Research_Proposal_The impacts of international aid in addressing poverty in East Africa

Running Head: IMPACTS OF AID IN EAST AFRICA 1

The impacts of international aid in addressing poverty in East Africa

Phillip Eggers

Regis University

Denver, CO

MNM 651 Research Methods for Nonprofit Organizations

February 2015

IMPACTS OF AID IN EAST AFRICA 2

"To give away money is an easy matter ... and in any man's power.

But to decide to whom to give it, and how large and when, for what

purpose and how, is neither in every man's power nor an easy matter.”

– Aristotle (Williams, 1876)

Abstract

With altruistic giving that exists within many of us we all assume that we are supporting a good cause when we donate. In many cases, giving to a good cause is actually hurting

the cause; whether you’re giving to help feed the world’s poorest people or helping people overcome a catastrophic natural disaster, domestic or abroad. Many people unselfishly give to those in need whether directly or indirectly through nonprofit

organizations or nongovernmental agencies (NGO’s). It is the examination of NGO’s that can decipher the factual consequences embellished upon the recipients of relief.

Counterproductive efforts can be found in nearly every relief effort in any given society. Implications can start anywhere within the entire logistical supply chain from the donor that donates money down to the actual delivery of products and services. Problems

associated with program or product delivery of international aid stems from one or more of four single elemental problems – accountability, transparency, strategic population

targets and implementation of the wrong program. What will be addressed are the impacts of humanitarian aid in East Africa and the implications of too much or too little aid that’s being provided.


Introduction

“The West has positioned itself as the protagonist of development, giving rise to a

vast multi-billion dollar poverty industry. Yet the results have been mixed, in some cases

even catastrophic, and leaders in the developing world are growing increasingly vocal in

calling for change (Miller, M. M. et al. 2014).”

In examining the impacts that foreign aid can bring there are many consequences

that can come into play when helping the helpless, feeding the hungry and empowering

the powerless. In many cases, the intent of foreign aid that’s meant to help can be

counterproductive. However, on the other hand, consequences can be positive and

productive with absolute meaning in the realm of really helping and empowering people.

Does humanitarian aid work? This question is subjective in nature and has

dominated literature for the last one-hundred years. There isn’t a yes or no answer

because of many objective factors and the lenses of the many empirical based results that

accompany this topic. To support the argument that aid does or does not work depends

on the lens factor, your personal world view, and their personal world view and so on.

What appears to dominate literature in peer reviewed studies is that in most cases

foreign aid or humanitarian aid does not work to its full potential or to its full anticipated

purpose. Elements that appear to affect the outcomes of aid rest within many elements of

programing no matter what nongovernmental organization (NGO) is the implementer or

whoever the grantor. Elements include accountability, transparency, poor logistics, lack

of effective management and political gain.


The lack of accountability results in corruption, greed and egoism, chaos,

improper allocation and quality versus quantity of services. Accountability and target

populations are two elemental questions that need to be addressed in any continuing

program that uses foreign or humanitarian aid.

After a review of documentation and literature, accountability affects nearly every

key component of the logistical delivery chain of aid. Donors have an obligation to ask

for accountability when making donations to organizations supplying foreign aid.

Whether asking for methods used for reporting success and/or failure or earmarking

funds for specific elements within a supply chain or why a strategic targeted population

was targeted would be a good start.

An example is that International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC 2014) does

not allow a donor to earmark funds for a specific population, school or village. However,

you can donate to a specific country but not a specific part of any one particular program.

This is where problems can be pretentious while being oblivious to the donor.

This is a very important issue to address because the passions of the donors

should be utilized to maximum utility of the targeted populations. In many cases it is

lives that are on the line which is dependent upon purposed relief efforts. Without an

element of accountability, relief efforts and foreign aid can be very counterproductive

and actually cause the reverse of what it is meant for.

A good NGO needs to be utilizing donor funds for maximum benefit of the

recipients. To do this, an NGO must be held accountable to its donors for its programs

and logistical components of the programing. It is the responsibility of the NGO to

include the identification of all primary resources and assets and thus use of such


elements. This includes everything from trucks, ships, earth moving equipment, the

employees with proper certifications to operate such equipment, storage and security.

