Ada Lovelace

7/18/2019 Ada Lovelace

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ADA LOVELACE

Biography

Mathematician, Computer Programmer (1815–1852)

Synopsis

The daughter of famed poet Lord Byron, ugu!ta da Byron, Counte!! of Lo"e#ace$%etter &no'n a! da Lo"e#ace$'a! %orn in London on ecem%er 1*, 1815+ da !ho'ed her gift for mathematic! at an ear#y age+ he tran!#ated an artic#e on an in"ention %y Char#e! Ba%%age, andadded her o'n comment!+ Becau!e !he introduced many computer concept!, da i! con!ideredthe fir!t computer programmer+ da died on -o"em%er 2., 1852+

Early Years

da Lo"e#ace, %orn a! ugu!ta da Byron, 'a! the on#y #egitimate chi#d of the famou! poetLord /eorge /ordon Byron+ Lord Byron0! marriage to da0! mother, Lady nne !a%e##aMi#%an&e Byron, 'a! not a happy one+ Lady Byron !eparated from her hu!%and on#y 'ee&! after their daughter 'a! %orn+ fe' month! #ater, Lord Byron #eft ng#and, and da ne"er !a' her father again+ 3e died in /reece 'hen da 'a! 8 year! o#d+



da had an unu!ua# up%ringing for an ari!tocratic gir# in the mid418**!+ t her mother0!in!i!tence, tutor! taught her mathematic! and !cience+ uch cha##enging !u%ect! 'ere not!tandard fare for 'omen at the time, %ut her mother %e#ie"ed that engaging in rigorou! !tudie!'ou#d pre"ent Lo"e#ace from de"e#oping her father0! moody and unpredicta%#e temperament+da 'a! a#!o forced to #ie !ti## for e6tended period! of time %ecau!e her mother %e#ie"ed it 'ou#d

he#p her de"e#op !e#f4contro#+

7rom ear#y on, Lo"e#ace !ho'ed a ta#ent for num%er! and #anguage+ he recei"ed in!tructionfrom i##iam 7rend, a !ocia# reformer9 i##iam :ing, the fami#y0! doctor9 and Mary omer"i##e,a cotti!h a!tronomer and mathematician+ omer"i##e 'a! one of the fir!t 'omen to %e admittedinto the ;oya# !tronomica# ociety+

Babbage and the Analytical Engine

round the age of 1., da met Char#e! Ba%%age, a mathematician and in"entor+ The pair %ecamefriend!, and the much o#der Ba%%age !er"ed a! a mentor to da+ Through Ba%%age, da %egan!tudying ad"anced mathematic! 'ith <ni"er!ity of London profe!!or ugu!tu! de Morgan+

da 'a! fa!cinated %y Ba%%age0! idea!+ :no'n a! the father of the computer, he in"ented thedifference engine, 'hich 'a! meant to perform mathematica# ca#cu#ation!+ da got a chance to#oo& at the machine %efore it 'a! fini!hed, and 'a! capti"ated %y it+ Ba%%age a#!o created p#an!for another de"ice &no'n a! the ana#ytica# engine, de!igned to hand#e more comp#e6ca#cu#ation!+

da 'a! #ater a!&ed to tran!#ate an artic#e on Ba%%age0! ana#ytica# engine that had %een 'ritten %y ta#ian engineer Luigi 7ederico Mena%rea for a 'i!! ourna#+ he not on#y tran!#ated theorigina# 7rench te6t in ng#i!h, %ut a#!o added her o'n thought! and idea! on the machine+ 3er note! ended up %eing three time! #onger than the origina# artic#e+ 3er 'or& 'a! pu%#i!hed in18=>, in an ng#i!h !cience ourna#+ da u!ed on#y the initia#! ++L+, for ugu!ta daLo"e#ace, in the pu%#ication+

n her note!, da de!cri%ed ho' code! cou#d %e created for the de"ice to hand#e #etter! and!ym%o#! a#ong 'ith num%er!+ he a#!o theori?ed a method for the engine to repeat a !erie! of

in!truction!, a proce!! &no'n a! #ooping that computer program! u!e today+ da a#!o offered upother for'ard4thin&ing concept! in the artic#e+ 7or her 'or&, da i! often con!idered to %e thefir!t computer programmer+

da0! artic#e attracted #itt#e attention 'hen !he 'a! a#i"e+ n her #ater year!, !he tried to de"e#opmathematica# !cheme! for 'inning at gam%#ing+ <nfortunate#y, her !cheme! fai#ed and put her infinancia# peri#+ da died from uterine cancer in London on -o"em%er 2., 1852+ he 'a! %uried



ne6t to her father, in the gra"eyard of the Church of t+ Mary Magda#ene in -ottingham,ng#and+

Personal Life

n 18>5, da married i##iam :ing, 'ho %ecame the ar# of Lo"e#ace three year! #ater+ he then

too& the tit#e of Counte!! of Lo"e#ace+ They !hared a #o"e of hor!e! and had three chi#dren

together+ 7rom mo!t account!, he !upported hi! 'ife0! academic endea"or!+ da and her hu!%and

!ocia#i?ed 'ith many of the intere!ting mind! of the time!, inc#uding !cienti!t Michae# 7araday

and 'riter Char#e! ic&en!+

da0! hea#th !uffered, ho'e"er, after a %out of cho#era in 18>.+ he had #ingering pro%#em! 'ith

a!thma and her dige!ti"e !y!tem+ octor! ga"e her pain&i##er!, !uch a! #audanum and opium, and

her per!ona#ity %egan to change+ he reported#y e6perienced mood !'ing! and ha##ucination!+

Legacy

da Lo"e#ace0! contri%ution! to the fie#d of computer !cience 'ere not di!co"ered unti# the

1@5*!+ 3er note! 'ere reintroduced to the 'or#d %y B+A+ Bo'den, 'ho repu%#i!hed them

in Faster Than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines in 1@5>+ ince then, da

ha! recei"ed many po!thumou! honor! for her 'or&+ n 1@8*, the <++ epartment of efen!e

named a ne'#y de"e#oped computer #anguage da, after Lo"e#ace+



HOWARD AIE!

Biography

Phy!ici!t, cienti!t, n"entor (1@**–1@.>)

3o'ard 3atha'ay i&en 'a! %orn in 3o%o&en, -e' er!ey, on 8th of March 1@**, a! the on#y chi#d

in the fami#y of anie# 3+ i&en, from a 'ea#thy and 'e##4e!ta%#i!hed ndiana fami#y, and Margaret

mi#y Mieri!ch4i&en, a chi#d of /erman immigrant!+ hen he 'a! u!t entering hi! teen!, he

mo"ed, 'ith hi! parent! and hi! materna# grandparent!, to ndianapo#i!+

anie# i&en 'a! addicted to a#coho# and, during fit! of drun&enne!!, 'ou#d phy!ica##y a%u!e hi!

