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INTRODUCTION

History Of Petroleum Energy

Petroleum ( petroleum,from Greek : petra (rock) + Latin : oleum or crude oil is a

naturally occurring,flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various

molecular weights and another liquid organic compounds ,that are fundin geologic formation

beneath the Earth’s surface.

The team petroleum is found (in the spelling is “petraoleum”) in tenth-century Old

English sources.It was used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1548 by the

German mineralogist Geog Baoer, also known as Georgius Agricola. In the 19th

Century , the

term petroleum was frequently used to refer to mineral oils produced by distillation from mined

organic solids such as canned coal (and later oil shale), and refined oils produced from them; in

the United Kingdom, storage (and later transport) of these oils were regulated by a series of

Petroleum Acts , from the Petroleum Acts 1862 c, 66 onward.

Petroleum,in one form or another,has been used since ancient times,and is nowimportant across society, including in economy, politics and technology.The rise in importance

was mostly due to the invention of the internal combustion engine , the rise in commercial

aviation and the increasing

More than 4000 years ago,according to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculion,asphait

as used in the construction of walls and towers of Babylon: there were oil pits near Ardericca

(near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus .Great quantites of it were found on the river

issus,one of the tributaries of the Euphrates.Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and

lightning uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society .By 347 CE,oil was produced

from bamboo-drilled wells in China.

In the 1850s, the process kerosene from petroleum was invented by Ignancy

Lukasiewicz,providing a cheaper alternative to whale oil. The demand for the petroleum as a fuel

for lighting in North America and around the world quickly grew. The world’s first commercial

oil well was drilled in Poland in 1853. Oil exploration developed in many parts of the world with

the Russian Empire,particulary the Branobel company in Azerbajin (Asia’s first modern



borehole oil production began in 1848 at the Bibi-Heybat field near Baku), taking the lead in

production by the end of the 19th

century.

Access to oil was and still is a major factor in several military conflicts of the

twentieth century including World War II, during which oil facilities were a major strategics

asset and were extensively bombed. Operation Barbossa included the goal to capture the Bakuoilfields as it would provide much needed oil-supplies for the German military which was

suffering from blockades. Oil exploration in North America during the early 20th century later

led to the U.S becoming the leading producer by the mid 1900s. As petroleum production in the

U.S peaked during the 1960’s , however , the United States was surpassed by Saudi Arabia and

Russia.

Today,90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40%

of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity

generation.Petroleum’s worth as a portable,dense energy source powering the vast majority of

vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world’s most importantcommodities.

The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia,Russia and United States.

About 80% of the world’s readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle Eas t, with 62.5%

coming from the Arab 5:Saudi Arabia,UAE,Iraq,Qatar and Kuwait. A large portion of the

world’s total oil exists as unconventional sources, such as bitumen in Canada and Vanezuela and

oil shale.White significant volumes of oil are extracted from oil sands, particulary in Canada,

logistical and technical hurdles remain,as oil extraction requires large amounts of heat and water,

making its net energy content quite low relatives to conventional crude oil.Thus, Canada’s oil

sands are not expected to provides more than a few million barrels per day in the foreseeablefuture.



Alternative energy source

Energy development is the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary

forms for supply,cost,impact on air pollution and water pollution,miligation of climatechange

with renewable energy.

Technology advanced societies have become increasingly dependent on external energy sources

for transportation,the production of many manufactured goods, and the delivery of energy

services. This energy allows people who can afford the cost to live under otherwise unfavorable

climatic conditions through the use of heating, ventilation,and/or air conditioning.Level of use

of external energy sources differs across societies,as do the climates,convienience,levels of

traffic congestion, pollution and availability energy sources.

A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electric

power. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines , and cover an

extended area of hundreds of square miles, but the land between the turbines may be used for

agricultural or other purposes. A wind farm may also located offshore to take advantage of

strongs winds blowing over the surface of an ocean or lake.

As a general rule,economic wind generators require windspeed of 10 mph (16 km/h) or

greater.An ideal location would have a near constant flow of non-turbulent wind throughout the

year, with a minimum likehood of sudden powerful burst of wind.An important factor of turbine

sitting is also access to local demand or transmission capacity.

Floating wind farms are similar to a wind farm,but the difference is that they float in the middleof the ocean.Offshore wind farms can be placed in water up to 40 metres (130 ft) deep,whereas

floating wind turbines can float in water up 700 meters (2,300 ft) deep.The advantage of having

a floating wind farm is to be able to hardness the winds from the open ocean. Without any

obstructions such as hills,trees and buildings, winds from the open ocean can reach up to speeds

twice as fast as coastal ureas.