According to Bhattacharya, Hasija, & Wassenhove (2014), “it is imperative that aid

programs establish their resource needs…” continuing on, “Resource planning and

allocation are therefore important aspects of the preparedness and response activities of

aid organizations”.

NGO’s, especially those that have successes, should have proven experience that

will allow implementation of programs in new populations especially in collaboration

efforts with other NGO’s already within their areas of providing utility. A strong element

that must be addressed within NGO’s is transparency. This will allow the donors to see

NGO’s progress and use of their funds without having to do in-depth research to find out

if their funds are being used as per donor demands.

Not only will the objective of this study in east Africa be to find out the impacts,

positive or negative, of foreign aid but to find out what are the counterproductive

consequences and why unintended consequences happen. A secondary objective will

also visit differences in logistics between various NGO’s and answer why the differences

are being implemented in different logistical components.

An issue that would be important to address is the quality of aid and the quantity

of aid. The quality and quantity of aid also had direct correlations with the delivery

systems of aid, or logistics. According to Harrigan (2007), “The quality of aid is as

important if not more important than the quantity, and aid either poorly delivered or

poorly utilized can lead to negative effects in the recipient country.” Without addressing

the logistical component of humanitarian aid, corruption can surely be one of many


consequences – in which this is a whole separate subject entity in itself. This research

will propose encoding variables to address this element.

True Story

Lockhart (2014) explicitly describes a case where the United Nations promised

new shelters in communities in Afghanistan at a cost of $150 million dollars (USD). The

funds for this project were first funneled through an agency in Geneva who took 20% of

funds before the hiring of sub-contractors for this project; in tsunami relief efforts in

Asian nations, it’s generally 10%. These funds then went, “from agency to agency, NGO

to NGO, until they limped to their final destination itself – Afghanistan.” The remaining

funds were spent on wood from Iran and shipped through a trucking cartel at inflated

prices. The wood beams meant for shelter finally reached their village destinations but

the existing buildings, which were made of mud, were too weak to hold the huge wood

beams with no equipment to move them. The local villagers ended up cutting the wood

into usable pieces of firewood. This is a remarkable true story of how to waste $150

million dollars. This is just one of many stories.

Finally, the question that will be answered in this research will be, “What are the

impacts of international aid in addressing poverty in East Africa.”

Operational Definitions of Key Terms:

Humanitarian aid, foreign aid, relief, relief efforts are all one in the same

meaning which is defined as efforts that benefit the targeted populations, whether

impacts are positive or negative.


Targeted populations will be a generalized term meaning the impoverished

populations of people in and around the cities of Kampala, Uganda and Nairobi,

Kenya.

Structural functionalism will specifically mean all the elements of the logistical

supply chain of the NGO from the donor to the delivery of goods and services.

Each element of this chain of custody in logistical mechanisms will be assigned a

specific variable for coding.

NGO or nongovernmental organizations will only include U.S. based

organizations.

Indigenous peoples will refer to the target populations being studied who are

receiving aid or relief.

Randomized individuals will be the random individual head-of-households

selected for interviews and/or survey questions.

Literature Review

Harrigan, J. & Wang, C. (2011). A new approach to the allocation of aid among

developing countries: Is the USA different from the rest? World Development,

39 (8), 1281-1293. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.011

Harrigan, J & Wang, C. (2011) poses the question, “Does aid work?” This study goes in-

depth within this question and addresses the defined disappointing impacts and

summarized the “why” question. Elements discussed are corruption, inappropriate

allocation of donor funds, inefficiencies and greed. Programs from some of the world’s


largest NGO’s such as IMF, World Bank and others are discussed in the terms of market

liberalization ideologies. What is deeply rooted in this study is that they investigate the

factors that influence aid allocations and the motivations of strategic donor interests

versus recipient need.