'ife+ uring one !uch epi!ode, young 3o'ard, a#ready #arge and !trong at the age of 12, gra%%ed a

firep#ace po&er and dro"e hi! father out of the hou!e+ The fami#y ne"er !a' anie# i&en again+

nce the father had di!appeared, the paterna# re#ati"e! 'ou#d ha"e nothing more to do 'ith young

3o'ard or hi! mother and did not he#p them financia##y+ i&en 'a! in the ninth grade 'hen it %ecame

hi! re!pon!i%i#ity to !upport hi! mother and grandmother+ Thi! meant that he 'ou#d ha"e to #ea"e

!choo# and go to 'or&+ 3e got a o% in!ta##ing te#ephone! (12 hour !hift!) and %egan to ta&ecorre!pondence cour!e!+ ne of hi! teacher! ho'e"er, ha"ing !een !ign! of i&en0! inte##ectua#

%ri##iance, e!pecia##y in mathematic!, 'ent to !ee Mr!+ i&en to p#ead that her !on return to !choo#+

Becau!e of the fami#y0! pre!!ing financia# need!, Mr!+ i&en cou#d not acDuie!ce+ The teacher then

found i&en a night o% (3o'ard 'a! "ery found of thi! o%, %ecau!e he had to 'or& on#y 8 hour!

e"ery nightE) a! an e#ectrician0! he#per for the ndianapo#i! Light and 3eat Company, !o he 'ou#d %e

a%#e to attend !choo# during the day+



i&en comp#eted hi! !tudie! at the r!ena# Technica# 3igh choo# in ndianapo#i! in 1@1@+ Then he

'a! offered a o% 'ith the Madi!on /a! and #ectric Company and decided to go to the <ni"er!ity of

i!con!in+ i&en and hi! mother mo"ed to Madi!on, 'here he enro##ed in a program in e#ectrica#

engineering at the uni"er!ity+ n co##ege, a! in high !choo#, i&en 'on the re!pect of hi! teacher!+ To

!upport hi! mother and him!e#f, he 'or&ed on the night !hift a! a !'itch%oard operator for the

Madi!on /a! and #ectric Company, 'hi#e attending co##ege during the day+ n 1@2> he 'a! a'arded

a B++ degree in e#ectrica# engineering+

fter hi! graduation from i!con!in, i&en 'a! promoted to the po!ition of chief engineer in the

Madi!on /a! and #ectric Company+ n 1@2. i&en re!igned thi! company to enter the Centra# tation

i"i!ion of the e!tinghou!e #ectrica# and Manufacturing Company a! a genera# engineer, engaged

in app#ication of the company0! product! to de!igning of e#ectric generating !tation!+ n 1@>1 he

re!igned from e!tinghou!e to %ecome a di!trict manager of the Line Materia# Company in etroit,

Michigan+

e!pite hi! !ucce!!, he found the manageria# !ide of engineering un!ati!fying and decided to go %ac& to !choo#+ n 1@>2 he 'ent fir!t to the <ni"er!ity of Chicago, 'here he matricu#ated a! a graduate

!tudent in phy!ic! in the autumn of 1@>2 and 'here he remained for on#y t'o Duarter! of the regu#ar

academic year, %ecau!e he didn0t #i&e the Chicago program+ n the autumn of 1@>> he %egan hi!

graduate !tudie! at 3ar"ard, 'here recei"ed hi! +M+ in phy!ic! in une 1@>. and comp#eted hi! the!i!

(Theory of pace Charge Conduction) in the autumn of 1@>8+ 3e 'a! a'arded hi! Ph++ in phy!ic! at

the 'inter commencement in 7e%ruary 1@>@+ -ame#y during creation of hi! doctora# the!i! he got the

idea of creating of a automatic computer (!ee the computer! of i&en)+ i&en %egan teaching at

3ar"ard a! n!tructor in Phy!ic! and Communication ngineering in the academic year 1@>5F>G,

%efore he recei"ed hi! ma!ter0! degree+ 3e 'a! to %ecome an a!!ociate profe!!or of app#ied

mathematic! in 1@=1 and a fu## profe!!or in 1@=G+

n 1@G1 (!ee the near%y photo from thi! time), i&en too& ad"antage of 3ar"ard0! po#icy of a##o'ing

facu#ty mem%er! to retire ear#y4that i!, to retire at age G* 'ith fu## %enefit!, 'ithout ha"ing to 'ait

unti# he 'a! GG+ By then, in certain re!pect!, i&en had %ecome a con!er"ati"e figure in the 'or#d of

computing+ n the 1@5*!, at the age of fifty4p#u!, he 'a! a#ready o#d %y the !tandard! of thi! rapid#y

ad"ancing !cience, art, and techno#ogy+ Computer !cience and in"ention had %ecome a young man0!

game+ "en in the year! u!t after the 'ar, many of the maor ad"ance! had come from young men,

trained in the ne' e#ectronic! of radar, rather than in c#a!!ica# e#ectrica# engineering, a! 'a! the ca!e

'ith i&en+

3o'ard i&en 'a! a giant of a man in force of 'i##, in origina#ity of mind, and in achie"ement!+

tanding a#mo!t t'o meter!, he had a huge dome of a head, piercing eye!, and huge, !ome'hat

!atanic eye%ro'!+ 3e udged other! rigorou!#y and he re#ated to other! in e6treme!+ ome co##eague!

and !ome former !tudent! remained de"oted to him for the re!t of their #i"e!9 other! tend to remem%er

on#y occa!ion! 'hen he 'a! intran!igent and difficu#t+ hen i&en came in contact 'ith an eDua##y



!trong and a!!erti"e character, !uch a! Thoma! + at!on r+, pre!ident of BM, then conf#ict 'a!

ine"ita%#e+

i&en contri%uted to the ear#y computing year! %y demon!trating that a #arge, ca#cu#ating computer

cou#d not on#y %e %ui#t, %ut cou#d a#!o pro"ide the !cientific 'or#d 'ith high4po'ered, !peedy

mathematica# !o#ution! to a p#ethora of pro%#em!+ i&en i! a#!o 'e## &no'n for hi! 1@=. comment,n#y !i6 e#ectronic digita# computer! 'ou#d %e reDuired to !ati!fy the computing need! of the entire

<nited tate!+ 3i! %iographer! ho'e"er cannot confirm thi! not !o prophetic prediction+

3o'ard i&en 'a! married three time!+ The fir!t marriage 'a! in 1@>@ to Loui!e Manci##+ The fami#y

had one daughter, ;ache#, %ut the coup#e di"orced in 1@=2+ i&en married !econd time 'a! in anuary,

1@=>, to a high !choo# Latin and 7rench teacher$gne! Montgomery (Monty)+ They had one

daughter a#!oH #i?a%eth, %ut thi! marriage a#!o ended 'ith di"orce in 1@G1+ i&en married third time

in 1@G> to a teacher in the e#ementary !choo#! of Bo!ton$Mary Mc7ar#and (they had no chi#dren)+

fter retirement, i&en mo"ed to 7ort Lauderda#e, 7#orida, 'here he 'a! gi"en an appointment at the<ni"er!ity of Miami a! a i!tingui!hed Profe!!or of nformation+ Thi! did not reDuire any teaching

re!pon!i%i#itie!, %ut ga"e him an office+ 3e then %ecame a %u!ine!! entrepreneur, (founded a -e'

Aor&4%a!ed con!u#ting firm, Howard Aiken Industries Incorporated) ta&ing o"er ai#ing %u!ine!!e!

and nur!ing them %ac& to financia# good hea#th, 'hereupon they 'ere !o#d+ 3e a#!o &ept up hi!

computer acti"ity, !er"ing a! a con!u#tant to !ockheed Missiles and Monsanto ('ho 'ere e6p#oring

the potentia#itie! of magnetic %u%%#e! for computer techno#ogy)+ 3i! fina# contri%ution in the computer

domain 'a! a mean! of encryption of data to pro"ide !ecurity of information+

Thi! e6traordinary man died on March 1=, 1@.> in t+ Loui!, 'hi#e on a con!u#ting trip to Mon!anto+



BLAISE "ASCAL

Biography

Theo#ogian, Phi#o!opher, Phy!ici!t, cienti!t, Mathematician (1G2>–1GG2)

