Addressing Poverty Through...Revised Intro

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ADDRESSING POVERTY THROUGH GOOD GOVERNANCE

IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

A Research Paper

Submitted to the Institute of Economics

University of Asia and the Pacific

In Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirements for the Course

Basic Economics (FOS101)

ACB 501 D

(15:00 17:00)

Dy, Alexander John M

18 May 2007, Friday


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I. INTRODUCTION

The Philippines is rich, in terms of its natural resources, specifically the

agricultural sector. This God-given feature lets the Filipinos enjoy a rich and wide

supply of crops, livestock and poultry, fishery, forestry, and farm products that

are not only used for the countrys utilisation and consumption, but also as a

source of the large percentage of our countrys revenues1, accounting for about

an average growth rate of 14.6 percent of our GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

and an average growth rate of 4.6 percent of our GVA (Gross Value Added) 2.

Among the Philippines top agricultural exports include: coconut (oil and other by-

products) topping the list, followed by fresh bananas, corn, pineapple, and

sugarcane products3. However, since the agricultural sector is the most abundant

part of out country, why is that it has also the most number of people living in

poverty? According to Villegas (2005), one of the roots of Philippine poverty is

poor governance: corruption and bureaucracy and the neglect in the agricultural

development. These two reasons are directly related - referring to the poor

management of the policy people whose interest have gone and continuously

going beyond their responsibilities; thus, neglecting the agricultural industry

(Fink, 2005). This poor management in agriculture has resulted to low levels of

productivity that consequently accounts for the increasing rates of unemployment

in the agricultural industry4. Unemployment triggers increasing incidences of

poverty which constitutes the majority of the poor. This phenomenon is due to

flawed economic policies mandated by bad governance by officials, who,

unfortunately, pursue their personal agendas while they are in government posts.

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Objectives of this paper:

This study endeavours to explain how the agricultural industry can be

maximised to reach its maximum potential capacity, if bad governance, through

anti-corruption is reduced, thereby alleviating poverty.

Significance of this Study

Initial studies have been conducted to alleviate poverty through improving

the quality of education and the maximisation of the agribusiness sector, which

are all promising. However, these studies, although having stressed the factor of

bad governance (i.e. poor management, graft and corruption, etc.), in one way or

another, have missed to stress the strategies and/or solutions in fighting

corruption in the agricultural sector - which is the Philippines major asset as a

developing country6. Hence, this study shows an underlying message as

supported by Villegas (2005) that high level of corruption, which is about 30% to

50% of funds bided for government projects, act as a deterrent not only to

economic growth but also the projects aimed at alleviating poverty. Thus, [] no

matter how hard and persevering efforts of both public and private sectors try:

(i.e. the investors, the not-for-profit organisations (NGOs), and other helping

hands of the society) to alleviate poverty by means of improvements in the

quality of education, overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) high dollar remittances,

maximisation of the agribusiness, and so on, such efforts would just be a futile

exercise if the problem of corruption is not rightfully addressed, especially in the

agricultural sector7. Thus, the findings of this study hope to contribute on how the

root cause of poverty in the agricultural sector can be addressed.

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Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on describing how poverty in the agricultural sector can

be possibly alleviated through anti-corruption strategies (study on Fighting

Corruption in Agriculture) that have been applied in other developing economies.

Moreover, this initial study also covered some minimal information regarding

corruption in the other sectors of society (education, taxes, etc.) In addition, only

Rodney Finks study was cited and used in providing anti-corruption strategies in

the agriculture. Lastly, this study is limited in alleviating poverty agricultural

sectors which constitute the rural poor accounting for the majority of the people

living in poverty, excluding the urban.