Büthe, T., Major, S., & Souza, A. e. (2012). The politics of foreign aid: Humanitarian

Principles, economic development objectives, and organizational interests in

NGO private aid allocation. International Organization, 66(4), 571-607. doi:

10.1017/S0020818312000252

International humanitarian and development efforts are generally provided and serviced

by NGO sources, including the allocation; however, there is very little in the explanation

of this allocation. This researcher has been unable to find clear and concise rules or

documentations that explain in-depth reasoning for general allocation of humanitarian aid

and we believe this is an important element that must be answered in finding out if

humanitarian aid works. “We know very little about this private foreign aid, not even

how it is distributed across recipient countries, much less what explains allocation

(Büthe, Major & Souza, 2012).”

Büthe, Major & Souza (2012) attempts to break this down in explaining the

motivations and secondary indicators; furthermore, it’s found that GDP is not a

significant indicator on the amounts of funding distributed to populations. It is even

broken down by government aid targets, NGO aid targets and the factors that play into

some of these decisions such as material self-interest among NGOs competing for the

same resources.


Mitchell, G. E. (2014). Why will we ever learn?. Public Performance & Management

Review, 37(4), 605-631. doi:10.2753/PMR1530-9576370404

Much of the international aid work has been supported by NGO’s based in the United

States (Mitchell, 2014). There is absolutely a lack of measurement accountability for

NGO’s in the world spectrum. “Relatively little is known about their impact on the

intended beneficiaries (Mitchell, 2014).” Mitchell (2014) continues on that there is a

rigorous demand for measurement from government donors; however, since most of the

funding is from individual donors who don’t ask questions, there is an ever growing lack

of accountability in measurement and evaluation practices. Since the NGO community

received a substantial portion of their funding from individuals, individuals in great

numbers must ask for stronger evaluation systems in order for this to work (Mitchell,

2014). Mitchell (2014) concludes that “relatively little is known about the effectiveness

of aid spending” because of a lack of accountability in measurement and evaluations.

Younas, J., (2008). Motivation for bilateral aid allocation: Altruism or trade benefits.

European Journal of Political Economy. 24 (3), 661-674. doi:10.1016/j.

ejpoleco.2008.05.003

Younas (2008) says it well when it’s said, “the role of aid for reducing poverty and

enhancing well-being remains controversial.” Younas (2008) goes on to say and state

many resources regarding aid allocation “concludes that political, economic and strategic

interests of donors rather development objectives play a dominant role in their aid


allocation decision,” as previously mentioned earlier from another article. Although

international aid can fight poverty, this weapon is not allocated effectively or efficiently

and it is badly targeted to promote any success and long term sustainability – which is

generally the ultimate goal. To date, there hasn’t been any research found on the

aggregate of bilateral aid, encouraging a quid pro quo based upon success. This is a good

topic that must be explored to explain and measure aggregated and/or disaggregated

impacts in the flow of aid. It is believed that such a research subject can measure the

altruistic bilateral flows between original donor or aid supplier and the recipient.

Younas’ (2008) findings find that developed nations “disproportionately allocated

to recipient nations who have greater tendency to import goods in which donor nations

have a comparative advantage in production.” This leaves us with a sense that targeted

nations are only those who could have and not have goods exporting capabilities based on

natural resources. Findings also conclude that we are more concerned about “alleviating

physical miseries (infant mortality) and rewarding good human rights conditions.”

Younas (2008) also finds that there are strong economic and political self-interests when

addressing the reduction of poverty, which is not all that altruistic to say the least.

Hypothesis

What are the impacts of international aid in addressing poverty in East Africa?

Addressing world poverty is significant because this topic includes a high amount of

needless drama and selfish motivations, it tugs on the hearts of people and it is considered

the right thing to do in philosophical terms. If there is a lack of accountability and

transparency elements in addressing world poverty this will turn into a tool for political


gain, promote corruption, fund terrorism and turn from nonprofit to big corporate

business on the coat tails of the impoverished.

When addressing this topic of concern there is much to learn as to why many

programs do not work. As we all know, humanitarian aid has been helping populations

for many years and yet some of these same population recipients are still impoverished.

