AD-A27 2 102

Project 1680

AQUATIC RESOURCESOF

ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENALADAMS COUNTY, COLORADO

Prepared byMorrison-Knudsen Environmental Services, Inc.

Denver, Colorado

Prepared forShell Oil Company

Holme Roberts & OwenDenver, Colorado

1

September 1989 N

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09/27/89 4

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved

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1. AGENCY USE ONLY Leave olanx) 2. REPORT0 JJ,90 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

4- AT fVEWl§ikEOF ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL, ADAMS COUNTY, COLORADO S. FUNDING NUMBERS

6. AUTHOR(S)

"7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

NORRISON-KNLUSEN ENGINEERS, INC. REPORT NUMBER

90346R01

9. SPONSORING, MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING, MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER

HOLME, ROBERTS AND OWEN

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION/ AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED

13. ABSTRACT M.rn2QLrcs3 TH REARTk•PREES THE RESULTS OF AQUATIC ECOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED

AT RMA FROM FALL 1985 THROUGH SPRING 1988. THE MAOR OBJECTIVES OF THEINVESTIGATION WERE TO:

1. CHARACTERIZE THE AQUATIC RESOURCES OF RMA, PARTICULARLY THE SOUTH LAKES2. COMPARE THE WATER QUALITY AND AQUATIC BIOTA OF RMA LAKES WITH AN OFFSITE

LAKE.THE REPORT IS DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS:

1. METHODS - SAMPLING PROCEDURES, TISSUE ANALYSES2. CHARACTERIZATION OF SOUTH LAKES AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS - WATER QUALITY,

PLANKTON, FISH3. COMPARISON WITH MCKAY LAKE IN NORTHWESTERN ADAMS COUNTY - WATER QUALITY,

AQUATIC SPECIES4. HISTORY OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AT RMA5. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

14. UJEC 15. NUMBER OF PAGESFAUNA,CFLORN COLOGY

16. PRICE CODE

"17. SECURITY CLASSIFiCATION 18. SECURITY CLASSFICAT;ON I 19. SECURITY C..ASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACTUI(L..•TFIED OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

• . ! . .- '• . . . • _• _-00

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................. 11.1 BACKGROUND .............................. 11.2 REGIONAL AQUATIC ECOLOGY ........................... 1

1.2.1 Rivers and Creeks .................... 31.2.2 Lakes and Ponds ..................... 4

1.3 AQUATIC RESOURCES OF RMA ........................... 51.3.1 South Lakes .................................. 81.3.2 Small Ponds .................................. 91.3.3 First Creek ................................ 101.3.4 Ditches and Canals ........................ 11

2.0 METHODS ...................................... 122.1 GENERAL APPROACH ............................ 122.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURES ................................. 12

2.2.1 Water Quality ........................ 122.2.2 Phytoplankton ............................... 142.2.3 Zooplankton ................................. 152.2.4 Benthic Macroinvertebrates ....... 162.2.5 Fish ......................................... 162.2.6 Amphibians ............................. 182.2.7 Aquatic Plants ....................... 18

2.3 TISSUE ANALYSES ............................. 18

3.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF SOUTH LAKES AQUATICENVIRONMENTS ................................. 193.1 WATER QUALITY ........................................ 19

3.1.1 In-Situ Measurements ............. 193.1.2 Laboratory Analyses .............. 25

3.1.2.1 General Water QualityIndicators ........ ............ 25

3.1.2.2 Nutrients .................. 283.1.2.3 Principal Anions and

Cations ............................... 303.2 PHYTOPLANKTON ....................................... 33

3.2.1 Abundance ......... .................... 333.2.2 Community Composition ............ 333.2.3 Chlorophyll ................................. 40

3.3 ZOOPLANKTON ............................. 423.3.1 Microzooplankton Community ....... 423.3.2 Macrozooplankton Community ....... 45

3.4 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES .............. 483.5 FISH ... .................................. 60

3.5.1 Community Composition ............ 603.5.2 Evidence of Reproduction ......... 653.5.3 Size and Condition Factor ........ 663.5.4 Observations of Tumors and

Parasitism .................................. 733.6 AMPHIBIANS ................................ ..... 733.7 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES ........................ 76

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TABLE OF CONTENTS(Continued)

SECTION PAGE

4.0 ONSITE-OFFSITE COMPARISONS ....................... 774.1 WATER QUALITY ................................ 774.2 PHYTOPLANKTON ................................ 824.3 MICROZOOPLANRTON ................................. 824.4 MACROZOOPLANKTON ................................... 844.5 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES .............. 854.6 FISH ............................................ ..... 86

4.6.1 Community Composition and RelativeAbundance .................................. 86

4.6.2 Evidence of Reproduction ......... 874.6.3 Condition Factors .......................... 87

4.7 AMPHIBIANS ......................................... 894.8 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES ......................... 89

5.0 HISTORY OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AT RMA ....... 915.1 SOUTH LAKES ............................. 91

5.1.1 Upper and Lower Derby Lakes ...... 935.1.2 Lake Ladora ................................. 955.1.3 Lake Mary ................................... 97

5.2 OTHER RMA WATER BODIES ....................... 1005.2.1 First Creek ............................... 1005.2.2 Toxic Storage Yard Pond .......... 1005.2.3 Rod and Gun Club Pond ............ 100

6.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................... 101

7.0 LITERATURE CITED ......................................... 103

APPENDIX A (Dissolved Oxygen Data) K- KrAPPENDIX B (Phytoplankton Data)APPENDIX C (Zooplankton Data)APPENDIX D (Macroinvertebrate Data) uAPPENDIX E (Fish Data)

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1-1 Location Map ........................................... 22-1 Surface Waters ......................................... 62-2 South Lakes and Surrounding Area .................... 73-1 Chlorides in the South Lakes .......................... 323-2 Phytoplankton Densities in Lower South Lakes ........ 353-3 Chlorophyll a in the South Lakes .................... 413-4 Microzooplankton Composition in South Lakes ......... 443-5 Seasonal Microzooplankton Abundance ................. 463-6 Macrozooplankton Composition in South Lakes ......... 493-7 Seasonal Macrozooplankton Abundance ................. 503-8 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Composition ............... 513-9 Seasonal Macroinvertebrate Abundance ................ 583-10 Composition of Electrofishing Samples ............... 633-11 Seasonal Electrofishing Catches ..................... 643-12 Beach Seine Catch Composition ....................... 673-13 Seasonal Abundances of Beach Seine Catches .......... 683-14 Condition Factors for Bluegill and Bass ............. 693-15 Regression Slopes for Bluegill and Bass ............. 724-1 Map of McKay Lake ...................................... 784-2 Comparison of Condition Factor (K) for Bluegill and

Largemouth Bass (Onsite and Offsite) ................ 89

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE

This report presents the results of aquatic ecology investiga-tions conducted at Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) from fall 1985through spring 1988. The studies were perform'ed by Morrison-Knudsen Engineers (MKE) and their subcontractors on behalf ofShell Oil Company (Shell), through the law firm of Holme Roberts& Owen. The major objectives of the investigations were tocharacterize the aquatic resources of RMA, particularly theSouth Lakes, and to compare the water quality and aquatic biota

of RMA lakes with an offsite lake.

Much of the information presented in this report has beenincorporated into the Biota Remedial Investigation (RI), pre-pared for the U.S. Army by Hunter/ESE as part of the RemedialInvestigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) for Rocky MountainArsenal (ESE 1989). The purpose of this report is to providegreater detail on the Shell/MKE studies than was appropriate forthe Biota RI and to present some data not included in that

document.

Results of a literature review on aquatic resources at RMA wereprovided in a previous report by MKE (1987). The most compre-hensive aquatic resource investigation at RMA prior to RI/FSefforts was conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) in 1984 by Rosenlund et al. (1986).

1.2 REGIONAL AQUATIC ECOLOGY

Rocky Mountain Arsenal covers approximately 27 square miles (70km 2 ) of gently rolling terrain in Adams County, Colorado. TheArsenal is located about 16 km (10 miles) northeast of downtownDenver, just north of Stapleton International Airport (Figure1-1) and within the South Platte River drainage. Prior

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BARR LAKE

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AtC KARSENAL ",,

ADAMSS Co.SI" NT"ERNATIONA

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FIGURE 1-1. LOCATION MAP ROCKY MOUNTAINARSENAL.

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to settlement of the region, aquatic resources were limited tothe South Platte River and its tributaries and a small number ofnatural ponds and lakes. Today, numerous impoundments are themost prominent aquatic resources of the Front Range Urban

Corridor. These have been constructed for a variety of

purposes, including use fr livestock, domestic water supplies,flood control, irrigation storage, and recreation. The

following subsections briefly describe the aquatic biota

characteristic of flowing or standing bodies of water in the

region surrounding RMA.

1.2.1 Rivers and Creeks

Streams with sufficient basin size and runoff for permanent flow

generally support an aquatic community. Most of the major

streams in the region originate in the mountains to the west

where heavier rainfall, extensive snowpack, steep terrain, and

rocky soils contribute to the volume and persistence of flow.

Many of the minor permanent streams have their headwaters in

prairie uplands.

Rivers and creeks originating in the mountains are usually cold,

swift, clear, and highly oxygenated when they emerge onto the

plains. They typically are also well shaded by riparian trees

and have rocky substrates. Primary production in these cold-

water and coolwater reaches is generally limited to periphyton

(attached algae). Macroinvertebrate communities are usually

dominated by crawling forms of insect larvae, such as

caddisflies, mayflies, and stoneflies. Densities and

diversities of these organisms are high, and they provide an

abundant preybase for fish. Cutthroat trout are native to these

waters, and three introduced trout--rainbow, brown, and

brook--are now widespread. Native nongame fish include the

longnose sucker, longnose dace, and johnny darter.

As the streams flow eastward onto the plains, they become slower

and wider, the amount of shading decreases, substrates become

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finer, and turbidity increases. Consequently, temperatures rise

and oxygen levels fall. Primary producers in these stretches

shift from periphyton to phytoplankton (suspended algae) and

macrophytes (aquatic plants). Macroinvertebrate communities

also shift, being dominated by burrowing forms (e.g., dipteran

larvae and oligochaete worms) and free-swlmming aquatic insects

(e.g., water striders, water boatmen, and diving beetles).

Invertebrate diversities and densities are notably lower than in

the upper stream reaches. Fish in the lower reaches are

primarily warmwater species. Native fishes include the green

sunfish, plains topminnow, plains killifish, fathead minnow,

common shiner, and red shiner. Channel catfish are native in

larger rivers, especially farther east, and have been stocked

extensively.

1.2.2 Lakes and Ponds

Lakes and ponds the size of those at RMA generally support a

warmwater aquatic community. Primary production is mostly due

to phytoplankton and macrophytes. Zooplankton, particularly

copepods and cladocerans (water fleas), are an important

component in areas of standing water. Macroinvertebrates

include many of the burrowing and free-swimming forms

characteristic of warmwater streams. Dragonflies, damselflies,

snails, and freshwater mussels are common.

Fishes native to ponds and lakes in the region include the black

bullhead, green sunfish, orange-spotted sunfish, and fathead

minnow. Many ponds and lakes have been stocked with gamefish

for recreational use, mainly panfish such as bluegill or

pumpkinseed sunfish and predators such as largemouth bass ornorthern pike. Green sunfish, black bullhead, and channel

catfish are also commonly stocked. Larger ponds and lakes may

be stocked with walleye, yellow perch, and black crappie.

Rainbow trout and brown trout are frequently added for a put-

and-take fishery. Carp are ubiquitous.

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Lakes and ponds may support populations of northern leopard

frogs and bullfrogs. Marshy areas along pond margins provide

breeding habitat for northern chorus frogs, Woodhouse's toads,

and Great Plains toads. Another type of toad, the plains

spadefoot, is sometimes found near small, shallow ponds. Tiger

salamanders also breed in these waters. Aquatic turtles are aminor group in the region; the western painted turtle is the

most common species.

For most lakes and ponds in the region--as well as streams--the

aquatic community is controlled to a significant extent bymanagement practices and water quality. The semi-arid climate,

irregular distribution of runoff events, and use of water for

irrigation typically result in widely fluctuating water levels.

Salinity, alkalinity, hardness, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen

frequently limit the ability of a water body to support a viable

fishery.

1.3 AQUATIC RESOURCES OF RMA

Surface waters at RMA include four impoundments collectively

known as the South Lakes or Lower Lakes, a number of smaller

ponds, and one intermittent-to-perennial stream (Figures 2-1 and

2-2). Field investigations were mostly limited to three of the

South Lakes (Lower Derby Lake, Lake Ladora, and Lake Mary)

because they are the largest and most complex aquatic ecosystems

on the site and receive substantial recreational use as catch-

and-release fisheries. Two of thse lakes--Lower Derby and

Ladora--were used as sources of process cooling water for

chemical production at RMA and have a history of contamination.

Lake Mary was not part of the process cooling system butreceived water via overflow or seepage from Lower Derby Lake. A

fourth impoundment, Upper Derby Lake, was part of the process

cooling system, but it now is mostly dry except following runoff

events.

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-4.4

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11 12_7 ARSENALBOUNDARY

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FIGURE 2-2. SOUTH LAKES AND SURROUNDINGAREA OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL.

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The following subsections briefly describe the surface waters of

RMA. For convenience, Lower Derby Lake is sometimes referred to

in this report as "Derby Lake", especially on figures and

tables. This abbreviation conforms to the name shown on the

USGS 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle map.

1.3.1 South Lakes

The largest body of water at RMA is Lower Derby Lake, which has

a surface area of about 38 ha and an average depth of 2-3 m.

Lower Derby Lake receives inflow from the Irondale Gulch basin

(including Upper Derby Lake) and two ditches (Uvalda Interceptor

and Highline Lateral), as well as runoff from the South Plants

area. Lower Derby Lake existed prior to establishment of the

Arsenal, but it was enlarged by the Army for use as process

cooling water. The lake substrate is primarily silt with some

sand and detritus near the dam.

The second largest lake at RMA is Lake Ladora, which has a

surface area of about 25 ha. Its depth averages less than 2 m

because of extensive shallows, but the deepest areas exceed 5 m.

Lake Ladora is located immediately below (west of) Lower Derby

Lake. It also pre-dated the Arsenal but was enlarged by the

Army as part of the process cooling system. The shoreline of

Lake Ladora is irregular except along the dam, which has been

stabilized with discarded concrete. The substrate is composed

primarily of silt and sand, with some clay and organic detritus.

Lake Mary is much smaller than Ladora or Lower Derby, with a

surface area of only 3.6 ha. Average depth is about 2.7 m, but

some areas exceed 4.6 m. The upper portion of Lake Mary is

crossed by earthen berms, creating a series of smaller,

interconnected ponds. Two small islands occur in the main body

of the lake. The substrate of Lake Mary is primarily clay, with

some sand, silt, and organic detritus. Lake Mary was

constructed by the Army in 1960 for recreational use and was not

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Ia source of process cooling water. However, the location of

Lake Mary immediately below the dam of Lake Ladora apparently

resulted in its receiving contaminated waters from the

impoundments upstream.

Upper Derby Lake, the uppermost (easternmost) of the South

Lakes, was built by the Army shortly after the Arsenal was

established to expand the process cooling water system. The

lake currently is used only for flood and overflow storage and

thus is dry for much of the year. If the lake were full, it

would have a surface area of about 34 ha and an average depth of

less than 2 m. The broad, shallow nature of Upper Derby Lake

and its intermittent nature make it ideal for breeding by

various amphibians, but it does not support fish.

1.3.2 Small Ponds

Three minor water bodies at RMA (North Bog Pond, Rod and Gun

Club Pond, and Toxic Storage Yard Pond) occur in areas that were

natural marshes before the Arsenal was built. North Bog Pond

covers approximately 0.8 ha along the northern boundary, just

west of First Creek. The natural seep that fed the marsh is now

greatly augmented by excess water from the North Boundary

Containment/Treatment System. The pond contained carp and

minnows as well as amphibians during field studies.

Rod and Gun Club Pond--actually two separate ponds that coalesce

during periods of high water--is located south of Lower Derby

Lake. It apparently was excavated in a natural depression

between 1965 and 1971. Although an overflow ditch can carry

water from Lower Derby Lake into Rod and Gun Club Pond, most of

the runoff comes from the surrounding terrain and whatever

little additional area is intercepted by the ditch. There is no

drainage outlet. The marshy depression covers an area of just

under 8 ha, but the main pond (which has not been dry since

field studies began in fall 1985) covers only 2 ha and is less

-9--

than 1 m deep. The pond did not support fish at the time of

field studies but was used for breeding by amphibians.

Toxic Storage Yard Pond was originally a series of three small

ponds formed by earthen dams constructed across First Creek.

The dams have been breached by high runoff, and only one small

pond covering less than 0.2 ha remains. A report by Rocky

Mountain Fisheries Consultants in 1977 (RMFC 1978) stated that

Toxic Storage Yard Pond covered 1 ha and averaged 1 m in depth.

The pond apparently supported the same fish species as First

Creek, as well as amphibians, and was also stocked with

gamefish.

Havana Pond or South Gate Pond is a small impoundment that

receives runoff from residential, commercial, and industrial

areas south of RMA. Most of the water is carried into the pond

by the Havana Street Interceptor and Peoria Ditch. When full,

the pond covers less than 8 ha and has an average depth of less

than 1 m. Havana Pond supported breeding populations of

amphibians during field studies, but it did not contain fish.

1.3.3 First Creek

The only stream on the RMA is First Creek, which drains most of

the eastern half of the site (about 24 km2 ) and has a length

onsite of 9.4 km. First Creek has a maximum discharge capacity

of 250 cfs where it enters the southeastern corner of the

Arsenal, and 300 cfs where it exits at the northern perimeter

(U.S. Army 1983). Its average gradient across the site is 4.9

m/km (26 ft/mi). First Creek is a fairly persistent stream, but

in dry years it carries water only during spring and following

major storms. The persistence of flow has probably increased as

a result of continued residential and commercial development

south of RMA. Onsite contribution includes several canals and

ditches. First Creek also receives effluent from the sewageUI treatment plant and overflow water from Upper Derby Lake. The

irregular flows and generally poor habitat of First Creek limit

its value as an aquatic resource.

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TLe extreme northeastern corner of RMA (about 1 km 2 ) lies within

the Second Creek drainage, although the stream itself does not

cross Arsenal property. Basin size of Second Creek is about

half that of First Creek, and its flows are less persistent.

Second Creek is not currently connected to any onsite water

body, but it previously fed a network of irrigation canals on

RMA land. Second Creek was not sampled during field studies.

1.3.4 Ditches and Canals

Five canals and ditches enter the Arsenal from the south (Figure

2-2). These are the Highline Lateral and Uvalda Interceptor,

which feed into Lower Derby Lake; Havana Street Interceptor and

Peoria Ditch, which ,.iter near the South Gate and flow into

Havana Pond; and Sand Creek Lateral, which enters west of Havana

Pond and terminates north of the North Plants.

The ditches and canals on RMA were not sampled during field

studies because they represent extremely limited aquatic habitat

and have highly irregular flows. However, most contain a small

amount of water during much of the year, and they probably

contribute aquatic invertebrates as well as water and sediments

to the South Lakes. The Highline Lateral may be a route bywhich fishes enter Arsenal waters during periods of peak flow.

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2.0 METHODS

2.1 GENERAL APPROACH

Aquatic field studies were designed to provide qualitative andquantitative information on the water quality and bioticcommunities of the South Lakes (Lake Mary, Lake Ladora, and

Lower Derby Lake), and an offsite lake (McKay Lake) also located

in Adams County. Biotic components investigated included

phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic macrophytes, benthicmacroinvertebrates, fish eggs and larvae, adult and juvenilefish, and amphibians. Sampling was conducted in the spring(April-May), early summer (June), late summer (August), and fall(November) of 1987. Additional samples were collected in April1988 in conjunction with the collection of fish tissue forcontaminant analysis. Data for the additional samples areprovided in the Appendices but are not described in the text.

2.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURES

2.2.1 Water Quality

Water samples for laboratory analysis were taken from the upperand lower areas of each lake during all sampling periods.Analytical methods for the water quality parameters are listedin Talkie 2-1. Each analytical sample was composed of threesubsamples, taken 1 m below the surface, at mid-depth, and 1 mabove the bottom. Where the water was less than 2 m deep, onlya mid-depth sample was collected. Subsamples were collectedusing a horizontal Van Dorn-style water bottle, composited in apolyethylene carboy, thoroughly mixed, and preserved tostabilize the parameters of interest.

In addition, in-situ measurements of dissolved oxygen,temperature, pH, conductivity, and transparency (Secchi

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TABLE 2-1

Methods and Holding Times for Water Quality Analyses

MethodParameter of Analysis* Holding Time

Alkalinity EPA 310.1 14 daysAcidity EPA 305.1 14 daysHardness EPA 130.2 6 monthsTotal Suspended Solids EPA 160.2 7 daysTotal Dissolved Solids EPA 160.1 48 hoursSulfate EPA 375.3 28 daysChlorides EPA 325.3 28 daysTrue Color EPA 110.2 48 hoursTurbidity EPA 180.1 48 hoursTotal Phosphate EPA 365.3 28 daysDissolved Ortho Phosphate EPA 365.2 48 hoursTotal Kjeldahl Nitrogen EPA 351.3 28 daysNitrate+Nitrite Nitrogen EPA 353.3 28 daysAmmonia Nitrogen EPA 350.2 28 daysSodium EPA 273.1 6 monthsPotassium SM** 322 B 6 monthsMagnesium SM 318 B 6 months

* EPA Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for theAnalysis of Pollutants under the Clean Water Act. 40 CFRPart 136. FR/Vol. 49, No. 209/Friday, October 26, 1984.

** SM - APHA et al. 1985. Standard Methods for the Examinationof Water and Wastewater. 16th ed. Washington. 1268p.

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visibility) were taken in the upper and lower areas of each

lake. In-situ transparency is inversely related to turbidity,which was one of the lab analyses performed. Dissolved oxygen

and temperature were measured at depth intervals of 1 m or lessthroughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen readings were

taken within 2 hours of sunset and sunrise to measure the

diurnal pulse. Measurements of pH and conductivity were made at

the depths where water quality subsamples were collected (i.e.,

near-surface, mid-depth, and near-bottom).

2.2.2 Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton samples were collected at the same locations and

using the same equipment as water quality samples. Samples were

taken 1 m below the surface, or at mid-depth in areas less than2 m deep. Two aliquots were preserved with buffered formalin

for analysis of species composition; a third was immediatelyplaced in an ice chest and maintained at 4 0 C. At the end of the

sampling period, each refrigerated aliquot was thoroughly mixed

and spiked with saturated magnesium carbonate solution. The

aliquots were then passed through glass fiber filters at a

vacuum of less than 27 inches of mercury (11 psi) to remove thephytoplankton cells. The filters were folded, placed into glassvials, frozen, and later analyzed for chlorophyll content.

Identification and enumeration of phytoplankton were made usingboth the Palmer-Maloney method and proportional counting. The

Palmer-Maloney method involved settling the phytoplankton in a

mild detergent solution for 24 to 48 hours. Excess water wasthen removed and each sample centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 15

minutes to concentrate the organisms into a small pellet. All

but 5 ml of the centrifuged sample was then drawn off, thepellet resuspended, and the contents preserved in buffered

formalin. Identification and enumeration were performed byplacing 0.1 ml of the sample in a Palmer-Maloney counting

chamber, allowing 10 minutes for the organisms to settle, and

then scanning at a magnification of 400X. A maximum of twenty

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fields were examined for each analysis. Identifications were tothe lowest taxonomic level practicable.