________

1United States Library of Congress. The Philippines Agricultural Geography. Accessed 9 May

2007. Avail. from http://countrystudies.us/philippines/60.htm

2Villegas, B. M. Filipinos as the Ultimate Resource. The Philippine Advantage, UA&P. 2001. 83

85

3Department of Agriculture (D.A.). D.A. to Tap Emerging Organic Food Market to Help Boost

Farmers Incomes. Accessed 23 April 2007. Avail. fromhttp://www.doa.gov.ph/.ihdel;Internet

4Villegas, B. M. Filipinos as the Ultimate Resource. The Philippine Advantage, UA&P. 2001. 92

5Villegas, B. M. Philippine Civil Society: Main Agent for Alleviating Poverty. The Philippine

Advantage, UA&P. 2001. 105-115

6See for further reading: Fink, R.J. Agriculture. Fighting Corruption in Developing Countries:

Strategies and Analysis, Edited by Bertram I Spector, USA: Kumarian Press, Inc. 2005. 145-152.

7Refer to this for further reading: Frank-Jrgen Richter and Pamela C.M. Mar, Asias New Crisis:

Renewal through Total Ethical Management, John Wiley & Sons, Singapore. 2004.

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http://www.doa.gov.ph/.ihdel;Internethttp://www.doa.gov.ph/.ihdel;Internethttp://www.doa.gov.ph/.ihdel;Internet


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II. Review of Related Literature

For all the magnificent testimonies to mans superior skill and intellect in

producing todays level of cultural development, he still has to find solution to

mass poverty (Villegas, 1998). It is very disappointing to our sensibilities to find

the poor coexisting with the rich. That is why, there is a call to empower the poor

for three main reasons: for a development change, for the common good, and to

promote the dignity of the human person (Villegas, 2005). However, there are

factors why the Philippines have increasing rates of poverty. Before we deal to

that, we need to know what poverty means.

According to Corbett (2005), poverty is a condition of having insufficient

resources or income. In its most extreme form, poverty is a lack of basic human

needs, such as adequate and nutritious food, clothing, housing, clean water, and

health services. Another definition is that poverty is clearly multidimensional in

nature. It encompasses not only material deprivation in terms of income or

consumption levels, but also the deprivation arising form illiteracy, malnutrition,

bad health, poor access to water and sanitation, vulnerability to economic shock,

and lack of political freedom (ADB, 2003).

Where and who are the poor?

The poor are categorised under the following: tribal communities, upland

farmers, landless (tenant) farmers, coastal/marginal fishermen, small farm

cultivators, the urban poor that includes scavengers, contractual workers,

minimum wage earners and micro0entrepreneurs (Balisacan & Pernia, 2002).

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Causes of Poverty

There are four roots of Philippine poverty as stated by Villegas (2005) in

The Philippine Advantage 2nd Ed. Presentation, they are as follow: flawed

economic policies that ignored competitive advantage of the Philippines in

labour-intensive exports, the pro-longed emphasis on inward-looking

industrialisation, the neglect of agricultural development, and poor governance:

corruption and bureaucracy. Representative Rene M Velarde of the Buhay Party-

list (2005), says [] all these causes of poverty are interrelated with bad

governance, due to corruption and bureaucracy, representing as the head.

Good governance

Good [corporate] governance is the role of the board of directors to

oversee the generally accepted set of institutional guidelines that are deemed

necessary for the direction and performance of corporations [or any particular

sector, i.e. government, etc.]. The principles of [good governance ensure the

protection and equitable treatment of shareholders, enforce disclosure and

transparency of financial performance, establish independence from

management, stipulate accountability to shareholders and outline responsibilities

of the board of directors (Sun, 2004). Sun (Corporate Governance, 2004), adds

that, bad governance is just entirely the opposite of the good.

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Effects of bad governance in the agricultural sector of the Philippines

A study by the National Statistical Coordination Board (NCSB, 2000

revised Poverty Incidence) has shown that 60 to 80 percent of the population live

a hand-to-mouth existence in peasant agriculture. Sun (2004) says that this

situation is primarily due to flawed economic policies and self-centred interests;

thus, neglecting the management [agricultural sector] and worsening the

condition of the poor. From the survey of the National Statistics Office and

estimation of Villegas (2005), from the observed large difference between the

actual growth rate per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and the forecasted

or estimated trend line from the period 1971 to 1992 in Figure 5 (See Annex), we

can pinpoint that misguided macroeconomic policies failed to maximise the use

of our labour and capital resources [agricultural industry]. With the wrong and

misguided policy mix on interest rates and the peso-dollar exchange rates,

economic incentives resulted into a bias against the agricultural sector. The bias

against the agricultural sector resulted into underinvestment (i.e. both public and

private), into the agricultural sector thereby resulting into very low productivity

rates, measured by output per worker(Villegas, 2005) (emphasis added).

