminisrai!e officer

3ot applicable w+ere t+ere is estoppels

+,ausion is no necessary #ere ere is esoppe* on e par of e pary in!o%in&

e docrine or on e par of e adminisrai!e a&ency concerned Tus4 #ere an

adminisrai!e a&ency in is <uesioned order ru*ed or imp*ied a a&&rie!ed pary may eier

accep is ru*in& or <uesioned i in cour4 e a&ency in a cour sui o ca**en&e e same is

sopped from in!o%in& non-e,ausion of adminisrai!e remedy o defea e cour sui4 as i

*ed e a&&rie!ed pary o e*ie!e a on*y a cour ru*in& #ou*d e acceped y i

+,cepions o e /ocrine of +,ausion of Adminisrai!e 5emedies

3( A//L!CA1L F6R (6R !S RB3CG R !RR/ARA1L DA#AB

Ben a #ri of pre*iminary in=uncion is sou& in #ic e peiioner as so#n ere is

susania* conro!ersy e#een e paries and e responden is commiin& an ac or

reaenin& e immediae commission of an ac a #i** cause irrepara*e in=ury or desroy

e saus <uo of e conro!ersy efore a fu** earin& can e ad on e meris of e case4

#ic re*ief may no e a!ai*a*e in e adminisrai!e proceedin&s

'ase: A<uino ! "uno%4 18 S'5A 177 (1990)

Ben resor o adminisrai!e remedies #i** e frui*ess and peiioner #i** incur irrepara*e

dama&e or in=ury arisin& from e immediae imp*emenaion of e adminisrai!e acion

sou& o e nu**ified

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'ase: 6 $oard of 5e&ens ! 5asu*4 00 S'5A N8J (1991)

3( A//L!CA1L F6R HAL!'!D /L!(!CAL AB3CG DC(R!3 A//L!S

Te docrine of <ua*ified po*iica* a&ency saes a deparmen secrearies are a*er

e&os or assisan of e residen and eir acs are presumed o e ose of e *aer4

un*ess disappro!ed or reproaed y im Te ru*e mus e <ua*ified o a!oid confusion

Fina* orders or decisions of e ffice of e residen () issued in e e,ercise of <uasi-

=udicia* po#ers are appea*a*e o e 'our of Appea*s y peiion for re!ie# on <uesions of

fac4 of *a# or of mi,ed <uesions of *a# and fac Tis presupposes a e peiioner as

e,aused a** adminisrai!e remedies #ic means a e ad appea*ed e decision of e

deparmen secreary o e #ose decision on appea* can e su=ec of e ?peiion for

re!ie# An a&&rie!ed pary affeced y a decision of a caine secreary need no appea* o

e and e may fi*e a peiion for certiorari under 5u*e NJ of e 5u*es of 'our4 #iou

e,ausin& adminisrai!e remedy of appea* o e

'ase: 'a**usin& $ayan ! /omin&ue4 0J S'5A 94 110 (199)

'ase: A*amine ! 'A4 177 S'5A 79N (1989)

3( A//L!CA1L F6R !SS !S /RLG LBAL

Bere pure <uesions of *a# are raised4 e docrine of e,ausion of adminisrai!e

remedies does no app*y ecause issues of *a# canno e reso*!ed #i fina*iy y e

adminisrai!e officer; on*y e 'ours can

'ase: .adri&a* ! "ecoro4 191 S'5A 0 (1990)

3( A//L!CA1L F6R AD#!3!S(RA(!7 R#DG !S /R#!SS!7

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Te docrine does no app*y #ere4 y e erms or imp*icaions of e saue auoriin& an

adminisrai!e remedy4 suc remedy is permissi!e on*y4 #arranin& e conc*usion a e

*e&is*aure inended o a**o# e =udicia* remedy e!en ou& e adminisrai!e remedy as

een e,aused

'ase: 'orpus ! 'uaderno4 S'5A 79 (19N)

3( A//L!CA1L F6R DC(R!3 F!LL RSL( !3 3 LL!'!CA(!3 ' CLA!#

Te docrine does no app*y #ere insisence on is oser!ance #i** resu* in nu**ificaion of

e c*aim assered or #ere e adminisrai!e a&ency as no po#er o &ran e re*ief

sou& in ci!i* acion4 suc as c*aims for dama&es

'ase: uisumin& I Gaman4 19 S'5A J0 (1991)

'ase: +suere ! 'A4 19 S'5A J1 (1991)

3( A//L!CA1L !3 H FARRA3( CASS

Bere a pu*ic officer as een remo!ed in fa!our of anoer or #o as een un*a#fu**y

e,c*uded; from is posiion in fa!our of anoer4 i may e desira*e a adminisrai!e

remedies e firs resored o4 o#e!er4 no one is compe**ed or ound o do so and as said

remedies are neier pre-re<uisies o nor ar e insiuion of <uo #arrano proceedin&s

Tus4 e a&&rie!ed pary sou*d fi*e e proper =udicia* acion #iin e re&*emenary

period u*ic ineres re<uires a e ri& o pu*ic office sou*d e deermined as

speedi*y as pracica*e

'ase: Gra!ador ! .ani&o4 0 S'5A 7 (19N7)

3( A//L!CA1L F6R (6R !S 3 LAF RH!R!3B R#D!S

Bere ere is no *a# or re&u*aion re<uirin& a adminisrai!e seps e a%en a&ains an

adminisrai!e acion as a condiion preceden o e fi*in& of an acion in cour4 e fac a

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an appea* erefrom as een a%en y e a&&rie!ed pary o e does no prec*ude im

from #idra#in& e appea* and fi*in& a cour acion o <uesion e adminisrai!e acion

'ase: A&udo ! Arna*do4 108 L" 9 (19N0)

3( A//L!CA1L F6R AB3CG 6AS 3 5R!SD!C(!3

Bere a *and in dispue as a*ready een i*ed as a pri!ae *and4 e $ureau of "and no

*on&er as =urisdicion o!er e su=ec maer

'ase: .arcos ! 'our of Appea*s4 08 S'5A 89 (199)