Proportional counting involved the addition of hydrogen peroxideand potassium dichromate to clear the phytoplankton of organicmatter, thereby exposing the diagnostic siliceous valves.

Permanent microscope slides were then made using a Hyraxmounting medium. Proportional counts were made by scanning eachslide at 1000X and determining the proportion of each taxon

within a count of 200 valves.

2.2.3 Zooplankton

The zooplankton communities of the South Lakes included bothmicrozooplankton (rotifers) and macrozooplankton. Samples ofmicrozooplankton were collected in the same manner as for

phytoplankton. In areas less than 2 m deep, samples were takenonly at mid-depth. In areas greater than 2 m deep, subsamples

were taken I m below the surface, at mid-depth, and 1 m above

bottom.

Macrozooplankton samples were collected using a 0.5-m diameterplankton net with a mesh size of 118 microns (u). The volume ofwater filtered was measured using two General Oceanic Model 2030flowmeters mounted on the net. Because of dense growths of

submergent aquatic plants, tows were mostly limited to the

surface strata. Samples of both macrozooplankton andmicrozooplankton were preserved with buffered formalin

immediately after collection.

Microzooplankton samples were analyzed using a Sedgwick-Rafter

Chamber after being washed with tap water in a 64-u sieve toremove the formalin. Samples were thoroughly mixed beforeportions were placed into the counting chamber. A minimum of200 organisms (or the number of organisms encountered in five

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I strips) were identified to the lowest practicable level using

10OX magnification.

Macrozooplankton samples were identified at 40X magnification

using a Ward Counting Wheel. A minimum of 200 organisms were

identified to the lowest practicable level.

1 2.2.4 Benthic Macroinvertebrates

Benthic samples were collected in the upper and lower portions

of each lake using a Ponar dredge. A dipnet was used to collect

3 bottom samples where dredge-sampling was not feasible. Sampleswere washed using a 590-u mesh screen, composited, and preserved

3 with buffered formalin.

Both dredge and dipnet samples were stained in the lab using

rose bengal solution. After 24 to 48 hours, the samples werewashed through a 590-u screen, and the brightly colored3 organisms were picked from the detritus and identified to thelowest practicable level.

2.2.5 Fish

3 Adult and juvenile fish were sampled using a beach seine andboat-mounted electrofishing unit. Fish eggs and larvae were3 sampled using a towed plankton net and a fry seine. Allcollections included subsamples from the upper and lower ends of3 each lake, which were then composited into a single sample.

Beach seines were 7.6 m x 1.8 m and constructed of 3.2-mm

netting. Most sampling was done by wading to a depth of about 1

m and hauling the seine to shore. At Lake Mary, a boat was used

because of the steep shoreline.

31 Electrofishing samples were collected using a small boatequipped with a 240-volt, 4000-watt generator coupled to a

Coffelt model VVP-15 electrofishing control unit. Two

-16-I

electrodes were positioned about 3 m forward of the boat and twojust aft of the working platform. Sampling periods consisted of30-minute electrofishing runs, usually with two individualsnetting fish and one operating the boat.

Fish collected by beach seine or by electrofishing wereidentified, measured (total length), and weighed. Large catcheswere randomly subsampled, taking only 25 individuals of each

species. Large fish were returned live to the water. Smallfish were preserved in buffered formalin. Fry seine sampleswere taken at the same times and locations as beach seinesamples. The fry seine was 3.0 m x 1.8 m and fabricated of

335-u netting. The distance of each haul was 15 m unlessprecluded by macrophyte beds. All samples were preserved inbuffered formalin.

Fish eggs and larvae were sampled using a 5-m plankton net itha 0.5-m diameter circular mouth and a 335-u mesh size. Thedistal end of the net was equipped with a quick-couple planktonbucket screened with a 363-u netting. In the lab, the sampleswere stained with rose bengal solution and washed with tap water

across a 120-u sieve. Eggs and larvae were then identified tothe lowest practicable level.

Bluegill and largemouth bass were evaluated for "condition" (ameasurement that combines weight and length) using Fulton'scondition factor K (see Ricker 1971, 1975; Carlander 1977).Fulton's K factor was calculated using the formula:

w x 105

K-L3

where W - weight in grams, and

L - length in millimeters.

-17-

Condition indices were calculated for fish that were in the same

period of growth, or "stanza" (following the recommendation of

Carlander 1969, 1977; Ricker 1975). Most fish species have twodistinct stanzas: rapid early growth, mainly during the first

two years; and subsequent growth, which is slower and tends to

decrease with age. These two growth stanzas were treated

separately by dividing samples into groups that were <100 mm or

> 100 mm total length. It was assumed that the smaller size

class consisted primarily of the first growth stanza.

2.2.6 Amphibians

Observations of amphibians were incidental to the collection of

other aquatic samples. Information recorded included

opportunistic sightlings of egg masses, larvae, or adults, andcourtship vocalizations ("chorusing") in spring.

2.2.7 Aquatic Plants

I Qualitative surveys of aquatic plants were performed duringAugust 1987 to estimate the coverage and community composition

of submergent and emergent species. Areal distribution ofmacrophyte beds was estimated by traversing the lakes in a boat

* and sketching the extent of the beds on large-scale aerial

photographs.

1 2.3 Tissue Analyses

I Samples of macrophytes, plankton, macroinvertebrates, and fishwere collected by MKE for analysis of tissue contamination.

3 Chemical analyses were performed by Hunter/ESE. Results of

those analyses are presented and discussed in detail in the

Biota RI (ESE 1989) and are not included in this report.

-18-

3.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF SOUTH LAKESAQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS

3.1 WATER QUALITY

Lower Derby Lake, Lake Ladora, and Lake Mary are man-made

reservoirs which have been subjected to a variety of physical

and chemical disturbances. These have included draining,

sediment removal, lining, and manipulation of water levels, as

well as chemical contamination (MKE 1987, ESE 1989). Thus, one

would not expect the same degree of equilibrium between water

quality and watershed characteristics as is typical of

undisturbed lake systems. However, disturbances have been

minimal in recent years, and recovery of the South Lakes is

evident, both in terms of water quality and aquatic biota.

3.1.1 In-Situ Measurements

In-situ measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH,

conductivity, and transparency (Secchi depth) were taken to

provide information useful in comparing conditions among lakes

and interpreting conditions within a lake. Data for the three

South Lakes are provided in Tables 3-1 through 3-3.

Water temperature in the South Lakes followed a typical seasonal

pattern in 1987, with maximum values in August and minimum

values in November. Maximum surface water temperatures in

August ranged from 21*C to 26*C on the three lakes; minimum

Svalues in November were approximately 11C-120 C. As expected, a

pronounced vertical thermal gradient was present in deeper areas3 during warmer months, but not during cooler months.

Dissolved oxygen levels in sutface waters were good (above 80%)

through all seasonal samplings, with the majority of DO readings

reflecting saturation, and frequently supersaturation. During

the warmer months, some pronounced vertical gradients in DOconcentration were evident, with very low values in near-bottom

samples. Examples of this can be seen in the August data

-19-

Table 3-1

in-Situ Water Quality Measurenent3 at Lower Derby Lake, 1987

Water Sample Conduct. SecchiDepth Depth Temp. DO DO pH (uahos/cm Depth

Date (M) (M) (°C) (mg/l (I Sat. (S.U.) @25 0 C) (H)

Lower End

30 Apr 3.5 1.0 16.0 .... 8.3 617 0.41.5 14.5 .... 7.7 6272.5 15.5 -- -- 8.2 622

13 May 3.0 1.0 19.5 9.6 105 8.2 615 0.61.5 -- -- -- 8.2 6202.0 18.0 5.5 58 -- --

3.0 16.5 2.2 23 7.0 5969 Jun 3.5 0.5 -- -- -- 8.1 -- 0.5

1.0 20.1 8.4 93 -- 5502.0 20.1 5.3 58 7.9 5503.0 19.7 0.9 10 7.0 5753.3 18.9 0.2 2 -- --

11 Aug 3.5 0.5 -- -- -- 9.0 425 0.61.0 26.0 11.3 139 -- --2.0 24.0 6.5 77 8.8 4253.0 23.0 4.0 47 8.7 4503.3 23.0 3.0 35 -- --

3 Nov 3.5 0.5 12.5 -- -- -- 510 0.61.0 12.5 12.1 114 8.5 --2.0 12.2 11.4 106 8.4 4853.0 12.0 10.8 100 -- --

3.3 11.9 9.7 90 8.4 4955 Nov 3.5 1.0 11.5 11.3 104 8.3 480 0.6

2.0 11.2 10.8 99 8.3 4753.0 11.1 11.2 102 8.2 4803.3 11.0 11.3 102 -- --

Upper End

30 Apr 1.3 0.5 16.0 -- -- 8.1 610 0.313 May 2.0 0.5 19.5 9.1 99 -- -- 0.6

1.0 19.0 8.4 91 8.0 6341.5 18.5 6.3 67 -- --

1.8 18.0 4.8 51 -- --9 Jun 1.5 0.7 21.0 9.9 111 8.4 550

11 Aug 2.1 0.5 -- -- -- 8.7 -- 0.51.0 24.0 11.6 138 8.9 4252.0 23.5 7.4 87 -- 450

3 Nov 1.5 0.5 12.2 11.6 108 8.6 512 0.61.3 12.0 11.5 107 -- --

5 Nov 1.9 1.0 10.8 11.0 99 8.3 487 0.61.7 10.3 10.7 95 -- --

-20-

Table 3-2

In-Situ Water Quality Measurements at Lake Ladoza, 1387

Water Sample Conduct. SecchiDepth Depth Temp. DO DO pH (umhos/cm Depth

Date (M) (N) (°C) (mg/i (% Sat. (S.U.) @25 0 C) (N)

Lower End29 Apr 5.1 0.5 -- -- -- 8.3 617 2.8

1.0 16.8 9.1 94 -- --

1.5 -- -- -- 7.7 6272.5 16.8 8.7 90 8.2 6224.5 13.5 7.1 68 -- --

13 May 4.5 1.0 20.0 10.1 111 -- 740 3.02.0 20.0 10.1 i1 -- --

3.0 17.5 9.2 96 8.0 6804.0 15.5 8.8 88 -- --

4.3 14.5 7.8 17 7.8 6998 Jun 4.8 1.0 21.0 11.3 127 8.2 640 2.5I 2.0 21.0 11.1 125 8.3 653

3.0 20.5 10.6 118 -- --

4.0 19.8 7.2 79 8.0 6714.6 18.8 4.2 45 -- --

10 Jun 5.0 0.5 -- -- -- 8.3 550 3.61.0 22.5 9.8 113 -- --

2.0 21.2 10.3 116 8.6 5503.0 20.2 9.3 103 7.9 5754.0 20.0 7.0 77 -- --

4.8 18.7 0.8 9 -- --

10 Aug 5.0 0.5 -- -. -- 8.9 600 2.61.0 23.0 8.2 96 -- --

2.0 23.0 8.2 96 -- --

3.0 23.0 5.4 63 8.9 5504.0 22.5 1.2 14 -- --4.8 21.5 0.3 3 8.9 600

30 Aug 5.0 1.0 22.2 6.7 77 8.6 700 2.62.0 22.0 7.4 85 -- --

2.5 22.5 -- --. 7003.0 22.0 7.1 81 -- --4.0 21.9 4.0 46 8.2 7004.8 216.5 1.7 19 ....-

2 Nov 4.3 0.5 .. 8.1 700 3.81.0 11.9 11.2 104 -- --

2.0 11.5 10.9 100 8.4 7503.0 11.3 11.0 100 8.5 725

4.1 11.2 10.5 96 -- --

-I

-21-

I

Table 3-2(continued)

In-Situ Water Quality Measurements at Lake Ladora, 1987

Water Sample Conduct. SecchiDepth Depth Temp. DO DO pH (umhos/cm Depth

Date (N) (N) (oC) (mg/1 (% Sat. (S.U.) @25 0 C) (M)

Upper End

29 Apr 1.3 0.5 16.8 9.2 95 8.1 610 1.01.1 16.8 9.2 95 -- --

13 May 1.0 0.5 20.5 10.5 117 8.1 720 0.88 Jun 1.3 0.6 21.5 10.7 121 8.0 658 1.0

1.1 21.0 9.2 103 -- --10 Jun 1.3 0.5 21.0 13.3 150 8.0 550 1.2

1.1 20.2 >15.0 -- -- --10 Aug 1.9 0.5 22.5 9.3 107 7.8 800 1.913 Aug 1.0 0.5 21.2 10.6 119 7.8 800 0.8

0.8 21.0 12.7 143 -- --2 Nov 1.2 0.5 12.0 10.9 101 7.6 765 1.2

1.0 12.0 11.7 108 -- --

-22-

Table 3-3

In-Situ Water Quality Measurements at Lake Mary, 1987

Water Sample Conduct. SecchiDepth Depth Temp. DO DO pH (umhos/cm Depth

Date (K) (M) (°C) (Mg/ (% Sat. (S.U.) @25 0 C) (K)

Lower End

30 Apr 3.5 0.5 -- -- 8.3 673 2.61.0 17.5 10.6 111 -- --

2.0 17.0 10.7 112 8.3 6803.0 16.5 10.2 104 8.2 6693.3 16.5 10.3 105 -- --

14 May 3.0 1.0 22.0 12.9 148 8.8 696 2.51.8 -- -- -- 8.7 6852.0 19.0 12.5 135 8.8 --2.8 19.0 12.8 138 -- --

10 Jun 3.0 0.5 -- -- -- 9.5 625 2.21.0 21.0 13.9 156 -- --

2.0 21.0 12.7 142 9.3 6002.8 20.9 14.3 160 9.0 605

11 Aug 3.5 0.5 -- -- -- 9.2 550 2.51.0 23.6 8.4 99 9.2 --2.0 23.2 4.5 53 -- 5503.0 22.5 1.2 14 -- --

3.3 22.0 1.2 14 8.9 5503 Nov 3.5 0.5 11.9 10.3 95 9.0 700 2.8

1.5 11.8 10.5 97 8.9 700U 2.8 11.4 9.1 83 8.8 710

Upper End

330 Mar 1.5 0.5 -- -- -- 8.5 653 1.21.0 17.5 11.6 121 -- --

14 May 2.5 1.0 20.0 14.2 156 8.9 671 2.11.8 -- -- -- 9.0 6802.0 20.0 >15.0 -- 8.9 6752.3 19.0 >15.0 .-- --

10 Jun 1.5 0.5 -- -- -- 9.3 625 1.51.0 21.0 14.9 167 -- --

S1.3 20.9 9.6 107 -- --

11 Aug 2.5 0.5 -- -- -- 9.6 600 1.91.0 24.8 9.9 119 -- --

1.5 23.5 -- -- 9.6 6002.0 22.5 1.5 17 -- --

2.3 -- -- -- 9.5 6003 Nov 1.5 0.5 -- -- -- 9.1 750 1.5

1.0 12.1 10.3 96 -- --

1.3 11.5 9.5 87 ....

--23-I

from the deeper portions of the three South Lakes (Tables 3-1

through 3-3). Low DO concentrations in deeper water during the

warmer months are typical of naturally productive lakes.

Development of a strong vertical gradient in DO reflects a

situation in which oxygen depletion in the lower part of the

water column (due to a high oxygen demand associated with

biodegradation of detritus) exceeds oxygenation near the surface

(due to photosynthesis or atmospheric re-aeration). The

magnitude of the gradient observed in the South Lakes suggested

considerable loading of organic matter, mostly attributable to

primary production of phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes.

The condition of DO supersaturation frequently encountered in

the South Lakes (i.e., from photosynthesis) and the extensive

development of aquatic macrophytes along the margins of the

lakes reinforce this conclusion. The daily variation in DO

concentrations (lowest in early morning and highest in

afternoon) indicates active and substantial community metabolism

(Appendix A, tables A-I through A-3).

Values of pH recorded during the seasonal samplings weregenerally between 8.0 and 9.0; the range for all readings was

7.0 to 9.6. At the higher end of the range (i.e., greater than

9.0), pH approached the limits of suitability for aquatic biota.

In productive lakes, pH frequently becomes elevated as

phytoplankton and aquatic plants extract carbon dioxide for

photosynthesis.

Conductivity measurements indicated a substantial dissolved

mineral content in ail three South Lakes. The ranges of

recorded values (in micromhos per centimeter) were as follows:

Lower Derby, 425-634; Ladora, 550-800; and Mary, 550-750.

Water transparency in the three lakes, as indicated by Secchi

depth measurements, was least in Lower Derby and greatest in

Ladora. Maximum Secchi visibility was recorded in November for

both Lake Ladora (3.8 m) and Lake Mary (2.8 m). The minimum

-24-

Secchi depth for Lake Ladora (0.8 m) was recorded in the shallow

upper part of the lake during both May and August, while the

minimum visibility for Lake Mary (1.2 m) was recorded in the

shallow eastern area during April. Secchi depth values recorded

for Lower Derby Lake were fairly uniform across the sampling

periods, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 m. These results indicate a

higher burden of suspended particulate matter (i.e., greater

turbidity) in Lower Derby Lake than in either Lake Ladora or

Lake Mary.

3.1.2 Laboratory Analyses

3.1.2.1 General Water Quality Indicators (Table 3-4)

f Alkalinity

i Measurements of alkalinity ranged from 99 mg/l for the November

sample from Lake Mary to 181 mg/l for the April sample from Lake

3H Mary. These values represent moderate alkalinity and reflect a

substantial buffering capacity within the lakes. With the

exception that maximum values for all three lakes were recorded

in April, there were no consistent spatial or temporal patterns

in alkalinity.

Acidity

Acidity was not detected in any samples.

Hardness

3 Hardness measurements ranged from 98 mg/l to 184 mg/l,

indicating relatively hard water. Concentrations were

consistently highest for Lake Ladora (mean - 179) and lowest for

Lake Mary (mean - 116). Like alkalinity, hardness was highest

in April for each lake.

--25-I

TABLE 3-4

General Water Quality Indicators of the South Lakes, 19871

Lake Lake LakeParameter Sanple Derby Ladora Mary

Total Alkalinity Apr 124 147 181(mg/i as CaCO 3 ) Jun 104 136 108

Aug 100 126 114Nov 109 106 99

Acidity Apr 0 0 0(mg/l as CaCO3 ) Jun 0 0 0

Aug 0 0 0Nov 0 0 0

Hardness Apr 160 184 154(mg/1 as CaCO 3 ) Jun 148 184 98

Aug 132 168 108Nov 125 180 105

Total Suspended Solids Apr 24 4 7(mg/i) Jun 20 3 2

Aug 18 3 14Nov 15 3 6

Total Dissolved Solids Apr 378 423 413(mg/l) Jun 400 434 360

Aug 365 440 445Nov 290 430 410

True Color Apr -- -- --

(Pt-Co Units) Jun 48 28 24Aug 15 15 22Nov 25 25 25

Turbidity Apr 11 3.3 1.6(NTU) Jun 12 2.2 1.2

Aug 11 0.6 4.9Nov 6.9 1.7 2.2

1 All data for samples from 1 m or the nearest depth interval(0.5-1.3 m).

-26-

I Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

5' Concentrations of dissolved solids were similar for all threelakes, although Lower Derby Lake averaged slightly lower, with3 values fairly uniform across the four sampling periods. The TDSvalues, which ranged from 290 mg/I for Lower Derby in November

to 445 mg/i for Lake Mary in August, indicated a substantialI content of dissolved minerals. This finding is consistent withconductivity values measured in-situ (see above).

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Lake Ladora and Lake Mary both had a very low load of suspended

solids, with mean values of 3.2 and 7.2 mg/i, respectively.

Lower Derby Lake had a higher TSS, which declined steadily overthe four seasons from 24 mg/i in April to 15 mg/i in November.5 This probably reflects that most runoff into the South Lakessystem enters at Lower Derby Lake, and that runoff is greatest3 during the spring. The extensive mudflat shoreline of LowerDerby undoubtedly contributes to sediment loading when the lake5 is filled during spring.

Turbidity

Turbidity was consistently low in lakes Ladora and Mary and

* slightly higher in Lower Derby during the four sampling periods.

Values ranged from 0.6 to 3.3 NTU in Ladora, from 1.2 to 4.9 in

Mary, and from 6.9 to 12.0 in Lower Derby. Turbidity values

were generally consistent with TSS and Secchi depth measurementsof total suspended solids and transparency, as would be

expected.

3, True Colorif Color measurements revealed a low amount of color in the waters

of the three lakes. No spatial or temporal patterns in thep recorded values could be discerned.

-27--

3.1.2.2 Nutrients (Table 3-5)

Nitrogen (N)

Results of combined nitrogen analyses revealed greaterconcentrations of the reduced forms of organic-N and ammonia-N

than the oxidized forms of nitrate-N and nitrite-N. This

suggests that available nitrogen tended to be held in algal andmacrophytic biomass and was rapidly recycled followingdecomposition of organic matter. Concentrations of totalcombined nitrogen were in the low-to-moderate range and were3 capable of supporting a healthy community of primary producers.

Nitrate-N plus nitrite-N values were at or below 0.2 mg/l,

except for a 2.6 mg/l value from Lake Mary in November. It isunknown whether this high concentration reflected analytical

variability or a real increase. No spatial or temporal patternsin nitrite and nitrate concentrations were detected.

Ammonia-N concentrations in the South Lakes were in the low-to-moderate range. Organic-N concentrations (computed by

subtracting ammonia-N from total Kjeldahl-N) reflected the largeamount of organic matter (algal and macrophytic biomass) withinthe lakes. No notable patterns were evident in concentrationamong the lakes, or over time within the lakes, except for theregular increase over the four sampling periods for Lake Mary.

Phosphorus (P)

Concentrations of both total P and dissolved reactive P werelow, mostly at or below detection limits. No spatial or

temporal patterns in concentration were evident. At the low5 concentrations recorded, phosphorus might be a limiting factor

for phytoplankton within the South Lakes.

-28-

TABLE 3-5

Concentrations of Primary Nutrients (N P) in the South Lakesi

Lake Lake LakeParameter Sample Derb Ladora Mary

Nitrate+Nitrite N Apr 0.04 0.06 0.06(mg/1) Jun 0.10 0.07 0.07

Aug 0.20 0.15 0.16Nov 0.09 0.11 2.60

Ammonia N Apr 0.35 0.10 0.07(mg/1) Jun 0.45 0.22 0.19

Aug 0.07 0.25 0.18Nov 0.11 0.34 0.50

Total Kjeldahl N Apr 1.55 0.85 0.40(mg/1) Jun 3.65 1.08 0.67

Aug 1.20 0.81 1.72Nov 0.93 1.96 2.60

Organic N Apr 1.20 0.75 0.33(mg/1) Jun 3.20 0.86 0.48

Aug 1.13 0.56 1.54Nov 0.82 1.62 2.10

Total Combined N Apr 1.59 0.91 0.46(mg/1) Jun 3.75 1.15 0.74

Aug 1.40 0.96 1.88Nov 1.02 2.07 5.20

Dissolved Reactive P Apr <.07 <.07 <.07(mg/1) Jun <.01 <.01 <.01

Aug 0.01 <.01 0.03Nov <.01 0.08 <.01

Total P Apr 0.07 <.07 <.07(mg/1) Jun 0.11 <.07 <.07

Aug 0.10 <.07 0.14Nov 0.12 <.07 <.07

1 All data for samples from 1 M or the nearest depth interval(0.5-1.3 m).

-29-

3.1.2.3 Principal Anions and Cations (Table 3-6)

Anions

Information on principal anions and cations in the waters of theSouth Lakes was developed through direct analyses for chlorideand sulfate, and computations of carbonate and bicarbonate based

on alkalinity data (APHA 1985). A review of this informationindicates a relatively even distribution of anions among

bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate, although bicarbonate waspresent in slightly greater concentrations. The highest

concentrations for these three anions were recorded during Aprilfrom all three lakes. Also, chloride steadily declined over the

four sampling periods (Figure 3-1). This might be related todilution by precipitation and inflow from spring through earlyfall.

