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Action plan for integration: Herat December 2019
2 ADSP | 2019
ACTION PLAN FOR INTEGRATION: HERAT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
PART 1 – SCOPE OF RESEARCH 7
PART 2 – FINDINGS 10A. Overview of Displacement Context 10B. Physical Safety 15C. Material Safety 18D. Legal Safety 29E. ImpactofDisplacementonDifferentGroups 34F. OverviewofFindings 36
PART3–CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATIONS 38
PART 4 - ACTION PLAN 41
Annexescontainingtheresearchmethodology,tools,andfulldatasetcanbefoundat www.adsp.ngo
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DateofproductionDecember 2019
Acknowledgements Thestudyisbasedonsecondarydatareviewandinterviews.Theresearcherwouldliketoextendhisdeepestappreciationtoallthosewhoactivelyfacilitatedandcontributedtothisstudyandshareddifferentdocumentsandparticipatedinthediscussions.Thisincludesstafffromgovernmentdepartments,UnitedNations agencies, national and international Non-Governmental Organisations and private sector service providers.
ThestudywascommissionedusingfundingfromDANIDAandtheEuropeanUnion’sCivilProtectionandHumanitarianAiddepartment.TheviewssetoutinthisreportarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotreflecttheofficialopinionofDANIDA,theEU,ADSP or its members.
Research team
Photo Credits: NRC
DesignPabloSoucy/ArbosStudio
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Abbreviations ADSP AsiaDisplacementSolutionsPlatformAfs Afghani(unitofcurrency)ATR AssessTransformReachConsultingCCAP Citizens’CharterAfghanistanProjectCDC CommunityDevelopmentCouncilCRDSA Coordination of Rehabilitation and Development Services for AfghanistanCSO Central Statistics Organization DoRR DirectorateofRefugeesandRepatriationDRC DanishRefugeeCouncilFGD FocusGroupDiscussionGBV Gender-Based ViolenceHEAT HouseholdEmergencyAssessmentToolHLP HouseLandandPropertyHRP HumanitarianResponsePlanIASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee IDI In-depth InterviewIDMC Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre IDP Internally Displaced PersonsIOM International Organization for MigrationIRC InternationalRescueCommitteeJIPS JointIDPsProfilingServicesKII Key Informant Interview LAS Land Allocation Scheme MoE Ministry of Economy MoI Ministry of Interior MoLSAMDMinistryofLabour,SocialAffairs, Martyrs and DisabledMoPH MinistryofPublicHealthMoRR MinistryofRefugeesandRepatriationMUDA Ministry of Urban Development and AraziNRC NorwegianRefugeeCouncilOCHA UnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordination ofHumanitarianAffairsReDSS RegionalDurableSolutionSecretariatRI Relief InternationalTVET TechnicalandVocationalEducationTraining
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ThisassessmentistheculminationofanAsiaDisplacementSolutionsPlatform(ADSP)projectwhichaimstoguideprogrammingandpolicyinterventionsofADSPmembers,aswellasotherhumanitariananddevelopmentpartners,tosupporttheearlyrecoveryofcommunitiesaffectedbydisplacementinHerat.
Basedonaseriesofindicatorsrelevanttophysical,material,andlegalsafety,theassessmentidentifiesthedisparities betweenhostcommunitiesandthosewhohavebeendirectlyaffectedbydisplacement,servingtohighlightthechallenges faced by the displaced when it comes to integration. While this is not a needs assessment, and is not meant toserveasasubstitutefortechnicalassessments,theActionPlanaimstodevelopaprogrammaticstrategytoenhancecommunityresilienceandintegrationbetweenhostanddisplacedpopulations,bringingtogetherabroadcoalitionofhumanitariananddevelopmentactorswithcomplementaryskills.Thisreportprovidesanoverviewofthefindings,describingoneproxyindicator,andkeyfindingsfromothersupportingindicators.Readerswishingtoexplorethefulldatasetshouldvisitwww.adsp.ngo,whereallfindings,includingdetailsdemographic,geographicandprogrammingdata are available.
HeratishostsomeofthelargestnumbersofIDPsinAfghanistan.Conflict,lackofeconomicopportunityandnaturaldisasterhavedrivendisplacementoverthepastdecades,leadingtothesettlementofgroupsofIDPs,returnees,andeconomicmigrantsinandaroundHeratcity.Lackofinfrastructureinbothurbanandperi-urbanareas,andpovertyinhostcommunitieshavemadesupportfor—andintegrationof—IDPschallenging.
TheAfghanGovernmentlauncheditsNationalPolicyonInternallyDisplacedPersons(IDPs)inFebruary2014,followedbytheHeratProvincialActionPlan—thefirstonedevelopedinthecountry—toguideitsimplementationinHeratProvince.ThisprovidesaframeworkfortheprovisionofhumanitarianassistanceandidentificationofdurablesolutionsforIDPs.Whilesomemeasureshavebeenimplemented,thegovernment’seffortshavebeenlimited,sincetheplanreliesprimarilyuponNGOstakingresponsibilityfordeliveringassistance.Further,bureaucracyandlackofcommitmentin some ministries slow down progress at the provincial levels.
IDPslivinginHeratcityhavevariousprofiles.HalfoftheIDPscomefromotherdistrictswithinHeratProvince,whiletherestcomeprimarilyfromBadghisandGhorprovinces.LiketheHerathostcommunity,IDPsarepoorandstruggletofindemploymentastheylackspecificskillsandopportunitiesremainextremelylimitedinastrugglingeconomy.Still,theoverwhelmingmajoritywanttostayintheprovince,wheretheyfeelsafeandhopetobenefitfrombetterlivingstandardsthanareavailableintheirareaoforigin.EventhoughlocalgovernanceactorsdonothaveresourcestomeaningfullysupportIDPs,theyhavedisplayedsolidarityandreportedlyfoundtemporarysolutionsbasedontheirownorvillage’sresources.