CHAPTER VII

JUDICIAL REVIEW

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A' JUDUICIAL REVIEW * 8"*"(5

(' R"2"3 means a reconsideraion or re-e,aminaion for purposes of correcion

(ar of e sysem of cec% and a*ances #ic is a *imiaion on e separaion of po#ers

amon& e ree rances of e &o!ernmen and #ic foresa**s arirary and un=us

ad=udicaion)

Pu;$"

Keep e adminisrai!e a&ency #iin is =urisdicion and proec susani!e ri&s of paries

affeced y is ac4 ru*e4 or decision

M$#" $9 u#)(5 "2"3

• rdinary cour acion• Appea*• eiion for 5e!ie#• eiion for #ri of 'eriorari•

eiion for roiiion• eiion for .andamus

Iary accordin& o saues and naure of e a&ency

Some saues especia**y pro!ide for suc =udicia* re!ie# oers are si*en

.ere si*ence of e *a# does no necessari*y imp*y a =udicia* re!ie# is una!ai*a*e

As a &enera* ru*e =udicia* remedy is o e fi*ed in e cour of &enera* =urisdicion (5T')

AGENCY ACTION #o*e or par of any a&ency ru*e4 order4 *icense4 sancion4 re*ief or is

e<ui!a*en or denia* ereof4 maye eier non-=udicia* or <uasi-=udicia*

O#*(& )$m;5(*! 9$ *u*)!$*

• ure*y adminisrai!e or e,ecui!e acs and ru*es and re&u*aion

O#*(& A;;"(5

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• .aye a!ai*ed of ena*in& saue specifica**y pro!ides a decisions of <uasi-=udicia*

ody may e appea*ed as in ordinary ci!i* case #iin specified period

B' LIMITATIONS

b' Pu"5& (#m*!(!2" 9u*)!$* m(& *$! b" *!"9""# 3!4 b& !4" )$u!'

G"*"(5 u5":

'ours a!e no super!isin& po#er o!er e proceedin& and acions of adminisrai!edeparmens of e &o!ernmen

R"($*:

Sron& presumpion of re&u*ariy and correcness is accorded in eir decisions

E<)";!$*:

• Gra!e ause of discreion• Goes eyond is sauory auoriy• +,ercise unconsiuiona* po#ers

R"2"3 u!9"#

• /enia* of due process• .isa%e of *a#• Fraud• 'o**usion• Arirary acion• Co susania* e!idence

n e adminisrai!e proceedin&

re!ie#in& cour as no po#er o admi and consider e!idence no adduced durin& e said

in!esi&aion

T4" )$u! 9"" !$ m(@" *6u"

3132

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31463147

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• Beer e ru*e is #iin e de*e&aed auoriy of e adminisrai!e a&ency• Beer i is reasona*e• Beer i #as issued pursuan o proper procedure•

Te e,ercise if adminisrai!e a&encies discreion is a po*icy decision #ic sou*d no e

inerfered #i y e cours

D)"!$*

5i& conferred upon e officer y a *a# or acin& officia**y under cerain circumsances

accordin& o e dicaes of is o#n =ud&men or conscience of oers

D$)!*" $9 ;$5!)(5 6u"!$*

• is no# a #e**-enrenced ru*e in is =urisdicion a is e,ercise of presidenia*

=ud&men is eyond =udicia* scruiny• Te cour is mere*y o cec%4 no a i erred or as a differen !ie#

Te 5i& o appea* is mere*y a sauory ri& may e e,ercised on*y in e manner and in

accordance #i e pro!isions of *a#

• Fai*ure o do so #i** cause *oss of e ri& o appea* and render e decision fina*

'ours may no *on&er inerfere fina* decisions of adminisrai!e odies

Adminisrai!e odies a!e upon eir fina*iy4 e force and indin& effec if a fina* =ud&men

#iin e pur!ie# of e docrine of res =udicaa

u*ic po*icy demands a fina*iy e #rien on =udicia* conro!ersies

Saue pro!idin& a e decision of a specific <uasi-=udicia* a&ency is appea*a*e direc*y o

e Supreme 'our if enaced #iou e ad!ice and concurrence of e supreme cour is

no effeci!e and e appea* erefrom mus e a%en o e cour of appea*s under 5u*e

)' P"!!$* 9$ R"2"3

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• under ru*e of e ru*es of cour• o e fi*ed in 'A

E<(m;5" $9 (#m*!(!2" (8"*)" 34)4 95" 9$ !4 m$#" $9 (;;"(5

• 'i!i* ser!ice 'ommission• 'enra* oard of assessmen appea*s• Securiies and e,can&e commission• ffice of e presiden• "and re&israion commission• Socia* Securiy 'ommission• 'i!i* aeronauics oard• $ureau of aens• Trademar%s and ecno*o&y ransfer

• Caiona* +*ecrificaion Adminisraion• +ner&y re&u*aory oard• Caiona* e*ecommunicaions 'ommission• /eparmen of a&rarian reform• Go!ernmen ser!ice nsurance Sysem• +mp*oyees compensaion commission• A&ricu*ura* in!enions oard• nsurance commission• i*ippine aomic ener&y commission• $oard of in!esmen•

'onsrucion commission• Io*unary ariraors• Te office of e omudsman• C"5' specia* ci!i* acion

E<)5u#"# 9$m !4" )$2"(8" $9 u5" 0

• 'ommission on e*ecion• 'ommission on audi

.ay e <uesioned under ru*es N [ NJ

5u*e

• rdinary appea*• eiioner e,aused a** adminisrai!e remedies• Fina* order or decision as een rendered y e adminisrai!e ody in e e,ercise

of <uasi-=udicia* funcions

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5ecourse rou& cour acion canno prosper uni* afer suc adminisrai!e remedies sa**

a!e een firs e,aused

=u"!$* $9 9()!