Carbonate was only occasionally detected in samples from LowerDerby and Ladora, and only at very low concentrations. Incontrast, Lake Mary samples consistently had low-to-moderateconcentrations of carbonate. The presence of carbonate in Lake

Mary was responsible for its slightly higher pH.

The relative concentrations of the principal anions within eachof the RMA lakes, based on four seasonal samples, may be

characterized as follows:

Lower Derby: bicarbonate > sulfate > chloride > carbonate

Ladora: bicarbonate > sulfate > chloride > carbonateMary: bicarbonate > chloride > sulfate > carbonate

A preliminary analysis of anion-cation balance suggests the3 presence of other, unmeasured anions in the lakes, some of which

might be present in greater concentrations than carbonates.

-30-

I!

TABLE 3-6

Concentrations of Selected Anions and Cations

in the South Lakes, 19871

Lake Lake LakeParameter Sample Derby Ladora Mary

Bicarbonate Apr 124 147 167(mg/i) Jun 104 136 100

Aug 94 122 74Nov 105 106 81

Carbonate Apr 0 0 14(mg/i) Jun 0 0 8

Aug 6 4 40Nov 4 0 18

Chloride Apr 85 85 113(mg/i) Jun 60 71 96

Aug 42 67 94Nov 25 64 89

Sulfate Apr 106 126 56(mg/i) Jun 66 81 37

Aug 58 81 51Nov 59 95 64

Sodium Apr 79 89 103(mg/i) Jun 80 88 114

Aug 59 87 96Nov 68 80 88

Potassium Apr 11.0 4.3 5.0(mg/i) Jun 5.2 3.2 3.6

Aug 5.5 3.7 4.9Nov 4.0 3.9 3.4

Magnesium Apr 5.4 6.4 5.3(mg/i) Jun 4.4 4.8 4.5

Aug 13.7 13.1 13.3Nov 11.9 17.6 13.1

1 All data for samples from 1 m or the nearest depth interval(0.5-1.3 m).

-I

-31-I

IAPR L7IJUN IA U G NOV

120

L

80 .....GRA

S 60

U ER

T

20

DERBY LADORA MARY

FIGURE 3-1. CHLORIDES IN THE SOUTH LAKES

-32--

Cations

Principal cations in the three Arsenal lakes, in decreasingorder, were sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Sodiumconcentrations were generally lowest in Lower Derby and highestin Mary, while levels of potassium and magnesium were similaramong all lakes. Calcium concentrations were calculated from

magnesium and hardness values, and therefore little can be saidregarding patterns. However, comparison of the magnesium and

*I hardness data suggests that calcium was generally highest in

Lake Ladora and lowest in Lake Mary.

3.2 PHYTOPLANKTON

3.2.1 Abundance

I Densities of phytoplankton in the South Lakes ranged from verylow in April for lakes Ladora and Mary (162 and 129 units/ml,respectively) to very high (24,893 units/ml) in August for LowerDerby Lake (Table 3-7; Figure 3-2). Phytoplankton numbers inLower Derby were consistently and substantially higher than in

Ladora and Mary. This was at least partly responsible for thereduced transparency of Lower Derby.

3.2.2 Community CompositionIAlthough green algae (chlorophytes) were generally prevalent inthe phytoplankton of the South Lakes, relative abundance data

revealed a considerable flux in community composition over the

four sampling periods (Table 3-7). The following discussion

treats community composition at the phylum and genus levels;species-level information is provided in Appendix B, tables B-I

* through B-3.

-33-

a4

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ti 44,A P5a io

* -34-

APR :JUN fiAUG ~NO0V

I TH

N

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-35

Lower Derby Lake

Composition of the phytoplankton community in Lower Derby Lake

was similar in April and June, although there was a nearly

9-fold increase in phytoplankton density (Table 3-7). Green

algae were dominant during this period, followed in abundance bydiatoms (bacillariophytes). The most abundant genera in Aprilwere the chlorophytes Oocystis and Selenastrum. In June,

Oocystis was followed in abundance by the diatom Cyclotella.

The chlorophyte Scenedesmus had the third highest density duringboth April and June (Table 3-8).

The August sample from Lower Derby, which had the highestphytoplankton density of any sample collected (24,893 units/ml),

was overwhelmingly dominated by the chlorophyte Chlorella.Although total density remained high in the November sample,

there was a shift in composition to a community dominated byblue-green algae (cyanophytes) and cryptophytes (Table 3-7).

3 The November sample was dominated by the blue-green alga

Microcystis, and the cryptophytes Rhodomonas and Cryptomonas3 (Table 3-8).

Phytoplankton community diversity was generally lower in Lower

Derby Lake than in lakes Mary and Ladora because of the smallnumber of taxa observed in relation to total density (Table

3 3-9). However, the mean number of taxa (28) was intermediate

between Lake Mary (16) and Lake Ladora (41).

Lake Ladora

I The phytoplankton community of Lake Ladora changed considerably

between the April and June samples. The April sample had a verylow density, and the most common forms were the cryptophyte

Cryptomonas, the chrysophyte Kephyrion, and the diatomFragilaria. The June sample showed approximately a 5-fold

increase in density and a shift in community dominance tochlorophytes, notably Chlorella and Scenedesmus and diatoms

-36-

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m. .4 so co IA IA %n r, %a0 IV ý4 0- .

0 54 z

hi 1. a -44VIU a'*1 0 9 4 hi 0 4 0 0 U5 bda UDo hi4 U 4 U0 0 4 U 01 .144* a' 4. c 0 0 0 hi U, v 0 W M4 554 a' .,4 0*48 hi 4 03 9 0 0 4 00-

u -I a >4. 0 0 0 a.A 0 0 6 4 AU Ao 0 0 u 4 >1 0 0 ; hi 0 h 4 A O0U

IJ 0 'A IA z u U z U a b~. U a3 U l 0 W5

I __ -37-

TABLE 3-9

Phytoplankton Density and Number of Taxa at RNA, 1987

Lake April June August November Mean

Derby no./ml 1,357 11,800 24,893 17,368 13,854no. taxa 28 19 29 36 28

Ladora no./ml i62 784 2,740 1,390 1,269no. taxa 44 36 36 48 41

Mary no./ml 129 251 2,089 5,205 1,918no. taxa 9 30 31 24 24

UIIIUIIIII

I-38-U

(Table 3-7). The August sample also was dominated bychlorophytes (Oocystis and Chlamydomonas), and density had

increased more than 3-fold compared to June.

The November sample reflected about a 50 percent decline in

density from August and a resurgence of chrysophytes(Chytridiochloris, Chlorochomonas) and cryptophytes (Rhodomonas)

in addition to chlorophytes and diatoms (Table 3-8).

3 The samples collected from Lake Ladora consistently contained

the greatest variety of phytoplankton, with numbers of taxa3 ranging from 36 to 48 in the four seasonal samples. Inconjunction with relatively low total density, this resulted inLake Ladora having higher community density than the other two

lakes (Table 3-9).

I Lake Mary

3 Lake Mary was similar to Lake Ladora in phytoplankton densities,but not in community composition. The number of taxa identifiedfor Lake Mary were considerably lower than for Lake Ladora

(Table 3-9). In fact, Lake Mary had the lowest number of taxa

at RMA, both for a single sampling period (9 taxa in April) and

averaged across the four seasons (24).

SApril samples from Lake Mary had low densities of phytoplankton,with green algae representing the majority of taxa in the sample

3 (Table 3-7). The most common forms were Chlamydomonas (a greenflagellate), Quadrigula, and Oocystis (Table 3-8). The Junesample from Lake Mary also had a low density and was dominated

by green algae (mostly Trochiscia and Oocystis, Table 3-8).

Phytoplankton concentration increased 8-fold between the Juneand August samples, although both samples were dominated by

green algae (Table 3-7). The phytoplankton concentration more

than doubled again by November, and the community shifted to onedominated by diatoms and blue-green algae (Table 3-7). The most

-39-

U common form in the November sample was the diatom Fragilaria,

which accounted for over half of the total concentration. The

most abundant cyanophyte was Oscillatoria.

3.2.3 Chlorophyll

Concentrations of chlorophyll in plankton samples can indicate

phytoplankton biomass, primary productivity (EPA 1985), andcomposition. Chlorophyll constitutes about 1 to 2 percent of

5 the dry weight of phytoplankton (APHA 1985). It also is

possible to use the relative concentrations of the various forms

of chlorophyll (a, b, and c) and phaeophytins (chlorophyll

degradation products) as a basis for inferring relative

abundances of various phyla of algae in the phytoplankton. This

was not done in this study because of the availability of actual

species information.

Measurements of the various forms of chlorophyll and phaeophytin

* yielded values ranging from very low to high (Appendix tablesB-5 through B-7). The following discussion focuses on

chlorophyll-a concentrations since this form is universally

present in phytoplankton and thus is most often used as an

indicator of algal biomass and productivity.

Chlorophyll-a concentrations in samples of phytoplankton fromthe South Lakes suggested a generally higher algal biomass inLower Derby Lake than in lakes Ladora and Mary (Figure 3-3).This general pattern was consistent with phytoplankton density

data for the three lakes. However, chlorophyll-a values for

individual samples did not always correlate well with

phytoplankton densities. An example of this can be seen in the

April data for lakes Ladora and Mary, which showed both the

3 lowest phytoplankton densities and the highest chlorophyll-a

concentrations. This type of inconsistency is not uncommon,

because the relationship between chlorophyll concentration and

phytoplankton density is affected by the chlorophyll content ofthe individual cells. For example, a few large algal cells

-40-I

IAPR M JUN EMZAUG NOV

I. 25!

L

RA

1 5

I CU 10 ......B

I ~ET

R R...... .....

DERBY LADORA MARY

UFIGURE 3-3. CHLOROPHYLL a IN THE SOUTH LAKES.

I' could contain the same chlorophyll content as a much greater

number of smaller cells.

II The very low concentration of phaeophytin compared to

chlorophyll indicates healthy phytoplankton communities.

3.3 ZOOPLANKTON

3.3.1 Microzooplankton CommunityIThe microzooplankton communities of the South Lakes were

composed entirely of rotifers (Table 3-10; Appendix C, Tables C-

1 through C-3). All taxa recorded are commonly associated withponds and small lakes (Pennak 1978). The most diverse communitywas found in Lake Mary, where 17 taxa were identified. A totalof 11 taxa were identified from Lake Ladora, and 8 taxa wereidentified from Lower Derby Lake. The number of taxa persampling period was always 5 in Lower Derby, 5-7 in Ladora, and(from June through November) 8-11 in Mary. No rotifers

(microzooplankton) were found in April samples from Lake Mary.

I Averaged over the year, the microzooplankton communities of theSouth Lakes were dominated by four rotifer taxa: Branchionus

3 angularis, Keratella cochlearis, K. stipitata and Polyarthra sp.(Figure 3-4). Polyarthra and Keratella typically occur in openwaters of lakes and ponds, where they can become abundant (Ward

and Whipple 1959, Pennak 1978). Branchionus are most oftenfound in the littoral (sho:e) zone, although some forms occur inthe limnetic (open water) zone.

The microzooplankton communities of the South Lakes weredynamic, varying seasonally both within and among the lakes.This type of temporal variability is common (see Pennak 1978).Two similarities in seasonal abundance were the prominence of K.cochlearis in Lower Derby and Ladora during spring and summer,

and the dominance of K. stipitata and Polyarthra sp. in allthree lakes during fall. Notable differences between Lake Mary

-42-

3 Table 3-10

Microzooplankton Collected from the South Lakes, 1987

ILake Lake LakeTaxa Derby Ladora Mary

Rotatoria sp. X x xSynchaetidaePolyarthra sp. X X X

AsplanchnidaeAsplanchna sp. X X X

BranchionidaeBranchionus angularis X XB. calyciflorus X XKeratella cochicaris xxK. quadrata X X XK. stipitata X x xILecane luna x XLepadella patella XPlonostyla bulla X XM. closterocerca xM1. quadridentataM. lunaris X XNotholca sp. x XIPlatyias patulus XP. quadricornis XTrichoteria tetractis X

3Total Number of Taxa 8 11 17

I -43-

3 ~POLYAR 'Z B.ANGU K'/OTHER

K.STLP K.COGL

510 0 % i ......................

R75%EL

I~TA

A

U3 DA

I E 2 5 %

0%5DERBY LADORA MARY

FIGURE 3-4. MICROZOOPLANKTON COMPOSITION IN SOUTH LAKES

-44-

and the other two lakes were the absence of rotifers in samplesfrom Lake Mary during spring, the reversed order of dominance ofPolyarthra sp. and K. stipitata in Lake Mary during autumn, and

the much greater contribution of Notholca, especially duringsummer (Appendix C, Table C-3).

The abundance of microzooplankton, like community composition,

varied among lakes and seasons (Figure 3-5). The averageabundance of rotifers in the three lakes over the four samplingperiods was highest in Lower Derby (404 organisms/liter),intermediate in Mary (351 organisms/liter), and lowest in Ladora(317 organisms/liter). Pennak (1978) found that most planktoncommunities averaged between 40 and 500 rotifers per liter, withpopulations seldom in excess of 1,000 per liter. The highestdensities were in Lower Derby during late spring (1,040

organisms/liter), and during autumn in both lakes Ladora (717organisms/liter) and Mary (1,080 organisms/liter). Lowestabundances occurred during early spring and summer in Lake Maryand during summer in the other two lakes. In general, both thedensity and diversity data indicate a healthy population.

3.3.2 Macrozooplankton Community

A total of 24 macrozooplankton taxa were identified from theSouth Lakes over the four sampling periods (Table 3-11). Thecommunities in lakes Ladora and Mary were each represented by 19taxa, while 16 taxa comprised the community of Lower Derby Lake.All taxa identified are typical of pond and lake environmentsand are commonly found in the limnetic or littoral zones (Brooks1957, Ward and Whipple 1959, Pennak 1978). Daphnia rosea,bosminids, Chydorus sphaericus, Ceriodaphnia, and many of thecopepods are open water forms seldom found in abundance invegetated areas. In contrast, Alona rectangula, Leydigiaquadrangularis, Pleuroxus denticulatus, Pseudochydorus globosus,Simocephalus vetulus, and some daphnids and copepods are foundin vegetated shallows.

-45-

DERBY • LADORA MARY

1200

1000

N 800UMBER

600ER

L

T

ER 400

200

0

APR JUN AUG NOV AVG

FIGURE 3-5. SEASONAL MICROZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE.

--46-

3 Table 3-11

macrozooplankton Collected from the South Lakes, 1987

Lake Lake LakeTaxa Derby Ladora Mary

CladoceraChydoridae

Pseudochydorus globosus XAlona rectangula XChydorus sphaericus xxPleuroxus denticulatus xLeydigia quadrangularis x XIBoszuinidae sp. x X X

DaphnidaeCeriodaphnia sp. X X XIDaphnia sp. X X xD. ambigua x x xD. laevis x x xD. parvula X xID. rosea X x xSimocephalus vetulus x

Ostracoda sp. XI CopepodaCopepod nauplii x x XCalanoida

Calanoid copepodids X x XI DiaptomidaeDiaptomus connexus XD. pallidus X X XD. siciloides X x

CyclopoidaCyclopoid copepodids x X XCyclopidaeICyclops bicuspidatus thomasi X x X

C. vernalis X xMesocyclops sp. X xM. edax X X

Total Number of -Taxa

-47-

I The macrozooplankton community, averaged over the four sampling

periods, was composed mainly of cladocerans and copepods.

Bosminids, Ceriodaphnia, and Daphnia were the prevalent

cladocerans, while immature nauplii and copepodids were the

5 dominant copepods (Figure 3-6). Ostracods (seed shrimp) were

found only in Lake Ladora, and only during May.

I Community composition was variable among lakes and seasons. For

example, note the density and relative abundance data for three

species of Daphnia (D. ambigua, D. laevis, D. rosea) shown in

Appendix C, Tables C-5 through C-7. Similarly, note the

3 variability of Chydorus sphaericus.

The average annual abundance of macrozooplankton (Figure 3-7)

was highest in Lower Derby Lake (602 organisms/liter), and lower

but similar in lakes Ladora (446 organisms/liter) and Mary (408

organisms/liter). All of the density values were within

commonly observed ranges. For example, Pennak (1978) found that

5 typical cladoceran populations ranged between 200 and 500

organisms/liter, with copepod populations up to 1,000

* organisms/liter.

3.4 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES

The aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of the South Lakes

5 were dominated by aquatic naidid and tubificid worms, talitrid

amphipods (scuds), chironomid (midge) larvae and pupae, culicid

(phantom midge) larvae, nematodes (roundworms), and gastropods

(snails) (Figure 3-8). Various combinations of these taxa

comprised 98 percent of the benthic fauna identified from Lower

Derby Lake, 97 percent of the fauna from Lake Ladora, and 87

percent of the fauna from Lake Mary (Appendix D, Tables D-l

through D-3). Taxa identified from the South Lakes are listed

in Table 3-12.

1I

-48-I

I- BOSM DAPH NU~'COPE OTHER

3 100%/1

Ig .V

E

A ......~ .

0%~rn ERY ADOA ARFIUE36.MCOOPAKOCOPSTO INSUHLE.

1~_______ __ _ 1IA

NI

-49-

3DERBY ZLADORA I777 MARY

800.

70

E

R

E

T200'

I 100

MAY JUN AUG NOV AV G

FIGURE 3-7. SEASONAL MACROZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE.

-50-

ZiNAID ZiTUB! I TALI CHIR

SCULl 7II G A ST NEMA ZiOTHER

EL£ AT

I IEI~ A 50%BUN3 DANE 25%

I - ______________________E___

5DERBY LADORA MARY

FIGURE 3-8. BENTHIC MACROI NVERTEBRATE COMPOSITION.

3 Table 3-12

Denthic Racroinvertebrates Collected in the South Lakes, 1987

3Lake Lake LakeTaxa Derby Ladora Mary

CoelenterataI HydridaeHydra sp. D*D D

Platyhelminthes3Turbellaria sp. D D,P DNematoda sp. D,P** D,P D,PAnnelida

Hi rundineaEropobdellidae sp. D,PGloss iphoni idae

Helobdella sp. P D D,PHelobdella stagnalis DHelobdella triserialisDTheromyzon sp. D

OligochaetaIEnchytraeidae sp. D D,PNaididae

Chaetogaster diaphanus D D,P DIDero digitata D,P D,PDero nivea DNais pardalis PNais simplex D,P D,P DUNais variabilis D,P D,P POphidonais serpentina D D,PPristina leidyi D DStylaria lacustris D D D

Tuimmcatue wt ailfre , ,Immature withou capilliformes D,P DP D,PIAulodrilus pigueti D,PLimnodrilus claparedianus P pLimnodrilus hoffmeisteri D,P D,P PLimnodrilus udekemianus PPotamothrix bavaricus pTubifex tubifex P

ArthropodaI TalitridaeHyalella azteca D D,P D,P

-52--

Tabl~e 3-12

Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the South Lakes, 1987

Lake Lake LakeTaxa, Derby Ladora M~

ArachnoideaHydrachnellae (Hydracarina) sp. D

InsectaEpheme ropte ra D,P

Baetidae D D DBaetis sp. D DCallibaetis sp. D D D

CaenidaeCaenis sp. D,P D,P D,P

Odonata, Anisoptera D D,PAeshnidae

Anax sp. D DCordul iidaeTetragoneuria sp. D D

LibellulidasErythemis sp. D DLibellula sp. DTramea sp. D D,P

Odonata, Zygoptera D D~,P D,PCoenagrionidaeEnallagma sp. D D,P D,P

Hemipte raHemiptera sp. DCorixidae DCorisella sp. D

GerridaeGerris sp. D D

HebridaeHebrus sp. D

Mesoveli idaeMesovelia sp. D D

SaldidaeSaldula sp. D

TrichopteraHydroptilidae

Agraylea sp. D D DOrthotrichia sp. D,POxyethira sp. D,P D,P

Leptoceridae sp.

Oecetis sp. D D D,P

-53-

3 Table 3-12(continued)3 Benthic Nacroinvertebrates Collected in the South Lakes, 1987

Lake Lake LakeTaxa Derby Ladora MaryU Lepidopter

Pyralidae sp. D,PColeopte ra

Dyti scidae

Haliplidae spDHaliplus sp. DIPeltodytes sp. D

HydrophilidaeBerosus sp. D,PILaccobius sp. DDiptera

CeratopogonidaeCulicoides sp. D DIDasyhelea sp. D DPalpomyia/Probezzia/Bezzia sp. D,P D D,PProbezzia/Bezzia sp. D D DIChironomidae pupae sp. D,P D,P D,PChi ronominae

Chironomus sp. D,P P pCrytochironomus sp. D,P PICryptotendipes sp. D,P D,P PDicrotendipes sp. D,P D,P D,PEndochironomus sp. D P DGlyptoteridipes sp. D D,PLenziella sp. D,PParachironomus sp. P D PParatanytarus sp. D D,P D,PIPolypedilum sp. D,P DStictochironomus sp. PTanytarsus sp. P D,P D,P

Orthocladinae A POrthocladinaeBDOrthc,,ladinae C DOrthocladinae D D DICorynoneura sp. D

Cricotopus sp. D D,POrthocladius sp. D D D5Psectrocladius sp. D,P D D,P

-54-

3 Table 3-12(continued)

3 Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the South Lakes, 1987

Lake Lake LakeTaxa TnpdaeDerby Ladora Mary

Larsia sp. D,P D,P D,PProcladius sp. D,P P p1Tanypus sp. P D,P P

CulicidaeChaoborinaeChaoborus sp. P p

Ephyridae sp.DMuscidae sp. DTabanidae sp. D

Mollusca

Gastropoda sp. P D,P

Physa sp. DD,P D,PPlanorbidae

Gyraulus sp. D D,P D,P

Sphaeri idaeMusculinum sp. P

Pisidium sp. D,P D,P

3 * D-Collected by Dip Net**P-Collected by Ponar Dredge

Number of Taxa Collected by Dip Net 54 56 55INumber of Taxa Collected by Dredge 29 35 42Total Number of Taxa 63 66 66

3 -55-

The most abundant naidid worms in Lower Derby were Dero digita

and Nais variabilis, while Dero digita, Nais simplex, and

Ophidonais serpentina were the dominant naidids in Lake Ladora.

Nais variabilis was the only naidid identified in Lake Mary.

Most of the tubificid worms collected were immature and

therefore could not be identified to a lower taxonomic level.

Of the adult worms, Aulodrilus pigueti and Limnodrilus

hoffmeisteri were dominant in Lower Derby; Potamothrix bavaricusand L. hoffmeisteri were dominant in Ladora; and Tubifex

tubifex, L. hoffmeisteri, and L. claparedianus were dominant in

Lake Mary.