AIM

The aims of carrying out this project work are:

i. To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems;

ii. To improve thinking skills;

iii. To promote effective mathematical communication;

iv. To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that increases

students interest and confidence;

v. To use the language of mathematical to express mathematical ideas precisely

vi. To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning;

vii. To develop positive attitude towards mathematics



By using Phythagoras Theorem,we can calculate the length of any sides of a triangle.The theory can be

concluded that any right triangle, the area of the square whose side is the hypothanus (the side opposite

the right angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the areas of the squres whose sides are the two legs

(the two sides that meet at a right angle).

The theorem can be written as an equation relating the lengths of the sides a,b and c,often called the

Phytagorean equation:

a²+b²=c²

where c represents the length of the length of the hypotenuse, and a and b represent the lengths of the

other two sides.

Therefore,the calculation of the distance is as follows:

ROUTE 1

Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

6² + 8² = c² 10² + 2² = c² 6² + 9² = c²

36 + 64 = c² 100 + 4 = c² 36 + 81 = c²

100 = c² 104 = c² 117 = c²

10 = c 10.198 = c 10.817 = c

Total distance = 10 + 10.198 + 10.817

= 31.015 km

ROUTE 2


26² + 2² = c² 11² + 15² = c² 6² + 9² = c²

676 + 4 = c² 121 + 225 = c² 36 + 81 = c²680 = c² 346 = c² 117 = c²

26.076 = c 18.601 = c 10.817 = c

Total distance = 26.076 + 18.601 + 10.817

= 55.494 km



ROUTE 3


20² + 2² = c² 8² + 2² = c² 6²+9² = c²

400 + 4 = c² 64 + 4 = c² 36 + 81 = c²

404 = c² 68 = c² 117 = c²

20.100 = c 8.246 = c 10.817 = c

Total distance = 20.100 + 8.246 + 10.817

= 39.181 km



BEARINGS

To calculate bearings,we must first find the length of the horizontal line and vertical

line.Then,we could use tangent of the lengths to get the angle.Lastly,we must calculate the angle

from the True North rotating clockwise to the desired location.

N 360° / 000°

W 270 ° E 090°

S 180 °

Route 1


Horizontal length 8 km 2 km 9 km

Vertical length 6 km 10 km 6 km

Calculation of angle tan = 8/6

= 8/6

= 53.13



Route 2




Calculation of length = 15

Route 3




Calculation of angle ⁄ ⁄



Coordinates

After calculating the distance and the bearings of the course , we need to find out the

coordinates of which the boat needed to turn.

Route 1

From the coordinates ( 0 , 0 ) , the boat is needed to turn 53.13 from North.Then, at the

coordinates ( 8 , 6 ) , the boat is turned bearing 11.31 . Lastly, just before reaching the offshoreoil rig,the boat is turned bearing 56.31 at coordinate ( 15 , 18 )

Route 2

From the coordinates ( 0 , 0 ) , the boat is needed to turn 86.50 from North.Then,at

coordinates ( 26 , 2 ) , the boat is turned bearing 323.75 . Lastly,just before reaching the

offshore oil rig,the boat turned bearing 56.31 at coordinate ( 15 , 18 )

Route 3

From the coordinates ( 0 , 0 ) , the boat is needed to turn 5.71 from North. Then, at

coordinates ( 2 , 20 ) , the boat is turned bearing 104.04 . Lastly,just before reaching the

offshore oil rig the boat turned bearing 56.31 at coordinates ( 15 , 18 )



Possible dangers

There are many possible dangers that lays in the journey. Besides that,there are also severalpreserved and conserved areas that have high risk of being intruded.

Route 1

Coral reef

Sunken ship

Giant octopus

Route 2

Shark infested water

Thunderstorm

Sunken ship

Giant octopus

Route 3

Coral reef

Sunken ship

Giant octopus



Time estimation

To calculate the time estimation of arrival of the boat,we must use the formula :

Distance travelled Speed = Time of arrival

Route 1

31.015 km km/hr = 0.87 hours

= 53.17 minutes

Route 2

55.494 km km/hr = 1.59 hours

= 95.13 minutes

Route 3

39.181 km 35 km/hr = 1.12 km

= 67.17 minutes



Conclusion

Types of routes Route 1 Route 2 Route 3

Distance 31.015 km 55.494 km 39.181 km

Bearings 53.13

11.31

56.31

85.60

323.75

56.31

5.71

104.04

56.31

Coordinates ( 0 , 0 )

( 8 , 6 ) ( 15 , 18 )

( 0 , 0 )

( 26 , 2 ) ( 15 , 18 )

( 0 , 0 )

( 2 , 20 ) ( 15 , 18)

Possible danger Coral reef

Sunken ship

Giant octopus

Shark infestedwater

Thunderstorm

Sunken ship

Giant octopus

Coral reef

Sunkentreasure

Giant octopus

Time estimation 0.87 hours

53.17 minutes

1.59 hours

95.13 minutes

1.12 hours

67.17 minutes

Based on the table above , we can conclude that route 1 is the best route to travel to the offshore

oil rig . Not only has the shortest distance overall,it also has the lowest bearing overall meaning

that the boat doesn’t need to turn so hard . Furthermore , it also has one danger which is the giant

octopus and two preservation and conservation site which is the coral reef and the sunken ship.

