ASL-TR-0066 AD

AD & K.8, &7 -. , " Reports Control Symbol

" ke -OSD-1366AD AO 9

BATTLEFIELD JUST AND ATMOSPHERIC ,HARACTERIZATION

MEASUREMENTS DURING MEST J.ERMAN $UMMERTIME C.ONDITIONS

IN SUPPORT OF GRAFENWIHR TESTS,,

SEpTEM8ER ...1i980/ 1

JAMES D.-/. INDBERG.RADON B. lLoVELAND

.ELVIN HEAPSJAMES B- ýILLESPIE r

ANDREW F. LEwIs

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

IN,' IL U0 Army Electronics Research and Development Command

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LABORATORYWhite Sands Missile Range, NM 88002

----. ~~ i w .. -""-' --- --

NOTICES

The findings in this report are not to be construed as anofficial Department of the Army position, unless so desig-nated by other authorized documents.

The citation of trade namen and names of manufacturers in

this report is not to be construed as official Governmentindorsement or approval of c.ommercial products or servicesreferenced herein.

Disposition

Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do notreturn i~t to the originator.

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEF'ORE COMPLETING FORMkI.REPORT NUM13ER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

ASL-TR-0066 4b- OIvN4. TITLE (rand Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT A PERIOD CZOVEREL'BATTLEFIELD DUST AND ATMOSPHERIC CHARACTERIZATION R&D Technical ReportMEASUREMENTS DURING WEST GERMAN SUM~MERT IMECONDITIONS IN SUPPORT OF GRAFEt~dCHR TESTS S. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHORfrI a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NI'Mi§ER(a)

James D. Lindberg, Radon B. Loveland,Melvin Heaps, James B. Gillespie, andAndrew F. Lewis

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND AD~kESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASKAREA & WORK UNIT NUMBEPAAtmospheric Sciences Laboratory

White Sands Missile Range, NM 88002 DA Task No. 1L162111AH71/C

I I, CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO' ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATEUs Army ElecroisReac September 1980l

and Developmrent Command 13. NUMBER OF PAGESAdelphi, MD 207/83 84

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from, Controlling Office) I S. S EC U R!TY C LASS. (of thlea report)

JNCLASSIFIED_________IS.. DECL ASSI F1 CATION/ DOWNGRADING

~CHEDULE16. DISTRIBU1ION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abetract .. ,toerdin Block 20, It different twm Report)

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I!3)attlefieid dustParti cul ate size distributions

2&. ASTr"ACT (cmmbp"ae~ r everse alik iR erateeary dad Idenht.1y by block ntm~ber)

iJhis report describes the results of an attempt to characterize the aerosolgenerated by 155 mm artillery projectile explosions by directly instrumentingtilie expected impact area. Cascade impactors, fil ter saripl ers and aparticulate spectrometer were used to determine particulate composition andsize distribution. From the resulting data which are presented here,calculation of mass loading and visible arnd infrared wavelength extinctionwere made and are included. Tnese results are unique in that they show-theeffect of projectile explosions Just a few feet away from the instrumentation

WD O"~ 1473 LDI-10ON OF I NOV 65 IS ODSOLETESECURITY CLASSIFrIA rION OF THIS PAGE (lb..' Data Enf~ere~d)

SCCURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAOIE(Wha Dat Xnlef.*4

20. ABSTRACT (cant)

with a time resolution of 1 second. Mass loadings as high as 2 gm/rn weredetected; ext Inction was not significantly wavelength 0&ýpcndent. Theconclusion was that one can, as a practical matter, directly instrument theimpact area during artillery barrage firings with an acceptable, though nottriviai, risk to equipment. The test was conducted at an artillery trainingarea near \Grafenvkhr, Germany, in June 1979. A description of themeteorological situiuion is included.

XTI

-. t )IfI2

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE('17in Data Enitered)

CO NTE NT S

INWTRODUCTION. . .......... *......* .... * .................... 5

METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS. . ... . ................. ......... .. 5

Brief Overview .............................*** 5

Data Available for Further Weather Analysis............... 13

On-Site Meteorological Observations.................. 13

ANiDERSEN SAM~PLERRAND MEMBRAN FLER ESLTS.E.....................18

Background..............*....... ................. 22

iest Conditions andProcedures...................... 24

Results................................................. 25

PARTICULATE SPECTROMETER MEASUREMENTS............................ 26

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................. 35

APPENDIX. SAMPLE SPECTRA AND CALCULATED RESULTS................... 37

3

I NTRODUC2 1'10 dW

During June 1979 near Graf ený%iir, Werst. Ge; iiiziny, the, Night Vision andElectra-Optical Laboratory conducted o ~re of tests (known as"GRAF -11-Summer") to Pvalkiate i~h1 ie-ti' orr,.ince of ce..rtain electra-opticaldevices in simulated European stamiwt~i,:rme battlefiel~d conditions. This testinvolved visible, infrared (1IR), and millimeter wave propagation along pathsthrough an impact area into which large numbie-rs of 155-mm high explosive (HE)and white phosphorous (WP) smoke projectiles were delivered by combatoperatiGnal artillery units,, Statically detonated rounds of both types werealso included so that the e-_ffects rprodi~c;ý1, by single. explosions at knownI ~ I ocations coul d also bo observed.The Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory (Aýh) provided supporting meteorologicalmeasurements for this test an~d obtaino'd particlc distribution and compositioninfom~at-ion for the exjý;:lio 0501 enerated dust clouds. The latter measurementi rriposcA ', n serious prohl ems on the test design si nce it called fori nw~~ s -11r of a particul at(-. spectrome;ter and saipli ig equi pment di rectly in

thE? _-L &:y impact area. praional requirenments imposed by the testcicmtances pro l uded the ujse of a Wborrrne payl cads, inrstrument control , or

data !.:ransfer by tel em~etry or- hard line and r~titdaccess to the site to acorr no of ahout I h each day . NeveYrt.hci es:;, some useful and undoubtedlyuni que resul ts were oh" 'Ii ned. Th-i ro' ti documentation of themneteorol ogi cal and terosol characterization woirk that wris done by the ASL.

METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMEN~TS

This 5ection, rel;t-es the synoptic scale mo.teorol oqy to the actual weatherconditions, which were observed during the GRAF 41JIl-Aimrer testing period of 18through 29 2unc' 1979. Th objective is to provido a hasi '; tor extending the

otssrvrdetest I'det- FtS -to otheir th, i w hS wcr e s imil ar cl imatol ogicalpa-terns or, Awather coiidi Uions exist.. 1hi S, r Y j is divided into three-parts. The first part describes- tho. tgenerak ci imatologyadpyia etnof the area and Coivcs a brief day-by -day o.ci of the synoptic patternsWh'ich affoc~ted thi s area durn ny the o.2:i;' The second part describesL he atdd itiondl we ather data which wc'r,- nathUcrc ari.ire avail able for further

s. he third port cOntail1s the2 -, ,,i tc iiic -.ol igical measurements made(0ur log ithe actuol tosti rig periods and (jives the 1 ocal ly determined (Pa squill1sLab ili t.v c-Ategories !-or uein estitiiotes. and cal cul ations of smoke and dust

cioddi sqer,ýi on.