Following Chironomus in abundance among the chironomids were

Cryptotendipes in Lower Derby; Tanytarsus and Tanypus in Ladora;

and Larsia, Procladius, Tanytarsus, Dicrotendipes, and

Paratanytarsus in Mary. The only talitrid amphipod identified

was Hyalella azteca, and the only culicid was a Chaoborus

species. Gastropods (snails) were principally in the genus

3 Gyraulus, although Physa and Fossaria species were also

collected. No snails were collected in Lower Derby Lake,

probably owing to the low abundance of aquatic macrophytes.

Although the benthic communities were similar among the lakes in3 that tubificids and/or chironomids were dominant, they differed

somewhat with respect to order of dominance, species composition3 and subdominant taxa (Appendix D, tables D-1 through D-3).

A total of 66 taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates were identifiedfrom both Lake Ladora and Lake Mary, while 63 taxa wereidentified from Lower Derby Lake. Only 36 of the 97 total taxa(37 percent) were common to all three lakes. Within each lake,diversity was higher in nearshore areas than in offshore areas,3although this difference was less pronounced in Lake Mary.

Nearshore sampling produced 54 taxa in Lower Derby Lake, 56 taxa

in Lake Ladora, and 55 taxa in Lake Mary, while offshore

sampling yielded only 29, 35, and 42 taxa, respectively (see

g Appendix D).

-56-.I

Macroinvertebrate diversities were generally high in April, lowin June and August, and moderately high in November (Figure3I 3-9). Decreases in diversity from spring to summer typicallyresult from the emergence of reproductive adult insects and

lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen due to high water

temperatures (Merritt and Cummins 1984). Diversity oftenincreases again in autumn because of gradual recolonization

following reproduction and better oxygen saturation due to lowerwater temperatures. Dissolved oxygen is usually less of a

factor in near-shore areas because of the shallower depths.Specifics of the seasonal pattern of diversity were somewhat

different for each lake (see Appendix D).

The average annual abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates was

lowest (1,590 organisms/m2 ) in Lower Derby Lake and highest(2,669 organisms/m2 ) in Lake Mary (see Appendix D;. Densities

* in Lower Derby and Mary declined progressively each samplingperiod from April through August but increased again in November3 (Figure 3-9). Densities in Lake Ladora decreased between theApril and June sampling periods but increased in both August and

3 November (Figure 3-9).

Differences in the macroinvertebrate assemblages of the South5 Lakes were probably due largely to differences in substrate,which is reported to be one of the most important factors

3 influencing community composition (e.g., see EPA 1973,Brinkhurst and Cook 1974, Merritt and Cummins 1984).

I The substrate in Lower Derby Lake was composed primarily of muck

and detritus. It was sparsely populated with aquatic plants,which occurred only in localized areas along its gradually

sloping margins. Because of low and fluctuating water levels,the shoreline was barren and devoid of emergent vegetation. Thebenthic community in Lower Derby consisted primarily of3 tubificids, chironomids, naidids, and culicids, all of which

I-57-3

I DERBY fiLADORA ~*MARY

T 6HI0

I SN

P 4ERS.....Q 3IU

I E2

MI EE

APR JUN AUG NOV AG

IFIGURE 3-9. SEASONAL MACROIN VERTEBRATE ABUNDANCE.

-58-

Ul either burrow into soft substrates or reside on the substrate

during the day and are free-swimming at night (Brigham andBrigham 1982, Merritt and Cummins 1984). Most are tolerant of

organic enrichment and can tolerate low dissolved oxygenj concentrations for extended periods. Diversity was low (29

taxa) in the open waters where the substrate was uniform and

dissolved oxygen concentrations were sometimes low, but

considerably higher (54 taxa) in the littoral zone. The

increased number of taxa in the nearshore fauna was mostly

associated with additional burrowing forms, primarily naidids

and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes, and midges).

At the other extreme, Lake Mary had steep banks, a shorelinewell vegetated with emergent plants, and dense growths of

submergent aquatic plants. As a result of greater habitatcomplexity, the benthic community of Lake Mary (42 taxa) wasconsiderably more diverse than that of Lower Derby Lake (29

taxa). The benthic fauna of Lake Mary was dominated by

3 nematodes, naidids, tubificids, talitrids, chironomids, and

gastropods (Figure 3-8). These include forms that burrow into

the substrate (naidids and some chironomids) or vegetation (some

chironomids and nematodes), that live upon the vegetation(gastropods), or that seek refuge within the plant cover

(talitrids) (Brinkhurst and Cook 1974, Pennak 1978, Merritt and

Cummins 1984).IAs in Lower Derby, the macroinvertebrate community in the

littoral zone was more diverse (55 taxa). The littoral fauna of

Lake Mary consisted primarily of ephemeropterans (mayflies),

odonates (dragonflies and damselflies), hemipterans (true bugs),

coleopterans (beetles), lepidopterans (butterflies and moths),gastropods (snails), and other aquatic invertebrates that

Sinhabit vegetation (Pennak 1978, Merritt and Cummins 1984).

Burrowing forms (naidids, tubificids, and chironomids) were

present, but these groups were less diverse, less abundant,

and/or dominated by different taxa than in Lower Derby.

-59-

U

I Lake Ladora was intermediate between Lake Mary and Lower Derby

Lake in terms of morphometry and extent of macrophytes. Like

Lake Mary, the shoreline of Lake Ladora was well vegetated with

emergent plants, and large portions of the lake were chockedI , with submergent plants. Like Lower Derby, most of the shoreline

around Lake Ladora had a gradual slope, and some areas were openand devoid of vegetation. Unlike either of the other two lakes,

clay was a major component of the substrate, especially in the

lower portions of the lake.

Diversity, as measured by number of taxa in benthic samples, was5 higher in Lake Ladora (35 taxa) than in Lower Derby (29 taxa),

but lower than in Lake Mary (42 taxa). Chironomids and

tubificids were abundant, as they were in Mary and Lower Derby.

Subdominant taxa consisted of groups mainly associated withaquatic plants (nematodes, talitrids, and gastropods). Naididscomprised about the same percentage of the benthic community inLake Ladora as in Lower Derby Lake, but a greater percentage

* than in Lake Mary.

Diversity in the littoral zone of Ladora (56 taxa) was

comparable to that in similar environments of Lower Derby (54taxa) and Mary (55 taxa). Burrowing forms (naidids) were common

nearshore in lower pars of Lake Ladora, as they were in Lower

Derby Lake. Many of the aquatic insects, talitrids, and3 gastropods found in the littoral zone of Ladora were common in

Lake Mary but uncommon in Lower Derby.

1 3.5 FISH

U 3.5.1 Community Composition

I Relatively few fish species were present in the South Lakes;Lower Derby and Ladora contained eight species each, while LakeMary contained five species. Table 3-13 is a list of fish

species observed at the South Lakes. Species recorded for McKayLake are also listed on the table. Most of the species present

-60-I

3 Table 3-13

Fish Species Identified from the Study Area Lakes, 19871

* _____ Lover _ _

species Derby Ladora Mary McKay

SALMON IDAERainbow troutSalmo gairdneri --- -x

CYPRINIDAEI Fathead minnowPimephale promelas X - --

Blutnose minnowP. notatus X - --

Common carpCyprinus carpio X X X X

I ~CATOSTOMI DAKWhite sucker5 Catostomus commersoni --- -X

ICTALURIDAEBlack bullheadIctalurus melas x x -- x

Channel cat!Tl'shI. punctatus -- -XX

CENTRARCH IDAEBluegillLepomis macrochirus x X x x

Green sunfishI L. cyanellus x x --

PumpkinseeL. gibbosus -- X-X

Pomoxis ni~romaculatus -- -XX

Whiite crappieP. annularis --- -X

Largemouth bassMicropterus salmoidus x x X X

PERCIDAEYellow perchPerca flavescens -- X-X

I ESOCIDAENorthern pike3 Esox lucius X X --

Il1 Samples were obtained by electrofishing.-61-

I were stocked for recreation or management purposes (see Section5). Species present that were not stocked presumably entered

the lakes via the canal and ditch system or were released byfishermen (e.g., as bait). As shown by Table 3-13, the onlyspecies recorded in all three of the South Lakes were the commoncarp (Cyprinus carpio), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), andlargemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). These species, plusblack bullheads (Ictalurus melas) in Lower Derby and Ladora,were the prevalent fish captured (Figure 3-10).

The fish communities of all three lakes appeared out-of-balance.

Capture rates during electrofishing indicated that Lower Derbyhad too many largemouth bass, bullheads, and large carp inrelation to forage fish, while lakes Ladora and Mary had toomany forage fish compared to the number of predators. Theoverabundance of bass in Lower Derby may have been caused by

drawdown of the lake. Drawdown away from shoreline vegetationexposes forage fish to predation. Conversely, dense growths ofaquatic plants, such as in lakes Ladora and Mary, allow foragefish to avoid predation and to overpopulate, which in turn leadsto stunting and a decrease in the quality of the prey base.

While population die-offs are not anticipated, the South Lakesfisheries could be improved by culling the fish population of

Lower Derby Lake and controlling macrophytes in lakes Ladora andMary.

Capture rates of fish were greatest in Lower Derby Lake (144fish/hour), intermediate in Lake Ladora (120 fish/hour), and

lowest in Lake Mary (115 fish/hour) (Figure 3-11). Catches ineach of the three lakes were lowest in April, intermediate inJune and August, and highest in November. This pattern istypical of warm-water and cool-water fisheries in the temperatezone, where most fish spawn in spring and early summer. As the

year progresses, the young grow in size and become more active,and thus are more susceptible to being captured.

Seasonal catch data varied among the three lakes for theI dominant species collected (see Appendix E, Tables E-1 through

E-3).

-62-

CARP BULLHEAD BLUEGILL

BASS OTHER

R 75%ELAT

E

A 50%* B

NDAN

- C*E 25%

0%DERBY LADORA MARY

3FIGURE 3-10. COMPOSITION OF ELECTROFISHING SAMPLES.

-63-

DERBY L A DOR A .fMARY

II 350-

I I250

F

R

* R

0:APR JUN AUG NOV AVG

FIGURE 3-11. SEASONAL ELECTROFISHING CATCHES.

1-64-

3.5.2 Evidence of Reproduction

Reproduction is evidenced by viable fish eggs, larvae,

juveniles, and different size (age) classes. As described in

Section 2.6, fish eggs and larvae were collected using two

techniques (towed plankton net and fry seine) to maximize thechance of obtaining a representative sample. Towed nets were

used to collect the eggs of pelagic-spawning species, and larvaethat drift or swim into the open waters. Fry seines were used

* primarily to collect the young of nest-building species such as

sunfish, or other larvae that inhabit the shore zone. In

addition, juvenile fish were collected by beach seine.

Fry seines were unsuccessful except in Lower Derby. In thatlake, two unidentifiable eggs were collected during April, two

carp eggs and six fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larvae

were collected in June, and four larvae (two fathead minnows,

one bluegill, and one largemouth bass) were collected in August.

No eggs or larvae were collected in Lower Derby Lake in November

or in lakes Ladora and Mary during any of the four sampling

* periods.

Conversely, no eggs or larvae were collected in Lower Derby by

towed net, but this technique was effective in Ladora and Mary,where dense growths of aquatic plants extended from the shore to

depths greater than 1 m. Because fry seines are less effective

in weedy habitats, fish eggs and larvae in the shore zone may

have been missed, or the fish may have spawned in deeper water.

Bluegill and largemouth bass generally are nest builders thatprefer to spawn in 15 cm to 5.5 m of water (Scott and Crossman

1973, Heidinger 1976). Bluegill generally spawn over sand,

gravel, or mud; bass prefer to spawn near emergent vegetation,

rocks, stumps, or slopes.

Larvae of bluegill, other sunfish (Lepomis sp.), and yellowperch (Perca flavescens) were collected in Lake Ladora; only

I-65-I

bluegill larvae were collected in Lake Mary (Appendix E, tables

E-9 through E-11). The yellow perch larvae from Lake Ladora

were collected only during May, while the unidentified sunfish

and bluegill were collected in June 4nd August. Yellow perch

usually spawn in April and early May, near rooted vegetation,

submerged brush, or fallen trees, and occasionally over sand and

gravel. Spawning depths typically range from 50 cm to 3 m

(Scott and Crossman 1973, Thorpe 1977).

Beach seines were successful in capturing juvenile fish and

occasional subadult and adult fish (Appendix E, tables E-5

through E-7). Catches in Lower Derby and Ladora consisted

predominantly of bluegill and largemouth bass, while those in

Lake Mary consisted almost entirely of bluegill (Figure 3-12).

Average catches in the shore zone were 58 fish per haul in Lower

Derby, 24 fish per haul in Lake Ladora, and 18 fish per haul in

Lake Mary (Figure 3-13). Catches in Lake Mary may have been

influenced somewhat by a lack of suitable sites for beach-

seining. Initially, samples in the lower end of the lake were

taken from a boat because of the steep shoreline. After June,however, dense growths of aquatic plants precluded use of the

boat, and samples in both August and November were therefore

collected only from the upper end of the lake.

Results of the sampling program for fish eggs, larvae and

junveniles are summarized in Table 3-14. The table includes

results for McKay Lake as well as the South Lakes.

3.5.3 Size and Condition Factor

3 As described in Section 2.2.5, Fulton's condition factor (K) was

calculated for two size classes of bluegill and largemouth bass

using length and weight data. Results of these calculations areprovided in Figure 3-14. Sample sizes for other fish specieswere too small to permit this type of calculation. Carlander

(1969, 1977) provides an excellent overview of the use ofcondition factors in evaluating the health of a population.

-66-

BLUEGILL BASS • OTHER

I

I3R lb%

ELATII~ vE

A 50%* B

UNDANCE 25%

II

0%DERBY LADORA MARY

I1 FIGURE 3-12. BEACH SEINE CATCH COMPOSITION.

-67-

U

IDERBY L LADORA __ MARY

160I,I 140

1 120

F

H

pE 80

* R

HA 60UL!

II40

0APR JUN AUG NOV AVG

FIGURE 3-13. SEASONAL ABUNDANCES OF BEACH SEINE CATCHES.

I

___________-68-

I

BLUEGILL <100mm BLUEGILL >=100mm

11 95% C.I. + MEAN 9 95% C.I. " MEAN

2 2.3

TI 2.2

41.9 c T T0 T

NND

aT T 2.1

0I TN 1.8 N

F F-A AC C 2OT

0 0AR R

K 1.7 K1.9

1.6 1.9

DERBY LADORA MARY DERBY LADORA MARY

SLARGEMOUTH BASS <100mm LARGEMOUTH BASS )=100m

1 95% C.I. + MEAN T 95% C.I. + MEAN

1.5 1.6

1.5

C 1.45 c0 0N ND D 1.4

IIT T,I 0

DEB ADR A° EBY LDRA MR

N 1.4 N 1.3F FA AC cT T .

0K 1.35KI

1.3 t•L1DERBY LADORA MARY DERBY LADORA MARY3 FIGURE 3-14. CONDITION FACTORS FOR BLUEGILL AND BASS.

-

-69-

Table 3-14

Fish Eggs, Larvae, and Juveniles Identified in the

Study Area Lakes1 , 2

* Lakes

Species Derby Ladora Mary McKay

I CYPRINIDAEFathead minnow L,J .. .. ..

Common Carp E,J .. E,L

CENTRARCHIDAEBluegill L,J L,J L,J L,JGreen sunfish J J .. ..Pumpkinseed .... ..Unidentified sunfish -- L .. ..3 Black crappie .... . JWhite crappie .... .. L3 Largemouth bass L,J J -- L,J

PERCIDAEYellow perch LJ

II

I

1 1 E-eggs; L-larvae; J-juveniles2 Samples were obtained by beach seine, fry seine, and towed

* plankton net

-70-

Im

UI Fulton's condition factor for bluegill was highest in Lake Mary(1.84) and lowest in Lower Derby (1.79) for the small size class(<100 mm). For large bluegill (> 100 mm), the K value washighest in Lower Derby (2.17) and lowest in Lake Ladora (1.81)

3 (Figure 3-14). Average K values for small bluegill were similar

among lakes (Appendix E, Table E-13).

I Average K factors for the small size class of largemouth basswere similar in Lakes Ladora (1.42) and Mary (1.41) and, likebluegill, slightly lower in Lower Derby Lake (1.34) (Figure

3-14). Condition factors of larger bass collected in Lower3 Derby (1.45) and Ladora (1.40) were not significantly different

(at the p - 0.05 level), but both K values were significantly

3 hiqher than for fish in Lake Mary (1.14).

Another method for evaluating condition of fish is to plot a3oregression curve of the log-transformed weights and lengths (see

Calander 1977). As shown by Figure 3-15, these calculations3 indicated that bass and bluegill in the larger size class werein better condition than those in the smaller size class in all3 but one case (small bluegill from Lower Derby).

The K factor analyses were consistent with the observations ofcommunity structure (see Section 3.5.1). Predators in Lake Maryin particular were relatively slim in relation to their length,3 indicating that they were expending more energy in pursuit of

food than fish in Lake Ladora or Lower Derby Lake. Similarly,the smaller bass in Lower Derby Lake, lacking a large prey base

of the appropriate size, were also slim, although as they gotlarger (and thus able to consume larger food items includingsmall bass) their condition improved. Weight-length regressiondata are provided in Appendix E, Table E-15.ILengths, weights, and sample sizes of fish captured byelectrofishing at the South Lakes and McKay are presented in

Table 3-15.

-71-!

' ,BLUEGILL

3 B FISH ,100mm M FISH ',100mm

4-

3 .5,R 2

E 2.5•s

ol 2NUsLo 1.5PE

WN

DERBY LADORA MARY

I3 LARGEMOUTH BASS

FISH'IOOmm • FISH,-1OOmm

3' 3.3

E 2.-

aIR*Es3 2

I

UN

S 1.5L0P| E

B 0.5

DERBY LADORA MARY

FIGURE 3-15. REGRESSION SLOPES FOR BLUEGILL AND BASS.

-72-

I

3 3.5.4 Examination for Tumors and Parasitism

As part of the fishery survey, gamefish and large individuals of3 nongame species were inspected for tumors, scars, external bodyparasites, and gill parasites. In addition, fish collected fortissue analysis in 1986 were examined for internal parasites.

Visual examinations indicated that fish from the South Lakeswere generally free of problems. No tumors or internal

parasites were observed on any fish examined. A few external or3 gill parasites were observed, particularly cyclopoidcopepodites. This is common and does not indicate a health

3 problem.

3.6 AMPHIBIANS

Few amphibians were observed on the Arsenal during aquatic5 investigations. Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) andbullfrogs (R. catesbyiana) were seen or heard in the nearshorearea of lakes Mary and Ladora on several occasions. Also,

several amphibian eggs were collected in a fry seine haul inLake Mary during August. No evidence of amphibians was foundnear Lower Derby Lake.

5 A report on the wildlife resources of the RMA prepared

separately by MKE (1989) includes a discussion of amphibians

observed in the study area, as does the Biota RI (ESE 1989).

Amphibians heard chorusing in and near the South Lakes duringfield studies in the spring of 1988 included the plains

spadefoot (Spea bombifrons), Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousei),Great Plains toad (B. cognatus), and northern chorus frog3 (Pseudacris triseriata), in addition to leopard frogs andbullfrogs. Tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) have been3 reported for RMA but were not observed during aquatic ecologyfield studies.

-I -73-

TABLE 3-15

Lengths and Weights of Fish Collected in the3 Study Area Lakes, 1987

Sample Length (cm) 1 Weight (g) 2

Species Lake Size mean max mean max

Rainbow trout Derby .... .... ..Ladora ........ ..Mary ........ ..McKay 5 34 41 448 760

Fathead minnow Derby 8 4 6 1 4Ladora -- -- -- -- --

Mary ........ ..McKay -- -- -- -- --

3 Bluntnose minnow Derby 2 6 6 2 2Ladora -- -- -- -- --Mary ........ ..I McKay -- -- -- -- --

Common carp Derby 131 50 66 1,959 4,500Ladora 2 66 67 4,100 4,100Mary 6 66 69 4,142 5,000McKay 64 56 66 2,352 4,100

White sucker Derby -- -- -- -- --

Ladora ........ ..Mary ........ ..McKay 1 -- 49 -- 1,100

Black bullhead Derby 78 18 21 80 120Ladora 2 24 25 193 226Mary -- -- -- -- --

McKay ........ ..

I Channel catfish Derby .... .... ..Ladora -- -- -- -- --

Mary 9 51 54 1,164 1,7003 McKay 3 60 65 2,200 2,750

Bluegill Derby 173 69 172 16 100Ladora 298 107 199 31 170Mary 306 85 195 24 172McKay 267 107 200 46 149

Green sunfish Derby 7 6 11 6 23Ladora 2 9 14 27 54Mary -- -- -- -- --3 McKay 1 -- 10 -- 18

-74-U

TABLE 3-15(Continued)

Sample Length (cu)l Weight (g)2

Species Lake Size mean max mean max

Pumpkinseed Derby -- -- -- -- --

Ladora 2 11 14 44 70Mary -- -- -- -- --McKay 32 11 19 40 144

Black crappie Derby -- -- -- -- --Ladora -- -- -- -- --Mary 4 15 18 78 192McKay 159 6 25 7 172

White crappie Derby -- -- -- -- --Ladora ........ ..Mary ........ ..McKay 24 17 26 84 212

3 Largemouth bass Derby 149 127 495 192 2,600Ladora 102 128 484 168 2,200Mary 61 188 355 134 618

m McKay 145 140 568 132 3,550

Yellow perch Derby -- -- -- -- --

Ladora 7 16 18 44 71Mary -- -- -- -- --McKay 283 10 20 25 103

Northern pike Derby 9 58 67 897 1,300Ladora 7 75 88 2,850 5,200Mary -- -- -- -- --3 McKay

i1 1 inch 2.5 cm

2 1 pound - 454 grams

In

I-75-.

I

3.7 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES

The aquatic plant communities of the South Lakes were surveyedduring August 1987 to determine the prevalent species and toestimate areal coverage.

Submtergent macrophytes identified included two species in LowerDerby Lake, three species in Lake Ladora, and five species inLake Mary. Sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) was presentin each of the three lakes. Two other pondweeds, P. gramineusand P. nodosus, were observed in Lower Derby and Mary,respectively. American water-milfoil (Myriophyllum exalbescens)and coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum) were present in lakesLadora and Mary, but not in Lower Derby. Muskgrass, Chara sp.

(a macroalga), was present only in Lake Ladora. Narrowleafcattail (Typha angustifolia) and broadleaf cattail (T.latifolia) were the dominant emergent species in all threelakes. Both cattail species were abundant around the upper ends

3 of the lakes and in other wet areas scattered across the

Arsenal.

I Aquatic plants provide cover for aquatic insects, spawning sitesfor some species of fish, and food sources for a variety ofaquatic or amphibious species. On the other hand, species such

as American water-milfoil, coontail, and the cattails can become

5 so dense that they displace more desirable species and

eventually "choke" an entire water body (Correll and Correll

1972).

Areal estimates of peripheral cattail stands in August 1987 were

3.4 ha at Lower Derby Lake, 7.4 ha at Lake Ladora, and 1.0 ha at

LaKe Mary. Virtually all of Lake Mary and Lake Ladora were

covered by submergent macrophytes in August 1987, probably

because the low turbidity (and hence high transparency) of these

lakes allowed ample light to penetrate the water. The high

turbidity of Lower Derby Lake resulted in less development of

submergent macrophytes.