The policy bias consequently resulted into the slow and ill-progressive

development of the Philippine agriculture. [T]his misguided policy was critical for

Philippine development as our growth was solely dependent on the productivity

of our labour force, and, at least 40% of the employed labour force is directly

dependent on the agricultural sector for income or wages. The high level of

poverty in the Philippines is attributed to the low productivity of the agricultural

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sector due to misguided policies (emphasis added).In fact, 49% to 52% of poor

households1 source their income from the labour-intensive agricultural sector.

(Villegas, 2005). The economic development literature cites the vicious cycle of

poverty: low investments lead to low productivity, then to low output and low

income which ultimately lead to low savings. Low savings lead to low

investments. The case of Philippine agriculture is, perhaps, a classic case of

vicious cycle (Dy, 2000). Thus, to attribute the increase in the number of poor

households to family size (Arenas, 2003) may be fallacious (Villegas, 2005).

According again to Villegas (2005), there is a closely-linked relationship

between household poverty incidence and the percentage of households with

agriculture as major occupation. According to him, the capital-intensive fiscal

policy bias from the 70s to 80s led to the mediocre performance of the

agricultural sector, disenabling agricultural households to earn enough for their

sustenance (see Figure 6 in the Annex).

By looking at Table 3 (see Annex, where funds and tax evasion can be

spent on), by focusing only in FOOD and AGRICULTURE, a total of

135,431,680,000 pesos is needed when a total of 313,700,000,000 is lost

annually through tax evasion and corruption. This huge money could go a long

way in enhancing low levels of agricultural investments in the past that have

resulted into its poor current performance so as to fund projects aimed at

alleviating poverty in rural areas (agricultural sector).

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Corruption Vulnerabilities in the Agricultural Sector

Agriculture in developing countries employs a large percentage of the

population and, for the most part as reiterated, a very impoverished segment.

Farms in these countries tend to be small: in Africa, using Finks (2005) example,

more than 90 percent of the farms are in the hands of the small landholders. In

transitioning economies [like the Philippines] by contrast, the agricultural sector

employs than a third of the labour force, and the average farm size is large (Fink,

2005). According again to Fink (2005), for both groups of countries, corruption

issues and vulnerabilities affect land title and use, credit availability, quality of

supplies, water allocation, product standards and certification, marketing, and the

development of agribusiness. Applied anti-corruption strategies are in table 10.2

(refer to annex). By these organised anti-corruption strategies and vulnerabilities,

it is very evident how malignant the worsening problem in corruption in the

agricultural sector is due to big budget and revenues allotted in the agricultural

industry; thus, corrupt people took advantage of it.

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III. Conceptual Model

Explanation of the Conceptual Model:

P

overty is lack of basic human needs, such as adequate and nutritious

food, clothing, housing, clean water, and health services (Corbett, 2006). Tracing

the majority of whom and where poverty is are the people in the agricultural

sector, namely: the upland farmers, landless (tenant) farmers, small farm

cultivators, coastal/marginal fishermen.