Brief Overvfew

The Grafenw~hr test ran-ge lie,; 4n Sout.heast~ern kvr-iiany (49043' N, 1.1*551 E)approximately 40 km west. of thlc 'Czectoesl cIva~i on hoider- . The ared consi sts ofgently roll ing hill 1s, partal aly forestedi ant n d wrt i all Iy farmiland, withelevations hetw~'en f100 and 6001' and nrcc i onra t de or high poi nts ri singto WO0 to 600 yr.. ;-he area lies Just. to the Uanuleo side of the dividing line,etvicen t~h-c Eanulte and K4iin r-iv( r ~ist;.The Ai ¾ a%-e c ýproxfimately 200 kmi

Lb ~ ~~i==NCD1G PAGE BLANK -N~OT Il £SW

to the south, with no major mountains to the west or north; to the east theland rises to the Boehmerwald along the Czechoslovkian border with peakelevations of arproximately 1000 m.

The weather during this early summer period is generally influenced byperiodic high pressure cells moving across Europe and producing light andvariable winds at the surface; more often a strengthening and an expunding ofthe Azores High produce a general wind flow from the northwest-southwestquadrant. Precipitation during these periods results mainly from thermallyinduced rainshowers aný thundershowers in the afternoons and evenings.Interspersing the periods of high pressure are periods when low pressurecells, usually originating in the North Atlantic, move across northern Europeor Scandinavia. Frontal activity this time of year is only weak to moderate;precipitat:on usually accompanies "frontal" passage with winds shifting to amore nortUherly direction. Occasionally low pressure areas will form overFrance and move across Germany along the Alpen Forelands and the Danube Riverbasin. Precipitation from these systems can be quite variable.

The weather the few days preceding the beginning of the terting period(Monday, 18 June 1979) was dominated by a large, reasonably well organized lowpressure system which passed through northern Europe during the weekend of 16to 17 June. The week began with cloud covered skies and very cool'temperatures. Hiqh pressure moving in from the west on Tuesday broughtcledring skies and warmer, drier air through Thursday. With the clearerskies, there were also patchy areas of radiation fog Wednesday, Thursday, andFriday mornings (20, 21, and 22 June). High pressure weakened during theweek, buit an approaching low pressure system on Thursday also weakened as itmoved west to east across the continent Friday and brought no change in theweather to the southern German area. Returning high pressure gave fairweather for the weekend.

The second week of te~ting (25 to 29 June 1979) began with the weather beinginfluenced by a rather broad low pressure system over the North Sea. Passageof the "front" triggered rainshowers very early Monday morning. Tuesdaybrought clearing skies and some patchy radiation fog Wednesday morning. Arather small, localized low rressure system formed over France passed over theGrafEnwbhr area Wednesday and produced rapid cloud buildup Wednesday eveningand 12 hours of rain w'ednesday night through Thursday morning. Clearing skiesThursday set the stage for very extensive radiation ground fog Friday morning,29 June 1979.

Table 1 gives a brief overview of the general weather conditions for the2-week period. Figures I through 10 provide the synoptic surface pressurepatterns for the Monday through Friday, 18 through 22 and 25 through 29 Juneperiods.

6

ie 4A

4- .9 t

0 M

1.m ~ EG 4' IV ...-- 4.) 4J

4J Mt 4A. CC) (L) 0 IA - a) EUS C 4 J 'V 'j - I-AL 0EUZ C:E ty) I A- tA W.m

L. &.

4J 0.

m0)..- 4j at .0 % U)MSV 4-' S. 4J :0c c m

9:.J J - LEU0.1 .- l x U) cD >. fa

4j ~ ~ uL. m )L.-1) 1: ;et &dt> Ill 1 I. Old 0: 1 NJ

ý00) Jch 3 CD C0~ .~0*.-... 01 ) *0 w !3~

I- 0 1 -- f,

C3 C EU W L7U C, a jm 2~ c a)0 CI . 4) 1- 5L

Lh oo ft

X:VE 4-L LU CV)0. 4)A. MAj~j VIi)u a) CI s-~~fl

73 ea -u Lrt 4. .- a t *, 0) r U

4)-0j -;.a) 4L E)4 z E C .-

U-j~~ ~ ~ ~ I n W> a

CLA

'-V 4-J~.~~%I

fa 4)ko c a 4)V) Ch OV S

tu Q c M in :0 .- Lý(1 4 M0, - ) -

!:I LnM C rm CU -) L CA W L

24'

30o

Figure 1. Synoptic scale weather map for 18 June 1979. Figures 1through 10 show maps for the periods of Monday-Friday,18-22 June and 25-29 June 1979, respectively. The pressureisobars in mi'llibars are shown; only the last two digits aregiven (i.e., 1028 mbar becomes 28). The Federal Republic ofGermany is outlined on the map and the Grafenwb'ihr test areais indicated by a "+ in the lower right-hand section.

00°

:21)

2~26

Figure 2. Synoptic scale weather map for 19 June 1979.

u 18

18-2 Juead2-9Jn!99 rsetvl.Tepesr

m.-.a

"20 WIEDNESDAY12 06000Z 20 'NK 1979

Figure 3. Synoptic scale weather map for 20 June 1979.

0- TII.RS,)AY06i0Z 21 JIN, 197179

- 14

II'

Figure 4. Synoptic scale weather map for 21 June 1979.

9

........

FRIDAY 10° E090OZ 22 JUNE. 1.979

16 00 14

1011

20

Figure 6. Synoptic scale weather map for 25 June 1979.

10

10* E

00TVESL)AY

I "Ir

Figure 7. Synoptic scale weather ma1p for 26 June 1979.

1001E

0-

Figure 8. Synoptic scale weather map for 27 June 1979.

THURSDAY

060OZ 28 JUNE. 1979

II

Figure 9. Synoptic scale weather map for 28 June 1979.

I

Figure 10. Synoptic scale weather map for 29 June 1979.

12

Data Available for Further Weather Analysis

Several sources and sets of data are available which would be too cumbersometo include in this volume. Detailed synoptic analyses can be made through theuse of the OOZ weather charts for the surface, 850, 700, and 500 mbar levelsand 06Z surface charts which were provided by the Weather Office of the SecondGerman Corps. All charts are on a Monday through Friday basis. Radiosondedata taken at 06Z from Amberg (40 km south of Grafenwdhr) were also providedin the form of skew T--Log p diagrams by the same office. Additionalradiosonde data during or near the actual testing periods were provided inmeteorological message format by the Vilseck US Army Meteorological Station(approximately 8 km south-southwest of the test area). Copies of the hourlyService Weather Observation records (Federal Meteorological Furii, 1-10) werealso provided ,y the Weather Detachment at the Grafenw6hr Army Airfield(approximately c km east of the testing area).

Satellite phuLography of the synoptic scale cloud cover is also available inthe IR mnd visible for the days of 17 through 19 and 21 through 26 June.

In addition a great deal of raw data is available from the two 50-footmeteorological towers in the testing area. This raw data will be partiallydiscussed in the next part of this report.

On-Site Meteorological Observations

The testing area used during the GRAF-II-Summer test- 'ies in the northwestsection of the larger Grafenwb'hr Artillery Impact Area. Zone 4, which was theimpact area for our own tests, was located on a small rise of meadow with theland sloping gently away to both the north and south and then rising again tothe sites REM I and REM 2 (figure 11). Fifty-foot meteorological towers werelocated at REM 1 and REM 2 and were instrumented to measure temperature,windspeed and (horizontal) wind direction at heights of 2, 4, 8, and 15 m.The line of sight from REM 1 and REM 2 lay approximately 120 west of a truesouth-to-north line. The REM 1 instrumentation area was situated on anapproximately 20- by 90-m flat graded finger of land running east-west. Themeteorological tower, called REM 1, was situE:ted approximately 10 m east andabout 2 m below this graded area and was surrounded by a sparse growth ofbushes and scrub trees 1 to 2 m high. On-sitt observations were taken at REM1 facing north towards RFM 2, looking across the impact area. REM 2 waslocated on ground sloping upwards to the north with stands of trees (= 20 mhigh) within 100 m to the west and north of the meteorological tower.