-76-

4.0 ONSIrE-OFFSITE COMPARISONS

3I One of the major aspects of the aquatic ecology investigation

was to compare the three South Lakes at RMA with an offsite

reservoir, namely McKay Lake in northwestern Adams County, about

16 km from RZIA (Figure 4-1). McKay Lake was selected as the

offsite comparison because it is similar to the South Lakes in

size, morphometry, and substrate, and contains the same dominant

fish species. It is also similar to the South Lakes in that it

receives runoff from adjacent rangeland, agricultural land, and

rural residentiai areas, as well as inflow from a ditch system.

McKay Lake has a surface area of about 27 ha and a maximum depth

of about 5 m. It has a regular shoreline and a substrate of mud

with some sand and detritus.

The following subsections summarize the similarities and

differences between the RMA lakes and McKay Lake with regard to

water quality and aquatic biota.

4.1 WATER QUALITY

Water quality of the South Lakes was generally similar to that

of McKay Lake (Table 4-1) and within normal ranges. Notable

findings included the following:

a. Conductivity in McKay Lake (R - 344 umhos/cm) was only

about 50-65 percent of that in the South Lakes, and

laboratory analyses showed that McKay had lower total

dissolved solids (X - 240 mg/l) than the mean for the

South Lakes combined (399 mg/l). Both of these

conditions were due primarily to higher concentrations

of sodium and chloride ions in the Arsenal lakes.

b. Turbidity values were generally higher for McKay Lake

(X - 16.5 units) than for the Arsenal lakes (X - 4.9

units), probably because the shallower depth of McKay

increases the potential for disturbance of bottom

sediments by wave action. The most turbid lake on RMA

-77-

II

-78-

3 TABLE 4-1

Comparison of Mean Water Quality Values Between RJA Lakes and McKay Lake 1 , 2

I LoverParameter 3 Derby Ladora Mary McKa

IDissolved Oxygen 10.2 10.3 11.7 9.0pH 8.4 8.1 9.0 7.7Conductivity (umhos/cm 539 675 654 344

@25 0 C)Secchi Visibility (m) 0.5 1.7 2.1 0.8Turbidity (NTU) 10.2 2.0 2.5 16.5S Total Suspend Solids 19.2 3.2 7.2 12.0Total Dissolved Solids 358 432 407 240Alkalinity (as CaCO3 ) 109 129 126 92i Hardness (as CaCO3 ) 141 179 116 131Sodium 79 86 100 34Potassium 6.4 3.8 4.2 3.1Magnesium 8.8 10.5 9.0 9.0U Bicarbonate 107 128 106 92Carbonate 2.5 1.0 20.0 0.2Chloride 53 72 98 16Sulfate 72 86 100 34Total Nitrogen (N) 1.9 1.3 2.1 1.8Nitrate + Nitrite N 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1Ammonia N 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4I Total Phosphorus 0.1 <.07 <.08 <.07

31 All data for samples from 1 m or the nearest depth interval (0.5-1.3 m).

2 Data are arithmetic means for four seasonal samplings in 1987 (April, June,* August, November).

3 All values in mg/l unless indicated otherwise.

-IIII -79-

I

was Lower Derby (X - 10.2 units), which is similar to

McKay Lake in being broad and shallow. Total suspendedsolids (TSS) showed the same pattern as turbidity, with

means of 19.5 mg/l for McKay, 19.2 mg/l for Lower

Derby, and 9.9 mg/l for the South Lakes which.

C. The low level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the near-

bottom samples from McKay Lake in June (3.2 ug/l)

(Table 4-2) was similar to the lowest values for deep

areas of the South Lakes. As discussed earlier, low

levels of DO are common in deeper portions of

productive lakes because of the high biological oxygen

demand associated with decomposition of organic

detritus. Mean concentrations of dissolved oxygen were

higher onsite than at McKay Lake in 1987.

d. The highest pH reading in McKay Lake was 8.0 in June,

compared with 8.9 for Lake Ladora, 9.0 for Lower Derby

Lake and 9.6 for Lake Mary. Elevated pH during the

summer was probably due to photosynthetic activity

associated with macrophyte growth, coupled with

carbonate alkalinity. This is common for small lakes

in the region. The mean pH of McKay Lake (7.7) was

notably lower than any of the three South Lakes.

e. Concentrations of ammonia (related to chemical

reduction of organic detritus) were highest during

November in McKay Lake, as they were in lakes Ladora

and Mary. In contrast, the highest value at LowerDerby Lake was recorded in June. The highest ammonia

3 concentration recorded at RMA was 0.50 mg/i in LakeMary, compared with a high of 0.86 mg/i in McKay Lake

5 during the same sampling period.

-80-

Table 4-2

3 In-Situ Vater Quality Measurements at McKay Lake, 1987

Hater Meas. Conduct. SecchiDepth Depth Temp. DO DO pH (umhos/cm Depth

Date (M) (N) (°C) m (Z Sat.) (S.U.) @250 C) (M)

Lover End

I1 May 1.5 0.5 -- -- -- 7.8 303 0.51.0 15.5 8.2 82 -- --

1.3 15.2 8.3 83 -- --

14 May 2.0 1.0 18.0 8.9 94 7.8 335 0.711 Jun 3.0 0.5 -- -- -- 7.5 325 1.5

1.0 22.5 8.5 98 -- --

2.0 21.9 8.6 98 8.0 3252.8 21.0 9.4 105 7.9 330

12 Aug 1.8 0.5 -- -- -- 7.4 345 0.41.0 22.8 7.5 87 -- --

1.6 22.5 6.3 73 -- --4 Nov 1.3 0.5 11.2 11.7 107 8.0 395 0.4

1.1 11.2 11.9 108 -- --

i Upper End

30 Apr 2.5 0.5 -- -- -- 7.5 363 0.51.0 15.5 8.1 81 -- --

2.0 15.5 8.0 80 ....2.3 15.2 7.4 74 -- --

14 May 3.5 1.0 17.8 9.0 95 7.7 320 1.32.0 17.2 9.0 94 7.8 3163.0 16.5 7.3 75 7.2 3163.3 15.2 3.7 37 -- --

11 Jun 3.7 0.5 -- -- -- 7.8 330 1.41.0 19.9 8.2 90 -- --

2.0 19.9 9.4 103 7.5 3403.0 19.8 6.7 73 7.8 3303.5 19.2 3.2 35 -- --

12 Aug 2.1 0.5 -- -- -- 7.5 338 0.61.0 23.0 7.4 86 -- --

1.9 23.0 6.6 77 -- --

4 Nov 1.5 0.5 12.0 11.2 104 7.9 390 0.4

II

Ii -81-

I

1 4.2 PHYTOPLANKTON

5 The phytoplankton community of McKay Lake (Appendix B, Table B-

4) was generally within the range of the Arsenal lakes in terms

3 of density and diversity (Table 4-3), but somewhat different in

terms of composition. Mean density in McKay was 2,623/ml, with

a peak of 7,451/ml in November. This pattern most closely

resembled that of Lake Mary (X - 1,918/ml, with a peak of

5,205/mi in November). McKay was more productive than Ladora

3 (2 - 1,269/mi), but much less productive than Lower Derby

(2 - 13,854/mi).

Phytoplankton diversity in McKay Lake averaged 25 taxa, compared

with 24 for Lake Mary, 28 for Lower Derby Lake, and 41 for Lake

Ladora. Chlorophytes (green algae) were dominant in all lakes,

but their mean relative abundance was higher in McKay (84

percent) than in Ladora (58 percent), Lower Derby (63 percent),

and Mary (67 percent). Notable differences were observed in the3 abundance patterns of subdominant groups. In McKay Lake,diatoms averaged only 4 percent mean relative abundance. In

contrast, they were the principal subdominant in Ladora (25percent), Mary (24 percent), and Lower Derby (12 percent).Pyrrhophytes were a subdominant in McKay during August, but werevirtually absent from the Arsenal lakes. Cyanophytes (blue-

green algae) were more abundant than euglenophytes in all three

3 of the South Lakes, and chrysophytes (brown algae) were the

second subdominant (behind diatoms) in Lake Ladora. In McKay

Lake, no chrysophytes were collected and cyanophytes were

present in very low numbers, while euglenophytes were the major

subdominant group.

4.3 MICROZOOPLANKTONIMicrozooplankton communities of McKay Lake (Appendix C, Table C-

4) and the South Lakes consisted entirely of rotifers and were

generally similar among the lakes. Although dominance varied

somewhat, the three most abundant taxa in all lakes were

-82-

I

3 Table 4-3

Comparison of Density and Diversity Data for Plankton and3 Invertebrates in RNA Lakes and McKay Laket

it LoverPareter_ Derby Ladora Mary McKa

Phytoplanktonmean density (no./l) 13,854 1,269 1,918 2,623mean number of taxa 28 41 24 25total number of taxa 76 98 69 74

Microzooplanktonmean density (no./l) 404 317 351 142mean number of taxa 5.0 6.0 9.7 4.03 total number of taxa 8 11 17 8

Macrozooplanktonmean density (no./1) 602 446 408 368mean number of taxa 8.8 10.2 10.0 8.5total number of taxa 16 19 19 17

Macroinvertebratesmean density (no./m2) 1,590 2,124 2,669 2,004mean number of taxa 11.8 16.0 19.8 17.0total number of taxa 29 36 42 29I

I

11 Annual mean calculated from seasonal samples collected in April/May, June,August, and November 1987.

2 Phytoplankton and microzooplankton collected by water bottle; macrozoo-plankton collected by towed net; macroinvertebrates collected by Ponardredge.

IIII

-83-

I

Keratella stipitata, K. cochlearis, and Polyarthra sp., except

for Lower Derby where Brachionus angularis joined these as acodominant. Brachionus angularis was a subdominant in McKay, a

minor constituent in Mary, and absent from Ladora samples.

Microzooplankton density was markedly lower in McKay Lake duringthe four sampling periods, with a mean of 142/liter versus

357/liter for the three South Lakes (Table 4-3). The higheraverage densities at RMA were due primarily to the very high

peaks in Lower Derby in June, and in lakes Ladora and Mary in

November. Similar strong pulses were not indicated by the data3 for McKay Lake, probably because of food supply (see Pennak

1978).

I A total of 8 rotifer taxa were identified from McKay Lake, the

same number as in Lower Derby. Diversity was somewhat higher inLake Ladora (11 taxa), and much higher in Lake Mary (17 taxa).

The higher number of taxa in Mary and Ladora may have been due3 to differences in habitat. Most of the species occurring in

these lakes are typical of sandy and/or vegetated littoralareas. These conditions predominate in Ladora and Mary, while

Lower Derby and McKay are less vegetated and have silt/claysubstrates.

4.4 MACROZOOPLANKTON

The mean density of macrozooplankton in McKay (368/liter)

(Appendix C, Table C-8) was below the range for the South Lakes

(from 408/liter in Mary to 602/liter in Lower Derby) (Table

4-3). As with microzooplankton, the abundance ofmacrozooplankton is often controlled by food supply (Pennak

1978).

The macrozooplankton communities of the South Lakes contained

all of the taxa identified from McKay Lake except for two

cladocerans Diaphanosoma sp. and Daphnia galeata mendote.Diaphanosoma commonly occurs in open waters and is seldom found

in vegetated areas (Pennak 1978). Daphnia galeata mendote-84-

m typically prefers large lakes (Brooks 1959). The dominant taxa

in all four lakes were cladocerans (including bosminids,Daphnia, and Ceriodaphnia) and copepods (especially nauplii and

copepodids). Relative dominance of these groups varied among

lakes and seasons. The total number of taxa collected at McKay

Lake (17) was similar to that of Lower Derby Lake (16) and lakes

Ladora and Mary (19 each).

Trends in seasonal abundance of the prevalent macrozooplankton

taxa were similar among the lakes, although overall densities

varied. The major difference was th9 timing and magnitude of

3 the population peaks for the various taxa. Variations of this

type are common, even when comparing the same species in3 adjacent lakes (Pennak 1978).

4.5 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES

The mean density of benthic macroinvertebrates in McKay Lake1 (2,004 organisms/m2 ) (Appendix D, Table D-4) was within the

range of mean densities in the Arsenal lakes (from 1,590/m 2 in

Lower Derby to 2,669/m2 in Lake Mary) (Table 4-3). Overall

abundance patterns were similar among the lakes, with highestdensities in April/May and November, and lowest densities in

June and August.

3 In general, the community composition of McKay Lake was most

similar to that of Lower Derby. Tubificid worms and chironomid

flies (midges) composed approximately 92 percent of the

community in McKay, 86 percent in Lower Derby, 80 percent in

Ladora, and only 63 percent in Mary. Tubificids consisted

primarily of immature forms; prevalent adults includedAulodrilus pigueti in Lower Derby, Potamothrix bava:icus in

m Ladora, and Limnodrilus claparedianus in McKay. Chironomus sp.was tlhe dominant chironomid in each of the four lakes.

3 Subdominant groups, including gastropods (snails), amphipods(sideswimmers), naidid worms, and culicids (phantom midges),

m were similar among the lakes.

-85-I

II

Although chironomids and tubifitids were dominant in all four

lakes during each sampling period, seasonal trends in dominance

between the two groups varied. For example, tubificids were the

dominant group during April and June in Lower Derby; April in

Ladora; August in Mary; and May, August, and November in McKaf.

* 4.6 FISH

4.6.1 Community Composition and Relative Abundance

Twelve species of fish were identified in McKay Lake, comparedto eight species each in Lower Derby Lake and Lake Ladora andfive species in Lake Mary. The greater number of species inMcKay Lake is due to management practices. Rainbow trout arestocked at McKay in fall and winter, establishing a put-and-take5 fishery, and other species are occasionally stocked as well. Ofthe twelve species collected in McKay Lake, the four mostabundant were bluegill (43 percent), yellow perch (20 percent),

largemouth bass (18 percent), and common carp (9 percent)(Appendix E, Table E-4).

Catches (fish caught per hour) at McKay Lake were highest in

* April and lowest in August; at the Arsenal they were highest inNovember and lowest in April. The high spring catches in McKayLake were largely due to carp concentrating near the shore for

spawning; most carp collected were shedding milt or eggs. Anumber of bluegill also exhibited spawning colors at McKay Lakein April. Few of the fish captured at RMA in April appeared inspawning condition, although a supplemental electrofishing

* effort in May revealed a number of bluegill with spawning

colors. The high catches in all lakes in November were mainlyI due to presence of young-of-the-year fish.

II

-86-

I

4.6.2 Evidence of Reproduction

The combination of samples collected by fry seine, towed

plankton net, and beach seine, as well as casual observations,

indicated successful reproduction by carp, bluegill, white

crappie, and largemouth bass in McKay Lake. As described above,

spawning apparently occurred earlier in this lake than in the

South Lakes. Fry seines p~oduced a total of 921 carp eggs in

McKay Lake in April and 108 carp eggs in June. Larvae collected

in June included 41 carp, one bluegill, one largemouth bass, and

one unidentified species.

A comparison of the fish eggs and larvae collected in McKay Lake

and the South Lakes is provided in Appendix E, Tables E-9

through E-12. In general, both McKay Lake and the South Lakes

supported reproducing populations of fish. However, management

practices at McKay Lake appear to have provided better

conditions for reproduction.

4.6.3 Condition Factors

As described in Section 3.5.3, fish length and weight data were

used to calculate F'ilton's condition factor (K) for two size

classes (viz., larger or smaller than 100 mm total length) of

bluegill and largemouth bass. Results of the statistical

comparisons (rejection levels were 95 percent) are presented in

Appendix E, Tables E-13 and E-14, and portrayed graphically in

Figure 4-1. Major findings may be summarized as follows:

1. For small bluegill, the mean K value at McKay Lake

(1.65) was significantly lower than the values at any

of the Arsenal lakes. The highest value was for Lake

Mary (1.89).

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2.25 50

2.20 92

2.15T2.10-

2.050

2.00

1.95- 2.14 184

1.90 T-

1.85 21.80 41.75

1.70 -

1.65 Bluegill Bluegill1.60-1-60 - rnrn). ( _.100m m )

LD L M Mc LD L M Mc

1.70-

1.65-

*1.55- 63

1.50- 70 17 321.45 -

0 1.40 88 78

1,35

1.30U_. 1.25 -

1.20- 44

1.15 -Lg ui.0o - Lorgemouth

1.05 Bass Bass(<lOOmrm) (_lOOmm)1.00- I I I I II

I I I 1 I7LD L M Mc LD L M Mc

Figure 4-2. Comparison of condition factor (K) for bluegill and largemouthbass from Lower Derby Lake (LD), Lake Ladora (L), Lake Mary (M),and McKay Lake (Mc). Data are means (circles), 95% confidencelimits (vertical bars), and samples sizes (numbers above bars).

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2. The mean K value for large bluegill in McKay Lake

(1.91) was identical to that in Lake Ladora, but

significantly lower than the values for Lake Mary

(2.10) and Lower Derby Lake (2.17).

3. Condition factors for largemouth bass in the small size

class were not significantly different among any of the

lakes including McKay. The K value for small bass at

McKay (1.36) was within the range for the South Lakes

(1.34-1.42).

4. For bass in the large size class, mean condition factor

at McKay Lake (1.34) also fell within the range of RMA

lakes (1.14-1.45).

These findings indicate that bass and bluegill in the South

Lakes were in similar condition to those at McKay Lake. This

conclusion is also supported by the slopes of weight-length

regressions. For example, the mean regression slope for McKay

(3.07) was intermediate between the means for Lower Derby and

Ladora (3.27) and Lake Mary (2.86).

4.7 AMPHIBIANS

Observations of amphibians at McKay Lake in 1987 were similar to

observations at the South Lakes. Species seen or heard were the

northern chorus frog, northern leopard frog, and bullfrog. An

unidentified tadpole (Rana sp.) was collected by beach seine

during the May 1987 sampling.

4.8 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES

The aquatic macrophyte community of McKay Lake contained five of

the six taxa identified from the Arsenal lakes. Only muskgrass

(Chara sp.) was missing in McKay Lake. Areal coverage of

submergent species in McKay Lake was about 10 percent. Like

Lower Derby, the high turbidity (and thus, low transparency) of

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McKay Lake limited the growth of aquatic plants by reducing the

penetration of light.

As in the South Lakes, cattails were the predominant emergent

plants. Cattails were best developed near the western end of

the lake, at the mouth of a small ditch on the north, and along

the eastern shore. Areal coverage by cattails around McKay Lake

(3.8 ha) was similar to that of Lower Derby (3.4 ha). Coverage

by cattails at Lake Ladora and Lake Mary was 7.4 ha and 1.0 ha,

respectively.

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5.0 HISTORY OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AT RMA

This chapter summarizes the history of fisheries management at

the RMA. In general, management activities were carried out to

establish or maintain a recreational resource. Fisheries

management often improves the quality of aquatic ecosystems for

terrestrial and semi-aquatic wildlife by providing a better

forage base for fish-eating waterfowl, wading birds, and

raptors.

Among the most important management tools for fisheries are

stocking programs, habitat manipulation, and population control.

Fish introductions are sometimes made by fishermen who

intentionally release their catches from one lake into another

or inadvertently release live bait. Fish introductions and

natural colonization via canals have resulted in the present

distribution of fish at RMA. Table 5-1 presents documented fish

stocking activities on the Arsenal.

5.1 SOUTH LAKES

I The South Lakes are the largest impoundments at RHA and have

been the focus of fisheries management. It is not clear when

fish were first introduced into Ladora and Lower Derby, the two

lakes that pre-dated the Arsenal. However, Finley (1959)

* reported that these lakes were used for fishing patients from

Fitzsimmons Army Hospital early in the RMA's history.

i The quality of the aquatic resources during that time isunclear, but fish populations reportedly had declined

drastically by the late 1940s because of chemical contamination(see MKE 1987). Fish were reportedly absent from the South

Lakes in the summer of 1951 (Hyman 1953). Discussions aboutrestocking the lakes were held between the Army and Hyman on

several occasions in 1951, but whether fish were re-introduced

at that time could not be documented.

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Table 5-1

Fish Stocking Histor, ofRocky Mountain Arsenal (1961-1982)1

NUMBER AND SIZE (CM) OF EACH SPECIES2

Rainbov Northern Channel Other BlackVater Body Year Trout Pike Catfish Bass Bluegill Sunfish Crappie

Mary 1961 500 -- 300 .... 900(5) --

1964 2,000 .......-- --

1965 4,000 ............1967 7,000 ............1968 8,176(17) ............1969 8,000(20) ............1970 7,000(17) -- 1,500(17) ........1971 8,547(20) ............1972 8,000(20) ............1973 7,400(20) -- 1,500(20) ........1974 5,900(20) ............1975 3,500(15) -- 1,500(5) ........1976 9,000(22) -- 2,000(5) ........1977 476(20) ............1978 896 ............1979 250 ............3 1982 -- ....... 3,000(F)

Ladora 1967 ... 25,000(F) -- Unknown 3 --

1968 -- 500,000(F) 5,000(6) ........1969 ...... 16,000(5) 4,000(5) ....1970 -- 39(10) ..........1976 -- 3,000(7) ..........1978 -- 300(12) ..........1979 -- 4,250(2) ..........

Lower Derby 1976 -- 3,000(5) ..........1978 -- 200(12) ..........1979 4,250(F) ..........

I Upper Derby 1979 -- 1,000(F) --

Rod & GunClub 1976 -- 1,600(5) ..........

1979 -- 500(F) ..........

Toxic* Storage Yard 1976 600(5)

North Bog 1976 600(5)

I1Data sources: Bartschi (1968,1969); Mullan (1971, 1974, 1975b); Rosenlund (1978, 1981,21982); FWS (undated a, b).2Some conflicting data were reported in the documents. Numbers reported here were from the

most contemporaneous source. Size (cm) shown is parentheses; 1 cm = 0.4 inches. F = fryI(length unreported).3 Undocumented number of bluegill transferred from Lake Mary.

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II Lake Mary was constructed in 1960 for recreational use, and the

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) became involved at that

* time in actively managing the aquatic resources of RHA

(Rosenlund 1981). In 1964 and 1965, the South Lakes (except

Lake Mary) were drained and sediments were removed in an effort

to clean the lakes. The following discussions summarize the

management of the South Lakes and other aquatic ecosystems at

RMA, since 1965.

5.1.1 Upper and Lower Derby Lakes

* The Derby Lakes reportedly did not support a fish population in

1968, when channel catfish fingerlings were planted on an

experimental basis (Bartschi 1968). Fish apparently had been

established in the Derby Lakes by 1975, because crayfish were

released that year as a forage base for largemouth bass.

Furthermore, bass, bluegill, and catfish were observed along the

shore of Lower Derby Lake in May 1973 (U.S. Army 1973).

In September 1975, the FWS sampled the Derby Lakes with gill

nets set overnight (Mullan 1975c). This effort yielded a large

number of black bullheads in both lakes, and the FWS's 1975

Annual Fisheries Report stated that the "reservoirs are on the

verge of being overrun with black bullheads." To help control

this overpopulation of bullheads, northern pike were introduced

3 into Lower Derby in May 1976 (FWS undated b).