B#ai!e Pa!ca# 'a! a 7rench mathematician, phy!ici!t and re#igiou! phi#o!opher, 'ho #aid the

foundation for the modern theory of pro%a%i#itie!+

'a! %orn on une 1@, 1G2>, in C#ermont47errand, 7rance+ n 1G=2, he in"ented the Pa!ca#ine, anear#y ca#cu#ator+ #!o in the 1G=*!, he "a#idated Torrice##i0! theory concerning the cau!e of %arometrica# "ariation!+ n the 1G5*!, Pa!ca# #aid the foundation of pro%a%i#ity theory and pu%#i!hed the theo#ogica# 'or&! PIn!ee! and Pro"incia#e!+ Pa!ca# died in Pari! on ugu!t 1@,1GG2+

Early Li#e

n"entor, mathematician, phy!ici!t and theo#ogica# 'riter B#ai!e Pa!ca#, %orn on une 1@, 1G2> inC#ermont47errand, 7rance, 'a! the third of four chi#dren and on#y !on to tienne and ntoinettePa!ca#+ 3i! mother, ntoinette, pa!!ed a'ay 'hen he 'a! u!t a todd#er+ 3e 'a! e6ceptiona##yc#o!e to hi! t'o o#der !i!ter!, /i#%erte and acDue#ine+ 3i! father, tienne, 'a! a ta6 co##ector anda ta#ented mathematician+

tienne mo"ed the fami#y to Pari! in 1G>1+ There, he decided to educate B#ai!e$a chi#d prodigy $him!e#f !o he cou#d de!ign hi! o'n unorthodo6 curricu#um and ma&e !ure that B#ai!e didn0t'or& too hard+ ronica##y, tienne entire#y omitted mathematic! from B#ai!eJ! ear#y curricu#um+tienne 'a! concerned that B#ai!e 'ou#d %ecome !o fa!cinated 'ith geometry that he 'ou#dnJt %e una%#e to focu! on c#a!!ica# !u%ect!+



The %eginning of B#ai!eJ! education in Pari! 'a! geared to'ard #anguage!, e!pecia##y Latin and/ree&+ "en !o, tienne0! p#an %ac&firedH The fact that mathematic! 'a! a for%idden topic madethe !u%ect e"en more intere!ting to the inDui!iti"e %oy, 'ho at the age of 12 %egan e6p#oringgeometry on hi! o'n+ 3e e"en made up hi! o'n termino#ogy, not ha"ing #earned the officia#term!+ The prodigy Duic&#y managed to 'or& out that the !um of a triang#e0! ang#e! are eDua# to

t'o right ang#e!+

tienne 'a! impre!!ed+ n an!'er to B#ai!e0! un!'er"ing fa!cination, hi! father permitted him toread uc#id+ tienne a#!o at #a!t a##o'ed B#ai!e to accompany him to meeting! at themathematic! academy in Pari!+ t 'a! there, at age 1G, that B#ai!e pre!ented a num%er of hi! ear#ytheorem!, inc#uding hi! my!tica# he6agon+ B#ai!e cou#d not ha"e a!&ed for a %etter audience9 inattendance 'ere !ome of the premier mathematica# thin&er! of the time, inc#uding MarinMer!enne, Pierre /a!!endi and C#yde Mydorge, to name a fe'+

n 1G=*, the Pa!ca# fami#y dre' up !ta&e! once again+ They mo"ed to ;ouen, 7rance, 'hereB#ai!e0! father had %een appointed to co##ect ta6e!+ ithin u!t a year of mo"ing, B#ai!e pu%#i!hed hi! fir!t 'ritten 'or&, !!ay on Conic ection!+ The e!!ay con!tituted an important

#eap for'ard in proecti"e geometry, 'hich in"o#"ed tran!ferring a >4 o%ect onto a 24 fie#d+

n 1G=G, tienne 'a! !eriou!#y inured in an accident that rendered him hou!e%ound+ Theaccident created a !hift in the 'ho#e fami#y0! re#igiou! %e#ief!+ The Pa!ca#! had ne"er fu##yem%raced the #oca# e!uit!0 idea!+ fter tienne0! accident, a "i!it from a group of an!eni!t! #edthe fami#y to con"ert to that %e#ief !y!tem+ uring the year that tienne con"a#e!ced, t'oan!eni!t %rother! 'atched o"er B#ai!e+ ! a re!u#t of their inf#uence, B#ai!e %ecame de"out#yre#igiou!+

In$entions and Disco$eries

true trai#%#a?er and a chi#d prodigy to %oot, B#ai!e Pa!ca# !tarted hi! pro#ific !tream of

ground%rea&ing in"ention! and di!co"erie! 'hen he 'a! !ti## u!t a teen+ n 1G=2, at age 18,in!pired %y the idea of ma&ing hi! father0! o% of ca#cu#ating ta6e! ea!ier, Pa!ca# in"ented anear#y ca#cu#ator, du%%ed the Pa!ca#ine+ (/erman po#ymath i##iam chic&ard had de"e#oped andmanufactured an ear#ier "er!ion of the digita# ca#cu#ator in 1G2=+) The Pa!ca#ine 'a! a numerica#'hee# ca#cu#ator 'ith eight mo"a%#e dia#!, each repre!enting a numerica# digit, !uch a! one!, ten!and hundred!+ t 'a! capa%#e of adding, !u%tracting, mu#tip#ying and di"iding+

Pa!ca#0! in"ention 'a! not 'ithout it! g#itche!H There 'a! a di!crepancy %et'een the ca#cu#ator0!de!ign and the !tructure of the 7rench currency of the time+ The machine! 'ent into productionin 1G=2, %ut Pa!ca# continued to 'or& on impro"ing hi! ca#cu#ator unti# 1G=5+ (7ifty prototype!had %een produced %y 1G52, %ut the Pa!ca#ine 'a! ne"er a %ig !e##er+ t 'ent out of production

#e!! than a year #ater+)

n 1G=8, eight year! after hi! fir!t e!!ay 'a! pu%#i!hed, Pa!ca# !tarting 'riting more of hi!theorem! on conic !ection! in The /eneration of Conic ection!, %ut he pu!hed the 'or& a!ideunti# 1G5=+

t the end of the 1G=*!, Pa!ca# temporari#y focu!ed hi! e6periment! on the phy!ica# !cience!+7o##o'ing in "ange#i!ta Torrice##iJ! foot!tep!, Pa!ca# e6perimented 'ith ho' atmo!pheric pre!!ure cou#d %e e!timated in term! of 'eight+ By ta&ing reading! of the %arometric pre!!ure at



"ariou! a#titude!, Pa!ca# "a#idated Torrice##i0! theory concerning the cau!e of %arometrica#"ariation!+

n the 1G5*!, Pa!ca# !et a%out trying to create a perpetua# motion machine, the purpo!e of 'hich'a! to produce more energy than it u!ed+ n the proce!!, he !tum%#ed upon an accidenta#in"ention+ n 1G55, Pa!ca#0! rou#ette machine 'a! %orn+ pt#y, he deri"ed it! name from the7rench 'ord for #itt#e 'hee#+

"er#apping hi! 'or& on the rou#ette machine 'a! Pa!ca#0! corre!pondence 'ith mathematica#theori!t Pierre de 7ermat, %eginning in 1G5=+ Through their #etter! di!cu!!ing dice pro%#em!, andthrough Pa!ca#0! o'n e6periment!, Pa!ca# di!co"ered that there i! a fi6ed #i&e#ihood of anycertain outcome 'hen it come! to the ro## of the dice+ Thi! di!co"ery 'a! the %a!i! of themathematica# theory of pro%a%i#ity, the eye4opening rea#i?ation that e"ent! and their outcome!did not occur random#y+

#though the !pecific date! are uncertain, Pa!ca# a#!o reported#y in"ented a rather primiti"e formof the 'ri!t'atch+ t 'a! an informa# in"ention to !ay the #ea!tH The mathematician 'a! &no'n to