Periods of testing were from 0, 0700 hour,ý ',local time) and 1900 to 2030hours (local time). Actual firinyu, were generally during the latter half ofthese periods. The following weathcr descriptions were taken from on-siteobservations at REM 1 and assembled meteorological data from the REM 1 and REM2 meteorological facilities.

Generally, we felt that becaise of local terrain effects the "surface" winds,i.e., those measured at the 2- to 15-m levels at REM 1 and 2, were not alwaysrepresentative of what the strface winds may have been in the zone 4 impactarea. This situation is particularly true when the winds are light and

13

40 430m

!: 450m

X REM 2

(IMPC

470m

"• • LAKE

•,•. • • (422m)

S/ •430ni

I, ,, [ I•550m 470m

Figure 11. Topographical map of the general GRAF-II-Summer test areashowing the locations of REM 1, REM 2, TAC 5, and the impactarea (zone 4).

14

variable. At all times the measurements were taken 1.3 and 1.0 km away fromthe actual impact area. We felt that the physical location of the REM 1 sitemore closely approximated the setting of the impact area.

In choosing a format for meteorological data presentation, we decided to use e,tabular form giving ranges of value, observed over the actual barrage orfiring periods--usually of a few minutes in extent. Because of the normalfluctuations in windspeed and wind direction, plus the separation of 1.0 to1.3 km from the meteorological towers to the impact area of interest, it wouldnot be reasonable to attempt any point-by-point correlations (in space ortime). The data itself in its raw form has b'een averaged over 20-s intervalswith nominal accuracies 0.5 mi/h in windspeed, 5V in direction, and 0.10%C intemperature. A variation in temperature has been indicated by the range ofvalues listed; in most cases, the increases or decreases were monotonic overthe time intervals.

,,Stability categories have also been estimated for the general testing K,sequencec,. Because of the early morning or late evening times for the tests,the pred(,inant Pasquill st.ability category was D.

Thc specific day-by-day accounts follow next.

Monday, 18 June. The general airflow was cyclonic from the north. Astrong-i[nversion was present at 830 mbar with a few scattered rainshowersdeveloping below the inversion layer during the afternoon. By evening thewinds had died to light and variable. Skies were overcast with partialstratocumulus cover at about 1300 m and almost complete altostratus cover atabout 2400 m. Table 2 presents the on-.site meteorological data for 18 June.

Tuesday, 1.9 June. The general airflow was still from the north, thoughchanging---f 6 -fy--conic. The inversion at 830 mbar weakened and overcastskies in the morring gradually cleared to approximately 7/10 altostratus near3000 in by evening. Winds appeared to pick up slightly before testi'ng began.Table 3 presents the on-site meteorological data for 19 June.

Wednesday, ?0 June. The airflow was light, anticyclonic, from the northan(Feast t Fa'rwrwat-r cumulus built up durinq the day but dissipated towardsevening. Winds tended to die down as evening approached. Table 4 presentsthe on-site meteorological data for 20 June.

Thursday, 21 June. The airflow was from the east and light, generallyar yc-U-n-i----. ]T~Ye-- vr: clear in the morning with patchy, shallow radiationfog present at the ground levcl. Fair-weather cumulus built ,up during the dayand dissipated towards evening. Nc; testing was conducted this day.

Friday, 22 June. Friday morning davined clear and calm, with radiation fogin the'low areaVs. The impact area and basin were ouscured by low fog, whichdelayed testing unt.1 06:00 hours (local time). The on-site acoustic sounderindicated an inversion layer at approximately 100 m which gradually rose to130 m by 07:00 hours before breaking up. Table 5 presents the on-sitemeteorological data for 22 June.

15

TABLE 2. MONDAY, 18 JUNE 1979

REM 1 REM 2

Wind- Wind Wind- WindPeriod of Testing speed Direction Temperature speed Direction Terperature

(local time) (mi/h) (deg) (0C) (mi/h) (deg) (C)

19:55-20:00 No data 0 Variable 12.3

(arti I ery 1 210-260 12.4barrage -54 rounds) 1-2 280-300 12.5

1-2 270-285 13.1

Relative humidity: 80-85%

Pasquill stability category: D

Data are given in blocks of four, taken at 2-, 4-, 8-, and 15--m levels, respectively.

TABLE 3. TUESDAY, 19 JUNE 1979

REM 1 REM 2 ___

Wind- Wind Wind- WindPeriod of Testing speed Direction Temperature speed Direction Temperature(l ocal time) (mi/h) (deg) (C) (mi/h) (deg) (cC)

20:00-20:04 5.5-8 55-75 17.5 2.5-5 345-30 17.1(artillerybarrage - 5-11 35-55 17.4 4.5-6.5 355-15 17.1!• 18 rounds)

7.5-12 345-360 17.0 4.5-9.5 360-25 17.4

10-13 350-15 17.2 5.5-10 340-360 17.4

20:06-20:13 5-9.5 55-70 17.6 3.5-7.5 355-25 17.1(artillerybarrage - 6.5-12.5 30-60 17.4 6-10 355-25 17.154 rounds)

7.5-13.5 345-360 17.1 6-11 5-40 17.2

10-15.5 355-20 17.3 7-15 340-15 17.3

Relative humidity: 65-75%

Pasquill stability category: D

Data are given in blocks of four, taken at 2-, 4-, 8-, and 15-m levels, respectively.

lb

TABLE 4. WEDNESDAY, 20 JUNE 1iW9

,_ __REM I REM 2

"Wind- Wind Wi nd- WindPeriod of Testing speed Direction Temperature speed Direction Temperature

S(ocal time) (mi/h) (deg) (CC) (mi/h) (deg) (0C)

20:06-20:11 2-4 350-20 18.7-18.0* 1.5-2.5 10-30 17.9-17.5(artil lerybarrage - 2-3 335-350 19.0-18.6 1.5-2 355-10 18.1-18.354 rounds)

1.5-3 330-340 18.7-18.4 2-3 360-20 19.5-19.3

1.5-3 360-20 19.3-18.8 2-3.5 345-350 17.9-17,7

Relative humidity: 50-60%

4 Pasquill stability category: D

Data are given in blocks of four, taken at 2-, 4-, 8-, and 15-m levels, respectively.

*Sunset - temperature tailing during this period.

TABLE 5. FRIDAY, 22 JUNE 1q79

REM 1 REM 2

Wi nd- Wind Wind- WindPeriod of Testing speed Direction Temperature speed Direction Temperature

(local time) (mi/h) (deg) (MC) (mi/h) (deg) (°C)

06:11-fl•:I6 No data taken No data taken

3 WP rounds Winds light from the east; wind-shears apparent 0-100 m, clouds,

(stati- stopped vertical development atfired) 100 m. Fog beginning to thin.