DuringthecrisisphaseofthedroughtawiderangeofUNagenciesandinternationalandlocalNGOs,inpartnershipwith Afghan line ministries, providedemergencyassistancetorecentIDPs.EmergencyprogrammesendedinJune2019 and have not been replaced by programmes aimed at longer term assistance.
IDPssaytheyaresatisfiedwiththeattitudeofthegovernmentandhostcommunities.Yet,whenaskedaboutIDPs,governmentofficialsexpressedastrongwishtoseethemreturntotheirareaoforigin.ThisreinforcesIDPs’precarity.Meanwhile,IDPs’presencehastriggeredtensionswithsomehostcommunitieswhoaccusethemofcommittingcriminalactsandresentthefactthattheyreceiveassistancewhileresidents’basicneedsarenotmet.
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In general, IDPs feel safe, with only a few reporting having experienced direct physical or psychological violence. The mainprotectionconcernsareearlyandforcedmarriagesandchildlabour.WhilebotharecommoninAfghanistan,theyare most likely exacerbated by increased poverty associated with displacement.
IDPs’accesstobasicservicesislimited,especiallysinceemergencyprogrammesendedinJune2019.Lackoffoodisacriticalneed,andfoodshortagesaffectbothIDPsandhostcommunity.TwothirdsofIDPsarehungryatleastonceaweek and a higher proportion of women experience lack of food than men. Additionally, people who do not report food shortagesmaynothaveaccesstoanadequateanddiversediet.
Themostrecently-arrivedIDPsfacedifficultiesaccessingadequatehousing.AthirdofrecentIDPsliveintents,whilemanyothersliveinrentedhouseswhicharenotalwaysinagoodcondition.ThemajorityofIDPshaveaccesstosafedrinkingwaterandtosanitation.Thoseusingtapwaterhavecomplainedaboutitscostandtheneedtohaveelectricityto access it.
IDPs face obstacles accessing health services, with distance to the hospital, and associated travel costs, being the majorbarrier.Accesstoeducationisalsolimitedforseveralreasons:manyvillagesdonothaveaschoolandparentsarereluctanttohavetheirchildrenwalklongdistancestoattendclasses;schoolsareoftenovercrowded,resultinginstudentshavingtostudyintheopenair,withclassesrunninginshiftsthroughouttheday;childrenneedingtoworktosupporttheirfamilies;andtheinabilityofstudentstoregisterforschooliftheydonothaveidentificationdocuments.
Inaddition,IDPs’accesstoeconomicactivitiesislimited.Employmentopportunitiesarerarewheretheyliveandtheirmainsourceofincomeisself-employmentandoccasionallabour.IDPsdonothavesufficientfinancialresourcestostartsmallbusinessesandtheydonothaveaccesstoloans.TheTVETprogrammesavailabledonotcovertheextensiveneedforskills.Thisultimatelycontributestoasignificantdifferenceintermsofstandardoflivingbetweenhostanddisplacedpopulations,withtheproportionofhostcommunitywhocanalwaysaffordbasicexpensesthreetimes higher than IDPs.
Otherthanchallengesassociatedwithstrainedfinances,displacedpeopledonotfacespecificobstaclestoaccessinglandandproperty.However,IDPsgenerallysuffermorefrominsecurityoftenurethanhostcommunities.AdultIDPspossessnationalidentitycardsinlargenumbers,thoughwomenlackidentificationdocumentsmorefrequentlythanmen,andtheproblemisevenmoreacuteforIDPchildren.WhilemechanismstoobtainorreplacedocumentationexistintheareaoforigintheyremainlargelyinaccessibletoIDPs,whoareunabletotravelbecauseofinsecurityandassociated costs.
Displacedpeople’slevelofparticipationinpublicaffairsissimilartothatofhostcommunitymembers.IDPshavetheabilitytovoteandbeelected,thoughtheirparticipationislow,especiallyamongwomen.Similarly,IDPs’involvementinsocialandpoliticallifeislimited.Inaddition,displacedpeoplehaveaccesstoformalandinformaljusticesystems,butprefertoseekjusticeinformally,astheyconsidertheformaljusticesystemmorecorrupt.Mechanismstoaddresscomplaintsspecificallyrelatingtodisplacementandassistanceexist,butIDPsareunawareofthemandturninsteadtovillage leaders.
Vulnerabilitiesareexacerbatedbydisplacementandimpactontheabilityofspecificgroupstoaccessservices.Lackofdocumentationanddifficultiesinobtaining/replacingit,andlimitedpersonalnetworks—particularlyfornewarrivals—affectaccesstoeducation,economicopportunities,andcredit.FemaleIDPshaveadditionalbarriersthatpreventthemfromaccessinghealthservices,workopportunitiesandfood.Also,anurban/peri-urbandividehasemergedonseveralissuessuchassafetyperception,trustinthepolice,lackoffood,housingandsanitation.
Thefulldatafromwhichtheseconclusionsweredrawncanbeaccessedatwww.adsp.ngo. The annexes detailing the researchmethodologydatacollectiontoolscanalsobefoundthere.
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Overview
offindings
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PART 1 – SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH BackgroundandContextNearlyfourdecadesofconflictinAfghanistanhaveforcedlargenumbersofAfghanstoleavetheirhomesandseekrefugeelsewhere,eitherabroadorinotherpartsofthecountry.Inadditiontotheoutwardmigration,since2002over5.2 million1AfghanrefugeeshavereturnedtoAfghanistan,mainlyfromIranandPakistan.Manyofthesehavereturnedtodisplacement.Thenumberofpeoplewhoarecurrentlydisplacedbecauseofconflictornaturaldisasterisestimatedto be at least 2 million.2Returnsandinternaldisplacementputadditionalpressureoncommunitiessufferingfromanalreadystressedeconomyandinsufficientpublicservices.