!trap hi! poc&et 'atch to hi! 'ri!t 'ith a piece of !tring, pre!uma%#y for the !a&e of con"enience'hi#e tin&ering 'ith hi! other in"ention!+

Death

Pa!ca# !trugg#ed 'ith in!omnia and a painfu# dige!ti"e di!order ca##ed dy!pep!ia from the timehe 'a! a teen+ ;egarding hi! phy!ica# hea#th, he 'a! de!cri%ed a! a man of !#ight %ui#d 'ith a#oud "oice and !ome'hat o"er%earing manner+ K 3e #i"ed mo!t of hi! adu#t #ife in great pain+3e had a#'ay! %een in de#icate hea#th, !uffering e"en in hi! youth from migraine+ "er theyear!, Pa!ca#J! con!tant 'or& too& a to## on hi! a#ready fragi#e hea#th+

Pa!ca# died of a ma#ignant !tomach tumor at hi! !i!ter /i#%rete0! hou!e in Pari! on ugu!t 1@,

1GG2+ By then, the tumor had meta!ta!i?ed in hi! %rain+ 3e 'a! >@ year! o#d at the time of hi!death+ 3i! comp#e6 per!ona#ity ha! %een de!cri%ed a! precociou!, !tu%%orn#y per!e"ering, a perfectioni!t, pugnaciou! to the point of %u##ying ruth#e!!ne!! yet !ee&ing to %e mee& andhum%#e+

Legacy

Pa!ca#0! in"ention! and di!co"erie! ha"e %een in!trumenta# to de"e#opment! in the fie#d! of geometry, phy!ic! and computer !cience+ 3i! e6p#oration of %inomia# coefficient! inf#uenced ir !aac -e'ton, #eading him to unco"er hi! genera# %inomia# theorem for fractiona# and negati"e po'er!+

n the 1@.*!, the Pa!ca# (Pa) unit 'a! named after B#ai!e Pa!ca#, in honor of hi! contri%ution! tothe under!tanding of atmo!pheric pre!!ure and ho' it cou#d %e e!timated in term! of 'eight+ ThePa!ca# i! a unit of pre!!ure that con!titute! the force of a !ing#e ne'ton acting on a !Duare4meter !urface+ t i! mea!ured u!ing the meter4&i#ogram4!econd !y!tem, 'hich re#ie! on an e6tended"er!ion of the metric !y!tem to ca#cu#ate pre!!ure+

n [email protected], computer !cienti!t -ic&#au! irth in"ented a computer #anguage and in!i!ted on namingit after Pa!ca#+ Thi! 'a! irth0! 'ay of memoria#i?ing Pa!ca#0! in"ention of the Pa!ca#ine, one of



the ear#ie!t form! of the modern computer+ Pa!ca# i! a#!o credited 'ith %ui#ding the foundation of pro%a%i#ity theory+



CHARLES BABBA%E

Char#e! Ba%%age ([email protected]) 'a! %orn in a#'orth, urrey, on ecem%er 2G, 1.@1+ 3e 'a! one

of four chi#dren %orn to the %an&er Benamin Ba%%age and #i?a%eth Teape+ 3e attended Trinity,

Cam%ridge, in 181* to !tudy mathematic!, graduated 'ithout honor! from Peterhou!e in 181=and recei"ed an M in 181.+ n 181= he married /eorgiana hitmore 'ith 'hom he had eight

chi#dren, on#y three of 'hom #i"ed to adu#thood+ The coup#e made their home in London off

Port#and P#ace in 1815+ 3i! 'ife, father, and t'o of hi! chi#dren died in 182.+ n 1828 Ba%%age

mo"ed to 1 or!et treet, Mary#e%one, 'hich remained hi! home ti## hi! death in 18.1+ 3e 'a!

e#ected a fe##o' of the ;oya# ociety in 181G and occupied the Luca!ian chair of mathematic! at

Cam%ridge <ni"er!ity from 1828 to 18>@+ 3e died on cto%er 18, 18.1 and 'a! %uried at

:en!a# /reen cemetery in London+

%entle&an o# Science

cience 'a! not an e!ta%#i!hed profe!!ion, and Ba%%age, #i&e many of hi! contemporarie!, 'a! a

0gent#eman !cienti!t0 4 an independent#y 'ea#thy amateur 'e## a%#e to !upport hi! intere!t! from

hi! o'n mean!+ The !cope of Ba%%age0! intere!t! 'a! po#ymathica##y 'ide e"en %y the generou!

!tandard! of the day+ Bet'een 181> and 18G8 he pu%#i!hed !i6 fu##4#ength 'or&! and near#y

ninety paper!+ 3e 'a! a pro#ific in"entor, mathematician, !cienti!t, reforming critic of the

!cientific e!ta%#i!hment and po#itica# economi!t+ 3e pioneered #ighthou!e !igna##ing, in"ented the



ophtha#mo!cope, propo!ed 0%#ac& %o60 recorder! for monitoring the condition! preceding rai#'ay

cata!trophe!, ad"ocated decima# currency, propo!ed the u!e of tida# po'er once coa# re!er"e!

'ere e6hau!ted, de!igned a co'4catcher for the front end of rai#'ay #ocomoti"e!, fai#!afe Duic&

re#ea!e coup#ing! for rai#'ay carriage!, mu#ti4co#ored theatre #ighting, an a#timeter, a !ei!mic

detector, a tug%oat for 'inching "e!!e#! up!tream, a 0hydrofoi#0 and an arcade game for mem%er!

of the pu%#ic to cha##enge in a game of tic4tac4toe+ 3i! intere!t! inc#uded #oc& pic&ing, cipher!,

che!!, !u%marine propu#!ion, armament!, and di"ing %e##!+ Ba%%age 'a! a prominent figure,

regarded a! co#orfu##y contro"er!ia# and e"en eccentric at home in ng#and, yet feted 'ith honor!

%y Continenta# academie!+ 3e ached for recognition and 'a! aggrie"ed at it! #ac& grum%#ing that

the Luca!ian chair of mathematic! at Cam%ridge, 'a! the on#y honor %e!to'ed on him %y hi!

country+

"ersonal Li#e

Ba%%age married /eorgiana hitmore in 181=, again!t hi! father0! 'i!he!+ The marriage 'a! a

"ery happy one+ Tragedy !truc& in 182.+ n the !pace of a year hi! father 'ith 'hom he had had atrou%#ed re#ation!hip, hi! !econd !on (Char#e!), /eorgiana and a ne'%orn !on a## died+ Ba%%age

'a! incon!o#a%#e+ C#o!e to %rea&do'n he 'ent on an e6tended trip on the Continent+ There 'a! a

further crue# %#o'+ 3i! daughter, /eorgiana, on 'hom he doted, died 'hi#e !ti## in her teen!