Relative huimidity: 85-90M, dropping rapidly

Pasquill stability category: 0

07:01-07:13 1-3 variable 18.0-19.6 i-3 115-180 18.3-19.6

1 WP round 1.5 3 variable 17.7-18.9 1-3.5 120-180 18.0-19.4

2 HE rounds 1-3 30-135 17.1-18.5 2-4 120-170 17.4-19.?

(static 1-4 30-135 17.0-18.2 1-4 85-125 17.4-18.9fired)

Relative huiiidity: 65-70%

Pasquill stability category: C-B

Data are given in blocks of four, taken at ?-, 4-, 8-, and 15-m levels, respectively.

........... ........... ..........

Monday, 25 June. The airflow Monday morniig was cyclonic from the west.Passage of a weak front triggered rainshowers from 00:00 to 03:00 hours earlyMonday morning. Early morning skies were overcast wit'h large amounts ofaltostratus and cirrostratus. Gradual clearing began about 06:00 hours withthe sun intermittently breaking through. Winds were steaqy from the west andincreasing. By evening the skies were mostly clear with gentle breezes fromthe west. Table 6 presents the on-site meteorological data for 25 June.

Tuesday, 26 June. The airflow was weak cyclonic changing to weakanticyclonic with generally light winds. The morning dawned with extreme hazeto light fog. Visibility in the early morning was better along the groundthan at a slight elevation angle; overhead were scattered, broken cumulusclouds. During the day the cumulus built up to approximately 5/10 cloud coverand then dissipated towards evening. Table 7 presents the on-sitometeorological data for 26 June.

Wednesday, 27 Jure. The airflow in the morning was not dominated by anyone major system; winds were light and variable, with clear skies and patchyradiation fog in low areas early in the morning. During the day, there wasthe normal cumulus buildup which began to dissipate towards evening untilabout 1V:00 hours when cloud buildup and cloud cover greatly increased. Rainbegan about 20:00 hours and lasted until Thursday morning. Table b presentsthe on-site meteorological data for 27 June.

Thursday, 28 June. Thursday morning dawned rainy, with precipitationvarying from light drizzle to steady rain until about 08:00 hours.Precipitation was due to a small, localized low pressure system which moved(west to east) down the Danube basin. Gradual clearing took place Thursdaywith clear skies by Thursday night. Table 9 presents the on-sitemeteorological data for 28 June.

Friday, 29 June. Friday we experienced the most intense and extensiveradiation fog during the GRAF-II-Summer exercise. All valleys and basins werefilled. During the early morning, visibility was never more than 100 m at REM1. No meteorological data were collected for 29 June.

ANDERSEN SAMPLER AND MEMBRANE FILTER RESULTS

The purpose of this aspect of the test was to determine if conventionalsampling techniques such as cascade impactors and membrane filters could beused to adequately provide useful information for aerosol characterization ofa battlefield environment. Tne primary interest was to see if inertial sizing.techniques could provide useful size distributions, mass loadings, and theability to determine composition as a function of particle size. Thesecondary interest was to see if the membrane filters could be examined fortotal mass loading and for size distribution by actually counting and visuallysizing the particles by observing them with an optical mic.roscope.

18

L

]ABLE b. MUNDAY, 25 JUNE 1979

REM I REM 2

Wind- Wind Wi nd- WindPeriod of Testing speed Direction Temperature speed Direction Temperature

(local time) (mi/h) ddeg) (VC) (mi/h) (deg) ('C)

05:24 No data available No data available

I HE round

(staticfired)

06:06-06:31 3-7 300-325 15.0-16.0 2-5 245-270 14.2-15.2

2 WP rounds 4-i 275-295 13.6-14.6 3-b 245-270 14.2-14.9

2 HE rounds 4-8 2401-255 13.5-14.91 5-8 255-275 13.q-14.6

(static 6-9 250-265 13.0-13.6 5.5-9 225-245 13.6-14.5fired)

20:1--;2?.7 3 270-290 15.8-14.0 1-2 270-360 16.3- 5.1

3 III rounds 3 240-25M 17,3-16.4 1-1.5 270-105 15.5-13.9

(statl'. 3.5-4.5 I18-195 18.2-1 7.6 1-1.5 225-75 15.B-14.2f I ,v'e15 9-4.

4.5-5.5 110-210o 19.--18.6 0-2 130-180 1;.R-14.4

Rla ;ive humnidity: 80 j.

I'dSi) i(. II stabil i ty cate qory:

')id Are given in Oucks of tour, taven at 2-, 4- 8-, and 15-m levels, respectively.

I•lI.E• 1. (UESUAY, 'b JUNE IV47

REM I R___ M 2

Wi nd- Wind Wind- WindPeriod of Tfsting ,,peed Dircction Temperature speed Direction Temperature

loclal time,) (ni/h) (deg) (*C) (mi/h) (deg) (IC)

Ub;)6-1-06:13 1.5-2.5 b0-200 14.1-14.2 1.5-24 130-270 14.U-14.4

3 IlL. rounds I-I.5 30-1813 14.n-14.1 0.5-I l1O ..3100 14.0-14.7

(otdtic 0.5-1.5 05-115 14.6 1-1.5 115-2413' 13.5-13,9I i rod)

1b:32-Ub. 2) 2.5-3.5 1110-22 5 14.1-14.11 1,- .' t- .- IbO 1 .1. 0-15.2

IIl. ,mounds ?-3 155 -2O5 14.3-14.4 1-2 115 -11H 14.4-14.6

stlth: 7-3 110-1 'A 14.' l1.-3 115-117 14.I -14.2I Irod)

RlIlatlnr hpimdity: ')bI.

liasqulll tadhility )..)tmqory: II

?2): 00-?0)1: 1S *.-2.,m•' ?45-351 21.1-20.11. 1 '-1 .,5 ?00 5 21. 1-l Q..l

WI' I"ridgm 2l-3 330-340 20..m1L).3 1.0-1.5 325-u 21.8-21..Wil . Ht 3 -,3.') 905-3?) *?.0.8_-20.• 40.1)-2.5 3 3U / 0 F .b-?0.4hdril'aet

3.5-4.5 310-345 2U.9-20. 7 1i. -0 "HI, 325 ?1 ,U-?U.1

llml.tlve humidity: 5h 1,3t

1Pa,,Ii1ill 1 tdhility i:atiqory. D)

lo ta Are qivn in blicks of four, taken at ?-, 4-, Fi-, And I,-m levels, roejietfa ely.

'RiM ? data for firet Vquencp availohl,, only 16:Ob-hlh:U8, 0)6:10-06:1?.*'REM I dAti for eva n I nq sequbncm' Iva I labl r 14; '1l-2l0: (.1, ?0: 09-?0: 13.

RIM r datd f,)r eveninq wquice availAbl, ?(0:00-40:0)4, ;'0:10-40:1 .