Heratcityhasanestimated578,3053peoplelivingwithintheboundariesofits154municipaldistrictsorNahia.Ofthemunicipalland,36%isagricultural.5 Herat Province is home to an estimated 700,000 people,6andtheperi-urbanareahaseconomic,socialandenvironmentalinterdependencieswithHeratcity,whereimportantinfrastructuresuchastheairportandindustrialparkislocated.Theprovinceitselfismadeupof15districtsandanestimated245ruralvillages.7
Asof2016,morethanhalfofHerat’spopulationwasaged17oryounger,withthelargestportionofthepopulationaged0-4,at15.2%.8TheliteracyrateofHerat’spopulationaged10yearsandolderwas47.9%.9 In the same period 808,000people—33.4%ofHerat’spopulation—wereclassifiedasmigrantsfromotherareasofAfghanistan.10 In Heratcityitselfitisestimatedthat47%ofitspopulationweremigrantsin2016.11Serviceandsalesworkersaccountedforthehighestproportionofworkers,at22.9%.12
StrategicallylocatedclosetotheborderofIran,HeratisamongthemoreeconomicallyprosperousprovincesofAfghanistan,benefitingfromimportandexporttradewithIran,miningandmanufacturing,andtraditionalartisanalindustryrelatingtocarpets,glass,tile-makingandembroidery.13However,generalinsecurity—includingthethreatofkidnapping—hashadanegativeeffectonbusinessesandbusinessowners.14
1UNHCR,SolutionsStrategyforAfghanRefugees2018-2019,October2018,http://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2018-2019%20Solutions%20Strategy%20for%20Afghan%20Refugees%20-%20October%202018.pdf 2 Ibid3AfghanistanStatisticalYearbook,2017-2018,IslamicRepublicofAfghanistanNationalStatisticsandInformationAuthority,http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/2096%لاس/یویئاصحا20%همانلاس/English%20Yearbook%201396-min%20(1).pdf p.5.4“MunicipalDistricts/Nahia,”Municipality,HeratMunicipalityIslamicRepublicofAfghanistan,accessedJune14,2019,http://herat-m.gov.af/en/page/6087/6113. 5BreakingtheRural-UrbanDivide,DiscussionPaper#1,SeriesTwo,January2016,UNHabitat,http://www.fukuoka.unhabitat.org/projects/afghanistan/pdf/DP1_English.pdf, p.2 6 Ibid 7 Ibid 8Socio-DemographicandEconomicSurvey2016–Herat,March2016,IslamicRepublicofAfghanistanCentralStatisticsOrganisation, https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/SDES_HERAT_FINAL_ENG.pdf, p.1. 9 Ibid10 Ibid. p.29. 11AfghanistanKeySocio-EconomicIndicators:FocusonKabulCity,Mazar-eSharifandHeratCity,April2019,EuropeanAsylumSupportOffice,https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/EASO-COI-Afghanistan-KSEI-April-2019.pdf, p.15. 12Socio-DemographicandEconomicSurvey2016–Herat,p.43.13 Afghanistan Key Socio-Economic Indicators, p.29. 14 Ibid
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Ashosttoalmost30,000householdsdisplacedfromneighbouringprovinces,15Herathassomeofthehighestnumbersof displaced people in Afghanistan.Majorcausesofdisplacementarerelatedtoconflictand,toalesserextent,naturaldisasterssuchasfloodsanddroughts.WithinHeratmunicipalitythereareseveralprotractedIDPsettlements:Karizak,Minaret, Naw Abad, Police Station, Shaidayee and Maslakh.16IDPsfacesignificantissuesrelatingtopooraccesstobasicservices,severefoodinsecurity,insecuretenure,lackofjobsandpoorjobsecurity.17 Generally, IDPs are more likelytoliveinandaroundmajorcities,andanincreasingnumberofIDPscanbefoundlivingintheperi-urbanareassurroundingHeratcity.18
ObjectivesandMainActivitiesoftheProjectTheprojectaimstodevelopacomprehensivemulti-year,multi-sectorarearesponseplantoguidetheprogrammingandpolicyinterventionsofADSPmembers(DRC,IRC,NRC,andRI)andotherhumanitarianagencies,developmentandgovernmentpartners,inordertosupportearlyrecoveryofcommunitiesaffectedbydisplacementinHerat.
Theareaactionplanisbasedontheassessmentofthecurrentsituationinfourmainurbanandperi-urbanareasaffectedbydisplacementinHerat.Thedevelopmentoftheplanconsiderstheexistingobstaclesandopportunitiesthat will allow the transition from an emergency response to long-term recovery interventions.
Themulti-sectoractionplanincludesbothprogrammingandpolicyinterventionsthatcaneffectivelysupportearlyrecoveryandbuildcommunities’resiliencetoshockswhilesupportingIDPstoachievedurablesolutions.Thefullresearchmethodologyandtoolscanbefoundinanannexatwww.adsp.ngo, as can the complete data set
Notes on the Use of Key Terms in this ReportAfulllistofkeytermsrelevanttothestudyandtheirofficialdefinitioncanbefoundintheAnnexdocument.
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and economic migrants–InHerat,mostIDPsweredisplacedbecauseoftheeffectsofarmedconflictandnaturaldisaster(mostlydrought).Migrantsthatidentifythemselvesasmigratingforpureeconomicreasonsnotdirectlylinkedtonaturaldisastersandconflictarecategorisedaseconomicmigrantsinthereport.