The agricultural sector of the Philippines is rich teeming with all the export

qualities of the resources (coconut, banana, pineapple, sugarcane, etc.) the

Filipinos could ever ask for, so should the people living there supposedly, since

the rich agricultural sector is their source of living. However, they remain in

poverty. Worsening rates of poverty has long been a problem in the agricultural

1

Anti Corruption

Interventions

Decrease inPoverty in

Rural Areas

BadGovernance

CausingFlawed

EconomicPolices

Increase inPoverty in

RuralAreas


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sector because of bad governance. The neglect in agricultural development

because of people in positions or the policy makers became vulnerability to

corruption to some factors, namely: land title and use, credit availability, quality of

supplies, water allocation, product standards and certification, marketing, and the

development of agribusiness. With their time and energy focused on self-serving

interests, they promote bad governance, thereby, mismanaging resources and

wrong allocation of funds needed for the agricultural industry to develop. Huge

amounts of money are lost in corruption annually amounting to

313,700,000,000Php (from tax evasion and corruption) (see table 10.3 in the

annex), which could have been used to generate jobs for the majority of the poor

who solely depend on the agricultural industry for their bread and butter. Thus,

the vicious cycle of poverty starts (see annex diagram 0.1): The neglect in

agricultural development would trigger low investments due to producing poor

quality of goods. With low investments comes high unemployment rates due lack

of funds to pay labour fees and other maintenances; thus, decreasing the output,

then the income, and lastly the savings. When savings have been used up

triggering the incapability of eating less than three times a day, poverty then

starts to increase.

This paper hypothesises that anti-corruption strategies is a possible

solution to bad governance in alleviating poverty in the agricultural sector. These

anti-corruption strategies drafted and ratified by the Presidential Anti-Graft

Corruption Study (PAGCS, 2006) for the Department of Agriculture. They are as

follow: 1.) the evaluation of corruption by sector by starting at the market and

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working backwards to production (warehousing, transportation, licenses, grading,

etc.) 2.) The exploring of the possibilities for the processor in granting credit to

the farmer/s where commodity chains are shortened. 3.) The promotion of

development of a land market by eliminating corruption in the registration and

titling process. 4.) The continuous encouragement of the farmers entry into

competition with emerging private sectors where marketing fails to be effective.

5.) Promotion of quality controls and improvement centres. 6) The promotion of

over sightedness of private sector groups. 7) Consistent pursuance on

developing projects with producers groups involving stakeholders. 8) The

avoidance of projects that allow rent seeking via hidden subsidies. Assuming

these anti-corruption strategies will all be materialised, poverty may be alleviated

while developing the agribusiness industry, thus, empowering the poor. This is

because of the following: if funds, transactions, productions, transportations are

strictly monitored by vigilant and honest people, and so the rest of anti-corruption

strategies, the agricultural sector then would be developed due to proper

management of people and allocation of budget, thus, there would be an

increase in demand for employment, and others would be given loans to start

their own small farms. If this happens, there would be an increase in investment,

then increase in productivity due to increasing employment. Then this

corresponds to an increase in output, then also an increase in income, increase

in savings and consumption good for the economy; thus, alleviating poverty in

a corruption-free environ with good governance or leadership as the atmosphere.

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IV. Research Question:

What are the possible anti-corruption interventions that can court BAD

governance that is the cause of poverty in the agricultural sector of the

Philippines? (similar answers can also be found in the second paragraph in the

explanation of the conceptual model)

The anti-corruption strategies drafted and ratified by the Presidential Anti-

Graft Corruption Study (PAGCS, 2006) for the Department of Agriculture are as

follow:

The evaluation of corruption by sector by starting at the market and working

backwards to production (warehousing, transportation, licenses, grading, etc.)

By joining private and government sources to remove impediments such

as road inspection points and replaces them with effective not-rent-seeking

methods; build the case for the government to monitor the problem areas while

privatizing as many the steps as possible will be a good practice of evaluation of

corruption by sector. Shortening the commodity chain from the producer to the

market by introducing contract arrangements between the cocoa farmers (for

example) and the ultimate processor of the product will be some initial practices

to see some corruption signs in the production.

The exploring of the possibilities for the processor in granting credit to the

farmer/s where commodity chains are shortened

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This can be done by developing creative approaches for solving the

problem and the supply chain simultaneously. A good monitoring of the credit

granting is advisable.