- - -- - -

IABLE 8. WLDNESDAY, 27 JUNE 1979

REM I REM 2

Wind- Wind Wind- WindPeriod of Testing speed Dirqction Tenmeratu-e speed Direction Terrperature

(local time) (mi/h) (deg) (OC) (mi/h) (deg) (°C)

05:40-05:47 1.5-2.5 180-240 13.5-13.7 1.5-2 80-160 13.8-14.9

WP barrage 1.5-2 160-200 13.6-13.8 1.5-2 115-160 13.3-14.0

1.5-2 105-165 13.5-14.0 1.5-2.5 95-120 13.4-14.6

0.4 75-120 12.5-12.8 1-2 70-105 14.6-15.3

05:50-05:53 1-1.5 255-350 13.6-14.1 1.5-2 i40-180 15.3-15.8

WP barrage 1 245-295 13.7-14.7 1.5-2 145-175 14.6-14.9

1-1.5 180-230 13.8-14.4 2-2.5 120-140 14.8

calm,2 one gust 13.2-13.8 1.5-2 60-75 15.5-15.7of 205

06:09.06:16 1-2 variable 16.1-16.9 1-2.5 185-315 17.5-17.7

HE + WP 1-1.5 40-165 16.1-16.7 1.5-2 205-325 16.8-16.6barrage

1-1.5 variable 17.5-16.8 1-2.5 200-320 16.3-16.2

calm,2 two gusts 15.4-14.9 0-2 195-280 16.7-17.0of 050

06:27-015:33 2-6 355-30 15.5-16.1 2-4 290-320 18.0-18.6

HE ý WP 2.5-6.5 345-15 15.4-16.2 2-5 295-325 17.0-17.7barrage

3.5-7 280-350 15.1-15.8 2.5-5 320-335 16.6-17.2

4-7.5 315-330 13.2-13.9 2.5-b 270-300 16.4-17.2

Relative humidity: not Available

Pasquill stability category: 0

Data are given in blocks of four, taken at 2-, 4-, 8-, and 15-m levels, respectively.

20

STABLE 9. THURSDAY, 28 JUNE 19791 REM I REM 2

Wind- WIind ni rd- Windf Period of Testing speed Direction Temperature speed Direction TemperatureS(local time) (mi/h) (deg) (C) (mi/h) (deg) (C)

05:31-05:33 1.5 250-275 15.7 1 110-175 No dataS~ava il1abiHE TOT barrage 1.5 270-290 16.0 1.5 175-300 a

(15 rounds) 1.5 210-245 16.4 1.5 No data

1-2.5 295-345 15.6 1.5-2 180-255

05:59-06:04 1.5 345-40 15.9-16.0 2-2.5 30-60HE barrage 1.5-2 335-20 16.3-16.4 1.5-2.5 360-75

(48 rounds) 1.5-2.5 285-345 16.7-16.8 1.5-3 No data

1-4 335-360 15.8-16.0 1.5-2.5 330-45

06:12-06:22 1.5-2.5 35-75 16.0 1-2 340-40HE barrage 1.5-2.5 15-45 16.4-16.3 1.5-2.5 320-75(96 rounds) 1.5-3 325-15 16.8 1.5-2.5 No data

1.5-3.5 360-15 15.8-15.6 1.5-3 290-20

07:19-07:24 2.5-8.5 20-60 15.4-15.3 2-4.5 300-20WP barrage 3.5-7.5 15-45 15.3-15.2 2.5-5.5 ?05-40

3.5-10 335-360 15.2.15.1 2.5-5.5 No data

5-lU 360 15.3-15.2 3-8 3",5-345

Relative humidity: 90-95%

Pasquill stability category: E-)

Data are given in blocks of four, taken at 2-, 4-, 8-, and 15-m levels, respectively.

21

Background

Because of the problems associated with light scattering particle spectrometermeasurements (such as kniowledge of the complex refractive index of theparticles, particle shape, birefringence, and multicomponent mixtures ofparticles with different indices), the possibility of utilizing cascadeimpactors to characterize the aerosol was also assessed during theGRAF-II-Summer field tests.

Eight-stage Andersen ambient cascade impactors with a final filter stage and apreseparator unit were selected for this evaluation. These samplers haveeffective cutoff diameters as shown in table 10. These values are for aspecific gravity of 1.0 and are aerodynamic diameters. I f11pe particles arespherical, then the aerodynamic size is defined by Da = op.IDp, where Da isthe aerodynamic diameter, Dp is the physical diameter, and 0 is the specificgravity of the particle (and is taken to be 2.6 for our tests) T'he Op arealso listed in table 10. The Dp values are calculated from the relation

(18ýi ý N Tr t D ý/2Dp 4CpQ ()

where u is the gas viscosity (1.84 x 10" poise), N is the number of orificesper stage, ý is an impaction paraneter (0.14), t is 60 s/min, Dc in, theorifice diameter in centimeters, C is the Cunningham slip factor (1 +0.165/Dp), and Q is the flow rate (2.83 x 10" cm'/min).

The data collected with cascade impactors are usually fit to lognormaldistributions when sizing is to be determined. Each stage is weighed beforeand after sampling so that the amount of sample can be determined for eachSage, including the filter and preseparator. The total mass of samplecollected can thus be determined. From this value and the flow rate andsampling time, the total mass loading is determined. The percentage of masscollected on each stage is deteroined and then the cumulative percent lessthan each size range is determined. This cumulative percent versus effectivecutoff diameter is then plotted by using log probability graph paper, and aleast squares fit is made to the data. The geometric standard deviation, a,and the geometric mean diameter, 0 , can be immediately determined from tRegraph. The geometric standard devia tion is given by

84.13% diameterOg : 50%[ diameter' (2)

while the D is the value of the diameter at the 50 percent point. The o andD define tne lognormAl distribution for the mass. This distribution mJy beconverted to a number size distribution by assuming that the og are the same

22

.. .. ..

TABLE 10. FIFTY PERCENT EFFECTIVE CUTOFF DIAMETERSFOR THE ANDERSEN CASCADE IMPACTOR

ECD(p = 1) ECD(p = 2.6)

Stage (um) (pm)

Preseparator 10 6.20

0 11,0 6.99

1 7.0 4.46

2 4.7 3.02

3 3.3 2.06

4 2.1 1.32

5 1.1 0.66

6 0.65 0.40

7 0.43 0.27

F 0 to 0.43 0 to 0.27

23

and by noting that the geometric mean diameter by number, D' is related tothe geometric mean diameter by mass, Dg, by the relation

2

In D' In D - 3 In a (3)g g g

Thus having obtained •g and Vg, the normalized lognormal distribution is givenby

2 1dn(D) (_ D ex9exp --

d(In D) 2T In ag 2 in g

The quality of the linear least squares fit to the graphical presentation ofthe data will determine whether or not the lognormal distribution is anappropriate distribution to use.

Test Conditions and Procedures

The work was a combination of field measurements and laboratory analysis.Upon arrival at the test 'ocation, we constructed a fortified sampling site or,the artillery range. Three 2-m-tall, metal frame towers were set up aroundthe "sand castle." Each tower was instrumented with an Andersen cascadeimpactor and a 47-mm membrane filter holder. The impactor was situated in acast iron steel box with 1-in-thick walls and mounted on top of the tower.The filter holder was attached parallel to the box. The samplers had 12 Vdcvacuum pumps which were calibrated to a flow rate of I ft 3 /min by using aBendix Rotameter. Commercial 12 V automobile batteries were used to providepower. A. sapler could be run for 2 h satisfactorily with the batterypower. The vacuui pumps, the batteries, and an electronic timer were put atthe bottom of the tower and were protected by sandbags.

Primarily, glass fiber filter substrates were used as the collection surfacesin the impactor; although aluminum foil and mnet;icel/substrates were usedoccasionally. These substrates are all nonhygroscopic and very light;however, the fiberglass was preferred because of its very stable weight andease in handling. Millipore 0.45pin, ultrathin, cellulose membrane filterswere used in the 47-mm filter holder. These filters were selected for theirhigh collection efficiency and becauise they are easily soluble in acetone forlater removal of the particles if desired.