This is important because there are obvious flaws in many programs for many NGO’s.

This phenomenon can be explained in a multitude of studies but the fact remains clear,

many populations are still impoverished and poor despite the many decades of relief

regardless of the blame.

Methods

For the purposes of this research proposal, the strategic research methods that will

be used in data collection and analysis will be incorporated from a variety of approaches

and paradigms. Qualitative approaches that will be included will be grounded theory

through in-depth observation and surveys, case study with comparative-historical inquiry

and a narrative approach through the eyes of recipients and through the people involved

in the delivery of service systems. Paradigms or elements that will be explored or used as

comparison will include the possibilities of a conflict paradigm, structural functionalism

in regards to the servicing organizations, and finally an attempt to see if an interest

convergence is existing within servicing organizations that may cause negative concern.

It is not believed that ethnographic or phenomenological elements will be

considered to evaluate the quality of analysis. However, through observation and

answers of questions of the benefiting indigenous peoples, this may play a scope within


the quantitative analysis of data collected. The decision to include these two elements

will be dependent upon the answers received and observations witnessed at the discretion

of the researcher. For the meantime, methods used are described below.

Approach

The researcher will work as an individual when abroad as to keep costs down;

however, researcher will work in conjunction with US based NGO’s within the countries

of Kampala, Uganda and surrounding communities. Incorporated will be work in and

around Nairobi, Kenya also working with US based NGO’s. A second researcher will be

monitoring and saving documented progress on computer and cloud technology. In the

case of a second researcher being funded for the trip, every document and file will be

saved with cloud technology as well as secure computer and photographed field notes

which will be updated daily.

In Uganda, the target NGO’s to work with will be WaterAid Global, Bead for

Life, and Pearl Community Empowerment Foundation. In Kenya, the target NGO’s to

work with will be the United Nations Refugee Agency, International Committee of the

Red Cross and Xavier Project. The aforementioned NGO’s will be informed of the

purpose of this study and will encourage input.

Researcher will plan on living amongst the indigenous peoples who receive

humanitarian aid from abroad, mainly the United States and Europe. Time living with

the peoples can vary dependent upon acquiring a short term host family. It is the intent of

the researcher to inform all involved about the purpose of this research study while being

careful not to include researcher bias and mindful of reactivity.


Grounded Theory

Through observation, the researcher will observe the delivery of services and

document what is being delivered, how often delivery happens, reaction of the recipients,

and what happens during the times there is no delivery of services or product. Because

there can be a varying degree within the dynamics of each situation based on each NGO,

or service delivery organization, this will need to be monitored through a variety of

organizations as to have a comparative element of study.

It is the intent that these researchers also spend some time among the indigenous

peoples who receive aid and services. The purpose of this will be to outline a better

understanding of culture and ethnography. Armed with this knowledge, a better

understanding of answers and interpretations can be accounted for in identifying proper

questions to be asked within a survey.

After extensive observations there will be a survey questionnaire to the people

involved in delivery of services to quantify a measureable element to see if these people

feel they are making a difference with their work. A similar questionnaire will be used

for the recipients of services while being careful as to not to incorporate researcher bias.

With the data compilation through strategic questions, there will come a measurable

element of comparison.

Case Study Research

Case studies will need to be researched in-depth before observations take place. It

is the existing published research that will show what to look for prior to observations in

the field. Included will be the field notes from previous similar research and interviews


of the researchers themselves. It is possible to incorporate interview and broad question

surveys from researchers to be included into quantitative analysis.

Because this research will include several countries which will be oceans away

and many NGO’s, questions will need to be strategically worded as to emphasize like-

based phenomenology’s according to the research question.