Lastly,it also needed the lowest time needed to arrive to the offshore oil rig which is 0.87

hours,equivalent to 53.17 minutes.



Part 2

Before we can find the time arrival of the boat,we must first calculate the resistance of the seacurrent or drag to effect on the speed of the boat .

Desired Destination

Actual Movement

Sea current

Boat movement

If the boat was to move directly to the desired destination, the coming sea current will push the

boat away from the move a bit further away to another location.This can be shown in Diagram 1(above)

Desired Destination

Actual Movement

Sea current

Boat movement

Now,if the boat was to move towards the incoming sea current will push the boat to its

destination as shown in Diagram 2 (above)



Section 1 Vc 15

Vr 10

6 Vb

Vy

Cos = Vx / Vr

Vx = Vr cos ……………………….. 1

Sin = Vy / Vr

Vy = Vr sin ………………………… 2

Vr = =

= ()

Vb = () Vc = (

)

Vr = Vb + Vc

= () + ( )



Vr 8/10 = 36 cos ………………………. 1

Vr 6/10 = 36 sin

= 60 sin …………………………….. 2

Combine those two equation and we can find the ( use the Formula = 1 )

+

= 1 -

8/10 ( 60 ) = 36 cos

48 sin

2304 ( 1 - ) = ( 36

2304 – 2304 ̃ + 225

3600

Because the value

= 22.4 of is 90

Vr = 60 sin 22.4

= 22.855 km/h

Time taken = 10/22.855

= 0.4375



Section 2 Vc 15

V104

10 Vb

Vr Vy

Vx

Vx = Vr ………………………………………….. 1

= Vy / Vr

Vy = Vr ………………………………………….. 2

Vr = =

= ( )

Vb = ( ) Vc = (

)

Vr = Vb + Vc

= (

) + ( )

Vr 2 / = 36 - 15 …………………………………… 1

Vr 10 / = 36

Vr = / 10 ……………………………….. 2



Combine those two equation and we find the

(use the Formula

9 / / 6 = 36

54 = 36

54 ( 1 - = (36

54 – 54 1296 – 1080

1350

Vr = / 10

= 29.915 km/h

Time taken = /

= 0.341 hours







Journey start at 10.00 a.m

Distance from starting point ( 0 , 0 ) to Wind Farm ( 11 , 16 ) is 20.198 km

Distance from Wind Farm ( 11 , 16 ) to Oil Rig ( 25 , 23 ) is 10.817 km

The boat will arrive at the Oil Rig

= 10.00 a.m + t1 + t2 + 2 hours ( maintaining wind farm ) + t3

= 10.00 a.m + 0.4375 hours + 0.3410 hours + 2 hours + 0.48 hours

= 1.15.31 p.m



Part 3

a) To find the machine constant , c , we must first utilize the formula given which is :

P = cAu²

the value of the other unknown has been given :

Wind speed,u = 13 m/s

Surface area of the turbine = 10 m²

Power output = 10 kW

P = cAu

10 000 = c(10) (13) (13)

C = 10 000 1690

C = 5.917

b) The determine the time taken to produce 50 MJ of energy,we must use the other formula

given,which is :

E = ∫ dt

E = ∫ dt

E =

50 000 000 = (5.917) (10) (13) (13) t

t = 50 000 000 10 000

= 5000 seconds

= 250/3 minutes

= 25/18 hours



b)ii) 50 000 000 = ∫ dt

50 000 000 = ∫

= 4/169 (t³) / 3

= 4/507 t

t = 1850.6 seconds



Part 4

a) To find the average rate of oil production in hours that can last 10 years,we must first find

the number of hours in 10 years.

Number of hours =Hours in a day × Days in a year × 10

= 24 × 365 ×10

= 87 600 hours

Then we should divide the number of barrels by the total hours to find the average rate of oilproduction.

Average rate = Number of barrels ÷ Total hours

= 100 000 000 ÷ 87600

= 1142 barrels per hour



b)

1 metre

0.5 metre

To find the rate of increase of oil , we must utlize the formula :

dh / dt = dh / dv × dv / dt

From the question ,it given that :

Time = 5 minutes

Diameter = 0.5 metre

Height = 1 metre

dh / dv = 100 / ( 25 ) ( 25 ) ( 100 )

= 100 / 62500

= 0.0016 / ………………………………….1

dv / dt = ( 25 ) ( 25 ) ( 100 ) / 5

= 125 00

…………………………………2

dh / dt = dh / dv × dv / dt

= 0.0016/ × 12500

= 20 cm / minutes



PART 5

a ) Oil Productions and Consumption

As we can see from the charts above , Russian Federation is the second largest producer of oil

seconded only to the major producer og oil which is Saudi Arabia with a production of 10 . 5

million barrels a day.



b ) Oil Imports and Exports

In the previous charts , Saudi Arabia is the largest producer of oil , thus Saudi Arabia is the

largest exporter og oil globally which is 9.1 billion barrels per year , about 24% of global export.