• /ou or difference as o e ru or fa*seood of a**e&ed facs• uery necessari*y in!ies ca*iraion of e #o*e e!idence• 'onsiderin& e credii*iy of #inesses• +,isence and re*e!ancy of surroundin& circumsances

=u"!$* $9 5(3

• /ou or difference of opinions as o #a e *a# is on a cerain sae of facs• /oes no ca** for an e,aminaion of proai!e !a*ue

M(& R"2"3

• +rrors of fac• +rrors of =ud&men

A ;"!!$* 34)4 ub!(*!(55& )$m;5" 3!4 !4" "6u"m"*! $9 u5" 0 4$u5# b"

82"* #u" )$u"'

Te 'our of appea*s may re<uire e responden o fi*e a )$mm"*! on e peiion4 no a

moion o dismiss #iin 10 days from noice4 or dismiss e peiion if i finds e same o e

paen*y #iou meri

• rosecued manifes*y for de*ay• uesions raised erein are oo unsusania* o re<uire consideraion

C$mm"*!:

• oin ou insufficiencies or inaccuracies of peiionersH saemen of facs and issues• Sae e reason #y e peiion sou*d e denied or dismissed

Te findin& of facs of e cour or a&ency concerned #en suppored y susania*

e!idence4 sa** e indin& in e 'our of appea*s

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• f i decides o dismiss e peiion i is usua**y in e form of a MINUTE

RESOLUTION• f e decision is &i!en dues course e cour #i** render fu** *en& decision of e

meris of e case

C$mm$* R"6u!" of peiions for )"!$(4 ;$4b!$* and m(*#(mu are e

fo**o#in&:

1 Te peiion mus e !erified

Ben and #ere o fi*e peiion 2urisdicion o issue #ri Bo sou*d e e respondensJ 'onens of e peiionN Con-forum soppin& cerificaion

A peiion for re!ie# on ceriorari or an appea* o e Supreme 'our y ceriorari from

=ud&men or fina* order of e cour of appea*s4 e Sandi&anayan4 and e re&iona* ria*

cour or oer cours #ene!er auoried y *a# is no a maer of ri& u is a maer of

sound discreion

C' PETITION FOR REVIEW u*#" Ru5" 0 $9 Ru5" $9 C$u!

Rules governing appeals from =udgments of EuasiI=udicial agencies

3255

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A peiion for re!ie# is a mode of appea* from e decisions or fina* orders of <uasi-

=udicia* a&encies e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia* funcions fi*ed #i e 'our of Appea*s pursuan

o Sec 9 of $ 19 and 5u*e of e 5e!ised 5u*es of 'our

is pro!ided for under Secion 14 5u*e a i Esa** app*y o appea*s from

=ud&mens or fina* orders of 'our of Ta, Appea*s and from on#ards4 =ud&mens4 fina* orders

or reso*uions of or auoried y any <uasi-=udicia* a&ency in e e,ercise of is <uasi-

=udicia* funcions

Amon& ese <uasi-=udicia* a&encies are e 'i!i* Ser!ice 'ommission4 'enra*

$oard of Assessmen Appea*s4 Securiy and +,can&e 'ommission4 "and 5e&israion

Auoriy4 Socia* Securiy 'ommission4 ffice of e residen4 'i!i* Aeronauics $oard4

Caiona* Te*ecommunicaions 'ommission4 /eparmen of A&rarian 5eform under 5A

NNJ74 Go!ernmen Ser!ice nsurance Sysem4 +mp*oyeesH 'ompensaion 'ommission4

A&ricu*ura* n!enions $oard4 nsurance 'ommission4 i*ippine Aomic +ner&y

'ommission4 $oard of n!esmens4 and 'onsrucion ndusry Ariraion 'ommission

+,c*uded from e co!era&e of 5u*e are e decisions of e 'ommission on

+*ecions and e 'ommission on Audi4 #ose decisions may e <uesioned y means of a

peiion for ceriorari under 5u*es N and NJ of e 5u*es of 'our fi*ed #i e Supreme

'our #iin iry (0) days from noice ereofJ

F+ere to appeal

An appea* may e a%en o e 'our of Appea*s #iin e period and in e manner

pro!ided4 #eer e appea* in!o*!es <uesions of fac4 of *a#4 or mi,ed <uesions of fac

and *a#

+ A&pa*o Adminisrai!e "a#4 "a# on u*ic fficers and +*ecion "a#++

Sec 14 5u*e 4 5u*es of 'our+ /e "eon Adminisrai!e "a#: Te, and 'ases+" A&pa*o Adminisrai!e "a#4 "a# on u*ic fficers and +*ecion "a#

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34

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Lo#e!er4 appea* y peiion for re!ie# pursuan o 5u*e re<uires a e

peiioner as e,aused a** adminisrai!e remedies and a fina* order or decision as

een rendered y e adminisrai!e ody in e e,ercise of is <uasi-=udicia* funcionsN

/eriod of Appeal

Te appea* sa** e a%en #iin fifeen (1J) days from noice of a#ard4 =ud&men4

fina* order or reso*uion or from e dae of is *as pu*icaion if pu*icaion is re<uired y *a#

for is effeci!iy4 or of e denia* of peiionerHs moion for reconsideraion du*y fi*ed in

accordance #i e &o!ernin& *a# of e cour or a&ency a <uo

n*y one (1) moion for reconsideraion sa** e a**o#ed 6pon proper moion and e

paymen of e fu** amoun of e doc%e fee efore e e,piraion of e re&*emenary

period4 e 'our of Appea*s may &ran an addiiona* fifeen (1J) days on*y #iin #ic o fi*e

e peiion for re!ie# Co furer e,ension sa** e &raned e,cep for e mos compe**in&

reasons and in no case o e,ceed anoer period of fifeen (1J) days

6ow appeal ta8en

Appea* sa** e a%en y fi*in& a !erified peiion for re!ie# in se!en (7) *e&i*e copies