!ometime around 18>=+ Ba%%age immer!ed him!e#f in 'or&+ n hi! father0! death he inherited an

e!tate "a#ued at N1**,***, a !i?ea%#e fortune 4 !ome'here %et'een OG and O>* mi##ion do##ar! in

today0! term!+ 3e ne"er remarried+

n the 18>*! Ba%%age 'a! a #ion of the London !ocia# !cene+ 3i! aturday !oiree! 'ere !par&#ing

e"ent! in the London !ocia# ca#endar, and hi! hou!e in or!et treet 'a! a hu% of !ocia# and

inte##ectua# #ife+ Ce#e%ritie!, ci"i# dignitarie!, author!, actor!, !cienti!t!, %i!hop!, %an&er!, po#itician!, indu!tria#i!t! and !ocia#ite! con"erged for go!!ip, intrigue, and the #ate!t in !cience,

#iterature, phi#o!ophy and art+ 0## 'ere eager to go to hi! g#oriou! !oiree!0 'rote 3arriet

Martineau, 'riter and phi#o!opher+ Ba%%age 'a! a#!o a !ought4after dinner gue!t 'ith a

reputation for %eing a capti"ating raconteur+ 0Mr+ Ba%%age i! coming to dinner0 'a! a coup for

any ho!te!!+

'he (Irascible %eni)s(

ip#omacy 'a! not Ba%%age0! forte and hi! !ocia# and profe!!iona# per!ona! 'ere at 'ar+ Proud

and princip#ed, he 'a! capa%#e of incontinent !a"agery in hi! pu%#ic attac&! on the !cientifice!ta%#i!hment, often %eyond ordinary !en!i%i#ity+ 3e offended many 'ho!e !upport he needed

%eha"ing !ometime! a! though %eing right entit#ed him to %e rude+ The tit#e of the fir!t %iography

on hi! #ife 'a! ca##ed 0ra!ci%#e /eniu!H Life of Char#e! Ba%%age, n"entor0+ The t'in

characteri!tic! of ira!ci%i#ity and geniu! remain the defining !ignature! of hi! hi!torica# portrait+





ADA* OSBOR!E

dam !%orne 'a! an entrepreneur mo!t famou!#y &no'n for the fir!t porta%#e computer, %ut

a#!o 'a! an author 'ho made a !ucce!!fu# mo"e into pu%#i!hing computer %oo&! and !oft'are+

Early Li#e+

dam !%orne 'a! %orn in Thai#and March G, 1@>@ to Briti!h parent! 'here he !pent mo!t of hi!

chi#dhood in ndia+ 3e attended !choo# and graduated from the <ni"er!ity of Birmingham in

1@G1 and recei"ed hi! P3 from the <ni"er!ity of e#a'are+

dam0! career !tarted out a! a chemica# engineer 'or&ing for he## i# and then #eft in the ear#y

1@.*! to pur!ue hi! intere!t! in computer! and technica# 'riting+

Osborne Co&p)ter Corporation+

n 1@81 dam introduced the fir!t porta%#e computer the !%orne 1+ The computer 'eighed 2>+5

pound! and co!t O1,.@5, u!t o"er ha#f the co!t of a computer from other manufacturer! 'ith

compara%#e feature!+ The computer ran the popu#ar CPFM operating !y!tem and featured a fu##

&ey%oard and a tiny 5 %ui#t4in monochrome monitor+ The company !hipped o"er 1*,***

computer! a month and 'a! con!idered a huge !ucce!!, earning OG mi##ion in 1@81 and %y the

ne6t year into the OG8 mi##ion range+

'he ,all o# Osborne Co&p)ter+

ne "er!ion of the !tory !ay! that !%orne Computer! co##ap!ed 'hen dam %ragged to themedia a%out t'o ad"anced computer! the corporation 'a! 'or&ing on and de!troyed the

con!umer demand for the !%orne 1+ The re!u#t 'a! in"entory g#ut and the company 'a! forced

to fi#e %an&ruptcy+ But #ater re!earch turned up that the machine !%orne had %oa!ted of !hipped

and put the company %ac& on trac& unti# a !ing#e e6ecuti"e %ui#t up ma!!i"e de%t trying to

comp#ete the a!!em%#y of o#der in"entory+

Boo-s+

fter the fa## of the !%orne Computer Corporation, he 'rote and pu%#i!hed !e"era# %e!t !e##ing

%oo&! a%out hi! e6perience, inc#uding Hypergrowth: The "ise and Fall o# $s%orne Computer

Corporation+

dam 'a! a pioneer in the computer %oo& indu!try+ 3e founded !%orne Pu%#i!hing in [email protected],

!pecia#i?ing in ea!y4to4fo##o' computer manua#!+ By 1@.. !%orne had o"er =* tit#e! in it!

cata#og+ n 1@.@ he !o#d hi! company to Mc/ra' 3i## for a rumored O> mi##ion, u!ing the money

to #aunch !%orne Computer+



So#t.are ")blishing+

n 1@8= dam founded Paper%ac& oft'are nternationa#, 'hich !pecia#i?ed in ine6pen!i"e

computer !oft'are+ The company0! ad! featured !%orne him!e#f arguing that if te#ephone

companie! app#ied the !ame #ogic to their pricing a! !oft'are companie!, a te#ephone 'ou#d co!t

OG**+ Lotu! Corporation !ued Paper%ac& for copyright infringement in 1@8., !ending con!umer and in"e!tor confidence !pira#ing do'n'ard+ Lotu! 'on the !uit in 1@@* and !%orne !tepped

do'n from the company !hort#y thereafter+

Death+

n 1@@2 dam returned to hi! home in ndia after !uffering from !e"era# ma!!i"e !tro&e! cau!ed

%y an incura%#e %rain di!order+ 3e died in re#ati"e o%!curity in :odai&ana#, ndia at age G=+



Project

inComputer

Submitted by:

Tiany Georgina G. Semetara

July 30, 20!



O!RAD /0SE

7or hi! in"ention of the fir!t program4contro##ed, e#ectromechanica#, digita# computer and the

fir!t high4#e"e# programming #anguage, P#an&a#&u#+

Biography

:onrad Qu!e 'a! %orn in Ber#in, /ermany, in 1@1*+ n 1@>5, he graduated from the Techni!che

3och!chu#e Ber#in4Char#otten%urg in ci"i# engineering+

fter graduating, he 'ent to 'or& for the 3en!che# ircraft Company, %ut !pent hi! 'ee&end!

%ui#ding a computer (the Q) in hi! parent!0 #i"ing room+ 3e comp#eted the Q, for 'hich

in!truction! 'ere punched on u!ed mo"ie fi#m, in 1@>8+

Qu!e 'or&ed throughout on other de!ign!, cu#minating in hi! Q> computer, the 'or#d0!

fir!t fu##y operationa# !tored4program e#ectromechanica# computer+ 3e 'a! a%#e to !e## one to the

/erman aircraft %ureau, 'hich needed it to !o#"e aerodynamic pro%#em!+ Q4Q> 'ere u#timate#y

de!troyed in an ##ied %om% attac& on Ber#in in 1@=5, %ut Qu!e per!i!ted and comp#eted a re#ay4

%a!ed "er!ion, the Q=+ 3e !o#d thi! to the 'i!! 7edera# n!titute of Techno#ogy (T34Qurich)4it

'a! at the time the on#y 'or&ing computer in continenta# urope+

Qu!e0! reputation gre', and he founded Qu!e &g to %ui#d hi! machine! a! 'e## a! de"e#oping one

of the ear#ie!t high4#e"e# programming #anguage!, P#an&a#&u#+

Qu!e0! !tory i! one of !ucce!! o"er ad"er!ity, a! he independent#y concei"ed and imp#emented the

princip#e! of modern digita# computer! in comp#ete i!o#ation+ 3e pa!!ed a'ay in 1@@5+



1OH! VI!CE!' A'A!ASO,,

7e' 'ou#d deny that the in"ention of the computer ha! re"o#utioni?ed !ociety or that the 'or#dof today 'ou#d #oo& Duite different 'ithout computer!+ n the re#ati"e#y !hort !pan of time thatha! e#ap!ed !ince the 'or#d0! fir!t e#ectronic digita# computer 'a! in"ented in 1@>@, computer!ha"e %ecome uni"er!a# too#! that are an integra# part of modern #ife+ Aet, comparati"e#y fe'

peop#e &no' that ohn tana!off, the geniu! 'ho in"ented the fir!t computer and initiated thecomputer re"o#ution, 'a! of Bu#garian ance!try+ ohn tana!off 'a! a prominent mericanin"entor 'ho too& pride in hi! Bu#garian heritage and maintained !trong tie! to hi! ance!tra#home of Bu#garia+

ohn tana!off0! father, "an tana!off, 'a! %orn in the "i##age of Boyadic&, Bu#garia+ "antana!off had #o!t hi! o'n father in 18.G, 'hen the #atter 'a! %ruta##y &i##ed in the pri#<pri!ing of the Bu#garian! again!t the ttoman mpire+ n 188@, 'hen "an tana!off 'a!thirteen year! o#d, he emmigrated to the <nited tate! accompanied %y an unc#e+ 3e #ater married"a Lucena, a mathematic! teacher+ ohn Rincent tana!off 'a! %orn in the to'n of 3ami#ton, -e' Aor& on cto%er =, 1@*>+ fter ohn0! %irth, the tana!off fami#y mo"ed a num%er of time!