The second largest exporter is Rusia which is also second largest oil producer of the world .

Russsia exported 21 % of world oil export , 7.9 billion barrels per year

Eventhough our country , Malaysia is a producer of oil , the export of oil is insignificant in

global scale that we did not enter the pie chart for the major oil exporter.



Crude Oil Imports by Country of Origin, 2005

Based from the pie chart above , we can conclude that the country that import the most oil is

Canada which is 16.3 % of global oil import.Second , Mexico imports about 15.4 % of total oil

import in the world .

In third place is Saudi Arabia which imports 14.3 % of global oil imports eventhough it is the

largest producer of oil . The other countries imports a total of 16.5 % of world oil imports.



c ) Oil Reserves

In the Asia pacific , China holds the most oil reserves abaut 2 .0 billion barrels . Seconds, India

which have about 6 billion barrels in its reserves. Our country , Malaysia shared third place with

Indonesia for the most oil reserve. Both of the countries have 4 billion barrels each. Lastly,

Australia is the last of the top 5 oil reserves holders in Asia pacific.



FURTHER EXPLORATION

Careers in Petroleum Industry that requires a good foundation in Additional Math :

- Petroleum Engineer

Petroleum Engineers help locate natural reservoirs of petroleum deposits. They work with

teams of specialist to develop more effective, cost-efficient methods of petroleum

recovery. Petroleum Engineers require at least a bachelor’s degree in Petroleum

Engineering or related field.

Petroleum Engineers apply principles from chemistry, mathematics, engineering and

geology to develop new processes and methods of petroleum extraction.

- Engineering GeologistAn engineering geologist is a geologist is a geologist trained in the discipline of

engineering geology. Many organizations and governments have programs for the

qualifications, testing and certification of engineering geologists as a protection to the

public.

Engineering geologist commonly works with civil engineers, architects, developers and

planners, to ensure that the geologic factors affecting the location, design, construction,

operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and adequately provided

for.

One of the most important roles of the engineering geologist is the interpretation of

landforms and earth processes to indentify potential geologic and related manmade

hazards that may impact civil structures and human development.Nearly all engineering

geologist are initially trained and educated in geology, primarily during their

undergraduate education.



HYDROLOGIST

Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on earth and

other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental

watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist, working within the

fields of earth environmental engineering.

The main jobs of a hydrologist are to assess contaminant transport risk and establish

environmental policy guidelines, part of the hazard module in catastrophe modeling,

designing riparian restoration projects. They also involved determining the water balance

of a region.

GEOPHYSICIS

Geophysicis is the physics of the earth and its environment in space . Its subjects include

the shape of the earth , its gravitational ang magnetic fields, the dynamics of the earth as

a whole and of its component parts, the earth’s internal structure, composition and

tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation, the hydrological

cycle including snow and ice, all aspects of the oceans, the atmosphere, ionosphere,

magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations, and analogous problems associated with the

moon and other planets

Geophysics is a highly interdisciplinary subjects and geophysicist contribute to every

area of the earth sciences such as Gravity, heat flow and magnetism.



SOURCES / REFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hydrologist#branches_of_hydrology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/engineering_geologist

http://www.energyzone.net/downloads/career%20path%20o%20&%20g%20rev2.pdf

http://educationportal.com/articles/petroleum_engineer_job_description_and_info_abaut_

a_career_in_petroleum_engineering.html







http://educationportal.com/articles/petroleum_engineer_job_description_and_info_abaut_a_career_in_petroleum_engineering.html












CONCLUSION

Oil industry plays a very important part in our life. Oil powers our cars, electcity and

many others things. Just imagine a world without petroleum. That is why oil exploration

and research is important and must be continued by future generations.

I learnt many things from this coursework such as :

- Additional Math can be used in daily life

- Additional Math is not very hard to learn

- We must keep on finding newer renewable energy sources to replace oil reserves that are

depleting.

- Careers that involved in oil industry requires a basic knowledge of Additional Math



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to my teacher, Puan Halimaton Saadiah Bt Saad

for her wonderful guidance for me to able to complete this project work. Next, is to my parents

for their continuous support to me throughout this experiment. Special thanks to my friends for

their help, and to all those who contributed directly or indirectly towards the completion of this

project work.

Throughout this project, I acquired many valuable skills, and hope that in years to come, those

skills will be put to good use.

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Add Math Maya