The promotion of development of a land market by eliminating corruption in the

registration and titling process

Facilitating simple and inexpensive procedures for transferring land title

will also help enhance involvement of the private sector in land survey, titling,

and real estate sales. Remove the legal and regulatory restraints to private

ownership.

The continuous encouragement of the farmers entry into competition with

emerging private sectors where marketing fails to be effective

This is a good indicator of corruption. Because if the morale of the farmers

are boosted, encouraging to join the competition along with private sectors, the

private sectors will be threatened in the business; thus, ending up giving bribes to

the farmers not to join. Once they give bribes, they can be filed with bribery or

other cases regarding graft and corruption.

Promotion of quality controls and improvement centres

By working with private and public groups to facilitate standards, grading,

and certification, the promotion of quality controls and improvement centres will

be hastened.

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The promotion of over- sightedness of private sector groups

It is good to promote over-sightedness of the private sectors so as to

attract them to invest in farms and other agricultural business; thus, opening jobs

for other unemployed farmers. This can be a start of a god monitoring of good

governance in the perspective of the private sector.

Consistent pursuance on developing projects with producers groups involving

stakeholders

It is advisable to involve the producers groups and the stakeholders in

developing new projects so that they will be aware of what is happening in their

investment, thereby also, supervising their tenants and workers.

The avoidance of projects that allow rent seeking via hidden subsidies

Hidden subsidies are risky. They can be sometimes illegal or may have

some other business other than agricultural; thus, choosing to lease projects

using them as facades.

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V. Discussion and Analysis

Further analysis and discussion will be presented in this section on how

the agricultural sector can be affected by bad governance worsening poverty. It

will also be presented here how to bring back the life in the agricultural sector if

good governance had taken place; thus, alleviating poverty.

Poverty in the agricultural sector is mainly caused by crooked policy

makers who are in-charge in the industry. It will be helpful to quote Villegas

(2005) in uprooting and eliminating corruption (see table 3 in the annex). He said

that the high level of corruption, which is about 30% to 50% of finds, bided for

government projects, acts as deterrent not only to economic growth but also to

projects aimed at alleviating poverty. He also stated the estimated amount is

120.0 billion (Office of the Ombudsman, 1997). These funds, when properly

accounted for, could be used to either embark on projects which could improve

the countrys food sufficiency and/or lessen the number of families living below

the food subsistence level. Using Villegas (2005) example, these funds can be

used as additional investments for capital formation in the agricultural sector.

These investments are needed in order to improve the productivity of our farm

lands. An improvement in the productivity of our farm lands can help bring down

the cost of food (Villegas, 2005). Moreover, assuming there is good achievement

rates of food sufficiency and food subsistence that, improvement in farm

productivity would help decrease the countrys high food cost. As additional

investments in the agricultural sector would indeed be a stimulus for productivity,

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as it will allow farmers to produce more at limited hectare, or limited, fishery,

livestock or poultry breeding stocks. When the costs of the capital invest is

spread across a high production level, then average production cost decreases.

It is through this mechanism that food costs would decrease allowing more

families to afford three meals a day. Hopefully, the mechanism in increasing

capital investments in agriculture would help decrease the number of families

living below the subsistence level (indicator of the minimum demand for food of

each individual). (Villegas, 2005).

The wonderful thing about increased investments in agriculture capital

formation is that it also allows the country to reach food sufficiency (an indicator

of food supply). For example, with improved agricultural activity farmers can

produce more. The country is not very far from achieving food sufficiency. In as

fact as of 2003, the Philippines is already exporting sugar. In the next 5 years,

the country is targeted to be rice sufficient. This means that we are currently

reaching at least 90& self sufficiency in rice (interview with Dy, R.B., UA&P in

Villegas, 2005).