a! "an tana!off !ought %etter emp#oyment in !e"era# different e#ectrica# engineering po!ition!+They e"entua##y !ett#ed in Bre'!ter, 7#orida, 'here ohn comp#eted grade !choo#+ The tana!off home in Bre'!ter 'a! the fir!t hou!e the fami#y had #i"ed in that 'a! eDuipped 'ith e#ectricity+By age nine, ohn had taught him!e#f ho' to repair fau#ty e#ectric 'iring and #ight fi6ture! ontheir %ac&4porch+

t 'a! recogni?ed ear#y that ohn tana!off had %oth a pa!!ion and ta#ent for mathematic!+ 3i!youthfu# intere!t in %a!e%a## 'a! Duic&#y forgotten once hi! father !ho'ed him the #ogarithmic



!#ide ru#e he had %ought for faci#itating engineering ca#cu#ation!+ The !#ide ru#e comp#ete#ycapti"ated the nine4year4o#d %oy, 'ho !pent hour! !tudying the in!truction! and de#ighting in thefact that thi! mathematica# too# con!i!tent#y re!u#ted in correct !o#ution! to pro%#em!+ Aoungohn0! o%!e!!ion 'ith the !#ide ru#e !oon #ed to a !erie! of di!co"erie! on the #ogarithmic princip#e! under#ying !#ide ru#e operation and, !u%!eDuent#y, to a !tudy of trigonometric

function!+ t 'a! not #ong %efore the gifted youth had achie"ed !u%!tantia# progre!! in hi! math!tudie!+ t thi! time ohn0! mother introduced him to counting !y!tem! and num%er %a!e! other than %a!e ten, inc#uding an introduction to the %inary !y!tem 'hich 'ou#d pro"e important in hi!#ater 'or&+

ohn tana!off comp#eted hi! high !choo# cour!e in t'o year!, 'ith e6ce##ence in %oth !cienceand mathematic!+ 3e had decided to %ecome a theoretica# phy!ici!t, and 'ith that goa# in mind,entered the <ni"er!ity of 7#orida in /aine!"i##e in 1@21+ Becau!e the uni"er!ity curricu#um didnot offer degree! in phy!ic!, ohn %egan hi! undergraduate !tudie! in the e#ectrica# engineering program+ The &no'#edge of e#ectronic! and higher math that ohn acDuired a! an e#ectrica#engineering !tudent 'ou#d #ater pro"e fortuitou! in he#ping to tran!form the theory of the

computer into a 'or&ing rea#ity

ohn tana!off graduated from the <ni"er!ity of 7#orida in /aine!"i##e in 1@25, 'ith a Bache#or

of cience degree in e#ectrica# engineering+ 3e recei"ed hi! Ma!ter0! degree in mathematic! from

the o'a tate Co##ege in me!, o'a in 1@2G+ fter comp#eting hi! graduate !tudie!, tana!off

accepted a po!ition teaching phy!ic! and mathematic! at o'a tate Co##ege+ 3e 'a! then

accepted into the doctora# program at the <ni"er!ity of i!con!in, and recei"ed hi! doctora#

degree (Ph+ +) in theoretica# phy!ic! from i!con!in in 1@>*+ n hi! doctora# the!i!, The

ie#ectric Con!tant of 3e#ium, tana!off 'a! reDuired to do many comp#icated and time

con!uming computation!+ #though he uti#i?ed the Monroe mechanica# ca#cu#ator, one of the %e!t

machine! of the time, to a!!i!t in hi! tediou! computation!, the !hortcoming! of thi! machine

'ere painfu##y o%"iou! and moti"ated him to thin& a%out the po!!i%i#ity of de"e#oping a more

!ophi!ticated ca#cu#ating machine+ fter recei"ing hi! Ph+ + in theoretica# phy!ic! in u#y 1@>*,

ohn returned to the !taff of o'a tate Co##ege and %egan hi! 'or& on de"e#oping a %etter and

fa!ter computing machine+

n 1@.* ohn tana!off 'a! in"ited to Bu#garia %y the Bu#garian cademy of cience!, and the

Bu#garian /o"ernment conferred to him the Cyri##e and Methodiu! rder of Merit 7ir!t C#a!!+

Thi! 'a! hi! fir!t pu%#ic recognition, and it 'a! a'arded to him three year! %efore !imi#ar honor!

'ere conferred to him in the <nited tate!+ The credit for thi! time#y recognition of tana!off0!

achie"ement !hou#d %e gi"en to the Bu#garian academician!, B#agho"e!t endo", Ph++ and

:yri##e Boyanno", Ph++, among other!+ uring hi! #ifetime, the highe!t honor and recognition

a'arded to ohn Rincent tana!off, the 7ather of the Computer, 'a! the -ationa# Meda# of

cience and Techno#ogy, conferred to him %y /eorge 3+ + Bu!h in 1@@*+



1OH! "RES"ER ECER'

Biography o# 1ohn "resper Ec-ert

ohn dam Pre!per c&ert r+ (ca##ed &res) 'a! %orn in Phi#ade#phia on pri# @, 1@1@, to ohn

Pre!per c&ert and the# 3a##o'e## c&ert+ 3i! father 'a! the rich rea# e!tate de"e#oper and !e#f4

made mi##ionaire ohn c&ert+ c&ert r+ 'a! an on#y chi#d and 'a! rai!ed in a #arge hou!e in

Phi#ade#phia0! /ermanto'n !ection+

But Pre! 'a! more than u!t a chi#d 'ho had %een dri"en to the pre!tigiou! i##iam Penn Charter

choo# %y a chauffeur+ 3e 'a! a geniu! in hi! o'n right+ ! ear#y a! fi"e4year4o#d! he 'a!

!&etching radio! and !pea&er!+ t age t'e#"e, he 'on a Phi#ade#phia !cience fair 'ith a 'ater4

fi##ed tu% and a !ai#%oat that he cou#d contro# 'ith a !teering 'hee# hoo&ed to magnet! #aid at the

%ottom of a homemade pond+ Thi! in"ention 'a! patterned after an amu!ement he had !een in a

par& in Pari!, and it 'a! !o !ophi!ticated, that it had a rheo!tat, 'hich cou#d contro# e#ectric

current to the magnet!, ena%#ing him to drop one %oat and pic& up another for maneu"ering in the

four4%y4!i64foot pond+ t age fourteen, he rep#aced a "e6atiou! %attery4po'ered intercom !y!tem

in one of hi! father0! high4ri!e apartment %ui#ding! 'ith an e#ectrica# !y!tem+ 3e %ui#t radio! and

phonograph amp#ifier!, and earned poc&et money in!ta##ing !ound !y!tem! for !choo#!,nightc#u%! and !pecia# e"ent!+ 3e e"en 'a! hired %y e!t Laure# 3i## Cemetery in Merion to

%ui#d a mu!ic !y!tem that ma!&ed the unner"ing !ound of ga! %urner! in the near%y crematorium+

n high !choo#, he !pent afternoon! hanging out in the Che!tnut 3i## re!earch #a%oratory of Phi#o

Tay#or 7arn!'orth, 'ho had demon!trated a 'or&ing mode# of a te#e"i!ion !y!tem in 1@2.+ n

the math portion of the Co##ege Board e6amination, Pre! 'a! p#aced !econd in the country+ 3e



'anted to go to the center of < !cientific re!earch$Ma!!achu!ett! n!titute of Techno#ogy

(MT) and 'a! ea!i#y accepted+ But hi! mother cou#dn0t %ear the thought of her on#y chi#d

#ea"ing home, and hi! father 'anted him to attend %u!ine!! !choo#, !o they enro##ed Pre! at the

harton choo# of Bu!ine!! at the <ni"er!ity of Penn!y#"ania+ 7eigning tight finance! %ecau!e

of the depre!!ion, they e"en reDuired Pre! to #i"e at home and commute to the do'nto'n

campu!+

Bored in %u!ine!! c#a!!e!, Pre! !oon tried to tran!fer to the phy!ic! department, %ut no !pace!