Recent and protracted IDPs–Since,inkeepingwiththe‘earlyrecovery’timeframe,theresearchfocusisonthosedisplacedbetween6and36months,displacedpeopleareclassifiedas‘recent’whendisplacedforaperiodupto3yearsand‘protracted’whentheyhavebeendisplacedforoverthreeyears.ItshouldbenotedthatUNHCRdefinesprotracteddisplacementsasdisplacementswhichhavelastoverfiveyears.19
15 DRC, Herat. 16ProfileandResponsePlanforProtractedIDPSettlementsinHerat,October2016,Inter-AgencyDurableSolutionsInitiative,http://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/_assets/files/field_protection_clusters/Afghanistan/files/HLP%20AoR/inter_agency_durable_solutions_report_herat_october_2016_en.pdf 17 Ibid. 18AgencyandChoiceAmongtheDisplaced:Returnees’andIDPs’choiceofdestinationinAfghanistan,2015,DACAAR/SamuelHall,https://www.dacaar.org/functions/publications/uploads/20180404070053DACAAR%20&%20SH%20Full%20Report%202015.pdf, p.11. 19UNHCR,‘ProtractedRefugeeSituations’,ExecutiveCommitteeoftheHighCommissioner’sProgramme,StandingCommittee,30thMeeting,UNDoc.EC/54/SC/CRP.14,10June2004,p.2.https://www.unhcr.org/40c982172.pdf
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Returnee–Whilethetermalsoappliestointernallydisplacedpersonswhoreturntotheirpreviousplaceofresidence,20 inthisreportthetermreturneeonlyappliestoformerrefugeeswhocamebacktoAfghanistan(voluntarilyornot).
Displaced person–Inthisreportthetermdisplacedappliestoallpeoplewhoidentifythemselvesasreturnees,IDPsor economic migrants.
Host community–Thistermappliestopeoplewhoidentifythemselvesasbeinglong-term/permanentresidentsintheircurrentplaceofabode.Theymayormaynotoriginallycomefromtheircurrentplaceofresidence,ortheymighthavebeenrefugeesbefore,buttheyhavebeenlivinginthisplaceforlongenoughtoidentifythemselvesaspermanentresidents.
20 http://reporting.unhcr.org/glossary
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PART 2 – FINDINGSOverview of the Displacement ContextThissectionprovidesanoverviewofthecontextinwhichtheindicatorsweremeasured.Itcoversthelegal,social,andprogrammaticenvironmentwithinwhichthedisplacementtakesplaceandservesasareferencetobetterunderstandthebarriersorenablerstoprogressontheindicatorsduringfutureiterationsofthestudy.Itdescribestheprofileofdisplacement-affectedcommunities,theprogrammaticresponsestodisplacement,andtheinteractionandperceptionofthevariousstakeholders(government,hostcommunities,displacedpopulation),analysingkeypolicydocumentsandquantitativeandqualitativedatacollectedunderthisstudy.
ImplementationoftheIDPpolicyandothersolution-orientedframeworks
The review of the legal and policy framework reveals that a strong vision, principles, and best practices are enshrined inacomprehensivelegalandpolicyframework,butthatthemechanismsforimplementingthisframeworkareweakorlacking,themonitoringsystemisnonexistent,andthecentralisednatureoftheAfghangovernancesystemslowsdowngood initiatives designed at the provincial level.
The National Policy on Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) wasadoptedinNovember2013andlaunchedinFebruary2014.ThePolicyisanationalinstrumentdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthedisplacedAfghans,withtheMinistryofRefugeesandRepatriation,theOfficeoftheAdministrativeAffairsoftheCouncilofMinistersandotherrelevant ministries and entities tasked with its implementation.21 According to the Policy, a National Implementation PlanshouldbepreparedbyMoRRonanannualbasis,aswellasProvincial Action Plans (PAP), the development ofwhichshouldbeledbyProvincialGovernors.22WhiletheHeratPAPwasthefirsttobedeveloped,theNationalImplementation Plan is still pending. This lack of national-level planning slowed down the implementation of the PAP in Herat,asthereisnonational-levelmechanismtosupportprovincialactionsormonitorimplementation.Toillustratethis challenge, the Provincial Director of MoRR in Herat reported several actions that have been initiated based on the PAP,butthatarenowwaitingforfurtheractiontobetakeninKabul,monthsoryearsafterrequestsweremadebyHerat provincial government.
Notwithstanding the existence of the PAP, it appears that provincial-level line ministries still lack awareness of the policy and, in cases where they knowaboutit,theyfacedifficultiesdescribingitscontent.InterviewedkeyinformantswereabletodescribetheirprogrammaticapproachestorespondingtotheneedsofIDPsbutfailtocomprehendhowtheirassistancecontributedtothewiderobjectivelaidoutintheIDPPolicy
SomemeasuresofthePAPhavebeenimplemented,buttheextentofthesuccessisnotdocumentedandimplementationisnotproperlymonitored,makingitdifficulttoassessprogressmadethusfar,orthegapsthatremain.Thetwomainsuccessesrecordedintheinterviewsinclude(i)thecoverageofIDPcommunitiesbytheCitizens’CharterAfghanistanProgramme(CCAP),leadingtotheestablishmentofCommunityDevelopmentCouncils(CDC)inthesecommunitiesand(ii)thesupporttoIDPswhoreturntotheirplaceoforiginthroughtheprovisionofafinancialpackageto3,000families.
21 National Policy on Internally Displaced Persons, p.4.22 http://reporting.unhcr.org/glossary
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ManagingthetransitionbetweenthehumanitarianresponseandtheprovisionofsustainablesolutionsremainschallengingasitiscoordinatedbyaprovincialgovernmentrelyingalmostexclusivelyonthefundingreceivedbyNGOsfrom donors.
Asaresultofthelargenumbersofreturningrefugeesandthewillingnesstoprovidedurablesolutionsfordisplacedpopulations,thegovernmentdraftedthePolicy Framework for Returnees and IDPsattheendof2016.ThePolicyFrameworkgovernshumanitariananddevelopmentassistance,andhasasitsaimthetransitioningfromhumanitarianassistancetodurablesolutionswitha“wholeofcommunity”approach.