Sampling of Arsenal waters by an Army consultant in 1977 (RMFC

1978) indicated that Lower Derby Lake was the most productive

and well balanced fishery on RMA and generally contained larger3 fish than the other lakes. Black bullhead were still the most

abundant species, and they apparently had not been stunted by

3 overpopulation. Spawning success was high for largemouth bass,

but relatively low for bluegill and green sunfish. Yellow perch

were present in low numbers, and northern pike--probably from

the 1976 stocking--were also captured. The pike were 25-30 cm

in length, which represents considerable growth during their two

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3 summers in Lower Derby Lake. Moderate populations of carp andwhite sucker were also noted, but survival of native minnows was

* low.

In further attempts at establishing a reproducing population ofnorthern pike, pike 12.5 cm in length were stocked in LowerDerby in 1978 (Rosenlund 1978), and pike fry were released in1978 (Rosenlund 1981). Upper Derby Lake was stocked with pike

fry in 1979. Pike captured in Lower Derby 1981 ranged from 43

to 69 cm and were thought to be feeding on white suckers andbluegill (Rosenlund 1981). Sampling in 1982 produced at least

six year classes of pike, indicating that natural reproduction

had occurred. The pike were reported to be feeding primarily onbullheads (Rosenlund 1982).

Between 1978 and 1981, the largemouth bass population was

i apparently low, with individuals ranging from 15 to 38 cm(Rosenlund 1981). Sampling indicated that the bass were feeding

on bluegill and growing an average of 7.5 cm per year. By 1982,

the bass population had stabilized, and they were utilizingcrayfish as their forage base (Rosenlund 1982). This shift indiet apparently resulted from a decline in bluegill, which werethought to have disappeared from Lower Derby Lake by 1982.

Bullheads continued to dominate the Derby Lakes in 1981, but by1982 their numbers had dropped due to low water levels or

predation by bass and pike (Rosenlund 1982). Decreases in

populations of yellow perch and white suckers during this periodwere also attributed to predation by bass and pike. By 1984,northern pike and common carp were abundant, largemouth bass3 were moderately abundant, and bluegill and black bullhead

populations were low (Rosenlund et al. 1986).

III

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I

1 5.1.2 Lake Ladora

5 In 1967, Lake Ladora was stocked by the FWS with 25,000 channel

catfish fry and an unknown number of stunted bluegill seinedfrom Lake Mary (Bartschi 1968). The next year, the lake was

stocked with 500,000 northern pike fry (Mullan 1975c). Sampling

in August 1968 suggested that these stocking efforts were

unsuccessful. Channel catfish fingerlings were stocked again in

October 1968 (Bartschi 1968). In June 1969, large numbers of

small bluegill and largemouth bass were released into Lake

Ladora (Bartschi 1969).

In May 1970, a small number of 10-cm northern pike were released

(Mullan 1975b). Observations and seining at that time indicated

that fathead minnows were abundant and that survival and growth

of the bluegills and bass stocked in 1969 was good (Mullan

1971). Fish captured in May 1970 included 43 bluegill (10 to 18

cm), eighty largemouth bass (15 to 28 cm), one green sunfish,

and one white sucker.

In 1972, fewer bass were captured than in 1970 (48 vs. 80), but

they were larger (25 to 33 cm). More than three times as many

bluegill were captured than in 1970 (131 vs. 43), and lengths

ranged from 7.5 to 25 cm. Twenty-three green sunfish and a

small number of black bullheads were also captured (Mullan

1975b).

The Army opened Lake Ladora to catch-and-release fishing in1974. Largemouth bass weighing up to 2.7 kilograms (kg) and

northern pike up to 10.9 kg were reported by anglers. A few

46-cm northern pike were observed by FWS (Mullan 1974).

Sampling in September 1975 suggested an increase in black

bullheads. Yellow perch were captured for the first time in

1975; the researchers conjectured that the perch had entered the

lakes through the Highline Lateral. Scale analysis of the perch

indicated an age of at least one year, and overpopulation wasthought possible. The number of bluegill captured in 1975 was

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almost identical to 1972, but their growth appeared to be

declining. Largemouth bass numbers decreased compared to 1972,

but their growth was reasonably good. Only one green sunfish

was captured in 1975. As previously mentioned, the FWSintroduced crayfish into Arsenal waters in 1975 in hopes that

they would establish breeding populations and contribute to the

forage base. No northern pike were netted in the 1975 survey

(Mullan 1975a); 3,000 small pike were released in 1976.

3I In 1977, bluegill were the dominant species in Lake Ladora, andoverpopulation had resulted in stunted growth (RMFC 1978).

Dense aquatic vegetation was thought to have provided too much

cover and protection from predatory species. (The removal of

aquatic vegetation have benefitted from the Lake Ladora fishery,

particularly for bass.) The pike population was of moderatesize, but there was no evidence of reproduction. Populations ofgreen sunfish and yellow perch were low, which was attributed

mainly to competition with the bluegill for food and habitat.

3 The white sucker population was also low in 1978.

Gill-netting by the FWS in 1978 resulted in captures of 106

bullheads (23-25 cm), three northern pike (35-74 cm), two yellowperch (20 cm), one bluegill (15 cm), and one largemouth bass

(37 cm) (Rosenlund 1978). Northern pike were planted in Lake

Ladora in 1978 and 1979 in a continuing effort to establish a

3 breeding population.

Black bullhead abundance remained high in Lake Ladora from 1979

through 1981. During that period, their mean size increased

from approximately 20 cm to 25 cm (Rosenlund 1981). Bullhead

captures dropped to about 20 per net in 1982, which Rosenlund(1982) attributed to an increasing northern pike population.

3 Largemouth bass numbers remained low in 1981; their size ranged

from 15 to 37 cm, and they were growing an average of 7.5 cm per

year (the same as in Lower Derby Lake). The bass were found to

be feeding primarily on bluegill in both 1981 and 1982(Rosenlund 1981, 1982). The pike caught in Lake Ladora were the

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iII

largest in Arsenal waters. In 1982 they ranged from 40 cm to

94 cm, representing six age classes. The pike reportedly were

utilizing white suckers and bluegills as forage (Rosenlund

1982). As in Lower Derby Lake, both yellow perch and white

suckers had decreased by 1982, which FWS attributed to predation

by pike. A previously uncaptured species, the golden shiner,

was caught in Lake Ladora in 1982 (Rosenlund 1982).

Lake Ladora was again sampled with gill nets in 1984 (Rosenlund

et al. 1986). Northern pike, largemouth bass, and bluegill were

abundant, and bullheads were common.

5.1.3 Lake Mary

Lake Mary was constructed in 1960 for recreational purposes

(Azevedo 1961). It was filled with water from Lake Ladora,

located immediately upstream. Carp were seen in the lake in

1960. Lake Mary was initially stocked in 1961 by the Colorado

Division of Wildlife (CDOW) with channel catfish, redear

sunfish, largemouth bass, and rainbow trout (Mullan 1975b).

Annual restockings of catchable-size rainbow trout were made to

maintain a put-and-take fishery; that is, fish were stocked to

be caught and taken home by anglers. Bluegill were first noted

in the lake in 1962.

Rainbow trout (weighing up to 2.2 kg) comprised the largest

percentage of fish taken by anglers during the early 1960s.

Large redear sunfish (to 0.5 kg), and channel catfish (to

2.0 kg) also were reported by the anglers, but not in great

numbers (Mullan 1975b). Fishing pressure rose during the

following years (1964-1969 because of the cleanup in the other

lakes), and the number of trout stocked by the FWS was doubled.

Harvest rates for warmwater species also increased. Redear

sunfish disappeared from the catch and were replaced by bluegill

(Mullan 1975b). The catch per effort for trout and largemouth

bass declined sharply during the late 1960s, and Lake Mary

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I

I became overpopulated with small bluegill. In 1967, Arsenal

personnel attempted to alleviate the problem by seining numerous

small bluegill, but this was not successful (Mullan 1975b).

m Low oxygen concentrations and excessive growths of algae and

macrophytes prompted the Army personnel to apply a herbicide and

an algacide to the lake and to bubble air through a hose placed

I on the bottom (Bartschi 1969). Because of continuing problemswith bluegill overpopulation, Lake Mary was drawn down in 1970,

and the lake was treated with Rotenone. Dead fish observed

included numerous small bluegill, a few largemouth bass,

approximately 200 rainbow trout, and a large number of black

bullheads. The bullheads probably invaded the lake through the

spillway from Lake Ladora (Mullan 1971).

Later in 1970, Lake Mary was refilled with water from Lake

Ladora, and channel catfish and rainbow trout were restocked.

The fishery was satisfactory for the next two years, but by 1973it had declined due to an overpopulation of green sunfish. The

sunfish apparently entered the lake when it was refilled.Aquatic weeds also had become a problem again (Mullan 1975b).

Lake Mary was treated with Rotenone in 1974 to remove the green

sunfish, and in 1975 it was deepened and enlarged from 2.4 to

3.2 ha (Mullan 1975b). It was then filled with groundwater

seepage instead of water from Lake Ladora to avoid introducing

undesirable fish. At the same time, a new canal was dug around

the eastern and southern sides of Lake Mary to prevent Lake

Ladora overflows from entering. The lake was stocked with troutand channel catfish, and management for a put-and-take fishery

was resumed (Mullan 1975b). Crayfish were introduced to Lake

Mary in 1975 to augment the forage base and to help control the

weed problem (Mullan 1975b).

Lake Mary was stocked again in 1976 and 1977 (Robinson 1977),but aquatic weeds were reportedly interfering with the

development of a healthy, productive fishery (RMFC 1978). Most

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I•-• w

I rainbow trout sampled were in poor condition. The forage base

consisted primarily of red shiners, and appeared to be adequate.Bass and bullheads were present, apparently having been released

by fishermen or invading naturally via overflow from LakeLadora. The channel catfish stocked in 19T5 had been depleted,

either by fishing pressure or natural mortality. More catfish

were released in 1976.

From 1978 through 1981, largemouth bass replaced trout as the

dominant game fish in Lake Mary (Rosenlund 1981). Bass sampled

during this period ranged from 15 cm to 38 cm. By 1980, theincrease in the bass population was offset by a decrease in

condition and length, with few individuals larger than about

20 cm (Rosenlund 1981). This was attributed to a poor forage

base, consisting almost entirely of aquatic invertebrates. The

FWS suggested introducing black crappie into Lake Mary toprovide prey for the bass, to improve angling opportunities, and

to help prevent the bass from becoming overpopulated (adult

3 crappie eat small bass). This recommendation was followed, and

3,000 black crappie fry were planted in Lake Mary in June 19825 (Thorne 1980, Rosenlund 1982).

In 1984, Lake Mary "was dominated by a declining population of

stunted old bass" (Rosenlund et al. 1986). only a few bluegill,

black crappie, and channel catfish were collected.

5.2 OTHER RMA WATER BODIES

5.2.1 First Creek

The only documented sampling of First Creek was by electro-

fishing in 1977 as part of the Arsenal-wide biological inventory

(RMFC 1978). The plains killifish, a native topminnow, was the

most abundant fish in the stream. Small populations of green

sunfish and fathead minnows were observed. Crayfish were also

collected, and the population was estimated to be the largestcrayfish population on the Arsenal.

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I•m | | mi

I

5.2.2 Toxic Storage Yard Pond

Northern pike approximately 5 cm long were stocked in Toxic

SStorage Yard Pond in 1976 (FWS undated b). Sampling in 1977(RMFC 1978) showed black bullhead to be the most abundant

species, followed by largemouth bass. Northern pike and

bluegill were also collected. Sizes of pike captured were notreported. Since only pike were stocked in this pond, the other

species presumably invaded naturally or were introduced by

fishermen.

5.2.3 Rod and Gun Club Pond

I FWS personnel stocked Rod and Gun Club Pond with 1,600 pike

(5 cm in size) in 1976 (FWS undated b). No other information onstocking of this pond was found. In 1977, Rod and Gun Club Pond

contained only a small amount of water (RMFC 1978). Sampling at

that time yielded 154 black bullheads, 51 bluegills, ten bass,

nine green sunfish, and one northern pike. All of the fish weresmall. This was believed to be due to overpopulation by black

bullheads and bluegill, which were able to avoid predation

because of the extensive aquatic weeds. The low number of greensunfish was attributed to competition with bluegill. Pike frywere released in the pond in 1979.

5.2.4 North Bog Pond

North Bog Pond has received little management attention. The

FWS stocked 600 northern pike (5 cm in size) in North Bog Pond

in 1976 (FWS undated b). It was sampled in 1977, but no fishwere captured (RMFC 1978).

5.2.5 Havana (South Gate) Pond

This pond has never been managed and was not included in the

1977 fisheries survey of RMA (RMFC 1978).

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I

I 6.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Aquatic ecology investigations conducted at the RMA South Lakes

and a similar offsite lake revealed no discernible effects of

previous contamination at RMA. Phytoplankton, zooplankton,

macroinvertebrates, and macrophyte communities in the South

Lakes were generally comparable to the offsite lake and within

expected ranges. Fish communities were healthy, reproducing,

and included many large individuals. Water quality in the South

Lakes was also normal and generally comparable to the offsite

lake, except for a higher pH and somewhat elevated levels of

sodium and chloride.

The aquatic resource represented by the South Lakes appeared to

be most limited by extremes of macrophyte growth. At oneextreme, lakes Mary and Ladora were very clear, and aquatic

macrophytes flourished. This reduced the ability of predatory

fish (bass and pike) to catch prey, resulting in an

overabundance of forage fish. The macrophytes also interfered

with angling. At the other extreme, the higher turbidity of

Lower Derby Lake resulted in very little macrophyte growth and

thus poor cover for prey species. As a result, forage fish wereless abundant than desirable for the predator population. This

was exacerbated by fluctuating water levels in Lower Derby,

which sometimes led to peripheral emergent vegetation being

unavailable for forage fish for food, cover, or reproduction.

All of the South Lakes would benefit from renewed management.

In Lake Mary and Lake Ladora, macrophytes should be controlled

through the use of aquatic herbicides, mechanical harvesting, or

the introduction of grass carp. In Lower Derby Lake,

fluctuations in water level should be controlled to reduce

turbidity and keep the limited shoreline vegetation accessible

to aquatic organisms. Selective stocking programs would also be

beneficial.

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Some fish tissues analyzed by the Army (ESE 1989) and U.S. Fish

and wildlife Service (Rosenlund et al. 1986) were found to

contain pesticiA-s and mercury in concentrations that may be

considered v afe for regular consumption by humans or

fish-eating birds such as the bald eagle. If the South Lakes

are remediated, a staged approach could be followed so that the

"Ptire resource is not affected at once. Long-term management

of the aquatic resources at RMA could include enhancement of

currently unproductive areas such as Rod and Gun Club Pond,

Havana Pond, and Toxic Storage Yard Pond. This would increase

recreational opportunities and improve the overall habitat

quality of the Arsenal.

II

I

IIII

II

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I

7.0 LITERATURE CITED

APHA (American Public Health Association) 1985. Standardmethods for the examination of water and waste water, 16thEdition. Washington, D. C.

Azevedo, R.L. 1961. Letter from R.L. Azevedo, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, Springville, UT, to Lewis Garlick, Fishand wildlife Service, Albuquerque, N.M. Re: Lake Maryvisit. May 17, 1961.

Bartschi, D.K. 1968. Visitation report, fishery managementprogram, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, U.S. Fish and wildlifeService, Vernal, Utah.

_ _ _ 1969. Annual project report, Fishery managementprogram, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, U.S. Fish and wildlifeService.

Beck, W. M. 1977. Environmental requirements and pollutiontolerance of common freshwater Chironomidae. EPA-600/4-77-024. Nat. Env. Res. Center, Cincinnati, OH.

Brinkhurst, R. 0., and D. G. Cook. 1974. Aquatic earthworms

(Annelida; Cligochaeta). In: Hart, C. W., Jr. and S. L. H.Fuller (Eds.). Pollution e-cology of freshwater inverte-brates, pp. 143-155. Academic Press: NY.

Brooks, J. L. 1957. The systematics of North American Daphnia.Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science.Vol. 13. Yale University Press: New Haven, CT.

Carlander, K. D. 1969. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology.Vol. I. Iowa State University Press: Ames.

1977. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology.Vol. II. Iowa State University Press: Ames.

Correll, D. S., and H. B. Correll. 1972. Aquatic and wetlandplants of southwestern United States. Water Pollution Con-trol Research Series 16030 DNL 01/72.

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1973. Biological fieldand laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surfacewaters and effluents. EPA-670/4-73-001. Nat. Env. Res.Center, Cincinnati, OH.

1982. Handbook for sampling and sample preserva-tion of water and wastewater. EPA-600/4-82-029. Nat. Env.Res. Center, Cincinnati, OH.

1985. Rates, constants, and kinetics formulationsin surface water quality modeling. 2nd Edition.EPA/600/3-85/040. Env. Res. Laboratory Athens, GA.

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• I

II

1986. Quality criteria for water 1986. EPA-440/5-86-001, May 1, 1986 with updates. U.S. E.P.A. Officeof Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C.

ESE (Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc.). 1989.Remedial Investigation, Rocky Mourtain Arsenal. FinalReport (Version 3.2). Prepared for U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, Denver Wildlife Research Laboratory.

3 Fassett, N. C. 1957. A manual of aquatic plants. Universityof Wisconsin Press: Madison.

Finley, R.B., Jr. 1959. Investigations of waterfowl mortalicyat the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, Denver Wildlife Research Laboratory.

5 FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). undated a. StockingLecords foc Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 1968-1978.

_ _ _ undated b. Synopsis of fish stocking at RockyMountain Arsenal, July 1975 - October 1976.

Hammerson, G. A. 1982. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado.Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver.

Hyman, Julius and Company. 1953. Laboratory memorandum. Re:Investigation of duck mortality on the Arsenal Lakes.August 14, 1953.

Klemm, D. J. 1985. A guide to the freshwater Annelida(Polychaeta, Naidid, and Tubificid Oligochaeta, andHirudinea) of North America. Kendall/Hunt Publishing

Company: Dubuque.

I Mack, A. 1962. Letter from A. Mack, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, toR. Azevedo, U.S. Fish and wildlife Service. Re: Conditionof stocked fish and fishing derby at South Lakes. May 25th.

1967. Letter from A. Mack, Rocky MountainArsenal, to P. Summers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Re:5 Management of Lake Mary. April 11, 1967.

McClane, A.J. (Ed.) 1978. Field guide to freshwater fishes ofNorth America. Holt, Richard and Winston: NY.

Merritt, R. W., and C. W. Cummins (Eds.). 1984. Anintroduction to the aquatic insects of North America. 2nd3 Edition. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.: Dubuque.

MKE (Morrison-Knudsen Engineers). 1987. Phase I literaturereview: Aquatic resources investigation, Rocky MountainArsenal. Morrison-Knudsen Engineers, Inc., Denver,Colorado. Prepared for Shell Oil Company/Holme Roberts &Owen.

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IN

1989. Wildlife resources of the Rocky MountainArsenal, Adams County, Colorado. Prepared for Shell OilCompany/Holme Roberts and Owen. August.

Mullan, J.W. 1971. Annual project report, fishery managementprogram, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, AdamE County, CO. U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service.

_ _ _ 1973. Annual project report, 1973, fisherymanagement program, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Adams County,CO. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Submitted January 17,1974.

N _ 1974. Annual project report, 1974, fisherymanagement program, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Adams County,CO. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Submitted January 14,1975.

1975a. Letter from J. Mullan, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, to Major Schmidt, Rocky Mountain Arsenal.Re: Renovation of Lake Mary and possibility of mechanicallyharvesting contaminated macrophytes from Lake Ladora. May7, 1975. 1975b. Letter from J. Mullan, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, to Major Schmidt, Rocky Mountain Arsenal.Re: Black bullhead populations and stocking of crayfish inSouth Lakes. September 22, 1975.

1975c. Special project report, Fisherymanagement program, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Aurc-a, CO.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Vernal, UT.

Pennak, R. W. 1978. Freshwater invertebrates of the UnitedStates. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons: NY.

Ricker, W. E. 1971. Methods for assessment of fish productionin fresh waters. IBP Handbook No. 3. Blackwell ScientificPublications, Oxford/Edinburgh, U.K.

_ _ _ 1975. Computation and interpretation ofbiological statistics of fish populations. Fish. Res. Bd.Can. Bull. 191:1-382.

Robinson, D. 1977. Letter from D. Robinson, Area Manager, U.S.fish and Wildlife Service, Salt Lake City, UT, to ProjectLeader, Fisheries Assistance Program, Vernal, UT. Re:5 Termination of trout stocking in Lake Mary. May 12, 1977.

RMFC (Rocky Mountain Fisheries Consultants, Inc.). 1978.Preliminary biological inventory of aquatic life on Rocky3 Mountain Arsenal.

I -105-

I

I

I Rosenlund, B. 1978. Annual project report, fisheries managementprogram, Rocky Mountain Arsenal. U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, Denver.

1981. Rocky Mountain Arsenal fisheriesassistance report, 1981. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,3 Denver.

Denver. 1982. Annual Report, fisheries management,Rocky Mountain Arsenal. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,Denver.

Rosenlund, B., D. Jennings, B. Kurey, T. Jackson, andE. Bergersen. 1986. Contaminants in the aquatic systemsat Rocky Mountain Arsenal, final report, 1984. U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service, Denver.

Smith, H. M. A guide to field identification: Amphibians ofNorth America. 1978. Golden Press: NY.

Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran. 1973. Statistical methods.Iowa State University: Ames.

Thorne, D.S. 1980. Memorandum for record from D.S. Thorne,Environmental Division, Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Re: Statusof Lake Mary fishery. July 14, 1980.

Thorpe, J. 1977. Synopsis of biological data on the perchPerca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758, and Perca flavescensMitchill, 1814. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 1i3. F.A.O.U.N., Rome, Italy. 138 p.

U.S. Army. 1973. Incident report on the wildlife mortalitiesat RMA during the period 4 April 1973 through 14 June 1973.1 Dugway Proving Ground. July 1973.

1983. Evaluation of existing and future floodpotential on the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Denver, Colorado.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. Omaha, NEMarch 1983.

Ward, H. B., and G. C. Whipple. 1959. Freshwater biology.2nd Edition. W. T. Edmondson (Ed.). John Wiley and Sons:NY.

Woodling, J. 1980. Game fish of Colorado. Colorado Divisionof Wildlife, Denver.

I11 -106-

I

I APPENDIX A

Tables A-i through A-4

Dissolved Oxygen Data

I'IIIIiIi

II

c2 c, cfl cc* f~ O o

CO CO ' ' 4.

* * 0~~~~ c2C o . C o C O

* , - C-- * Co o - - C~t O Co cO '

* *~3CO * *

* -l; 1-:

* I fr. CCCl O * C'C . C CO~r0

*~ ~ ~ ~~ c co* - * Co ' C 4 o ' o

Iz

I7 KC c

- ~ I CC I C Co o COO

IIIUI

* C 0. *0 .� . - -

I :,, 2 -�

I- ' 0* CC 0�O, 04 .)fl *040- 0' 0

o * ' 3 0,04 0-,�' '0 0' 0O3-3C3 - .0-

- � 2 0=

12� I*�E 0-0-0-00-

0 ' 0 ' - 003-SCO

43.0- 4)I : - 0 r--�flo 3-0

'-C-

-os--a, 'o e. , . *,-,.--�. *.c--s��- oI (0 '0 0'� , cc Ooobor,

* � -� :0- -�

to . 0 o 4)

- * .0 -. 0'' C' 0' 00- 0

0CC ', � 00-.0C0 0

* ' 0' - ' 0 000 0-

* . (0100 - - CC 000(00-0

I* - - a' - - C' S

* ' ' ��'C' * - 4- C

* U' C '0* ' 0- -�* . -' *3 ' .0-

000 '0' ' '00000,0,*00 ' ' - C '0000

C-' --- *-�Z' - - . 430* 000 '0' - 0' 0)0-WOO

* -' 'b0' '0- - 0' '0*

* - ' 's-- - - , 'C--IIII

=IIII , .