A laboratory was set up on the main post. A Mettler analytical balance, modelHT-20, was used for all sample weighings. The weighing accuracy of thebalance is about ±0.02 mg. The balance was isclated from vibration. Adesiccator was used to desiccate the substrates and filters.

Before a test, the filters and substrates were desiccated for 24 hours,weighed, and loaded into the samplers. The samplors were then taken to thefield test site. An electronic timing circuit was built and used to turn the

24

samplers on and off at designated times. A run time of 1 h was generallyselected for most tests. This time proved to be highly unsatisfactory becausethe tests did not start on schedule; and on several occasions, this timeschedule resulted in sampling only ambient air for 1 h and missing the testentirely. Also, on a few occasions the timer malfunctioned and no sample wascollected. After a test, the sampler was removed and taken to the laboratoryfor unloading and preparation. Transportation to and from the sampling sitewas by either a 5-ton flatbed truck or by a German Army armored personnelcarrier over very roughly formed roads. The samplers were severely jostled inthis process, and this jostling resulted in the loss of some of the samplefrom the 47-mm filters which were usually heavily loaded with largeparticles. The determinations from the filters are therefore questionable.

While at the test area, we generally had only 10 to IE min of preparation timeavailable because of the artillery range firing schedule. On severaloccasions, this short time trame necessitated setting up the samplers 12 to 24h in advance o, a test.

Results

The samples were analyzed for composition and size. The composition wasdetermined by potassium bromide IR pellet spectroscopy and by scanningelectron microscope (SEM) microprobe analysis. Several of the sets ofimpactor stages were examined to see if composition varied with particlesize. No such variation was observed; however, the backfilter which collectedall particles less than 0.43vm diameter could not be satisfactorily analyzedand there may have been carbon particles on this stage. The SEM elementalanalysis was 71 percent silicon, 9 percent potassiun, 18 percent aluminum, and2 percent magnesium. The IR transmission anilysis showed the samples to bepredomninately Kaolin clay material and some. qudrtz.

The 47-mm Filter samples for eac& test were analyzed for imaginary refractiveindex in the 0.3pm to 1.71,m spectral region; all values measured by diffusereflectance spectroscopy showed the imaginary index of each sample to be lessthan 0.0005 (the lower, limit of the measurement). A size distribution countwith an optical microscope was attempted for two of the filters; however, thefilters had an excessive amount of sample and a count was not particularlymeaningful. The count did show that about 95 percent of the particles bynumber count were less than 1Oum in diameter, but an accurate sizedistribution was impossible to determine.

A few cascade impactor samplings were potentially useful. These sampl ingsare:

18 June (Annihilation barraae). At 0600 hours a relative, nonnormaiizedsize-distribution with parameters n 16.76, D = 4.20 was obtained. Theleast squares fit gave a coefficient of determn;ation, r 2 , of 0.97. Thesamplers were blasted apart by direct hits, but the sample was intact. Thelength of time of sampling is unknown. The distribution is very broad andvery crude.

25

22 June (static HE and WP combineo). This combination produced a verygood sample but was probably meaningless since it showed a distincttwo-component aerosol. The small particles are smoke and the larger particlesare soil. Total mass = 21.0 mg, = 6.02, D = .63um, the r2 = 0.99.Note: There was no timer control 2nd the puw~s ran until the batteriesdrained; also, the test slid about 1-1/2 hours past its scheduled time. Stage7 and the filter stage were considerably darker than the rest of the sample.

25 June (static HE-3 rounds). This sampling was broad distribution;however, only 1.37 mg of sample were collected. The sampling time was 31 minduring the time of 0516 to 0532 hours and 0627 to 0642 hours. ag = 4.06, Dg =1.93vm, and r 2 0.99.

25 June Evening (static HE). This sampling produced a good measurementwith-18.8 mg of total mass c-lected in a time of 20 min or 'less. ug = 8.53,D = 3.22wm, and r 2 = 0.98.

26 Jane (static HE-3 rounds). Sampling time was 32 min. Total mass was6.96-iig with a rtassI o'Tg-_o 6961g/ml. co = 4.22, Dg = 1.60mim, and r' =0.99.

27 June (HE barrage). Sampling time was from 0520 hours to 0615 hours.Total mass = 21.24 mg, ag = 22.31, Dg = 4.87pm, and r 2 = 0.89.

Remarks

The annihilation barrages were extremely difficult to sample and generallydisabled the samplers. The timers were sensitive to shock and malfunctionedon several occasions. When tests did not take place as scheduled, either nosample was collected or 3 mixed sample was 0btained. The HE rounds producedsoil particle aerosol with essentially one component. No explosion burnmaterial was found in the composition analysis. The size distributionsobtained with impactors are averages over a relatively long time period (forexplosions) and strongly depend on how far away the explosion was and on thewind direction. For meaningful results, more control over the sampling timeand the location of the explosions arep both necessary. Samples collected onmenbrane filters can probably be used to give compositional results only, but

total mass loading may be obtainable if great care is taken.

PARTICULATE SPECTROMETER MEASUREMENTS

iD, these tests, the particulate spectrometer was located directly in theimpact area and was protected from explosions by -andbags. Several weeksbefore the measurements in Germany, we conducted a series of tests at WhiteSands, New Mexico, to verify that the shock wave from an HE detonation wouldnot seriously affect the instrumentation. We verified that 15-lb blocks ofTNT fired as near as 5 m away from the particulate spectrometer produced noill effects. With this in mind, we designed a system which consisted of one

26

instrument (a PMS, Incorporated, model FSSP-100C) and data recording equipmentmounted in a metal enclosure buried in a mound of ;andbags. The measurementintake of the Knollenberg counter barely protruded, from the protective "sandcastle" at the top, at a distance of 2 m above ground level. This altitudewas chosen to place the instrument almost directly in the path of the NightVision and Electro-Optical Laboratory transmissometer at the point where thepath passed through the impact ac-a. This placement involved accepting somedegree of risk to the equipment; however, a hit almost directly on the sandcastle would be required to experience serious damage.

Due to the severe limitations imposed by the nature of the test, only oneparticulate spectrometer was used. It and its data recording equipment werebattery operated and activated by a preset timer. Thus no direct control waspossible. A recording timo interval of about 45 minutes was chosen in advancein the hone that this time would coincide reasonably well with the day'splanned explosions. The use of only one instrument imposes a lirditation onthE resolting number density spectra. This limitation is not trivial and willbe discussed in the concluding section of this report.

lhe },artiiulate spectrometer measures particle number density as a function ofparticle size (diameter) by examining airborne particles essentially one at atine, estimating each particle's size, and assigninq the particle to or. of 15"channels" each (if which corresponds to a fixed diameter interval. these 15channels then constitute a diameter range for the instrument. The FSSP-100Chas four operator preselectable size ranges and can also be operated in an"autoranging" mode where it automatically cycles through all four ranges insequence. Thus during this test operation, choices were made in advance, and

the consequences of' such choices must be remembered when drawing inferencesfrom the data. This situation is also discussed in the concluding section.