'ere a"ai#a%#e+ 7ina##y he decided to tran!fer to Moore choo# of #ectrica# ngineering of the

<ni"er!ity of Penn!y#"ania, 'here he enro##ed in 1@>.+

t Moore choo#, c&ert di!tingui!hed him!e#f a! a %right young man %ut not an out!tanding

!tudent+ 3e 'a! a perfectioni!t, #i&e hi! father, order#y and hard dri"ing+ But he 'a! not "ery

di#igent 'hen it came to c#a!!e! that %ored him, and hi! grade! !uffered+ c&ert made a name for

him!e#f in other 'ay!, a! 'e##+ t one dance, he created the !cu#ometer$a machine he c#aimed

mea!ured the inten!ity, the pa!!ion, of a &i!!+ Coup#e! 'ou#d gra% hand#e! 'ired to the

!cu#ometer, and an array of ten #ight %u#%! progre!!i"e#y #it up 'hen the pair &i!!ed, comp#eting

the e#ectric circuit+ hat the engineer! &ne'$and their date! didn0t, 'a! that if you got your #ip!

'et enough, hand! !'eaty enough, and he#d the &i!! #ong enough, you cou#d get a## ten %u#%! to

#ight up+ Then a #oud!pea&er atop the de"ice 'ou#d proc#aimH 3E 3E 3333E+

n 1@=*, !ti## on#y t'enty4one year! o#d, Pre! app#ied for hi! fir!t patent, 'hich 'a! granted t'o

year! #ater (< patent num%er 228>5=5)+ t 'a! ca##ed !ight Modulating Methods and

Apparatus (!ee the patent ), and amounted to a motion4picture !ound !y!tem+ The machine 'a!

ne"er !o#d, ho'e"er+

Pre! per!i!ted at Moore choo#, earning hi! undergraduate degree in e#ectrica# engineering in

1@=1 and hi! ma!ter0! degree in 1@=>+ 3e 'a! 'ide#y regarded a! a !uper% engineer 'hi#e at the

Moore+ 3o'e"er, he cou#d %e !tu%%orn, and hi! 'or& ha%it! 'ere con!idered odd+ 3e 'a! high#y

ner"ou! and 'ou#d rare#y !it in a chair or !tand !ti## 'hi#e thin&ing+ ften he 'ou#d crouch on

top of a de!& or pace %ac& and forth+

ohn Mauch#y and Pre! fir!t met in 1@=2, 'hen the rmy a!&ed <ni"er!ity of Penn!y#"ania to

ha"e a c#a!! of !cienti!t! to he#p the 'ar effort+ c&ert 'a! the teacher in thi! c#a!! and Mauch#y

'a! a !tudent+ Though they had different up%ringing! and 'ere t'e#"e year! apart in age, ohn

Mauch#y and Pre! c&ert %ecame fa!t friend!, 'ired together %y a !hared enthu!ia!m for creating

de"ice!+ They had ama?ing#y !imi#ar chi#dhood intere!t!+ Both 'ere fa!cinated %y e#ectricity and

'iring, and %oth had rigged up the !ame &ind of %oyhood toy! and gimmic&!+ c&ert 'a! a man

more intere!ted in doing than teaching, and pre!cri%ed #a% e6erci!e! %ored him+ Mauch#y &ne'

e6act#y 'hat he 'anted to 'or& on, and !a' #itt#e "a#ue in !imp#e e6periment! of a ca#i%er he

might ha"e a!!igned to hi! <r!inu! !tudent!+ Much of the #a% time c&ert and Mauch#y 'ere



a!!igned to !pend together 'a! actua##y !pent ta#&ing a%out different idea!4inc#uding computing

machine!+ The fina# re!u#t re!u#t of the!e ta#&! 'i## %e the creation of the fir!t #arge e#ectronic

computer in the 'or#d$ -C+

fter the and creation of -C, BM had offered c&ert a o% and hi! o'n #a% for

de"e#oping computer!, %ut Mauch#y ta#&ed him into oint#y !tarting a ne' company$#ectronic

Contro# Company+ Their fir!t 'or&, in 1@=G and 1@=., 'a! 'ith the -ationa# Bureau of

tandard! and the Cen!u! Bureau+ They de"e#oped the !pecification! for a computer e"entua##y

&no'n a! the <-RC (<ni"er!a# utomatic Computer) in 1@=8+ Li&e mo!t !tart4up companie!

de"e#oping comp#e6 hard'are, c&ert and Mauch#y ran into their !hare of financia# pro%#em!,

con!i!tent#y undere!timating the de"e#opment co!t! for their computer!+ To rai!e money, they

!igned a contract in the fa## of 1@=. 'ith the -orthrop ircraft Company to create a !ma##

computer for na"igating airp#ane!$the B-C (Binary utomatic Computer)+ The B-C

(comp#eted in ugu!t 1@=@) and the <-RC 'ere the fir!t computer! to emp#oy magnetic tape

dri"e! for data !torage+ ma##er in !i?e and compri!ed of fe'er part! than the -C, %othmachine! had interna# memorie! for !toring program! and cou#d %e acce!!ed %y type'riter

&ey%oard!+

c&ert and Mauch#y had %een &ept from %an&ruptcy %y the !upport of 3enry trau!, an e6ecuti"e

for the merican Tota#i!ator Company, 'hich manufactured the odd!4ma&ing machine! u!ed at

race trac&!+ hen trau! 'a! &i##ed in a p#ane cra!h in cto%er 1@=@, c&ert and Mauch#y &ne'

they had to !e## <-RC+ The ;emington ;and Corporation acDuired their company on

7e%ruary 1, 1@5*+ c&ert remained in re!earch to de"e#op the hard'are for <-RC, 'hi#e

Mauch#y de"oted hi! time to de"e#oping !oft'are app#ication!+ n contra!t to Mauch#y, Pre!