#i e 'our of Appea*s4 #i proof of ser!ice of a copy ereof on e ad!erse pary and on

e cour or a&ency a <uo Te ori&ina* copy of e peiion inended for e 'our of Appea*s

sa** e indicaed as suc y e peiioner

6pon fi*in& e peiion for re!ie#4 e peiioner sa** pay o e '*er% of e 'our of

Appea*s e doc%ein& and oer *a#fu* fees and deposi e sum of p J0000 for coss

+,empion from paymen of doc%ein& and oer *a#fu* fees and e deposi for coss may

e &raned y e 'our of Appea*s upon a !erified moion sein& for !a*id &rounds

+# Garcia ! 'A4 J8 S'5A 1N

3308

3309

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38



erefor f e 'our of Appea*s denies e moion4 e peiioner sa** pay e doc%ein& and

oer *a#fu* fees and deposi for coss #iin fifeen (1J) days from noice of e denia*

Contents of t+e petition

Te peiion for re!ie# sa**:

(a) sae e fu** names of e paries o e case4 #iou imp*eadin& e cour or a&encies

eier as peiioners or respondens;

() conains concise saemen of e facs and issues in!o*!ed and e &rounds re*ied upon

for e re!ie#;

(c) e accompanied y a c*ear*y *e&i*e dup*icae ori&ina* or a cerified rue copy of e

a#ard4 =ud&men4 fina* order or reso*uion appea*ed from4 o&eer #i cerified rue copies

of suc maeria*s porions of e record as referred o erein and oer supporin& papers;

(d) sae a** e specific maeria* daes so#in& a i #as fi*ed #iin e re&*emenary

period pro!ided erein;

(e) conain a s#orn saemen a&ains forum-soppin& as re<uired in 5e!ised 'ircu*ar Co

8-91

ffect of failure to comply wit+ reEuirements

Te fai*ure of e peiioner o comp*y #i e fore&oin& re<uiremens re&ardin& e

paymen of e doc%e and oer *a#fu* fees4 e deposi for coss4 proof of ser!ice of e

peiion4 and e conens of and e conens of and e documens #ic sou*d

accompany e peiion sa** e sufficien &rounds for e dismissa* ereof

Action on t+e petition

As pro!ided for under Secion 84 e 'our of Appea*s may re<uire e responden o

fi*e a commen on e peiion4 no a moion o dismiss4 #iin en (10) days from noice

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3360



Te 'our o#e!er4 may dismiss e peiion if i finds e same o e paen*y #iou

meri prosecued manifes*y for de*ay4 or a e <uesions raised erein are oo susania*

o re<uire consideraion

C$*!"*! $9 )$mm"*!

Te commen sa** e fi*ed #iin en (10) days from noice in se!en (7) *e&i*e

copies and accompanied y c*ear*y *e&i*e cerified rue copies of suc maeria* porions of

e record referred o erein o&eer #i oer supporin& papers

Te commen sa**: (1) poin ou insufficiencies or inaccuracies in peiionerHs

saemen of facs and issues; and () sae e reason #y e peiion sou*d e denied or

dismissed

A copy ereof sa** e ser!ed on e peiioner4 and proof of suc ser!ice sa** e

fi*ed #i e 'our of Appea*s

Due Course

f upon e fi*in& of e commen or suc oer p*eadin&s or documens as may e

re<uired or a**o#ed y e 'our of Appea*s or upon e e,piraion of e period for e fi*in&

ereof4 and on e ases of e peiion or e record 4 e 'our of Appea*s finds prima

facie a e cour or a&ency concerned as commied errors of fac or *a# a #ou*d

#arran re!ersa* or modificaion or e a#ard4 =ud&men4 fina* order or reso*uion sou& o e

re!ie#ed4 i may &i!e due course o e peiion4 oer#ise4 i sa** dismiss e same

Te findin&s of e fac of e cour or a&ency concerned4 #en suppored y

susania* e!idence4 sa** e indin& on e 'our of Appea*s

(ransmittal of record

Biin fifeen (1J) days from noice a e peiion as een &i!en due course4 e

'our of Appea*s may re<uire e cour or a&ency concerned o ransmi e ori&ina* or a

*e&i*e cerified rue copy of e enire record of e proceedin&s under re!ie# Te record o

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e ransmied may e arid&ed y a&reemen of a** paries o e proceedin& Te 'our of

Appea*s may re<uire or permi suse<uen correcion of or addiion o e record

E99")! $9 A;;"(5

Te appea* sa** no say e a#ard4 =ud&men4 fina* order or reso*uion sou& o e

re!ie#ed un*ess e 'our of Appea*s sa** direc oer#ise upon suc erms as i may deem

=us

Te &enera* ru*e is a =ud&mens y *o#er cours or <uasi-=udicia* riuna*s or

a&encies ecome e,ecuor on*y afer ey ecome fina* and e,ecuor7 +,ecuion pendin&

appea* of a decision is a**o#ed on*y #ere e *a# so pro!ides4 as an e,cepion o e

&enera* ru*e8

+!en ose decisions #ic4 y *a#4 are no sayed y e appea*4 e 'our of

Appea*s4 upon moion of e appe**an4 may say e e,ecuion upon suc erms as i may

deem =us4 *i%e issuin& a saus <uo order or #ri of pre*iminary in=uncion

Subm$* 9$ #")$*

f e peiion is &i!en due course4 e 'our of Appea*s may se e case for ora*

ar&umen or re<uire e paries o sumi memoranda #iin a period of fifeen (1J) days

from noice Te case sa** e deemed sumied for decision upon e fi*in& o e *as

p*eadin& or memorandum re<uired y e ru*es or y e 'our of Appea*s

Te ao!e ru*es do no app*y o =ud&mens and fina* orders or reso*uions issued

under e "aor 'ode9

Te ru*e a an appe**ae cour may on*y pass upon errors assi&ned4 as #e** as is

e,cepions4 is a*so app*ica*e o adminisrai!e odies Tere is no reason #y i sou*d

no0 +$ A&pa*o Adminisrai!e "a#4 "a# on u*ic fficers and +*ecion "a#+)

id+' Supreme 'our 5e!ised Adminisrai!e 'ircu*ar Co 1-9J4 .ay 104 199J! /iamonon ! /eparmen of "aor and +mp*oymen4 7 S'5A 8

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39

4041

42



n reso*!in& appea*s from <uasi-=udicia* odies4 i is #iin e discreion of e 'our

of Appea*s o a!e e ori&ina* records of e proceedin&s under re!ie# e ransmied o i1