Comparative Historical Inquiry

To better understand the economic patterns and political climate that may

affect the outcomes of the understandings of facts, a comparative historical inquiry

must be incorporated within this research study. Other patterns that must be taken

into consideration will be geographic distance and societal cultures being served as

to understand impacts, or an understanding of the impacts in the eyes or views of

the populations served. This will help minimize unintentional researcher bias and

incorporate a quantitative measurement because success or failure can be measured

or labeled differently depending on where in the world you are. For example,

success in Kampala, Uganda may equally mean failure in Port-au-Prince, Haiti or

vice versa. This will help keep meanings on the same field of measure which can be

subject to manipulation.

Structural Functionalism

The paradigm of structural functionalism will be used as an operational term

in regards to the studied NGO’s themselves. For each NGO, the structure of the

organization will be broken down for identification through variables in coding, see

Processing Data/Interpretations. The NGO’s will have assigned variables for each


organizational structure beginning with donor funds through all processes of

logistics and the actual delivery of services or products. Furthermore, the delivery

of services and products will be structurally broken down by what was delivered,

how much was delivered and what service or services were provided. Subject to

interpretation, see coding section.

Timeline

Timeline for the implementation to completion of this research will be

between twelve weeks but no more than sixteen weeks. Because this research

involves more than one country in one continent, a sixteen week maximum will be

allotted for the completion of this project. There is potential in an increased

timeline based on natural disasters which are unpredictable.

Comparative research will begin in July 2015. Researchers will implement

the overseas portion of this study beginning August 30, 2015 to November 30, 2015.

Dissection and interpretation of information will be complete by January 30, 2016

where the final results will be available to or presented to the granting institution.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations will include using only volunteers for interviews and

survey questions. It will be in the best interest of the researcher to not be

judgmental of the populations being served in which researcher bias may be easily

influential. This research will have a strong focus on how the dynamics of NGO

delivery systems work as it is working now and to not intervene in any way, shape

or form as to collect accurate data without researcher bias or unintentional skewing.


Volunteering will also assist in the identification, if any, of any type of interest

convergence exists for the NGO.

There will be researcher involvement in volunteering for the studied NGO as

to get a clear glimpse of the delivery system used. Researcher NGO volunteerism

will be incorporated within every NGO studied as the NGO, time and money will

allow. Of important note; the researcher must be cautious and mindful of the

mission tasks at hand and will not participate in new decision making processes or

assist in organizational systems decision making as to keep within a naturalist

paradigm and to not be objective in any manner. It is not the intent of the

researchers to ensure to not have any influence in NGO capacity or existing

mechanisms.

Barriers that can be confronted will be language and cultural barriers. It is

with best interest for the researcher to understand the language dynamics to form

appropriate questions for surveys and interviews. This is why it is imperative for

the researcher to obtain host families to temporarily live with and to observe.

Data Collection Strategies

Appendix provides some basic sample questions for the data being collected.

This is not a conclusive list of questions at this time and wording or additional

questions may be added at a later time depending on the outcomes of comparative

studies. In addition, interviews will be conducted from an initial estimate of twenty

five heads of households picked at random from each city totaling fifty interviews.


Randomized individuals will be selected using randomized numbers from the

website www.random.org as to eliminate any bias. No children will be included in

this research as the focus will be from the answers from head of households;

however, it is understood that in limited cases, children may be the head of a

household. In this case, the head of household child will be used if randomly

selected and if the intellect exists to obtain reasonable answers based upon

researcher understanding of the individual. Should a head of household child be

deemed not be intellectually fit for this proposed research, a new random number

will be selected.

Focus groups will be a strong source of information. The intention is to have

six focus groups total, three from Kampala, Uganda and three from Nairobi, Kenya.

These focus groups will not include those that were included in interviews. It is the

intent of the research to be selective of the participants of the focus groups as to

keep similar intellectually likeminded participants in discussion. Further intent will

be to have four of the six focus groups be recipients of NGO aid.

Two focus groups will consist of participants who do not use or receive aid if

such a population exists within the targeted study populations as to formulate a

variable of their world views of humanitarian aid on their, neighbors per se’. The

two focus groups will be formed with one focus group coming from each city target

population. Selectivity will not be randomized but will be in the form of invitations

from meeting and greeting the people of the selected target areas.

http://www.random.org/


It is here where researchers will look at elements of phenomenology and re-

review case studies and comparative inquiry to see if additional questions need to

be asked and answered. A comparison will also be analyzed with the current field

notes of this study with the field notes of researchers of similar studies to develop a

refined conceptualization of terms and the operational use of terms.