The PMS, Incorporated, FSSP-100C particulate spectrometer is an opticalinstrument which actually measures forward sc:;ttýered light as a particlepasses through a laser beam. Particle size is inferred from this signal.Since the forward scattered energy i1, also dependent on the complex refractiveindex of the particle ac. well, the eFfec1..ive size ranrqes and channel widthsubdivision depend on particle ccmposition. lTh,;' they are different foroperation in dust as compared to operation in fo The details of particlesize ranles and channel width for both kirwis of aerosols are summarized intable 11. The information in table 11 was provided by the manufacturer of thei nstruments. *

This report presents both the we asureinents adnd some straightforwardcalculations based on them. The basic data were collected at 1-s intervals.Each second of data consists of 15 integers each of which represents thenumber of particles encountered by the instrument in 1 s with a diameter thatfalls within the limits of that particular channel. The data are grouped in

*Robert G. Knollenberg, December 1979, Particle Measuring Systeims, Inc.,Boulder, CO, private communication

27

TABLE 11. SIZE MEASUREMENT RANGES AND CHANNELWIDTHS FOR FSSP-IOOC, SN 617-0178-18

For Use in Fog

Probe Size Range Range Width, Channel Width,Designation Radii in um Radii in um

100 1-23.5 1.5

110 1-16 1

120 0.5-8 0.5

130 0.25-4 0.25

For Use in Soil Dust

Size Range Range Width, Channel Width,Designation Radii in um Radii in um

100 1-31 2

110 1-21 1.33

120 0.5-10.5 0.66

130 0.25-5.25 0.33

Instrument Sampling Rate, 8.28 cc per second

28

"frames"' of 10 s in our magnetic tape format, and within any one frame theinstrument operated on one size range, that is, on one group of 15 sizechannels. During most of the test, we operated continuously on range 100,although in one or two cases we exercised the "autoranging'1 capability whereineach successive frame is a different instrument range, thus giving a widertotal spectral measurement capability at the price of poorer temporalresolution.

The calculations that we have made depend on some unavoidable assumlptions.The mass loading calculated each second was arrived at by using an estimate of2.6 for the specific gravity of the dust particles and simply integrating thevolume of the particles in each size channel, assuming that all particlescollected within a channel have a diameter equal to the arithmnetic average ofthe channel limits. A similar assumption has been used in the application ofMie theory to arrive at extinction coefficients at five wavelengths,specifically 0.55, 1.06, 3.80, 9.35, and 10.6 micrometers. In addition, wehave also had to choose complex refractive indices for use In the Miecalculations at these wavelengths in the case of dust; our choices are listedin tablo 12. These choices were made as best estimates on our part based onour ow,,n laboratory work as well as information generally available in theliterature.

TABLE 1?.. COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDICES USED IN CALCULATIONS

Wavel ength(urn)Refractive Index

0.55 1.55 - 0.0001i

1.06 1.55 -0.0001ii

3.80 1.50 -0.0011

9.35 1.00 - 1.71

10.6 1.70 - 0.2i

While the main objective was to mauethe properties of dust and smiokeclouds generated by explosions, we also encountered several fog occurrences.Although tefgdata are not an ipratpart oftetest, we have icuethem in this report without further comment because they are documentedexamples of German summertime ground fog, something not normally part of theoverall data base. Fog data were collected for two periods on the morning of?2 June and another on the morning of 25 June. For these intervals, the datawere reduced by using complex reýfractive indices, a specific gravity, and

29

-~wwý

FSSP-100C channel definition appropriate for water droplets. The remainingdata were treated as soil dust. An inventory of what sort of data areincluded in this report is provided in table 13. The time intervals shown intable 13 are those over which particulate data were recorded. However, duringmuch of the time, no significant events were occurring; therefore, to reducethe bulk of the report, we have deleted segments of time from the block ofdata presented here. In each case we have included some of the data beforetest events occurred and all of the data intervals where the atmosphere wasperturbed by explosions.

In this report the basic data and calculated results are preser ;d in theappendix. An example is provided in table 14, and an explanation of theformat is included here. The sample in table 14 was chosen because itillustrates most of the significant data format features. It shows the resultfor a single 155-mm HE round detonated at a distance of 40 m from the "sandcastle" containing the Knolienberg counter. The general features of the dataformat are the result of software inherent in the design of the particlespectrometer itself.

In table 14 there are 40 consecutive seconds of data, each represented by oneline in the table. The data are grouped into four "frames" of 10 secondseach; and in any one .frame, the "particle diameter range" (as discussedearlier) is the same for all lines and is designated by the phrase "proberange 100" (or 110, 120, or 130 as the case may be). Also indicated in theheading are the day, month, year, and time in hours, minutes, and secon.ds ofthe first line of data in the frame. In a single 1-s line of data, the first15 numbers on the left part of the page are the raw data, counts per channelfroin the FSSP-100C. The remaining 5 numbers in each line are the mass loadingin grams per cubic centimeter for the aerosol particles and the extinctioncoefficient in reciprocal meters calculated for each of four wavelengths asdescribed above. For each frame of data we have also listed above each datachannel the average particle diameter for that channel, in micrometers.

Table 14 shows that for the first few seconds the instrument was sensing noreally significant number of particles, just the normal "clear" airbackground, until 6:11:54 when the instrument became enveloped by a dustcloud. Note in particular the strinn of apparently meaningless numbers at6:11:53 in channels 3 through 15. Where such single 1-s 'lines occur in thedata, they are normally the instruments' response to the shock wave from anearby explosion, ind the corresponding calculations should be disregarded.Keeping in mind that particle size increases to the right for the 15 datachannels in the example, one can clearly see the time dependent changes in theparticle size distribution of the dust cloud. Several immediately obviousfeatures of this size distribution variation are worth noting since they maybe of interest in connection with model deveiapment or validation.

From the data gathered on 26 June, we have plotted particulate mass loadingfor two time intervals as indicated in figures 12 and 13. Figure 12 showsmass loading for three statically detonated 155-mm HE rounds fired atlocations F-6, C-8, and B-6 which were about 24, 34, and 30 m, respectively,from the particulate spectrometer. Figure 13 shows similar results for twolive fired 15-mm rounds during a barrage. These figures show that suchexplosions can generate peak mass loadings in excess of I g/ml at distances as

30

TABLE 13. DESCRIPTION OF DATA BLOCKS INCLUDED 1;4 REPORT*

22 June, 02:00 to U2:15 hours (local standard time)

Patchy ground fog, instrument in autoranging mode

22 June, 04:39 to 05:37 hours

Ground fog, severe enough to delay test so that recording timeran out-before test explosions occurred

22 June, 06:29 to 07:26 hours

WP static round, location E-4, fired about 07:01 :30HE static r'ound, location E-5, fired about 07:04:27HE static round, location E-6, fired at 07:12: 16

25 June, 03:00 to 04:00 hours

Haze, autoranging mode

25 June, 05:20 to 05:30 hours

HE static round, location A-6, fired at 05:24:35

26 June, 05:51 to 06:20 hours

HE static round, location F-6, fired at 06:05: 53HE static round, location C-8, fired about 06:08:54'41 static roundi, location B-6, fired at 06:11:53

26 June, 19:19 to 20:1.4 hours

Tube delivered HE, WP, including WP barrage

27 June, 20:10 to 21:00 hours

Tube delivered rounds in rain

28 June, 05:17 to 06:10 hours

Heavy HE barrage

*Primarily on m~agnetic tape; for partial printout see the appendix.

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9 34

far as 30 m from the explosion and that these aerosols dissipate significantlyafter I or 2 minutes. These figures also show much shorter time scalevariations that presumably are related to turbulence cells or other explosioncloud inhomogeneities.

Another more subtle but interesting feature of these data can be seen byexamining table 14. Note that for the larger particles the peak detectednumber density occurred almost immediately after the explosion, whereassmaller particles, such as those in the third or fourth channel did not showmaximum number density until several seconds later; and the first channel,containing number density information for the smallest particles, shows itsmaximum more than 15 s after the axplosion.