Te decision or fina* reso*uion of e 'our of Appea*s is appea*a*e o e Supreme

'our y peiion for re!ie# in accordance #i 5u*e J of e 5e!ised 5u*es of 'our

Sub!(*!(5 E2#"*)" Ru5" A#m*!(!2" 9*#*8 (*# )$*!u)!$* (" 8"*"(55&

b*#*8 (*# )$*)5u2"

Te 'our #i** en decide #eer o dismiss e peiion or &i!e i due course f i

decides o dismiss e peiion4 i is usua**y in e form of a minue reso*uion f e peiion is

&i!en due course4 e 'our #i** render a fu**-*en& decision on e meris o e case

Te findin&s of fac of e cour or a&ency concerned4 #en suppored y susania*

e!idence4 sa** e indin& on e 'our of Appea*s n oer #ords4 a** a is necessary o

susain e findin&s fac is a said findin&s are suppored y susania* e!idence Tis is

%no#n as e susania* e!idence ru*e

Te &enera* ru*e is a4 cours #i** no disur on appea* e facua* findin&s of

adminisrai!e a&encies acin& #iin e parameers of eir o#n compeence so *on& as

suc findin&s are suppored y susania* e!idence Te susania* e!idence ru*e is a

*imiaion upon e scope of =udicia* re!ie# in adminisrai!e cases

Te ru*e is a findin&s of fac of adminisrai!e a&encies are eni*ed o &rea #ei&4

if no fina*iy4 if suppored y susania* e!idence4 or ne&ai!e*y saed if e findin&s are no

so#n o e unsuppored y e!idence

<ceptions to substantial evidence rule

1 Torres4 2r ! 'our of Appea*s4 78 S'5A 79

3415

3416

3417

3418

3419

3420

3421

3422

3423

3424

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3438

3439

3440

43



Te ru*e a facua* findin&s of adminisrai!e a&encies e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia*

po#ers are accorded respec and e!en fina*iy if suppored y susania* e!idence admis

e,cepions4 name*y:

(1) Ben e facua* findin&s of adminisrai!e a&ency and e iniia* fac-findin& a&ency

are conf*icin&;

() Ben e findin&s are &rounded enire*y on specu*aion4 surmises4 or con=ecures;

() Ben e inerference made y e <uasi-=udicia* a&ency from is findin&s of fac is

manifes*y misa%en4 asurd4 or impossi*e;

() Ben ere is &ra!e ause of discreion in e appreciaion of facs;

(J) Ben e adminisrai!e a&ency4 in ma%in& is findin&s4 &oes eyond e issues of

e case4 and suc findin&s are conrary o e admissions of e paries;

(N) Ben e =ud&men of e adminisrai!e a&ency is premised on e misappreension

of facs;

(7) Ben e adminisrai!e a&ency fai*s o noice cerain re*e!an facs #ic4 if proper*y

considered4 #i** =usify a differen conc*usion;

(8) Ben e findin&s of fac are emse*!es conf*icin&;

(9) Ben e findin&s are conc*usions #iou ciaion of e specific e!idence on #ic

ey are ased; and

(10) Ben e findin&s are premised on e asence of e!idence u suc findin&s are

conradiced y e e!idence on record

Bi*e facua* findin&s of e adminisrai!e a&encies are &enera**y no disured on

appea*4 eir findin&s of fac are no conc*usi!e and4 may e re!ie#ed and se aside in any of

e ao!e insances

Fuenes ! 'A4 N8 S'5A 70

3441

3442

3443

3444

3445

3446

3447

3448

3449

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3459

3460

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3462

3463

3464

3465

44



An acion or ru*in& of an adminisrai!e a&ency or officer may e se aside #ere e

*aer aced #iou =urisdicion or e,ceeded is =urisdicion or commied &ra!e ause of

discreion

!llustrative Cases"

*. 5oer court issued an in#unction to restrain implementation the order of the Secretary of

6ducation, Culture and Sports directing the closure of medical college.

@actsF

6pon recommendaion of e $oard of .edica* +ducaion4 afer #o eam of

inspecors repored a responden medica* co**e&e fe** !ery muc sor of e minimum

sandards se for medica* scoo*s4 e Secreary of e /eparmen of +ducaion4 'u*ure

and Spors (/+'S)4 as 'airman of e $oard4 ordered e c*osure of e scoo* effeci!e

.ay 1989 Te *oca* =ud&e issued a #ri of pre*iminary in=uncion Suse<uen*y4 e e*d a

ere #as no e!idence supporin& e findin&s in e repor and dec*ared a ased on is

ocu*ar inspecion4 e deficiencies repored #ere non-e,isen

Tis is a peiion for ceriorari fi*es y e $oard assai*in& e in=uncion order issued

y e *o#er cour o resrain e order of imp*emenaion of e order of e c*osure

$ssueF

/oes e *o#er cour a!e e po#er o ma%e is o#n independen deerminaion of

#eer or no responden medica* insiuion as comp*ied #i e minimum sandards *aid

do#n for is coninued operaionD

(ulingF 2o

(1) Co cour as e compeence o susiue is o#n opinion for a of e /+'S

Secreary

() /ecision of e /+'S Secreary is #iin e scope of is po#er no su=ec o

=udicia* re!ie#

3466

3467

3468

3469

3470

3471

3472

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3476

3477

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3485

3486

3487

3488

3489

3490

3491

3492



ETe on*y auoriy reposed in e 'ours in e maer is e deerminaion of

#eer or no e Secreary of /+'S as aced #iin e scope of po#ers &raned im y

*a# and e 'onsiuion As *on& as i appears a e as done so4 any decision rendered

y im sou*d no and #i** no e su=ec o re!ie# and re!ersa* y any cour

() 2ud&men of /+'S more <ua*ified inspecors on e maer cerain*y eer an a

of responden =ud&e

() 'ours a!e no super!isory po#er o!er e proceedin&s and acions of e

adminisrai!e deparmens of e &o!ernmen in!o*!in& e e,ercise of =ud&men and

findin&s of fac

E is a #e**-se*ed docrine a cours of =usice sou*d no &enera**y inerfere #i

pure*y adminisrai!e and discreionary funcions; a cours a!e no super!isory po#er o!er

e proceedin&s and acions of e adminisrai!e deparmens of e &o!ernmen in!o*!in&

e e,ercise of =ud&men and findin&s of facs; ecause y reason of eir specia* %no#*ed&e

and e,perise o!er maers fa**in& under eir =urisdicion4 e *aer are in a eer posiion o

pass =ud&men on suc maers and eir findin&s of facs in a re&ard are &enera**y

accorded respec4 if no fina*iy4 y e cours

Tere are4 o e sure4 e,cepions o e &enera* ru*e u none of ose oain in is

case (B$(# $9 M"#)(5 E#u)(!$* 2' A59$*$, 1 SCRA .0)