AnewPresidentialDecreeonLandAllocation(Decree305)wasissuedinAugust2018,23 with the aim of improving the proceduretoallocatelandandhousingtothemostvulnerablereturnees,IDPs,andmartyrs’families.MostIDPsandreturneesarenotawareofthisdecree,thoughafewhaveheardofsuchameasure.Accordingtotwostakeholders,landparcelshavebeendistributedtoIDPs.Forinstance,thegovernmentdistributedplotsbehindJoySultanitoIDPsfromShaidayeeinanefforttoresettlethempermanently,butseveralkeyinformantsreportedthattheprocessisslowandcumbersome.Wherepossiblehumanitarianagenciescontinuetoprovidesomeemergencysupport,suchasmobleclinics,toIDPsintheircurrentsettlements,whiletheywaittobetransferredtothenewland.
Backgroundonthehostpopulation
Mosthostcommunitiesarepoor,lackresources,andhaveverylimitedjobopportunities.Theyliveinvillageswithpoorinfrastructureandrelymostlyonagriculture,usuallyworkingeitherinfarmingorlow-skilledjobs.Approximatelyonethirdofthesurveyedhostcommunitymembers(35%)reportbeingself-employedandanotherthird(33%)earntheirincomefromseasonaloroccasionalwork.Menworkonadailybasisonfarmsorinconstruction,womenweavecarpetsordocleaningtasks,and,insomecases,childrenhavetoworkaswell.Almosthalfofhostcommunityfamilies(49%)liveonlessthan5,000Afspermonth.Afurther39%liveonlessthan10,000Afspermonth.InHerat’spoorurbancommunities,somepeoplereportedlivingwith10Afsperdayandsellingwhattheypossesstosurvive.
Thesurveyrevealsthatoverallthevastmajority(74%)liveintheirownhouse.However,amajorityofpeopleinterviewedinRobatKablyaandRubatSulaimanreportedlivinginrentedhouses,sometimesofavernacularvariety.InHerat‘sPD6district,thehostcommunitylacksbasicgoodsandservicesandexperiencesfoodshortagesandbarriersto accessing water. In addition, there is neither a school nor a hospital in their village.
“We have weak electricity in our village. We have water, but we have half asphalted streets in our village. Our people work in the agricultural sector or as a daily labourer.” Female host community member, Ordobagh
23ItreplacesthePresidentialDecreeonLandDistributionforHousingtoEligibleReturneesandIDPs(Decree104)thatwaspassedIn 2005.
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Backgroundonthedisplacedpopulation 55%ofthedisplacedpersonssurveyedhavebeenlivinginthethetargetedcommunitiesforaperiodoflessthanthreeyears24and45%havebeenthereforlonger.TherecentlydisplacedwhoweresurveyedhavesettledmainlyinGuzaraandInjilperi-urbanareas,whilethosewhohavebeeninHeratlongeraremainlysettledintheurbanareas.HalftheIDPs(51%)comefromotherdistrictsinHerat,whiletherestcomefromBadghis(22%)andGhor(13%),withasmallproportionfromFaryab(4%)andFarah(2%).VeryfewhavemigratedfromKabulandeasternAfghanistan.ThemajorityofreturneescomefromIran.Halfthedisplacedpeople(total51%,respectively61%oftherecentIDPsand41%oftheprotracted IDPs25)lefttheirareaoforiginbecauseofinsecurityandtheactivepresenceofinsurgents.Thesecondmajorcauseofdisplacementwasalackofemploymentandeconomicopportunities,withonequarterofIDPs(17%oftherecentand36%oftheprotracted)statingthatthiswasthereasonforleavingtheirvillage.Peoplewerealsodisplacedbecauseofnaturaldisasterssuchasdroughtorflooding,althoughinsmallerproportion(intotal16%,19%oftherecentand14%oftheprotracteddisplaced).Itshouldbenotedthatinruralcommunities,naturaldisasterssuchasdroughtwouldhaveanimpactoneconomicwell-being,andthereforetheseresultsmaybeconflated.
IDPsandreturneeswerepoorpeopleintheirareaoforiginanddisplacementhasexacerbatedtheirpoverty.Manyworkedintheagriculturesectorbeforedisplacementandthuspossessnospecificskillsotherthanthoserelatedtofarming.Fewpeoplereportedowninglandintheirareaoforigin.Displacedpeopledidnotbringmuchwiththemwhentheylefttheirhomesandreportednotowninganyvaluableassetswhichcouldbeusedtore-establishtheirlivelihoodswhile in displacement.
TheoverwhelmingmajorityofIDPs—whetherrecent(91%)orprotracted(93%)—wanttostayinHerat.IDPsinterviewedexplainedthisdecisionwasduetobetterlivingconditionsthanthoseavailableintheirhomeareas.Insecurityandlackoflivelihoodopportunitiesand/orinfrastructureintheplaceoforiginarereportedasthemajorobstaclestoreturn.IDPswhohavelostharvestsandlivestockbecauseofdroughthavenothingtoreturnto.
“We want to live here. We hope to obtain a land parcel to build a home for ourselves here, because our village is insecure.” Female IDP, Urd Baq
Response to forced displacement
ManyNGOsandUNagencieshaveprovidedassistancetoIDPs.GovernmentinstitutionssuchastheDirectorateofPublicHealth,theDirectorateofEducation,theDirectorateofRuralRehabilitationandDevelopment,andtheNationalDisasterManagementAuthorityalsosupporteddisplacedcommunities.However,theyusuallyprovideassistancethrough,orinpartnershipwith,UNagenciesandNGOs.Theprivatesectorisnotinvolvedintheresponsetodisplacement.
