•USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS.•USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.•CHANGING AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

ADJECTIVE CLAUSEClause is a group of words containing a

subject and a verb.Independent clause is a complete sentence.

It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. (it is also called a main clause.)

Dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.

Adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun.

USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS;WHO, WHICH, THAT

I thanked the woman.She helped me.

(a) I thanked the woman, who helped me.(b) I thanked the woman that helped me.

In (a): I thanked the woman = an independent clause.who helped me = an adjective clause.

The adjective clause modifies the noun woman.In (a): who is the subject of the adjective clause. In (b): that is the subject of the adjective clause.

(a) And (b) have the same meaning.

USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS:WHO, WHICH, THAT

The book is mine.It is on the table.

(c) The book which is on the table is mine.(d) The book that is on the table is mine.

who is used for people.which is used for things.that is used for both people and things.

USING OBJECT PRONOUNS:WHO(M), WHICH, THAT1. Pronoun used as the object of a verb

The man was Mr. Jones.I saw him.

(e) The man ,who(m) i saw was Mr.Jones.(f) The man that i saw was Mr. Jones.(g) The man i saw was Mr. Jones.

The adjective clause pronouns are placed at the beginning of the clause.

2. Pronoun used as the object of a preposition

She is the woman.I told you about her.

(k) She is the woman about whom i told you(l) She is the woman who(m) i told you

about. (m) She is the woman that i told you about.(n) She is the woman i told you about.

2. Pronoun used as the object of a preposition

The music was good.We listened to it last night.

(o) The music to which we listened last night was good.

(p) The music which we listened last night was good.

(q) The music that we listened last night wasgood.

(r) The music we listened last night was good.

2. Pronoun used as the object of a prepositionIn very formal english, the preposition comes

at the beginning of the adjective clause, as in (k) and (o). Usually, in every day usage, the preposition comes after the subject and verb of the adjective clause, as in the other examples.

If the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause, only whom or which may be used.a preposition is never immediately by that or who.

USING WHOSEI know the man.His bicycle was stolen.

(s) I know the man, whose bicycle was stolen.

Mr. John has a painting. Its value is inestimable.

(u) Mr. John has apainting whose value is inestimable.

NOTICEWhose is used to show possession. It

carries the same meaning as other possessive pronouns used as adjectives; his, her, its, and their, your, my, our

EXERCISE 1 - ORAL1. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.2. We are studying the sentences. They contain adjective

clause.3. The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it.4. The people were very nice. We visited them yesterday.

5. I have to call the man. I accidentally picked up his umbrella after the meeting.

6. I come from a country. Its history goes back thousands of years.i come from a country, whose history

7. The man smoked forty cigarettes a day. He died of a heart attack.

USING WHEREThe building is very old.He lives there.(a)The building where he lives is very old

Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place (city, country, room, house, etc).If where is used, preposition is not included in the adjective clause.

(b) The town is small. I grew up in that town.The town i grew up in is small.If where is not used, preposition is included in the adjective clause.

EXERCISE 2 (BOOKS CLOSED)For example: A stranger gave you directions to the post

office. Did she speak too fast?Answer: Yes, the stranger who gave me

directions to the post office spoke too fast.1. A student stopped you in the hall. Did she

ask you for the correct time?2.You were looking for a book. Did you find it?3. You went to a party last night. Did you

enjoy it?

USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSESIn my class there are 20 students.Most of them are from the Far East.(a)In my class there 20 students, most of

whom are from the Far East.An adjective clause may contain an expressiom of quantity with of: some of, many of, most of, none of, two of, half of, both of, neither of, each of, all of, several of, a few of, little of, a number of, ect.

He gave several reasons.Only a few of them were valid.(b) He gave several reasons, only a few of which

were valid.the expressions of quantity precedes the pronoun. Only whom, which, and whose are used in this pattern.

The teachers discussed Jim.One of his problems was poor study habits.(c) The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose

problems was poor study habits.adjective clauses that began with an expression of quantity are more common in writting than speaking. Commas are used.

EXERCISE 31. Last night the orchestra played three

symphonies.One of them was Beethoven’s Seventh.

2. That company currently has five employees.All of them are computer experts.

3. The village has around 200 people.The majority of them are farmers.

4. I have two roomates, neither of ____________________.

5. The Paulsons own four automobiles, one of ___________.

CHANGING AN ADJEVTIVE CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE

There are two ways in which an adjective clause is changed to an adjective phrase:

1. The subject pronoun is omitted AND the be form of the verb is omitted.(a) CLAUSE: The man who is talking to John is from Korea.

PHRASE: The man talking to John is from Korea.(b) CLAUSE: Ann is the woman who is responsible for preparing the budget.

PHARASE:Ann is the woman responsible for preparing the budget.

2. if there is no be form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to –ing form.

(e) CLAUSE : english has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. PHRASE: English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.

(f) CLAUSE: Anyone who wanted to come with us is welcome. PHRASE:Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

EXERCISE – ERROR ANALYSIS1. It is important to be polite to people living

in the same building.2. She lives in a hotel restricting to senior

citizens.3. My sister has two children, whose names

are Ali and Talal.4. He comes from Venezuela, a Spanish-

speaking country.5. There are ten universities in Thailand,

seven of which locate in Bangkok is the capital city.

ERROR ANALYSIS6. I would like to write about several problems

which i have faced since i come to united state.7. There is a small wooden screen, separating the

bed from the rest of the room.8. At the airport, i was waiting for some relatives

which i had never met before.9. It is almost impossible to find two person

whose opinions are the same.10. On the wall, there is a colorful poster which

consists of a group of young people who is dancing