Capital investments in agriculture can also go a long way. According to

Villegas (2005), an additional of P14.5 billion results into a 32% increase which is

three times the average 9.3% compounded annual growth rate from 1991 to

1997 capital formation (uses gross domestic capital formation in nominal terms)

devoted to agriculture. Low levels of agricultural investments in the past have

resulted poorly in current performance. Therefore, it is recommended that the

poor performance of agriculture can better analysed under an agribusiness

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system framework from input supply subsystem to production, marketing, and

processing subsystems (i.e. via logistic services). Inefficiencies in the input

subsystem will affect the efficiency of the production system. Using Villegas

(2005) example, low or inefficient usage of fertilizer nutrients will reduce

production levels which, in turn, reduce the raw materials for processing and/or

marketing. This systems inefficiency will also affect the competitiveness or scale

economies of a processing plant or supply chain due to or cascade of link effects.

It is that the overall system of efficiency that counts (Dy, 2000) (Villegas, 2005).

These restrictions are all too obvious in many agricultural sub-sectors and

agribusiness industries such as food and beverage manufacturing, wholesale

and retail. This sectors inefficiency also results into the inefficiency of about 40%

of workers directly employed by the agricultural sector. An improvement in this

subsystem via an increase in investments would definitely improve the efficiency

of the entire agribusiness system (Villegas, 2005).

By eradicating tax evasion and corruption, more funds will be generated

for projects for the provision of basic needs. In table 3 (see annex), an overview

of where such funds could have been assuming a corruption-free and tax

evasion-free society. In addition, these possible projects stress that poverty are

not caused by overpopulation. Lest, by poor policies, tax evasion, corruption in

short, bad governance. Because of 20 years of heavy corruption, money outflows

would definitely been used to reduce the incidence of extreme poverty.

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VI. Summary

Poverty is the state of experiencing low quality of life, deprived of both the

material and non-material requirements that allows person to like a human being.

This is the reason why it is important to empower the poor, chiefly because of

three reasons, a development challenge, for the common good, and to promote

and uplift the dignity of the human person. People in the agricultural sector

covers majority of the poor. Although our country enjoys a rich supply of natural

resources, due to bad governance, flawed economic policies are implemented;

thus, neglecting the development of the agricultural industry. This is turn, triggers

low investments high unemployment in the agricultural sector low output

low income low savings then low investments again. This is called the vicious

cycle of poverty. When all these happen, farmers and all other agricultural people

will start to get poorer due to lack of money to support their needs, since the

agriculture, which is their source of their living, is neglected due to bad

governance, thus, increasing poverty rates.

With the huge amount of money that is lost annually due to corruptions

and tax evasions, such funds could have been used to address the different

needs of education, wages, food, and especially, the development of the

agricultural sector where the majority of the poor are situated.

However, by eradicating tax evasion, uprooting and eliminating corruption,

achievement of food sufficiency and food subsistence, and with recommended

and proven anti-corruption strategies, the agricultural sector can be developed;

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thus, increasing productivity, employment, income and output, and savings

reducing poverty incidence.

VII. Conclusions and Recommendations

It is recommended that efforts to fight corruption in the agricultural sector

should emphasise transparency, public awareness, accountability, prevention,

and enforcement.

In this study, it is also further rec know and understand the cause of

poverty in the urban areas. Because the cause of poverty in both rural and urban

share some similarities, although only a small percentage does the urban poor

share in the total rate of poverty. Lastly, it is also important to give, if any, proven

anti-corruption strategies to the other sectors of the society, since corruption is

already a spreading disease or cancer of the Filipino society.

Bad governance, as said by Villegas (1998), is very particular not on the

leadership itself, but in the graft and corruption and bureaucracy. We have good

and credible leaders and policy makers. The only problem is that they are all

vulnerable, in one way or another, to be corrupted (Klitgaard, Robert).

Corruption in the agricultural sector can be reduced since; being corrupt is

a two-fold task. First, is the one who is corrupt who accepts the bribe, and the

other is the one who gives the bribe. Corruption only exists if two parties agreed

to scratch each others back. But, if only one party resists and tells it to the

official who are not corrupt, then corruption ceases. By practising accountability

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and honesty, corruption in the agriculture, and the country as a whole, can be

removed.

ANNEXES

Table 10.2. Corruption Prevention Measures at the Khutsula Poultry CooperativeProject (Applicable to Philippines)

Action Taken How It Was Done Outcome

2

Those women who had aninterest signed on.