I

I° -

* nf.. a .r a a,

*!. -o

I

III

IIIII

�* , to C'

Ot *- 0' to C I - t- I t�- C

I C

* �-0 IC C- I CC)* * O�fr*0 'I- 0

* I C� C' I C CS '1 I C- I C * -,

C C' - C -

ICI . . , C to C

* o2�CE to to Ir..

CC aI I C- I I I.0 -* * * 0.-C I C- to.C- * CC C' I C- a C to'

CE I CE

* - a CWfl a I ES I *toto I

C- �1000

U-- to -* �-*�, � 'C. *�.

CE e40 I I - C I .0CC tO

EU I E * I I CCC CCC IrS I I C- a CCC. (ES

* ICC E S CC aC a IC- a S * *=� I I C*So a S C�4O I flC4 .0 I I flEO I 0CC I * I

= I I to * Cotor, Cc I I to S CCC- ICI a CI

I I 0500 C I I I -* C CI

a C 0E-C� I I DC � - -. I

.0 I S .' CS S C*fl'4 CE 41 I - (OS C CmOS

ECC C ECcE a 0)1 C C SC.

* I EO I * E 'I I OS * . a* I C ICC C- EC.4S I 0)I C CEO.* S CI I I S CI SI a - a .* I E U I I I -

I I .0 I�I .0

I S I - E I I I E C I-E *� IS-S -E -. 9-I

1 C .0.5 U, OI0.E

I I S 000.0101 I 1000.0105

0., -C-*rSC ICI 0.5 C.-(04C5500005 I = 1.00001

I I I...1J5 I U-

Es-I

IIII

U APPENDIX B

Tables B-i through B-8I Phytoplankton Data

,,I

I

I* a

'0

N 0 0 -�

4','

- '4,

' - N

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0) �* 0% '4 '00%

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0)0� � ....

* '0�Z�

0 %0) � '4%

* 0

NW.', N '0 "' �

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a -

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0%0) 0

)4% 0% 04

0N -

* 00* *I

N N

N 0% NU00 '00)

N 0 N '00% N -0) N

� N

4) N N N 0)V *

N �

* I

La * - -

* 0% 4',

�0)0% -

* -J'� * . 4 '�? 0% '0 0).'� '00)I 0 �La '4, 0 0N .',

* 0 * -

* 0) 4 - NO o - 0

'0044) 0 N 0%fl

'0 N 4)0)

* t'0 fl'0N

N ._ 0)",

N -

I * 44

4- - a

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C I. - 4. -

- , - e � -

0 �

* - 4- � 0 0 4- -@4 0 0 0I I O* �. - c. 4- 0 '� � - - - C 0

* - 0 - -- '0 0 = 0 C 0

4.) � 4-.-

�

0 0 4- -*

-. 5 '444- 4., - - - 4-00,0

.' - o .� -

.o 04�,.. � � -. �00= -o .43 � 0

*

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(44 - 444 4444.4 =� - � = 04.4 @4 @4

IS

I

0 0 0 0 0 9 � 0 � 00 003 x =* - - - - - 9 90U9

0% 0% .0 '0 9 9 '0-Ct -a' '-"'a'

'0 '0 '0 9 a' 09 9 -� S. 9'-- 9 9 '0 '0

" 0% 9 '0 9 'fl 0% fl 0 - 0 - C'. 0* '" 0% 9 9 9 9 - - 9 '� a' 9 -�I

* - C) - - 9 9 0% - '. C.. 0 0% '-% '- C4 0' C..* 0� 0 0. - - C� CO - - (.4 9 - 9 0 0 0 0 0 0

* 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - 9 0 00.0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0%9 9C. 0 0 9 9 C 9 9 0 0% 9 0* 0% - (.4 - 0 9 c.4 0% 9 9 9 9 9 9 a' - 9

0%0 - - 9 9 n C.. .09 9 0 C.. 9- - 9 9 9 9 0% 0% - - - 0 - - C'. -

'� '� 0%

* 10 Ca = 0% 0 0 0 0

a, .. � 0� -

* S. -. 9 9 0 90 9 0 0* 0 U� * CU 0.J - 9 - 9 9 0

9 90 1.��10 (0?� 9 - - 0.40% - 0 0

0 00 %�% 000-. 00

0- 0 CO

0% � 9C..Zi' � �±1 9C-. 9 0%t 0%,-.90910 9 9

0%

C S. Ca * 9 0% 0 9 10- I - Ca 0.1 9 0 '.- --.I

I Ca = - 0-

4) * Ca

9 I Z �- C... 0%I-, 0

9 0%9

* 9 - 9 1%) 40

* '- 9 Ca I 0% 9 9 9 9

9 Ca ' C 0% 9 *I* - 0- S � 0'- 0.4 9 9

* Z I " o 0II

* 0 0

.4 * 4, -- C - 1 C

2 = C 0 C 0 --k = *� -�

.0 � % 0.0 � .0.4 �* C .030 �1- I- - - 0.., B C C C 0. 0' 0' C C - C C C 41 0 4,0 C � C 0 - .4� ; -� 4) - - - - I-

4) 4) 4) a o 0 C C 0 4, 0 0L V 0 0 .0

* * U, CO It) Ca - �*% Ca Ca 1. 9 1 .4 41 S S Ca Ca 4) C *... t�. � C* 9 CU C) C CaI

I

I

:; :� �,

I0'

4, 'fl 0.4,�,....- C -

* 0 - .0 '0 0 0 .0

I.0 �. �M 4, .. 4' 4, 0

0 0 0 "4� 0 N

5 0 o � o 0

.4, 4, (% .0.0 .0 - .0.4'* .4� Cr .4, 0 - - - '" �* 0 .4, 0 4, - - 4, - 4,0 -

j = 4, ... 4,r.� 4,4, ('4 0 C. 4, 0

"4 .0 .'4 ('4 4, S � .0

"4 ('.4 '�( 0 - 00

0 00 0 0 00

B .�' �t;4, 0' .0 .00'

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mc *� 04 ('40 -

('4 ('.4 r.. �. .0 - .0

-4, 4, � "4 -II

'0 '0 0 Cr

4, 0' '0I0 .0 '0 Cr Crw C.. * ("4 ('4I 0 - 0 00

'� �*

I - S ('4 04 0' ('4 - -* � ' ('4 '0 0% "4 .0.0

Cr 0' Cr - -

('4 '0 -. 04 - -I * 2 ' '0 .0 ('4.0 Cr Cr

* 9 4,

* I .4 I-

* 0' 44* S C C* * 4,

* 4) C

* C U. - 4, C- 4, C C if . =

* C 4, 44 = 9 1- 0.- t - .4 0. C 6- C 4' 2 C C C .J4 ,

* C 4' = C C C 0 6- C - '0 L. U.U 0 C C C C 4'4,0 iC) .4 - -* C )..44 C C 0 � 4, if C 4' '0 C Cif C U. - - 4, 44 C C C -'

U---------44 U. .4.4.44,44=44.4 0' 4j 44 -* I C = 0. 44. ' - 0. 0. 4, OS C 44 4,

.4 .4 .4 0' 0. 0. 44� 4, 4 0. 0' 44. = 0. 44 0 1 44 - C .46. 44 4' CC 44. C C 4' 4 if U. U. C C C C = - 0.

* * 4, C 4 .4 C) 4 0 4' 4, 9 0. 4' 44* 4) 3 4, 0. 0 C C C C C C C

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C - - - if -* C 0' � �----------------C C = C C C C' U) 144)4) OO4,4,"�

* ' = - 44 44 = 4, 44 44 44 44 44 44 4, 44 44 44 - - U. 6. (.4.4(4 (4 4 4 4

II

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en en 4% 0% 0%I 5 0 e'�

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0% 0, 0% - - 0.4) = - - -�4. us - 0. 0 4. 0 0% 0% 0%

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* 8 0 0 0* 9 0% 0 0% 0% 0% 0% - - U -

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* 0 00%UUU 0%4. - 0 0% 0% C 0% 0% '4 - - -

0. 0,0% - 4. 0,49000 *-4.-U 64 e4 6% 0 0%

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6- 1-� 4. 4. 0.0%, 1- 0% 6- 6- 0 5. 0% - -

00%0% O-���a 0.�66-C-

(4 0% 0% - - - 1. 4.600. (4 0,6. (40% (45.6 0% 0% � � t C0,0. 6- (4 0, (4 0%

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0% 4*- -. 0% -. 0tt 0' 0 En-C En En En En�EnEn - En En 0 En

dEn 0 '0 0' - 0 0 000 En ('4 ('40 00 - 0 0--

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4* 1- 4* EdE� 4* '4 4* '4*0 4* U -0% 4% 4*

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* E� EN: �i2:� .4* 0 4* 4* 4* .4 4* Ed 4% 0 = 4* 0- Ed* U- 4* .4 Ed 4* 4* V 4* 4* - 4* 0. 4% 0. 0% 4* 0 - 4** Ed 4* 4* 0% 0. 4% 0. 4% V .4* 0.-* 4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 4* En 4% 04*(U 4* 4* Ed Ed GE* - - Ed V %� 6. 4* 0 4% 4* 4* 4* 0% 4* 4* -* U- E.. - 0% 0% 0% 0. 4* 4* 0 4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 4% U U 4*

4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 'U 4* 4* 4E.4.4E*S4%En 0----------4* 4* 4* 0 0

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0% 04* 4* 4* 4* 4* 2 .4 4* 4* 4* .�

* t. *� LEN .4% En EA .4% .4.4 St 'CC a = Z r z = Z .40.0.64%

II

'00% 0% 0% .0 �fl 4%�I - '0 0%0% C�%

* 000 00000 0 0 - 00 00

* -� z* N � 0

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0 00 0 0 0 00 N 000000000 0 0 0 0 0 0

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0-.0 0 -. 00 00% 0% 04% N N 0 'U 0 0% 'U 0 N 00* N

N 41. L3 S - N - - '� 4% N - 0% N N -U N 'U N N 0 '0 N - '0 0% 'U Ng 0 0 0 0- 0 -0 0- 0 0

N � '0 N'U - '0'0 '0 0%

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N 4% N N 'U - N - '0 0% 3% N

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* La0. -. ' '0 '0o 'a- I- = .0 '0

C * - La� .0

* La 0- '0 '0

-, 0% 0% 0%

::gLai!. 7 7I0- * cj - -- 0 00 0 0

0%C.J %J C'..II

0% 0% LC - CC

-a-, - - 0% 0% 0% a-. 4) Q 0 U 0% 4)* 0% C - 0. 0% �% C C 0% C 4) 0% -

* .. J U 0% L * C if -- - U 0% L 0. C C

4)0%.

* I 0. C 4) 4) 4) 4) C = - -00% 522- 0%U0%C0% 4) C - -

� O�Ca-�* - 04) 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 1-* * 0% La >. a. 5-c.J S

* La a. La 5-)II

I

I* - La 2U 0%

U0%

0%LaS

a an a a-a Ca,I0% La

0% 0%

-Joa0%� a* a, 0%

La - a a-a

0% an a .flo a aI a

4a a r-� - Li

a0%Cc*a'

* La 2a--Jo,

- a .0%

* L#, - I a*.. a-a�i :� �: �I C C *

n a a Ca,

o a 'a- - 0%aa-LaaaCC �a

0% *0%aOI

QJ 0

La = a a a,

* 0% La% a '0II a0%�a

-CC

La0% 0%

0% a a� 0%I - ** a a

I a

Ia a La, CO

a a S LaCa a 0

U a a

U

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* - -o c'� N - -. N 0 -* V. C C in

.0 C in i- 0' -* . Ci' 00 - C

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* in in C - C C

in N0'N�

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0.0 COrn �00 -000 C -0

Cii Ci ON CNNV.Nin0100inCV.02� CC',00 N in Ci

* ifliN -� NC CO N in - in N - - NO N N

C N Ci �C3OCNNCNO N0 i- C in

* N N - N N C - -

0

* 40

N C Cii - N

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0 0' N in .0 C C .0

:���:2 - - inO 0 0* - .. C

C - 0' C 00' in CC 0' in

C S. I 0 in N 0 Ci - in in -

* = - .0 .0 0 N', .0 .0 .0 .0* = .0 0 sO - - in .0 C in

* - N Ci 0 C CiiI N N

2 22 '0 0I

0 Cia0 C, in

* N '0 0* (0 I 0 0 .0I * .0 C CC Ci

* - C

Ci. Li

* =

* a 0 5- *-* I - U 0 0

Ci -- Ci 0 Ci CiCi 0 0 Ci

'S - 0 0 - Ci Ci Ci 0 - Ci.. S Li 5- Ci = = 0 IJ 0 0 Li

Ci 0 - Ci Ci V. - - 0 Li a 10

Cia a - 0 C.i.a = 0 0 0' - C .a Ci2 * �. .2 Ci 00005-0 N -

* SC a ol Ci O 0 C C 0 a = Ci a - Ci a* 0 0 Cia 0 C* - -i Ci* C = - 0 0 ..J Ci 0 Ci Ci Ci Vi Ci Ci Ci Ci 0 Ci

0 0 - SC.� W V LiiJUO -aCi20 00LiC

*.-,'5 Ci Ci Ci 0 Ci..CiCiCi .4 Ci C C 0 Ci i-' Ci Cii 00 - 0- 0 Ci t� Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci Ci S - >,0 LiCi0Ci00000'O0U-O CU 0 U-

aoUCi0�I. 0 c ..a a. i , - .-- u�. a o Ci Ci.* 0 Ci Ci 0 0- 0- 0 LiWW Ci 0 Ci >�C£ 0- 0 - 0 0'- C - 0 Ci Ci Ci Ci = = Ci C o, 0 Ci Ci. 0- a

* 0� C C - - C C- 5.. 00 Ci. 5- C CiII

II3 t La = , 0

-, 0% 4"-' 0 * .0 64

* .0 .0 'C .0* = , 64 C

64 . . .0 .4'* 0 . C '.- 4' '4,

�fl 64 .0 4'.

I. , -:0% .04'. - 0% -4'- - �64 - 0% -

La -. en %'% 00� 64 00�0000-0000000000

V V V V V'U . C * 0000 - - 0 00 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00

* 0% 0 64 64 4*J - t�% .4, �'% 0 64 - - C 64 C - - 64 0 .0 .0 0 t 0.4, .4, .064Cen �4% 0.0 64�t en '4� C 4'. -�

.4, 64 CU�C640 %

?...0'CO0 C-.0.0A 0% 40fl4". 6400fl0'C..CO64 .0

�e g 0% 0% 06.0% en 0000 V.400 .0 0000064-0 04%44%�

I* A - -

- en 64- on .0.4� C .0

.0 0"- 4.4 Cfl C - - 64 0 - 0 'C

- .a �00 00 00 00 - 0 000 I 64 -I

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640 0%.0 00 C .4% - .0 64"4% � �enC C"-

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0�C

0% 0% 0 .0 0-64 - 64 - - - 64- , - La C 0% t .4, 0 .000 0 0 00 - 0a , . . . . . . .

0% .0 64 - 0 0 000 0 0 00 0 0

= � =

44 I - C r...0 0% .0 0%= o, .0 In - C= I La - , C 0% en - en.0� "4

* S - * - .4, .0 0% �0 en 0 64* 0 .0 C I� O .0 0 - C 64 -

= . . . .0 0% - -00 0 0 00 � 0

La

UI

.4 44

La 44

.4 .4

* C 0%* 4 C C

C S* C In

I. C .4 C CC C C 4% -- 4,S - 44 = IA C C U C C -

= C 4. 44 = - - .4- = .0 .0 44* - C C C La .4 44 C.. .4 '4% - La a a C U

4 La La . C 4% C.. C 44 C C C 44 44 La 0I �U C C C Cii ii .4

C '4% .4 0 0 0 0 C C 0 .4 0La.J 4.4 Li 4.4 4.4 .4 4.4* I 4. 0 0 0 a C 0% 0% 0% 44 4.) = C 0 0- - -

C� �La

II

0

0 - La41 41 .0 0 41

41 41 41 - 41 0 4,

La = 41 C,. 0 01 11** �A

* 'fl 0 0 0 4, 0 .1

0U* 0 0

ddooo 0 000�I jU

0' 0 o � �

3 3 0 4,I 05 .� � - -o. d

* 0 .-. 4,00

0000 00 00 0 00 0.* 4,I 0

0 00 C,.

0 = 0

0 La '0

- - - 4, .� 0' 00000 0 0 0 0 0 04,0I 0 � 000 0 0 0 0 0 004,

4,04, 4, fl 0 0 0' 0 - 0

0. 0. 0' 00'- 0 0. 0. 4, 04,4,

000 0 0 0 0 4, 4100

3 3I4, '0

* 2 �* 0' 01

I'S 001- 1-

0 0I 0 - U� 0 0 0 - 5-

= - 0 . 0. 0 0 0.

54 0 0 0 0 0 - 05 05 4 54 S C - 0 0 - 5- -a 0 0 555 54 - 04, 0 - - t. 5-

0 0 0 0 0*� 05

0�0005-- 0090 0 000 4, .0 .0 .0 4, 4, 0 4, 4, a a 0 0 -

a C 0 0 4, 4, 0 0 0 0 00000000..s 0 0 0 0 0 4,II

I

* 01 .a C 0. 0. 0. - -�I- 31 =31 31

0. 0. CCCC 31 - -�0.

C, - - - 31 -. '9 31 31* 2 31 C� 01 0. 31 CC

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31 - 4, �.. Cr 4, 0. '0 31

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31 31 31 31 fl 01 0. 31 - 41 01 4,- c.. 31 31 - �Cr 3101 4, 31

- 31 .0 0 - 0.31 01

31 91 0. 31 31 31 01 � 31 CrC Cr 01 Cr Cr 0.I

31 Cr Cr

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01 01 01 -10

31 31 31

31 �. 0AIC 31l-�

-J "a -J 0

>1 I - >� I 31 Cr IC 0. 31 10 - 0CO - I 10 31 C.. 31 10 - Cr

C 31 -* C C4 31 0 31 11.10 = * 1.0 CO I 10 31 IC '� - -

*� Cr 31I 310 I C 31 10

31 3131 31

�CrCr 31

II

I-

I 31 I 3101

-* 31

I -. 31

IC 01

�I 01

ICO 6

IQ 31

31 0 - 6 0. 41 0 CD C -

III I � :i�!itt �:II000 0 CaaOC

- - - a a s 2

4104) 31 a 0 - 4) 31

I a a a 0 V C 0 .4 V 0. o. - -I I C C C = 1.. 1- 1. 0.0 0, 0 -4

* I.. . L U 1. 4) 41 4) 0. 3131 1.. 1. .0 - 1..

* C - - - 0.0. .4 0,1.31 .4 10.4 1 00 C Cr

I .4

I

I

So S 0 n

I*v v v

oo*

oI50 4*O

II

I, 420(4 'f

P III

0 0

3IIU

IIO

I h C a~a~ * '* a I ea - S

4)5 a P

IIIUI :2.

* S *%*� fl* I 'fl Ci '0 In

-J S - t I

I I* S 00.c�-* = I lOIn Cir-* 4, 5 0 * I� 0

I S

00 I�i

Wi t.J InC

'��00

4, I 0�

* 0

>1 01

.. ..

S�00 ISi

o - **. ISi 100

Vi%�* 4,0 OS I -

IC LI I I III - In Si ISi 0 I -

o . - *n � �0 . U1 .4, I LI I

IC I = S S 4,

* I 05-

0. S Ci I I Ii

4, I S SO In in en I 1-4,I I I S�. 000

I0. 5 0.0.0. � S

0 0 0 0 0.

o 5 0 0 0 4, I 4,

I C

IIII

IIIIi APPENDIX C

Tables C-i through C-8I Zooplankton Data

IUIIIIIIIIIIi

I-• • m | m | I

at0%a

~ 8 ~ cc

@4 @ 0@ t

S 40 v0c

-0 4410 - -.T -444 @ 00 f

0l 0 04o

I3I

4 -� 0 0 4 -

-. 4 O� 4- - 1� Q 01 01 01 O� 0 0 -

42 - - -

01 00 0

�0 4 4 4 .0 N -0 0 - 4

* t.jl 0 .0 0% * c�a* �(JI 0 10 4 01

fl '� *N '0 0 01;�- z

* 1014

* 0% 0 01 4 0 0 q.* -. � tO 0 0 .0 4 -* . - 0 N '0 - -

*0140 0 - 01

0. 4.02

a

0* 4 IIJ .0 10 - �0

0% � *q 0% 01 4- I 3 . .

8'0 .00

04 � I 01 - 01 01

4 41-, 0 0 9

:j �: o - 8 .0

10 4 I, - 10

0

o * 0 10 - 0% 014 10L 0.2 0 10 I- .0

0 01 10 0% -- 4

8- 0

0' - I

- - 10 ItI

0% .1 2 8J I8 8 000 0 04

000 0 00% 01� 01I 4 01

* U

* II C* I 0 - -* I - - C C* I a 1- C - 41* I - .. - C - C �0

- - a - - 1. 1- -. .0 4 @1 C - 4

41 a C. - 4 V C. C V -J - I1- tI C 0- 41 4% 41 �

* 1- V C C C =.�.�I�1Co%4n0 0 2 -o = >. C - 4 tI C C C 0 0 4-1-I-u-- a ti CL�s-I.1CCCI� -

I *� *�*1� *� *�

IUI

III

8 -CE � E� En

8 (Ed En CEd 0 t CEO - C

En En '0 (CE 8En EEC 0 En 0 -, E�S

En - -U ;: 00 .� --

3 8 - CEECE 00000 En 000

CE - � � En (C En

:�En o 00 En � En 0- En (Ed En CECO

(Ed - - CE En

� 8 � - -EEn CE

-0 (C 0 0* . � 0: - '0 0I

: 8:� �: �I CE�

o s (C LEE* '0 � Cd (Ed ICE (Ed - lEd - -

C.. CE - Cd 5 �. = E'EE C, IEJ - E'EE - -

E C E 0 (C (C EEJ C, lEA - LEE - -C *-jO � 0 (Ed ECE (C

0- � 8 0 En� --

8 8

CEI'0 EC En C, En En CE CE En En

0 C CE - (Ed (Ed (C CE

(4 - 0 * C, 0 En - CE ESE 0

0 0 En _ EEC

* 2

8 8 8 8888 88 8 8 8z

II - Cd 0

SC CC EdC. I- CE

C, 0 EEL Cd -- CE- - - C C -

C. C .J C.-. - C - C C C. - 0 Ed -

- Ed Cl C - - CE EEL Ed CE - C. - C E I- - C. SEA

o - LV 0. Cd - CE C .4 C. - -Ed = CE �d

'CE -J = 0 E.L -00.- � V CE0. CE C Cl Ed CE - C 0. '0 Ed - a & . C -

1 C C V C CE CL UtC. - = V = 0 C C C 0 C C C C -

CE C.L CA '0 Ed = 0 0 E - - E� CE CE CE Ed C CE E. '0 '0 - C - CE LA CE C.GE C Ed = 0-- CE Gd CE CE CE 0 0

C. CE C 0 CE - = '0 E.d - - = V CE EEL CE 0 CE CE '0o '0 CE CE '0 Ed Ed CE CE CE CE CE 0 0 0 '0 EC Ed

- Ed - - 0. Ed C CE C. C. C. Ed 0. = 0 C L.A CE CE - 0. -III

III

.0%- z ¶-� '9(N0 �0 0% '�% 0

-�S�

5 � 0 0' - 0%

.0 (N - (N .4,0% (%�, 0 - .4,

- - * �% (NO %fl

.4, - - 0 .4' .0-0- -* = * en - V

I S3 5 0 en -

II �* - - C

0 �: S0 0 En

0 '0 (N -

- 0* .0 S U) - - 0'I 0E

o *

a * -O *�. � ha 0 (N V 0' (N (N

* 0� I.) 0 (N (N 14, (N (N

0 (N (N (N

t *�.JO( V - V

�: S S 55

I .- � 8 5

�: S S 5-

* I - - C

I3 1 -. I., - - 0. U C C 5- I� S. C

* = a 0. U) C U 5- 4) 4)

V'0. 4, C t�0 '0 � 0.