Cost

Spreadsheet below contains fair cost for this study based on twelve weeks

for one researcher. Request will be for two researchers in country abroad:

All costs are in USD. Unit of currency in Kenya and Uganda is the Shilling.

One Time Costs Weekly Cost

Airfair RT Uganda 1,300.00$ Dining 150.00$

Airfair RT Ug/Ky 400.00$ Groceries 30.00$

VisaFees 165.00$ Bus Tix 25.00$

Hotel (Ug/KY) 3,000.00$ Sim Card Reload 25.00$

Notebooks 100.00$ Materials 15.00$

Travel Ins. 210.00$ Internet 10.00$

misc. 50.00$

subtotal 5,175.00$

Total 5,175.00$ Subtotal 305.00$

12 Weeks 3,660.00$

Total 3,660.00$

Total program cost at 12 weeks 8,835.00$

Below are currency conversions from USD to current UGX and KES

UGX = Uganda Shilling 25,400,622.18UGX

KES = Kenya Shilling KES 807,960.75

*Currency rates are as of February 23, 2015


Analytic Techniques

After data collection of all field notes, questionnaires and focus group results

are compiled, much of this will be interpreted into a quantitative analysis. Answers

to questionnaires will automatically have assigned number from one to five, with

one being the strongest positive answer. This quantitative data will be reflected

with the dissection of field notes and focus group notes.

With this data, this researcher will find out what the differences are between

the answers provided from the NGO and indigenous recipients of services. We will

discover how the NGO perceives their societal impact versus how the recipients

perceive the social impact of the NGO within their own culture or population.

Because much of the data collected will be subject to unknowing researcher

bias, validity and reliability can be strongly subjective in nature for interpretations.

As you will see below, coding and interpretation will be open to peers during the

entire phase of this research as to increase the validity and interpretations of codes

and operational definition of terms.

Processing Data/Interpretation

Coding will be an integral part of the processes for interpretation of data. For

the purpose of this research proposal, coding will be incorporated into units base d

on answers to survey questions, researcher interpretations of focus group

outcomes, NGO organizational missions, cause and effect of NGO mission versus

logistical supply chains and the perceptions of NGO impacts from the recipient’s

point of view. This is where two elements will be refined; 1) Macrotheory will be a


element that defines the NGO or servicing organization. 2) The microtheory will

include two groups, the target population being served and the service delivery

employees or volunteer’s from the NGO. These will be encoded variables to define

quantitative coding.

This quantification process will be open for peer review because of the

subjectivity element. A code book will be developed during the open coding phase

to help identify initial phase critical variables based upon the proposal question.

Code book development will be a continuum throughout the study as more

information is learned and the identification of variables yet to be thought of for

multivariate analysis to help distinguish facts from opinions. Multivariate analysis

will be incorporated because the focus of the question will be on two east Africa

cities in two countries.

Initial open coding will be performed through brainstorming between the

two researchers after individual thought before combining. After collection of data

and initial coding, axial coding will begin to take place; however, the important

general concepts will be identified early on during the initial open coding phase.

Upon completion of the coding processes, selective coding will be carefully

analyzed as to stay focused on the research proposal question and turn this

information into a quantitative text format subjective to interpretation. Although

subjective in nature, this will be interpreted for final analysis after a peer review for

final reporting.


Conclusion

When addressing world poverty, there needs to be a strong plan. With this strong

plan there needs to be superior leadership in place with checks and balances. In these

plans, no matter what government, NGO or entity implements them there is a leadership

structure and logistical structures that must be solid and bound by transparency and

accountability.

Should there be a standard to abide by? Not necessarily because every situation

can be unique depending on the strategic population and what service or products are

being delivered and when. But there can be best practices implemented based on

historical inquiry and case study for what works best for nearly every situation.