Members were enthusiasticand wanted to participate.

All coop members knew theirresponsibilities and acceptedthe conditions.

There were no secrets in theaccounting process.

Children of illiterate parentsdid books.

Well received by all. Goodparticipation.

Ministry representative gavetechnical support.

Successful project and goodorganisational and workingprocedures were followed.

1. Donor identified players.

2. The operating documentfor the cop was prepared.

3. Seed money was identifiedand payback set.

4. Accounting of centralbusiness.

5. Individual accountability.

6. Cooperative meetings.

7. Government meetings.

8. Did it work?

Initial meetings wereconducted and theprogramme described.

Meetings were held (under abig tree) with the 100-plus

women who becamecooperative members.

Donor agency presentedtheir financing potential and abusiness plan was adopted.

A simple accounting systemwas designed and wasavailable.

Each member maintained

books and provided amonthly report.

Held on a regular basis(under the same tree).

Yes, the ministry ofagriculture was informed andhelped.

Yes. Major effort to provide aquality product and viablemarkets open. Goodcommunication andinvolvement.


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Diagram 0.1

2

Investments

UnemploymentLow Savings

OutputIncome

ViciousCycle ofPoverty

POVERTY


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2


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References:

Balisacan, A. and E. M. Pernia (Mar. 2002) Probing Beneath Cross NationalAverages: Poverty, Inequality, and growth in the Philippines. ERD Working PaperSeries No. 7: ADB

Corbett, Thomas J. "Poverty." Microsoft Encarta2006 [CD]. Redmond, WA:Microsoft Corporation, 2005.

Department of Agriculture (D.A.). D.A. to Tap Emerging Organic Food Market toHelp Boost Farmers Incomes. Accessed 23 April 2007. Avail. fromhttp://www.doa.gov.ph/.ihdel;Internet

Fink, R.J. (2005). Agriculture. Fighting Corruption in Developing Countries:Strategies and Analysis, Edited by Bertram I Spector, USA: Kumarian Press, Inc.

145-152.

Klitgaard, Robert. (___). National Anti-Corruption and Framework: National Anti-Corruption Plan for the Philippines: Development Academy of the Philippines,Manila: 6. DAP

Integrity Development Action Plans/ 22 Doables Progress Report: CorruptionDeveloment Measures Initiated by Counterparts and their Counterpart Agencies.March June, 2006

Mar, P.C.M. & Richter, F.J. (2004). Asias Crisis: Renewal through EthicalManagement, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd.

Mar, P.C.M. & Richter, F.J. (2004). Why Ethics?Asias Crisis: Renewal throughEthical Management, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. 7-9.

Mar, P.C.M. & Richter, F.J. (2004). Corporate Governance: The Role of theBoard in Improving Managementby Chang Sun. Asias Crisis: Renewal throughEthical Management, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. 7-9.

Summary of Corrupt Practices on Select Executive Agencies: as reported by theagencies during the Integrity Development Action Plans Enhancement Seminar-Worshop 28-29 July, 2-3 August, and 4-5 August 2005, Mabini Hall, MalacaangComplex, Manila.

United States Library of Congress. The Philippines Agricultural Geography.Accessed 9 May 2007. Avail. from http://countrystudies.us/philippines/60.htm

Villegas, B. M. (2005), The Philippine Advantage 2nd Ed. Presentation

2
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Villegas, B. M. Filipinos as the Ultimate Resource. The Philippine Advantage,UA&P. 2001. 8385

Villegas, B. M. Filipinos as the Ultimate Resource. The Philippine Advantage,

UA&P. 2001. 92

Villegas, B. M. Philippine Civil Society: Main Agent for Alleviating Poverty. ThePhilippine Advantage, UA&P. 2001. 105-115

Villegas, B. M. On Poverty. Guide to Economics for Filipinos, Sinag-TalaPublishers, Inc. 1998. 588-590

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Addressing Poverty Through...Revised Intro