0 4, C CIII

II

C, C, N �0 C, CO �- -� 0 C .22 0 00 N C, N N

N N C, 022 0 - -U -

0 0

* �:-I* 2 -J C CO N 0 *NN�C 0 CCC 2 -

LJC2 0 CnWtO.N N COO N N CC,= : 00 C, 0 C, - CO N C, 0 N 000 2 0

0 I N - N* � -� 2N N C 2 NO N N CO CO C C, N CO 0 0:2 0 CO - C .0

COCCO .-. 0 2 2�COCO 2 =0CC) 2 ON - 22 S - 2 0

- 10

CO N 0 NC N N 0 0*�CC�, 2 2 N2�N 0 2 N� 0 0 N N 0 C� C,

C, 0

JO N N N 00 2 N N 0 No - N - - - N N -2 C, N - C

ua ** C N C, C, 0 C, N C, N2 010CO N

Ob

JO CO 0 C, N 20 CO 0 0 0- 2 - - - -

C, - CO

8-O � CNCOg 2 -

0 2CD 00 �W2N N 0

m 0 2 00- - CO CO 2 CC 2-

- N 2 N CO NCO� C, 0

C, 2 3 � C, 20 N- OC 2

- CO310 0 NC, CO C,

N N 2 NCO '0 - ON N -

C N 2 N OCON - OC, C, N C, 0* 2 - N 0 OCNCO CO COO - CO CO

C 0 CO N CO N N N 0 CO N C,N - N N 2 N 2 - 2C, 0

C C

C - C CD CD CD - 2 CD - C.. 0 0 CD CC )CC CC U 4)0 4) 2C C CD CC CD CDV CD 0. CDC C V - � � * . C CD * = o -rC C - C.. 0 - = C V

C C C- 0 V V U U = �1022 0 D.C 0.0.C C CDV CCC>, U Sn Ci2 = 0.CD

C2 4)0 00 U CC 00CD Ifl 0 0 0.4) - CD CD CD 0 4) C CD CD0U22 Li 0000 0.0. CD . 000CD 0. LI CL) CCC.)

C Li Li

III

III

a o 0 . 0% 4'I 0%4��0% -, N 0 00% 0% - ca. 00%

* .0% V * 0

* . -0% 0%- Ga . C 0%

4' a'. 0% .0 0 C'.I a a 0 0 .0 a*

* 0% w , 0% 0% 0%. Cfl C. .0 C� 0650 050% 00% 0 Ca 0

* - '.1 C. 0% 0 - C. C�a C. 0 0% - 0% 0 0 * .0 0% - - C.

* 4 q 0% -a00 .0 000500 'a' 00 or. 0 00 0

* 0 0

I I � .0 00 .00 IU0% - L)5.a . a'a 0% .4% .0 - - a's an

- .40 0% - C.

0% 0 2

0%5- 2 0% 0 0% .. J an ad,

0% 0 .0.00 N .0* a .0 .0 0 0% ('4.0

-J 2 - an - C. ('a

0 .0I 0

0-� 0 . 0

��o:r. �iC.

0 = a 0

0. C

0 . - "a C.I .� d 0

o 05�-0�� 0%C. -0

o a.00%

* w N a� 0% .0I -, . 0% - .0*-, 0% C.00� N

0% 0 0.

- � �a N

0% - 0 - o 00 .00% 0 0 C.

00% 0

0 .0

a., - .a 0. ..- -. -J - 4J .4 V V --

* a 0 0. .4 S 5 0 - V - C* '0 .� .- J 0% S C C - 0.

Ca -. � 0 Ca -a -- 0. C 00. C COLO - - Ga 0. 0.0�V 0 *.- U �.

Ca 0.0 0 0� VC 0 00 C V 4) 0.

a.) V C 0 C 0 C C C C -- Ga Ga C V-- a. 0% 0*� 5 V .- C C V U C 0 V -

a 0 5 0� V C - - 0 C C C = C 0 V V V C - - -- �. �. a. 0 V V 0 U C .0 0 = C C V 0 V 0 0 - 0. 0. 0 0.

00UII

3

II

IU * "! Soc

Wa;:)- * 2w .00%04

*0% -g *-.00% .0

I Ill * 0

IS

* cc

- 'a C II * a * C 0% C

�j - .0 "a* o � Ina, cc c

I El�a .- -, 0% C.0

.0-o iC I �* w

04 - 0%

L 0%c�c&('aICIO

* -, - C '��- 04 .0 .0w* .0 9 0% .0

* �:

* 04- La S 0I C 2 2

* - a

* a)- a). S 0:� .0 0%-I MI * �: "4

* I

-a- -� C. ..a V Laa =

* - a a n C C a* S C -- LI)* * v a 141) a -r

a-a yy C* -a aa, r -.* I-I a, _

CLMIc-Zr

IIU

IUII

0 0 - 4, 4,0 "4 0

I - LaX 0 0 C 0 4, ('4 C 04 C

* , �.. 0 0 - 0 0- 0 C ((4 - 3

� "4 4, 0 0 C 0 C 0

* 0 U� - 4, 4, 1(4 - 004,0� 0 0 4, 0 04 '0 V

4, 00 0 .4 -900C0 �. I II.-. C(,0 ((40 - 4, 0�,-.a00C -- 0 0 ((1 004

* - )- 0 0

*0 �'C 00 ��C04�00 �0 - 00

04 - 4, 4,

in r- 04, 0 - Ofl 00 04,-

* 0 La00 La 4, 04 - 00 0 4,0 04 4, - C

* - �.La ( - 0% CC 040I 04 - - 0 0 4, - 0 C

* C ('4

0, 0 - - C C - �0 - * 0 4,'4 3 4, ('4 - ('4 ('4 04 0 04 ('4 - 0 0

* � 3( 0 C C 0 - - 0 04 - ('4

* ('4 - C ". *n -I0

0, 3 � 3- � C - - 0

I I�'4 - 04 0404 04 '0O C ('4 C 4, fl

0 . . .C 04 0 004 04 -(

I 'La 0 ¶ 3

0I 1 04 0 C C 04, 0�

I4, 4, 0 00 C 040 0 0 0 4,0 0 C 0 0 C 0 0

0 0 ('4 4, 0 0 C 0 0 0 00 - * 0

04 04 C I- C 4, - 0 0 04

04 04 - 04, 0 ... 0 C 0 0404 04 C C 04 04 * C C 4, ('4

0 0 C 4,004 04 04I

*�

- '4 0 -4 . 9,

0 .J .' 0. .4 0 = 4( - (4 V - (ft -C - = .�.4 - 0 0 C

0 - 0.

CC. 43 C (4 (4 0 v( .- 0. C (j (.4 C* CO. �L .. - 0 0. 0. .9

* - S 0 (.4 ft .4 - '- 0 - - 0. 0. 0 0 - 00 0 '0 '.4 0 9 (4

0. = C C

* ' - 1- 3- 0 C V

* * 3- 0 C V V ft 0 - C C C C C 0. C 0. 0 - '4 Li

(.4 0.

La (4 La* * 0 LaI

II

: -Uo

E -~~~ -0 ••

.Ja. - 0-

0 *

IK, * 0 ! -

!jK;

I

0g~f ' - ~4

(' N ( 0 C '

ene.*. ( o-

te .. 0 ( e o C - (--ne a• 0 N

I H . mmIm i

U

II* .

20 0

U

I ~ i •

o C

| % -%L

.0 - a

I 0

Iii

I

* APPENDIX D

Tables D-1 through D-83 Nacroinvertebrate Data

IIIII'IIIIIII

II

4' 4' 4' C ff1 N C N N N C C 4' 00- 0 0 Cl 0 4' 1ff 1* N 0 C 0

CC 0 0 00 C N ff1 C C C � CornI I - � C N N N - N

* 4' 4' 4' C N N N N

* C L.A I N N COON 0-4' 0 - N C N ff10000104' 0* - LI 4' 4'- - -0 0 NW 4' C NO - N N- OfflIff N N

000CC CO C C N 'CC 0 C N 0 0CC 4' C C 4' C

*>- C C N N C ff1 - N 4' 4' 4' N N 1ff

* uJ = I 0 000 - N ff1 CCC C C CO

C C--. 0 0 N 0CC C 000

�00 I.AI 4' NN N N N N C

ff1 ff1 0010� ocm

ff1 ff1 ff1 - - - -

-� ff1 ff1 1ff 00

>-* ff1 N N N� 0

4' 0000 N N N 4' 4' 4' 4'* I N lb 0 0 N N N N

* 0N N N N N

* C - 0 0 0 C� N N N 0010 0 1I�

14 0 � I N NO 0 0 0 4' 0C 1 I- I 000 0 0 0 C C C C

* Vi I 00 N N 0 N ff1 ff1 0I a 0 0 4' 00 0 C

t�I I ff1 ff1 C C C N

U N C C C IA N N NO C�N N 004' 4' 4' 04'

CC La I N C C C C N 00CC 04' 4' 4' 4' 4' 0 ff14'

* - C 0CC N 0CC 00000 CC* - 0 4' ff1 1ff ff1 1ff

00 C C N � C 100NN�O0NN N NI

-O. 41

a 41 0..- 41 C� a - = Iq .-. C a

V C CC 14 IAIA V 41- C C - C 1 IA IA C a .. C C

- - V a - 41 3 3 IA 1 - I- C C C Va - 01 L S U 0 - - - 41 0 - V0 C C C - C V 41 41 U U 14 0 4,- 41C V - C V a III C I.. a C III 0 2 41 0

C 0. C C C I) IA = V 0 C 0 C 0. o 0 CC 41 0 C V C LI 14 A114 1.1 0 j jO U V IA C a a = CV C = IA - CUI- - C C - OC 41 C C. - - 0o v - IA C C) V 41 C C C - * U 41 - - 0.14 41 = C C C C U

LIff V 0 0 0 -- 0 C C C 5 5 C .4 0 U 41 41 LI 14 I.IA - - U 41 C C a 41 C LI

CUIC -Z - C IA a U) - LI LIII

.0 .a . . 0 . . 0 .0 0 0 ." .00

cc %a.( 00 ,f 0 mt m 0", 0 A( z 1 .N0 w0 ( 0* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C - .%3'7! NN0t N( 0 " N N N N

* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c w 0 00 .( %30 N 0 0. 0I t4m

4%~~ W4- - - 0a 0

Ow~1 0% 4~ 4 * t. 4 .4% d% 0

00c 400 -It; 0 0 '

0440 0

cc;04 cg 4 .% 0% 0 % 0

04

.

* 0 - 0% 0% 0 4,

C%3040 0 -4 20 ~ %C ~ ~ 0

Ol0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

C CC00 0 0 C0%

u* u u m 1 I

00% 00%

0 4 -00%

* 4 44� en en 4* - 0%I- - �

* 0% 4 0% .n 40 0 444 444 en en

I 0% 0% 0 4 444 00 444 44% 44.* 0% - (.4 4 4..e N N fl

U 40 4�*�

N 4%? 400:i �4N 44% - N 4(403

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40 0% 40 404040 en44 4 0% 4 en 0

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a C Li

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a 3%* 0 43 a - N 3% 3% tfl N N N 0 0.,a % - a 04CC C N C C C N N N

3% N N 3% 3% 3% 3% N NW3% C Ct

- a = C C

N ON NO 00CC 44, -- 00000000000 �0 0

Ct Li - C 3% 3% - C N N - 3% 3% N 4' 40.4,44, N N CCC N C3% - Li 0 3% 3% - 0 0 N a., Ca' 0% N 0 0 C C if' 0% 0% 3% 3% 3% 0% C C t -I 0 Li =

a 3% 44- a C - c. a4,N.-..-3%NN N C - 404,4%'� � C C C C C C N

3- 4 44 C C C C C C Ca, N - - 44CC C C N N N C C C 00.4, C

a 44, 0% t 3% 44 t 44 44, 0% N N C 44 44 0% a% 3% 3% 3% N N N 0% C C - a>

a 3%. 3% 3%IC N N 0%---------� j, 44 -

C

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3-a: 3-V

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4 444.4 4) 400C3% C C C C V C

a a 0. C . CU 0 3- 3- - 40 43,- 43 43a 4 0.0 43 404 . - C - 043- 9 3-- 43 C V 3- - 4) 0 43 43 0 0a 4 0 3- C-- C = 43 C 3- C.J 4�4 3.4444.3 .. 4V'� 43 3% 40 0. 0 =

4 44 V = C *4 - C 4.4 00 43 U 4) - 0 0 4) 0 0

* N - 44 - C - C - C C 43 0 0 >40 4.4 0 C 0. 03-3-.403-L44 = C C = 4) 3- C 44 0 34 4) 3- 43 C C 1-

44= 43 Li 44 0 9� 44 0 44 Li 4.4 V 0 0.0. 3. >443 V C 3.) 3-0. 3% 3%0.44 0 V - 00 0 4% 44 0.0% 0. >4 0.43 3% Li Li

Li Li V 0 -4 V 0 Li 3- S .4 43 C. 0 5 Li Li

* 3 0 0 .4 Li 0II

IýI

0 0.C

0 C; a6 - e n n

wC C Q% M

a ~l 10 a en Nzt" O

II

La �* taJ =

a�C4

* = ata

II t - >- a - Caa 0

* Ga - a *Q C* a 0% 0%

I a -,

0% = -'

a) a U-s =

= a � = =I � �U- 0 -

* a * -s%

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4, a a-

*

a- a - = = a� �I -a.. -'4) a = >- a "a aC4, a

0-ad :� �.o* = a-a

- a -4,a

.0 a a� C La4, a C - Ca)

4, a 40 a

4, a aLas

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:� �a., a 0%C.0Cad

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I

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LI% % 010% en en 0,0% e.. en 0% 41% 0%

3 0% LiI00 N N N N.0Q�0%0N C 0% 0% �0%.0.0.00%0%0%... Li,.0.0.nenN eNCIA %.-,.,N.IA- 00%

0 * ... .00 - - - 0 - 0% -0 C 0% -- 0 0 _ 0 000000 0

* N N C N'

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I 0% - Li NO 0% C en 0 NI0% %- -.

41 - - - - 0 0 N. N - .0 .0C - a = I C C C - .0 .0= - 0%

1- 14m % � 1� NI N (11 C N N N 0% 0%

- - % N N 0% C C NI C C C C C IC

0% .4 00 (N% Ill N %flfl C N N 0 0 N N C C C N N N

LI % C C N N 0 CCC -0 0 0%------en (('CnI Li:�:::;: N 2>j0 % C C * - en 0% 0% 00 0 0 0 0 00

)-s ('SN 00 NI en N C .000% C ID N N N N en en C .0 N 0% C 0% en 100% 0 C CO 00% C C ID

* In * .0 .0 en * - 0% 10 0 NI .0 N en en 0% 0% 0 * C 0% 0% 0%I S I - - - - In en C - In .0 �41 0

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A% 0. C 0 C C 0% 14LI 41 0% - 0 41 C C -

C - 41 0 LI C I..0. 41 41 Li

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C V C .c L C 0 j j V . LI S. V C C 0% = 0. LI 4100 LI V 41 C 0.--O 020fl 41 *C...I..J%- 0 V LI 41 41 Li = 41 Li LI 0.0

0% C C %-. ... S. 1.1 41.41 C C 0 0 - 410. Li V Li L .4

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4% S % N -- 0 N 00 .0U CO . �:- N

4% 0. La 0 - ON ON N NO N C NO.050

0% - 5 .0 .... 0%C .0CC N NONCCCI 4% 5 .40 - - 'd N N C C N - C - N N N

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C C N N N N C .0 - N N N N .0 NC - 0.0.00% ((1 N N N 00 N CNN N 0

(4 , %Q�C0% .00,0% 00 0% N 0,0,0,0% �

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C N N - - 0% 00 000I0% 0% - C C N C C C C C�(

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N 0. - 0. ..4N 4% 0. .0. -J -

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4% C C S. C . I.. %� - 4% 0 0 C - 5- = C S. C - C* Sd 5- 0. C C 5.4 La C.) 5.4 0 -4 0. 0. C- 5- 0 C .4 0. - - C (.4

0. 4% .0 (.4 (.4 0 - 0 (.4U �0-(.4 (.4 (.4

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IIII LI LI 2 2

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O I 0% = II 416-

0 I

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41 *O1(�III1�ZCI 41 2 =

IV I ('4.

12I 411 41 41 - -* - 41 - - a

C a C - - (4* -, 41 C 41 L a qa

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41 41 6- - 41 41 - (4 41 4141 - 41 - 41 V 0 -41 41 41 41 41 41

LI 41-

0 41 C 0% - -41 41 41 - V 41 41

-. 5 -" - 41 LI414141 - - 410. 41 - 41 4141 41 241 16- � 41 41 C �

41 41 41 41 4. C V LI 41 (� 41 41 LI 41 C - 4. 41 V LI 41 0 V = 41 41 0L'LLL

I 6-V V 4. U CI- 41 41 410 41 0 04141LILI 0

* I C LV 2 41 41 41 0 �I - V OX 0 -LICO 2 = Ca nf LI 0 4. 41.41- 41 V 0 V 41 41 (4 VC 4141 41 C 0. L --

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* S 41 V 411 CIa 4.LI4141 241 41

* 1 412= LIL41414.141 2 -

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UIII

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0.41 Iv 01041�� I�J - a 414100410�041

41

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* S 41 41 2 .- 0 41 41 41 0 41 41 41 0 0. 0 .4 41 V 41 01

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* 4101 4101 41 0 41 -

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* 0%-.0 LJI - = 0% a � *.J a = �

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* I 0 La

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0 0% W (0La *� 0I 0a I

(-1 0 0 0 (0 =

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4 9 - La La LaLa *0%ZO, 0% 0% -4, * 144 - 0% * 144 1..

0% 1.414,01 4,

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* a 4, 4,

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0(0 4, � 4% 0%

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La *J

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a I 0 .

La La

0 La 0 0% 0 0 = 0% 0% 00% , I-, -5 *-4 8j% 01

ILa�I3 a

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4. 4. �4*0---

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4.1 4.10% L 0= 4.

IIIU

I1II

* 0% 0% Ca* - Ca Ca

0% 0% 0%

I* 0% Ca

- Ca Ca

0% Ca 0% Ca

0% - 0%0% 'a,

0%0.. 0%o a

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* .0%

U * Ca 0% 0% 0% U) Ca 0% 0% 4

I 0% - 0%�I *�4 'a4 0%*

4) *CaI 4) , 0%Ca 00% Ca* , Ca Caa. - =�

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0 U 0% 0%0% 4) Ca 100% . Ca

0% - -,0%

La I

La 0%* 00% Ca

0% Ca Ca.4 - 2*= a.4�*

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o * 0%�ii, Ca

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Ca 0 0. -' -

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* C - - - Ca

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* . 0 0 - 0 .4 Ca 4) 4) 0. 0 4) 0 - - 0% 0. 4)

* 0 .� 0 4) 0. 0 'Ca 0 C C 4) Ca 0% 0 4, 0 0. .a 0

* 4)0% - 4) 4, 0.0 4) 0 0 0% 4) 04 0 0% - Ga 0 ..

0% 0 0% 0% 0% U 0 0% 0 - .0% 0 0 � � * *(.30% Ca - 0% 4) 0 0 4,� U - - - � 0 U

Ca.4

C 0 0 .4 - 0.0%

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0 La 0.00% 0.00% 0 0 000

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4 _ C I4'�O� 4444 4 = 0 4 4 4 4 -

0

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ii a4,

C C Cac--La -- 'A

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45- CC..L a 4" 4' 4 C a - 4 0 4 4' Vg 0 C 4

4' '� 4' 4'.4LLOL4'Li 0 5- CA1 5 0 -

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V V Li V Li

'0

a C Lia a- a - Li Li a

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Sc 'aLA-Cao a a

C a asu,U - a 01w Li aa V a V

3� a Ga�I Li, a o -a a Ga C -* a = ' -a Ga - - 0.* a .- -. c . - Ga

a .a ..a a = - A-Ga Ga a- 0.

a a -- Ga

a - a V - a.. Ga U Ga Ga-J Ga ala ala Ga C Ga 0. A- al -..� Ga - Ga Ga 0 - a Gaii. a Ga Ga .-a 4.1 Ga Ga Ga - Ga Gaa Ga V V Ga Ga 45 � Gaa a C Ga a - Ga a A- C Ga Ga Ga Ga* a a.. C - C Ga - a Ga C Ga V Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Ga -a a Ga - t- .-a Ga Ga Ga 0 V CGaOA--A-A- Ga Ga Ga Ga V -a a - A- 'a Ga A- U Ga .a V Ga U = Ga Ga Ga V A- V - Ga

a a * Ga - Ga Ga a Ga V Ga 0--------V Ga Ga ' Ga 0 .. -a - - - CVGaC0 .

A-�C a.. A- - C Gaa� Ga Ga C 0a.aV-aJ 0...' Ga* a GaGaVOVUCCVCSSO. -- Ua a C Ga a 04.5-CU *Li OOZe a-aCfl = a- 0 ..a aa a 0.0 A- U Ga a Ga-----a S * -2Ga-A- Ga - C Ga Ga* a - - Ga 5 45 0 A- Li* a a a �

UIII

I a

II

4) 0 mL a-0l

II

I

1 0

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IaI)C C---a

a - 0 a a I a a a a - a

I IIIiiiIi I I

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I I I I

APPENDIX E

Tables E-1 through E-14Fish Data

I

I

Im

II � "� '� '�

- 0�00

I :�-. o

Li

* .4,

)� CC)) C

' -0 * 00 "a

I �* 8 � 8I * )'J C - C 00 t US

* 4

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o �' *0 -

La * -

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C-s-S 0

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* S - S �

I1

ILi 01 Ifl

a , - a,* a, cc a -0Li 0 0 0 CC 'fl C

* La Z

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* C

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* C * 0 0 0 - 0 - 0U* C - Ci C t

1J -

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U * -. Li * 0

CD La:� S. 88 8C I C I CI� 0

* C

o * Li

00 10001

U I CLa S a,

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8 8 88 0 0

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* C ' C C

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* C - * C C C* 01 C C* - -a 0 6 - C C -U LI �* - C -

SI

8 0 0 CC00 0 0I

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