In the general block of data presented in the appendix, there are severalexamples of time dependent spectra measured within a few meters of 155-mmprojectile explosions similar to those illustrated above, along 4ith othersobtained within the impact zone of live 155-mm howitzer barrages.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

One conclusion to be drawn from this work is that, as a practical matter, onecan place instrumentation directly in the target zone during artillery firingswhile incurring an acceptable, though not trivial, risk to equipment andthereby obtain particle size distribution measurements beginning almost withthe first second after 155-mm HE round explosions only a few meters away fromthe instrument. In this test series, the sandbag protected particulatespectrometer survived the results of several dozen rounds and was finally putout of operation by a round which appears to have impacted about 2 m from theinstrument. The particulate spectrometer was damaged by a small piece ofshrapnel which destroyed its optical system; the damage was similar to whatmight be expected from a small caliber rifle bullet. The electronic systems,including tape recorders and the internal helium-neon laser, survived this andmany subsequent explosions and continued to operate until the end of thetest. The instrument damage occurred at 5:59:39 hours on 28 June, as isevident in the data presentation in the appendix.

We have presented some calculations of mass loading based on particulatespectrometer data. The result shows that during occasional periods of timeduring the few seconds immediately after an explosion which was very close tothe instrument the mass loading could get as high as 2 or 3 g/m3 . Since theinstrument was usually operating on range 100, only particles in the 2Pm to62pm diameter range were included. Some small amount of mass was also presentin the smaller particle ranges. Measureme'nts made from a helicopter bornepayload in the DIRT-I test conducted at White Sands Missile Range in October19781 showed mass loadings that were as high as 10 g/m, several tens of

1J. D. Lindberg et al, January 197q, Measured Effects of Battlefield Dust andSmoke on Visible, Infrared, and MT1mTeTe---vT6i9th Propagat i Tn: _T-reliminary Report on Dusty Infrared Test-1 (DIRT-I'), AL-TR-UD21, TUS Army

Atmospheric Sciences Labcratory, White Sands Missi-e RMrige, NM

seconds after similar explosions and at higher altitudes above ground level.The results of the two tests suggest that the damp soil with much morevegetation produced less dense dust clouds than the desert soil produced.However, one must be cautious when using these particulate spectrometer datafor mass loading calculations because of uncertainties in absolute countingefficiencies of the instruments as well as assumptions that are required inthe data reduction process.

An examination of the calculations presented in the appendix gives an idea ofthe wavelength dependence of extinction for the explosion dust events.However, the calcul ations presented are for only five monochromaticwavelengths and are basýed on current but not perfect knowledge of complexrefractive indices and tne assuinption that the particles are spherical, arequirement for application of Mlie theory. These problems all introduce somleuncertainty into the calculations, and therefore the values listed should notbe used txo make highly quantitotive comparisons. Note that in dust thecalculationu show that longer wavelengths have a somewhat higher extinctionthan visible light. This di fference is due partly to the limited sizedistr`iutiun rdnge (24m to -1i1,m) of particles that were measured when theinstrument was operating on range 100. In such cases the particles withdiameters less than 2imn are being ignored, and these particles contributeconsiderably more to short. wavelength extinction than they do to extinction at10. Sum. •onsideratiron of this kinrid of probl en in these data as well as indata from the DIRT-. work mentioned above has shown that particles in thegeneral size range from about O.5um to at least 601im diameter are present insufficient numbers to be important at various times in such explosion dust, clouos. The data in the appendix or even the data saiple in table 14 showalso that significant changes occur in just a second or two in these clouds.In the GRAF-II-Summer test reported here, only one particulate spectrometercould be run. As shown in table 1, the spectrometer is capable of measuringparticles as small as 0.5mmn and as largle as 62pin, but only at a price of lossof temporal resolution required by use of the autoringing feature as was donein some examples of fog presented in the appendix. Therefore, one cannotreally expect one instriment to provide complete data in this kind of test.In future tests of chis kind we stronqly recommend that several counters beused, operatinrg simultaneo ously, so that ,-acri second -i complete spectrum from0.M5un to ahout 60)mn is recorded. In the meantime, when using calculations ofthe sort presented in the appendix one must be cautious in makinginferences. A rea;ontahloe conclusion from the appendix is that there is noreally important wavelenqgt'i dependence to the extinction in these dust clouds,but some variation muqt be Cxpecte(d. ,Similarly, the mass loading calculationsmust be considered only approximate.

In the fog data, particularly when the visibility was not exceptionally low,such as in the haze data on 25 June, a -trong wavelength dependence is shownas would be expected. Since time resolution was not important, the instrumentwas operated in autranging mode in simie of the fog cases, thus producing a',ore complete measurement. For these data the assumption of sphericalparticles is more valid and the refractive indices are more well-known;therefore, the calculations are much more reliable. The strong wavelengthdependence, of cours,., arises from th; preponderance of small droplets in hazesize distribution, as expected.

mm)

APPENDIX

SAMP~LE SPECTRA AND CALCULATED RESULTS

All of the particle size distribution data for the time intervals indicated intable 1ý: of this report have been reduced and stored on magnetic tape alongwith calcul ations of mass loading and extinction as indicated in the exampleshown in table 14. Since these results are far too bulky to includecompletely in this report, we have confined this appendix to selected timeintervals containing the more significant data. In the case of fog data, onlytrivial samples are included since fog measurements were not really part ofthe objective. We hope that the tabulation presented here will show the majorquantitative features of the data. Anyone interested in pursuing the subjectin more detail can obtain a full data tape from the Atmospheric SciencesLaboratory.

37

CONTENTS OF APPENDIX

22 June, 02:09:50 to 02:10:29 hoursEarly morning ground fog ........................................ 39

22 June, 05:00:30 to 05:01:0) hoursGround fog, severe enough to delay test ......................... 40

2',- June, 07:11:40 to 01:16:19 hoursResults from one 155-iim HE round staticallyfired at 07:12:16 at location E-6 .............................. 41

25 June, 05:?4:00 to 05:,5: .' hoursResults from mne I55.-mm HE- round staticallyfired at about O-. ;'ýi.:A;4 at location A-6 ............. ..... 49

26 June, 06 .05:00 to 06:11 :'c• hoursThis 3.0-mi nute intr-rv.i rf data i s that fromwnich figure I.:-; was grecro teed. It containsthe results of three 155-mn HY." static firings,one round at loc.t;or, -.6 at 06:05:52 hours, ase,;ond at location C.-. -ii: about 06:08:53 hours,and a third at. I nr;.i i >- at 06:11:53 hours .................. 50

26 June, 19:52:20 -o 1.Q:54: 59 hoursData collected (durinq 155-mam HE verificationrounds, also shown in t-igure 14 ................................... 65

26 Jun-, 20:08:20 to 20:13:39 hours

Data collected doUr' i oc mixed 155-nm HEand WP barrage .................................................. 69

27 June, 20:45:40 to 20:5 I.:.39 hoursMixed 155--mm HE an,[ W1 firings in rain ......................... 74

28 June, W)5:57:00 to O{- :.0:. ' hoursHIE barrage. Note thaIt. )t 5: I.*):() -. "8 hoursthe inrstruienit' s optical system w sd wiaged .I thou. h , - ec tron c equi lventcontinued to op( rat,.-.... .................................... 80

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