A best practice guide can be an enriching element to add to the qualifications,

accreditations and credibility to a servicing organization. This is something that can

strongly be beneficial to the servicing agency in the eyes of individual donors, granting

organizations and can create a competitive edge. Nunnenkamp & Öhler (2012) has

findings that state, “competition among peers may help improve the efficiency of NGO

aid.”

Many people always say there is not enough aid being handed out. But the big

question to address is the impacts of too much aid. With too much aid, this creates chaos

and wreaks havoc on leadership, it disenfranchises the recipients, creates a black market

that could potentially benefit terrorist organizations, and so on. There must be checks

and balances, or at least a functionalism that monitors such cases.


References:

Bhattacharya, S., Hasija, S., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2014). Designing

efficient infrastructural investment and asset transfer mechanisms in

humanitarian supply chains. Production & Operations Management.

23(9), 1511-1521. doi:10.1111/poms.12177

Büthe, T., Major, S., & Souza, A. e. (2012). The politics of foreign aid: Humanitarian

Principles, economic development objectives, and organizational interests in

NGO private aid allocation. International Organization, 66(4), 571-607. doi:

10.1017/S0020818312000252

Harrigan, J. (2007). The doubling of aid to sub-Saharan Africa: Promises and problems.

Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 25(30), 369-389

doi: 10.1080/02589000701662434

Harrigan, J. & Wang, C. (2011). A new approach to the allocation of aid among

developing countries: Is the USA different from the rest? World Development,

39 (8), 1281-1293. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.12.011

International Committee of the Red Cross. (2014). Where your donations go.

Retrieved from https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/

finance-where-your-donations-go.htm

Lockhart, C. (2014). Fixing US Foreign Assistance. World Affairs, 176(5), 84-93.

Miller, M. M. ,& Fitzgerald, Jr., J. (Directors), Miller, M. M., & Mauren, K. (Producter).

(2014). Poverty, Inc.: The business of doing good has never been better.

(Unavailable to open public at this time but can be seen in screen showings).

Website information on screenings: http://www.povertyinc.org/

http://www.povertyinc.org/


Mitchell, G. E. (2014). Why will we ever learn?. Public Performance & Management

Review, 37(4), 605-631. doi:10.2753/PMR1530-9576370404

Nunnenkamp, P. & Öhler, H. (2012). Funding, Competition and the efficiency of

NGOs: An empirical analysis of non-charitable expenditure of US NGOs

engaged in foreign aid. Kyklos, 65(1), 81-110. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-

6435.201.00528.x

Williams, R. (1876). The nicomachean ethics of Aristotle. Oxford-London, UK:

Longmans, Green, and Company.

Younas, J., (2008). Motivation for bilateral aid allocation: Altruism or trade benefits.

European Journal of Political Economy. 24 (3), 661-674. doi:10.1016/j.

ejpoleco.2008.05.003


Appendix

Sample questions for indigenous people receiving aid

Questions below will have a numeric designation from one to five with one

being the strongest and five being meaning least. Every question will have

concluding remarks for individual and researcher.

How dependent are you or your household dependent on aid?

Would your community be compromised if foreign aid were to stop? How and

Why.

Do you like receiving aid?

Do you feel foreign aid is important to your local economy?

Would you like foreign aid to stay as it is or is there something you would

change?

Do you feel the NGO can do a better job in distribution?

Does the NGO provide empowerment for success?

Do you feel the NGO is doing anything wrong in regards to strategic target

population, products, services or other deliverables?

Is your government interfering with the services provided by the NGO?

Sample questions for NGO volunteers or employees

Do you feel your work is positively helping people?

Do the people receiving your services appreciate it?


Are the NGO goals being met in regards to timely distribution of product and/or

services?

What would happen to your target population if your NGO stopped providing and

left the country?

Is your NGO providing for all who need your services?

Is the government involved with the delivery of services in any way?

Documents

Research_Proposal_The impacts of international aid in addressing poverty in East Africa