!ucceeded in perry ;and, in 1@5@ he e"en %ecame "ice4pre!ident and a!!i!tant to /enera#Manager+ The fir!t <-RC, de#i"ered to the Cen!u! Bureau in March 1@51, pro"ed it! "a#ue in

the 1@52 pre!identia# e#ection %et'een 'ight i!enho'er and d#ai te"en!on, 'hen it

accurate#y predicted re!u#t! #e!! than an hour after the po##! c#o!ed+ c&ert and Mauch#y0! patent

on the -C 'a! cha##enged during an infringement !uit %et'een perry4;and (former#y

;emington), 'ho no' o'ned the right! to the computer, and 3oney'e##+ n cto%er 1@, 1@.>,

the court in"a#idated the -C patent and a!!erted that o'a tate <ni"er!ity profe!!or ohn

Rincent tana!off 'a! the true in"entor of the digita# e#ectronic computer+

n cto%er 28, 1@==, c&ert married to 3e!ter Ca#d'e##+ The coup#e had t'o !on!, ohn Pre!per

and Chri!topher, %efore 3e!ter died in 1@52+ Ten year! #ater, on cto%er 1>, 1@G2, c&ert

married to udith + ;e'a#t and he had t'o more chi#dren, Laura and /regory+

c&ert recei"ed hi! honorary doctorate from the <ni"er!ity of Penn!y#"ania in 1@G=+ fter hi!

fir!t patent in 1@=2, he a#!o recei"ed 8. patent! and numerou! a'ard! for hi! inno"ation!,

inc#uding the Howard '( &otts and ohn Scott Meda#! (%oth of 'hich he !hared 'ith Mauch#y)+

Pre!ident Lyndon B+ ohn!on pre!ented him 'ith the 'ational Medal o# Science in 1@G@+ c&ert

http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Electronic/ENIAC.html

http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Electronic/ENIAC.html



'a! e#ected to the -ationa# cademy of ngineering in 1@G.+ 3e remained 'ith the ;emington

;and Corporation through a num%er of merger!, retiring in 1@8@+ 3e #ater !er"ed a! a con!u#tant

to <-A and to the c&ert cientific nternationa# Corporation, %a!ed in To&yo, apan+

ohn Pre!per c&ert died on une >, 1@@5 in Bryn Ma'r, Penn!y#"ania+

L- :A

For his #undamental contri%utions to personal computing and human*computer inter#ace

de+elopment(

"iogra#$y

#an :ay 'a! %orn in pringfi e#d, Ma!!achu!ett!, in 1@=*+ 3e recei"ed a B++ in mathematic!

and mo#ecu#ar %io#ogy from the <ni"er!ity of Co#orado at Bou#der (1@GG) and an M++ (1@G8)

and Ph++ (1@G@) from the <ni"er!ity of <tah in computer !cience+

:ay i! %e!t &no'n for the idea of per!ona# computing, the concept of the #aptop computer, and

the in"ention! of the no' u%iDuitou! o"er#apping4'indo' interface and modern o%ect4oriented



programming+

3i! deep intere!t in chi#dren 'a! the cata#y!t for the!e idea!, and it continue! to in!pire him+ :ay

'a! one of the founder! of the Sero6 Pa#o #to ;e!earch Center (P;C), in Pa#o #to,

Ca#ifornia, 'here he #ed one of the group! that de"e#oped idea! into modern 'or&!tation! (andthe forerunner of the Macinto!h), the ma##ta#& computer #anguage, the o"er#apping4'indo'

interface, de!&top pu%#i!hing, the thernet, #a!er printing, and net'or& c#ient !er"er!+ 3i!

yna%oo& concept prefigured the modern #aptop computer %y !e"era# decade!+

%&'GL(S ). *+G*L"(T

Biography

n"entor, Computer Programmer (c+ 1@25–2*1>)

Synopsis

Born on anuary 25, 1@25, in Port#and, regon, oug#a! C+ nge#%art 'a! a pioneer in thede!ign of interacti"e computer en"ironment! 'ho in"ented the computer mou!e in 1@G=+ 3e a#!ocreated the fir!t t'o4dimen!iona# editing !y!tem, and 'a! the fir!t to demon!trate the u!e of mi6ed te6t4graphic! and !hared4!creen "ie'ing+ 3e 'a! director of ; nternationa#0!ugmentation ;e!earch Center in Pa#o #to and founded tanford <ni"er!ity0! Boot!trapProect+ nge#%art died in therton, Ca#ifornia, on u#y 2, 2*1>, at age 88+

Early Li#e and Career



pioneer in the de!ign of interacti"e computer en"ironment!, oug#a! Car# nge#%art 'a! %ornto Car# and /#ady! nge#%art on anuary 25, 1@25, in Port#and, regon+ 3e had t'o !i%#ing!H no#der !i!ter, orianne nge#%art Radnai! (%orn in 1@22), and a younger %rother, a"id nge#%art(%orn in 1@2.)+ fter graduating from 7ran&#in 3igh choo# in Port#and in 1@=2, nge#%artenro##ed at regon tate Co##ege (regon tate <ni"er!ity) in Cor"a##i!, 'here he !tudied

e#ectrica# engineering+

rafted into the <++ rmy a! or#d ar came to c#o!e, the future in"entor 'or&ed a! a radar technician in the Phi#ippine! for t'o year! %efore returning to regon tate+ -ot #ong after graduating 'ith a %ache#or0! degree in 1@=8, nge#%art #anded a po!ition at Ca#ifornia0! me!;e!earch Center, a go"ernment aero!pace #a%oratory run %y the -ationa# d"i!ory Committee oneronautic! (a precur!or to -)+

Co&p)ter Design "ioneer

oug#a! C+ nge#%art 'ent on to earn a Ph++ in e#ectrica# engineering from the <ni"er!ity of Ca#ifornia, Ber&e#ey, in 1@55+ fter returning to the !choo# for a !tint a! an acting a!!i!tant

profe!!or, nge#%art %egan a career at the tanford ;e!earch n!titute (#ater renamed ;nternationa#)+ round thi! !ame time, he %egan focu!ing on an approach that he termed%oot!trapping, in 'hich he a!!erted the fie#d! of engineering and !cience 'ou#d %e great#yimpro"ed if computer po'er 'ere !hared among re!earcher!+

n the ear#y 1@G*!, nge#%art founded ; nternationa#0! ugmentation ;e!earch Center in Pa#o#to in an effort to further re!earch information proce!!ing and computer4!haring too#! andmethod!+ oon after, nge#%art de!igned and 'a! the primary de"e#oper of the o-4Line y!tem,a#!o &no'n a! -L, a re"o#utionary computer4!haring !y!tem+

n 1@G=, nge#%art conceptua#i?ed and created the fir!t de!ign for the computer mou!e+ hi#enge#%art %e#ie"ed that the point4and4c#ic& computer de"ice cou#d %e eDuipped 'ith up to 1*

%utton!, the fir!t mou!e 'ou#d ha"e u!t three+ The in"entor 'ent on to create the fir!t t'o4dimen!iona# editing !y!tem, and 'a! the fir!t to demon!trate the u!e of mi6ed te6t4graphic! and!hared4!creen "ie'ing+

nge#%art !er"ed a! director of the ugmentation ;e!earch Center from it! inception unti# 1@..+The center 'a! tran!ferred to Tym!hare in [email protected], 'ith -L %eing renamed ugment+ n 1@8@,nge#%art founded the Boot!trap Proect at tanford <ni"er!ity+

Later Years and Legacy

nge#%art recei"ed !e"era# honor! throughout hi! #ifetime, inc#uding the Coor! mericanngenuity 'ard (1@@1), the Auri ;u%in!&y Memoria# 'ard (1@@5), the ohn "on

-eumann Meda#, the Leme#!on4MT Pri?e (1@@.), the Turing 'ard (1@@.) and the -ationa#Meda# of Techno#ogy and nno"ation (2***)+ <nfortunate#y, nge#%art ne"er recei"ed anyroya#tie! for in"enting the computer mou!e, for 'hich he0! no' %e!t &no'n+

nge#%art died of &idney fai#ure in therton, Ca#ifornia, on u#y 2, 2*1>+ 3e 'a! 88+



3e 'a! !ur"i"ed %y hi! !econd 'ife, :aren JLeary nge#%art9 daughter! /erda, iana andChri!tina9 !on -orman9 and nine grandchi#dren+ (3i! fir!t 'ife, Ba##ard 7i!h nge#%art, died of o"arian cancer in 1@@.+

Documents

Ada Lovelace