=. 8udicial (evie !y the Supreme Court is questioned on the ground that it is not provided

!y governing statute.

Facs:

appears a M #as dismissed y S.' for a**e&ed i**e&a* raffic%in& in company

medicines Te o*d Caiona* "aor 5e*aions 'ommission (C"5') ordered e reinsaemen

of M #i ac%#a&es4 #ic decision #as affirmed y e Secreary of "aor s moion for

reconsideraion of e decision #as affirmed y e Secreary of "aor s moion for

3493

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3495

3496

3497

3498

3499

3500

3501

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3503

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3509

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3514

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3517

3518

3519



reconsideraion of e decision a!in& een denied4 S.' insiued e ceriorari proceedin&

in e Supreme 'our

M raised a =urisdiciona* <uesion #ic #as no rou& up y responden pu*ic

officia*s Le conended a Supreme 'our as no =urisdicion o re!ie# e decisions of e

C"5' and e Secreary of "aor Eunder e princip*e of separaion of po#ers and Ea

=udicia* re!ie# is no pro!ided for in residenia* /ecree Co 1

ssue:

Beer or no e Supreme 'our a!e =urisdicion o re!ie# e decisions of e

C"5' and e Secreary of "aor

5u*in&: Mes

(1) o#er e,iss ou& no e,press*y &i!en y saue

ETe conenion of M is a f*a&ran error is &enera**y undersood a as o adminisrai!e

a&encies e,ercisin& <uasi-=udicia* or *e&is*ai!e po#er4 ere is an under*yin& po#er in e

cours4 o scruinie e acs of suc a&encies on <uesions of *a# and =urisdicion e!en

ou& no ri& or re!ie# is &i!en y saue

() urpose of =udicia* re!ie#

ETe purpose of =udicia* re!ie# is o %eep e adminisrai!e a&ency #iin is =urisdicion and

proec susania* ri&s of paries affeced y is decisions is par of e sysem of cec%s

and a*ances #ic resrics e separaion of po#er and foresa**s arirary and un=us

ad=udicaions

() Ben =udicia* re!ie# proper

E2udicia* re!ie# is proper in case of *ac% of =urisdicion4 &ra!e ause of discreion4 error of *a#

or co**usion

Te cours may dec*are an acion or reso*uion of an adminisrai!e auoriy o e

i**e&a* ecause i !io*aes or fai*s o comp*y #i some mandaory pro!isions of e *a# or

3520

3521

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3526

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3546



ecause i is corrup4 arirary or capricious (S(* M8u"5 C$;$(!$* 2' S")"!(& $9

L(b$, 0 SCRA ')

'inality of administrative action for purposes of review

*. /olicy of Courts

'ours are re*ucan o inerfere #i acion of an adminisrai!e a&ency prior o is

comp*eion or fina*iy4 e reason ein& a asen a fina* order or decision4 po#er as no

een fu**y and fina**y e,ercised4 and ere can usua**y e no irrepara*e arm is on*y afer

=udicia* re!ie# is no *on&er premaure a a cour may ascerain in proper cases #eer e

adminisrai!e acion or findin&s are no in !io*aion of *a#4 or are free from fraud or

imposiion or find susania* suppor from e e!idence

=. 4rder of decision

Saues re*ain& o =udicia* re!ie# of acion of adminisrai!e a&ency common*y

pro!ide for re!ie# of Eorders4 Eany order4 Efina* orders4 Efina* a&ency acion4 or Efina*

decisions

-. Threatened pending actions

2udicia* re*ief or re!ie# is ofen denied for *ac% of fina*iy #ere acion of e

adminisrai!e a&ency is on*y anicipaed4 e!en ou& reaened4 or #ere e acion is si**

pendin& #iou fina* disposiion

Several different grounds stated !y court in denying relief or revieF

(a) 2urisdicion *ies in e adminisrai!e a&ency raer an in e cours;

+ .aieni ! Ae**era4 1N S'5A 7

3547

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45



() An adminisrai!e officer o #om pu*ic duies are confided y *a# is no su=ec o e

conro* of e cours in e e,ercise of e =ud&men and disrecion #ic e *a#

reposes in im as par of is officia* funcions;

(c) /eerminaions y suordinae officia*s4 acin& under e insrucion of eir officia*

superiors4 are4 in e naure of in&s4 under e conro* of and su=ec o re!ie# y

eir officia* superiors;

(d) Te cours #i** no render a decree in ad!ance of e a&encyHs acion and erey render

suc acion nu&aory;

(e) is no for a cour o sop an adminisrai!e officer from performin& is sauory duy for

fear e #i** perform i #ron&*y4 paricu*ar*y #ere e saue is no unconsiuiona* on

is face4 a o inerfere #i acion #ic is simp*y Ereaened #ou*d render a

saue un#or%a*e and unenforcea*e and #ou*d undu*y amper e discar&e y

e adminisrai!e a&encies of eir responsii*iy; or

(f) rior o fina* adminisrai!e deerminaion4 e pary see%in& re*ief as no suffered a

presen in=ury

. Action (equiring approval !y superior

An order re<uired o e sumied o a superior for appro!a* is no fina* for purposes

of re!ie# Lo#e!er4 e fac a in some circumsances4 e &ran of re*ief mi& a!e o e

sumied for appro!a* does no derac from e fina*iy of an order denyin& re*iefJ

B. /endency of rehearing or administrative appeal

Te pendency of an app*icaion for a reearin& or recommendaion fi*ed #iin e

ime prescried y *a# ore re&u*aions depri!es e ori&ina* order of fina*iy Lo#e!er 4 a

saue may pro!ide oer#iseN

Am 2ur d 1J4 1N" d4 a 17# id

3573

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3581

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4647

48



. (ules and regulations

5e&u*aions of an adminisrai!e a&ency are addressed o and se a sandard of

conduc for a** o #om eir erms app*y

. /urely administrative matters

is a #e**-reco&nied princip*e a pure*y adminisrai!e and discreionary funcions

may no e inerfered y e cours

. /reliminary, procedural and interlocutory determinations.