24 In this report they are considered recently displaced, while those who have been displaced in Herat for more than three years are considered protracted25Seep.11forthedefinitionofrecentandprotracteddisplacement.
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Interventionshave,however,focusedonemergencyresponse,havebeenlimitedintimeandmainlytargedtheIDPsettlements.Inthemeantime,therehasnotbeenmuchattentiononbuildingtheresilienceofcommunitiesandsupportingIDPsintheachievementofdurablesolutions.AccordingtoOCHA,emergencyprogrammesendedinJune2019andtheyhavenotbeenreplacedbyprogrammesfocusingonlonger-termassistance.However,therehavebeen a few TVET programmes in Gabriel, Kodistan, Maslakh, Shogofan and Shaidayee that have been implemented byNGOsandoneprogrammerunbytheMinistryofSocialAffairs.IDPslivingoutsideofmainIDPsettlementsandhostingcommunitieshavenotreceivedsupporttofosterresilience.Inthemeantime,programmesencouragingandsupportingIDPs’returntotheirareaoforiginareextremelylimitedandmostpeopleremaindisplaced.
ThegovernmentconsidersreturntobethemainsolutionforIDPs.AccordingtotheHeratDoRR,aprogrammecalled“returnwithhonour”hasbeenplannedtoassist3,000IDPstoreturntotheirareaoforigin,giving20,000Afghanistoeachreturningfamily.InFebruary2019,OCHAnotifiedtheIDPsthatassistanceintheareaofdisplacementwouldstopinJune,butthattheywouldbeprovidedwithfoodandhealthservicesintheirareaoforiginiftheyreturned.However,thisofferdidnotconstituteasufficientincentivefordisplacedpeopletoreturn.Whilethegovernmenthintsthatitintendstoprovidedevelopmentprojectsinareasoforigin,themeansandconcreteplansforthisremainunclear.Inthemeantime,someNGOshavelaunchedprojectsinareasoforigintofosterreturn.
ProvincialauthoritieshavealsotriedtofindsuitablelocationswhereIDPscouldsettleinHerat.Theyhaveidentifiedareaswherethereisnolandconflictwiththehostcommunity,allowingIDPstosettlethereforanundeterminedduration.Bygatheringdisplacedpeopleinthesamelocation,authoritiesaimtomaximisetheoutreachofassistanceandimproveaccesstoservices.Atthetimeofthisstudy,however,therelocationplanhadyettobefinalised.
In the absence of NGO or government service provision, Wakil-i-gozars26 have been primary providers of basic assistancetoIDPsandreturnees.Inseveralinstancesitwasreportedthattheyfoundroomsfordisplacedfamilies,sometimesintheirownhouses,andgavethemfoodororganisedfooddonationsamongthehostcommunity.WhiletheWakil-i-gozarareperceivedpositivelybyIDPsandreturnees,whoseethemasveryhelpfulandreadytosolvetheirproblems,theycannotassistdisplacedpeoplefurtherandcertainlydonothavethecapacitytoprovidelong-termsolutions.Theyhaveverylimitedresourcesandarenotalwaysabletoaddresstheirownneeds,letalonetheneedsofothers.
CommunityDevelopmentCouncils(CDC)havebeenconsultedandhavebeenoftenachanneltoconveycomplaintsbuthavenotbeenactiveinsupportingresilienceandsolution.
“I am happy with the current situation. People are nice. The Wakil is a very nice person and he protects us against the government. But if my homeland becomes secure again, I will return.” Male IDP, Shalbafan
“The head of the council gave IDPs food and rooms in his house where they could stay for several days.” Female host community member, Herat PD 6
Funding
Governmentpartnerscomplainaboutnothavingenoughfundseitherforemergencyorrecoveryactivities.Informationaboutfundingwasnotsharedbytherespondents.
26Wakil-i-gozaristherepresentativesatthegozarlevel,thesub-districtdivisioninamunicipality.
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PublicAttitude
Analysisofthequalitativedatashowsthat,overall,grassrootsgovernancemechanismshaveplayedapositiverole in containingconflictsortensionsandinfacilitatingdialogue,understandingandsupportbetweendisplacedandhostcommunities.ThegovernmentandNGOsseemtohavehadaneutralroleinthisregard,avoidingdoingharmwhiledelivering their interventions.
Displacedcommunities’attitudestowardgovernmentandhostcommunitiesaregood.DisplacedpeopleexpresssatisfactionregardingtheattitudeofWakilsorShuraleadersandfeelthattheyhave,atleast,beenlistenedto.However,therehavebeenreportsoflocalactorsattemptingtotakeadvantageofprojectstargetingIDPs,andcasesofnepotism.Insomecases,IDPshaveaccusedCDCmembersofgivingassistancemeantforIDPstotheirconstituency.Nevertheless,displacedpeoplearelargelysatisfiedwiththehostcommunity.Oneofthereasonswhytheywanttosettleisbecausetheyfeelcomfortableamongthem.
HostcommunitiesalsoappeartobeopenandtolerantwithIDPs.Co-existencehasgenerallybeenpeaceful,althoughwithsomenotableexceptions,andhostcommunitieshavedisplayedasenseofsolidarity,especiallyduringtheemergencyphase.Forexample,hostcommunitiessupportedIDPsbygivingthemfood.However,theyareconcernedthatifIDPscontinuetoreceiveassistanceinHeratbeyondtheinitialperiodofcrisis,itwilldeterthemfromreturninghome.
Despitethegenerallypositivepicture,therehavebeensomeinstancesoftensionbetweenthecommunities,particularlyinpoorerareassuchasHerat’sPD6district,wherethepresenceofdisplaced people has posed a challengetothehostcommunity.TheyperceivetheprovisionofaidtoIDPsasunfair,andprovidedbasedonstatusnotonneeds.Whilehostcommunitymembersfacecomparablepoverty-relatedchallenges,theyarguethattheydonotbenefitfromthesamelevelofassistanceasIDPs.IDPpresenceonhostcommunitylandwasalsoidentifiedasanothersourceoftension.Insomecases,suchasinKhadistanareaofInjil,IDPssettledonprivatelandwereforcedbythelandownerstorelocatetootherareas,suchasSharak-e-Sabz.AccordingtotheProvincialDirectorateofRefugeesand Repatriation,27landhasbeenidentifiedtoaccommodatesome15,000familiesofreturneesandIDPsforaperiodoffiveyears.Anagreementforrenting3,000Jeribs28 of land, east of Bagh-e-Shadayee, from the Herat Directorate of HajandReligiousAffairsforaperiodoffiveyearshasbeendraftedandsenttoKabul.
Crimehasalsotriggeredtensionbetweenthegroups,withhostcommunitiesarguingthatlevelsofthefthasincreasedsinceIDPs/returneesarrivedintheirareas.Theyaccusedisplacedpeopleofbeingresponsibleforthisincrease.InShaidayee,hostcommunitymembersfeltthatsecurityhaddeterioratedfollowingtheirarrival.Somereportedareductioninthevalueoftheirlandandhouses,whichhasledtodemonstrationsinfrontoftheGovernor’soffice.29
“Since the IDPs arrived to Herat province, neither the government nor humanitarian organisations have paid attention to the host community population.” Wakil-i-gozar in PD 6
Also,occasionaltensionshaveoccurredwhereIDPswerenotsatisfiedwiththeassistanceprovidedbyNGOs.Thistensionhasperiodicallyresultedinthesuspensionofoperations.
27 IDI with Head of DoRR in Herat 28Jeribisatraditionalunitoflandmeasurementequivalentto0.2hectare29 KII with DRC Provincial Manager in Herat
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Physical, Material, and Legal Safety Thissectionreviews27keyindicators,groupedunderthreecategories,aspresentedinthescoringmatrix(seeAnnexF).Themeasurementforeachindicatorisgenerallydonethroughamixofqualitativeandquantitativedata,exceptfor10indicatorsthatcouldnotbemeasuredquantitatively.The27indicatorsserveasproxiesfortheissueunderconsideration,andaresupplementedwithkeydatafromtheadditionalindicatorsmeasuredduringdatacollection.Readerswishingtoreviewthefulldatasetfromwhichthefindingsweredrawnshouldvisitwww.adsp.ngo
Physical Safety Existence of physical, psychological or sexual violence
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population that is aware of cases of physical, sexual or psychological violence
Ingeneral,IDPs/returneesfeelsafe,andonlyafewreportedhavingexperienceddirectphysicalorpsychologicalviolence.Onaverage,levelsofviolenceexperiencedbyIDPsdoesnotdifferfromthoseexperiencedbythehostcommunity.However,recentIDPsweremorelikelytoreportphysicalviolence.TherehavebeensomereportsoftensionsamongIDPs,occasionalpersonalfeudsandintwocasesIDPswerekilledinunclearcircumstances.Thefeelingofsafetyishigherinperi-urbanareas(79%)thaninthecity(71%),wheremeninparticularfeelmoreunsafe,atrendalsoseenwithinhostcommunities.
Fromthequalitativedata,itemergedthatthemainprotectionconcernsareearlyandforcedmarriagesandchildlabour,practiceswhicharewidespread.WhilebothissuesarecommoninAfghanistan,theyaremostlikelyexacerbatedby poverty in the displacement context. In addition, displaced women are more likely to experience psychological and verbalviolence.Casesofgender-basedviolence(GBV),includingrapeandfamilyviolenceinsidesettlements,havebeenreportedininterviewsandFGDs.Thesesameinterviewsanddiscussionshighlightedthatsuchincidentsaremostlikelyunderreported,probablyforfearofrepercussions.
Restriction of movementQuantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population who report being able to move freely in the community most of the time
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 16% 11% 16%Female 17% 11% 16%
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 75% 68% 68%Female 67% 79% 77%
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Onaverage,IDPsreportthesameleveloffreedomofmovementashostcommunitymembers.Womenareusuallymorepositivethanmenwhenreportingfreedomofmovement,mostlybecausetheirmovementsarelimitedbytheirfamilyandtheythusrarelyexperienceexternalrestrictions.Onthecontrary,mencarryoutmostresponsibilitiesrequiringexternalmovement,andaremorelikelyexperiencelimitationsplacedonthembyexternalfactors.Thequalitativedatahighlightthatnorestrictionofmovementisimposedbygovernmentauthoritiesorlocalpowerbrokers,sorestrictionsofmovementaremostlyduetoinsecurity(whetherrealorperceived)oreconomicconstraints.
Safety and security Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population who feel safe in the community most of the time
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population who trust the police
Mostpeople,whetherdisplacedorhost,feelsafeintheircommunities,andmorethanhalfofthepopulationtrustthatthelocalpolicecanprotectthem.Bothdisplacedpeople(57%)andhostcommunities(55%)trustthepolicetoasimilarextent.Residents’trustinthepoliceishigherinurbanareas(62%)comparedtoperi-urbanareas(49%).
Thequalitativedatarevealthat,overall,peoplefeelsafe.Althoughtheygenerallythinkthatthepolicefulfiltheirroleinensuringsecurity,respondentssharedcriticismsoftheANPhighlighting,amongotherthings,theirlackofprofessionalism,theirdelayinaddressingincidents,andthefactthattheirnumbersaretoolimitedforthemtofulfiltheir responsibilities.
Social cohesion Qualitative proxy indicator: existence of forms of discrimination in regard to physical, material and legal safety
Displaced Host Community
Discrimination exists in regard to physical, material or legal safety. There are very few measuresinplaceand/orfewactionstakentopreventand/ormitigatediscriminations
There is generally no discrimination in regard to physical, material and legal safety.