Te uni!ersa* ru*e is a appea* o e cours #i** no *ie from an iner*ocuory order

un*ess suc order affecs e meris

<ceptions to t+e doctrine of finality

(1) 5e!ie# a an iniia* or inermediae sa&e of adminisrai!e acion

Te re<uiremen of fina*iy is su=ec o e,cepions and *imiaions #ic permi

=udicia* re*ief for re!ie# a an iniia* or immediae sa&e of an adminisrai!e acion Tus4 e

fac a paricu*ar deerminaion is no a Efina* order for purposes of sauory re!ie# as

een e*d no o prec*ude e a!ai*ai*iy of =udicia* re!ie#:

(a) o an iner*ocuory order affecin& e meris of a conro!ersy;

() o &ran re*ief o preser!e e saus <uo pendin& furer acion y e

adminisrai!e a&ency;

(c) #en i is essenia* o e proecion of e ri&s assered from e in=ury

reaened;

(d) #en an adminisrai!e officer assumes o ac in !io*aion of e 'onsiuion and

oer *a#s;

(e) #ere suc order is no re!ie#a*e in any oer #ay and e comp*ainan #i**

suffer &rea and o!ious dama&e if e order is carried ou; and

3599

3600

3601

3602

3603

3604

3605

3606

3607

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3613

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3626



(f) o an order made in e,cess of po#er4 conrary o specific proiiion in e saue

&o!ernin& e a&ency and us operain& as depri!aion of a ri& assured y

e saue

() 5e!ie# a**o#ed y sauory pro!isions

n some insances4 e,cepions o e re<uiremen of fina*iy or *imiaions on suc

re<uiremen f*o# direc*y form sauory pro!isions

/etition for Review and /etition for certiorari distinguis+ed

A peiion for re!ie# under 5ue of e 5u*es of 'our is an ordinary appea* from a

fina* order or decision of a <uasi- =udicia* ody o e 'our of Appea*s4 fi*ed y an a&&rie!ed

pary afer e,ausin& adminisrai!e remedies #iin fifeen (1J) days from receip of said

decision or reso*uion denyin& a moion for reconsideraion4 on <uesions of fac4 of *a#4 or

mi,ed <uesions of fac and *a# Te appe**ae cour may re!ie# errors of fac or errors of

=ud&men in a peiion for re!ie#

A peiion for ceriorari under 5u*e NJ of e 5u*es of 'our is a specia* ci!i* acion4

see%in& o nu**ify or modify an order or reso*uion of an adminisrai!e ody e,ercisin&

=udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* funcions4 #ic aced #iou or in e,cess of =urisdicion or #i

&ra!e ause of discreion amounin& o *ac% or in e,cess of =urisdicion and ere is no

appea*4 or any p*ain4 speedy4 and ade<uae remedy in e ordinary course of *a#4 fi*es #iin

si,y (N0) days from receip of e <uesioned =ud&men4 order or reso*uion y an a&&rie!ed

pary #i e Supreme 'our4 or 'our f Appea*s or e 5e&iona* Tria* 'our4 as e 5u*es of

'our or as app*ica*e *a# pro!ides Le may on*y raise <uesions of *a# and errors of

=ud&men4 e,cep #ere e can so# a is case fa**s under any of e e,cepions #ic

#arran a re!ie# of facs

3627

3628

3629

3630

3631

3632

3633

3634

3635

3636

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3638

3639

3640

3641

3642

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3644

3645

3646

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3649

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3654



5e!ie# inc*udes di&&in& ino e meris and unearin& errors of =ud&men4 #i*e

ceriorari dea*s e,c*usi!e*y #i &ra!e ause of discreion4 #ic may no e,is e!en #en

e decision is oer#ise erroneous7

D' P"!!$* 9$ C"!$(

S")' 1 Ru5" $9 !4" Ru5" $9 C$u!:

Ben any riuna*4 oard or officer e,ercisin& =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia* funcions as aced

#iou or in e,cess of is or is =urisdicion4 or #i &ra!e ause of discreion amounin& o

*ac% or e,cess of =urisdicion4 and ere is no appea*4 or any p*ain4 speedy4 and ade<uae

remedy in e ordinary course of *a#4 a person a&&rie!ed erey may fi*e a !erified peiion

in e proper cour4 a**e&in& e facs #i cerainy and praying t+at =udgment be

rendered annulling or modifying t+e proceedings of suc+ tribunal4 board or officer4

and granting suc+ incidental reliefs ass law and =ustice may reEuire.

Te peiion sa** e accompanied y a cerified rue copy of e =ud&men4 order or

reso*uion su=ec ereof4 copies of a** p*eadin&s and documens re*e!an and perinen

ereo4 and a s#orn cerificaion of non-forum soppin& as pro!ided in e para&rap of

Secion 4 5u*e N

Pu;$":

To annu* or modify e <uesioned ac or ru*in& is inended o annu* !oid proceedin&s4 o

pre!en un*a#fu* and oppressi!e e,ercise of *e&a* auoriy4 and o pro!ide for a fair and

order*y adminisraion of =usice

$ Arauc ! '.+"+'4 88 S'5A J1

3655

3656

3657

3658

3659

3660

3661

3662

3663

3664

3665

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3681

49



R"6u!":

1 is direced a&ains a riuna*4 oard or officer e,ercisin& =udicia* or <uasi-=udicia*

funcions Te riuna*4 oard or officer as aced #iou or in e,cess of =urisdicion or #i

&ra!e ause of discreion Tere is no appea* nor any p*ain4 speedy and ade<uae remedy in e ordinary

course of *a#

E$ $9 u#)!$* )$")!b5" b& )"!$(

An error of #udgment is one #ic e cour may commi in e e,ercise of is

=urisdicion4 #ic is reviea!le only !y an appeal or petition for revie as a mode of appeal.

An error of #urisdiction is one #ere e ac comp*ained of is issued y e cour4 officer or

<uasi-=udicia* ody #iou or in e,cess of =urisdicion4 or #i &ra!e ause of discreion

#ic is anamoun o *ac% or in e,cess of =urisdicion4 #ic is correcti!le !y e"traordinary

rit of certiorari.

A petition for certiorari see;s to correct errors of #urisdiction, hile a petition for

revie see;s to correct errors of #udgment, hich include errors of procedure or mista;es in

the court?s findings.

P"!!$* 9$ P$4b!$*

S")' / Ru5" $9 !4" Ru5" $9 C$u!:





in e proper cour4 a**e&in& e facs #i cerainy and praying t+at =udgment be

rendered commanding t+e respondent to desist from furt+er proceeding in t+e action

3682

3683

3684

3685

3686

3687

3688

3689

3690

3691

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3702

3703

3704

3705

3706

3707

3708

3709



or matter specified t+erein4 or ot+erwise granting suc+ incidental reliefs as law and

=ustice may reEuire.

Te peiion sa** *i%e#ise e accompanied y a cerified rue copy of e =ud&men4 order or



Secion 4 5u*e N

P$4b!$* is a remedy o pre!en a riuna*4 oard or officer from usurpin& or e,ercisin& a

=urisdicion or po#er #ic e *a# does no !es in any of em s funcion is o pre!en e

un*a#fu* and oppressi!e e,ercise of *e&a* auoriy and o pro!ide for a fair and order*y

adminisraion of =usice is direced on proceedin& a are aou o e done u no

a&ains an accomp*ised ac e,cep #ere e #ron& ac is coninuin& or e <uesioned ac

is a nu**iy4 done #iou or in e,cess of =urisdicion or #i &ra!e ause of discreion4 and

ere ein& no appea* or oer p*ain4 speedy and ade<uae remedy in e ordinary course of

*a#

P"!!$* 9$ m(*#(mu

S")' Ru5" $9 !4" Ru5" $9 C$u!:





in e proper cour4 a**e&in& e facs #i cerainy (*# praying t+at =udgment be

rendered commanding respondent4 immediately or at some ot+er specified by t+e

court4 to do t+e act reEuired to be done to protect t+e rig+ts of t+e petitioner4 and to

3710

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3736



pay t+e damages sustained by t+e petitioner by reason of t+e wrongful acts of t+e

respondent.

Te peiion sa** *i%e#ise e accompanied y a cerified rue copy of e =ud&men4 order or



Secion 4 5u*e N

M(*#(mu 5" u*#" !4" 9$55$3*8:

a A&ains any riuna* #ic un*a#fu**y ne&*ecs e performance of an ac #ic e

*a# specifica**y en=oins as a duy

n case any corporaion4 oard or person un*a#fu**y ne&*ecs e performance of anac #ic e *a# en=oins as a duy resu*in& from an office4 rus or saionc n case of any riuna*4 corporaion4 oard or person un*a#fu**y e,c*udes anoer

from e use and en=oymen of a ri& or office o #ic suc oer is *e&a**y eni*ed

R"6u!":

1 App*ican mus a!e a c*ear *e&a* ri& o e in& demanded Suc ri& is #e** defined4 c*ear and cerain Te correspondin& duy of e defendan o perform e re<uired ac mus a*so e

c*ear and specific

Te a!ai*ai*iy of mandamus depends on e naure of e po#er conferred upon4 and

re<uired o e performed y4 pu*ic funcionaries. Benerally mandamus will lie to compel

t+e doing of ministerial act. does no *ie o conro* discreion4 a*ou& i may issue o

compe* e e,ercise of discreion u no e discreion ise*f

E<)";!$*:

• Ben ere is &ross ause of discreion4 manifes in=usice or pa*pa*e e,cess of

auoriy e<ui!a*en o denia* of a se*ed ri& o #ic e peiioner is eni*ed4 and ere is

no oer p*ain4 speedy and ade<uae remedy (Firs i* Lo*din&s 'orp !s Sandi&anayan)• Gross ause of discreion4 manifes in=usice or pa*pa*e e,cess of auoriy (Kan

Kuon& !s 'GG)

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E' APPEAL BY CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT %P"!!$* 9$ R"2"3 $*

C"!$( u*#" Ru5" 0+

S")' 1 Ru5" 0 $9 !4" Ru5" $9 C$u!:

A pary desirin& o appea* y ceriorari from a =ud&men or fina* order or reso*uion of

e 'our of Appea*s4 e Sandi&anayan4 e 5e&iona* Tria* 'our or oer cours #ere!er

auoried y *a#4 may fi*e #i e Supreme 'our a !erified peiion for re!ie# on ceriorari

Te peiion sa** raise on*y <uesions of *a# #ic mus e disinc*y se for

A petition for revie on certiorari or an appeal to the Supreme Court !y certiorari from

=ud&men or fina* order of e 'our of Appea*s4 e Sandi&anayan4 and e 5e&iona* Tria*

'our or oer cours #ene!er auoried y *a# is not a matter of rig+t but is a matter

of sound discretion. Appea* y peiion for re!ie# on ceriorari is a continuation of

=udgment complained of 4 hile that under (ule B is an original or independent action. Te

specia* ci!i* acion of ceriorari #i** no e a**o#ed as a susiue for fai*ure o ime*y fi*e a

peiion under 5u*e J

Te peiion mus raise only Euestions of law #ic mus e disinc*y se for as

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Documents

ADMIN LAW_Group1_Final Group Output (for Lawful_acts)