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 75% 69% 67%Female 77% 85% 87%
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 52% 58% 50%Female 56% 65% 61%
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IDPsdonotcomplainaboutdiscriminativepractices,butdiscussionswithhostcommunitymembersshowthatIDPsaresometimesnegativelyperceivedbecauseoftheirsocio-economicbackground,lackofeducation,anddifferencesinlanguageandcustoms.Insomeinstances,thehostcommunitypopulationpreventedIDPsfromaccessingservicesforfearofshortage,suchasinthecaseofaccesstohealthservices,withhealthcentreemployeesrestrictingIDPs‘access.Governmentinstitutionsseemtobeunabletoaddressdiscriminatorypracticesastheyarereportedtobecorruptandunable-orunwilling-toservethewholepopulationequally.
Opportunities,obstaclesandsuggestionsforengagement:physicalsafety
NGOsreportthatorganisationsandstructuressuchasclusters,workinggroupsandreferralmechanismsexistandshouldbeabletoaddresscasesofgender-basedviolence. However, coordination among actors is reported to be achallenge.Thepoliceforceispresent,andahotlineisavailable,shouldpeopleneedtocall.However,the main challengeremainsthegenerallackofeducationandknowledgeofhowtoaddresssuchsensitiveissues,as well asanabsenceoftrustamongstthosewhowouldreportcasesofviolence,allofwhichcontributetoasupposedunderreportingofincidents.
TheIDPPolicydoescontainsomemeasuresdesignedtoimproveIDPs’physicalsafety.AccordingtoArticle7.1.1oftheIDPPolicy,“theMoI,incoordinationwithMoRR,willensurethatspecialmeasures(e.g.24hourhotlinenumbers,specialpolicepatrols)areimplementedwhencircumstancesrequire...;andtherearefamilycaseunits(authorisedtoregisteranddiscussthefamilyviolencecasesincludingrape,forcedandchildmarriages)inpolicestationsinareaswherethereareconcentrationsofIDPs,andmeasuresaretakentoraisepublicawareness,includingamongIDPs,ontheexistenceoftheseunits.”However,people’slimitedlevelsoftrustinthepoliceforcedoesposeanobstacletothesuccessfulimplementationofthefamilycaseunits.Additionally,alackofpropercivildocumentation,includingmarriagecertificates,mightleadalsototheunwillingnessofsomeofthevictimstoreportcasesortoseekjustice.
Partnersinvolvedinthedevelopmentofthearea-basedactionplansshouldthereforestrengthentheirprotectionactivities,includingworkingmorecloselywithcommunitiesandpromotinggreaterawarenessofrights,andtheserviceswhichareavailabletosupportpeopletoavailofthoserights.KeyactivitieswouldalsosupporteducationonthepreventionofGBV,andwouldfosteranenvironmentinwhichsurvivorsfeltcomfortabletoreportanyabuses.GBVreferralmechanismsshouldtobestrengthened,providingadequatesupporttoallapectsofthereferralpathways.Actorsshouldalsoensurethatproperfollowupiscarriedout,andthatsurvivorshaveaccesstothespecialisedservicestheyrequire.ThereisalsoasignificantneedtobuildthecapacityofthepolicetomanageandinvestigateGBVcasesandotherrightsviolations,andtobuildtrustbetweenthepoliceserviceandthecommunitythattheyserve.
Tofurtherbuildontheeffortmadebysomecommunityrepresentatives,CommunityDevelopmentCouncils(CDCs)couldbemobilisedtofostersocialcohesionbetweenthegroupsandmitigatetheriskofconflict.Thiscouldbedone,forinstance,byincludingrepresentativesofvulnerablegroupsindevelopmentsub-committees,toensurethatprojectsprioritisetheneedsofvulnerableresidents,withanequalofcusontheneedsofhostandIDPcommunities.HumanitariananddevelopmentagenciesshouldthusworkthroughCDCs(ormorespecificallythesub-committees)whendesigningandimplementingprojects.CDCswillalsobeinvolvedinresolvingconflictsarisingfromprojectdelivery.Properconflictanalysismustbecarriedouttoensurethatanyprogrammingintroducedbygovernment,NGOsandUNisconflictsensitiveandaddressespotentialandexistingconflicts.
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Material Safety
Access to basic services
EmergencyprogrammesdesignedforIDPs—especiallyrelatedtofood,shelterandcashdistribution—endedinJune2019butprovisionofsomeservices,suchashealthcareandeducation,continuesincertainareas.
Whiledisplacedpeopleinsettlementsreportedlyhaveaccesstobasicservices,IDPs/returneesandvillageleadersinbothurbanandperi-urbanareasoverwhelminglyreportalackofassistanceandaverylimitedaccesstobasicservices.Amongthelocalitiessurveyed,onlyfourvillagesreporthavingreceivedsomekindofassistancefromNGOsorUNagencies:twoinPD7districtandtwoinGuzaradistrict.
“We don’t have anything. We don’t have the things that you need when you’re displaced, such as shelter, basic goods, electricity, water. People who are living here are not rich enough to help us.” Male IDP, Herat PD 6
Foodconsumption
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population who experience hunger30
Basedonthesurvey,lackoffoodisthemostacuteissueinIDPcommunities.Foodshortagesaffectalargenumberof peopleamongIDPs/returneesand,toalesserextent,hostcommunities.AthirdofhostcommunitymembersandtwothirdsofIDPs(66%)arehungryatleastonceaweek,including13%whoarehungrymorethanonceaday.Displacedpeoplearethreetimesmorelikelythanhostcommunitymemberstoexperiencehungermorethanonceaday.Ahigher proportion of recent IDPs face food shortages compared to protracted IDPs. Women, whether IDPs or host communitymembers,arealsomoreaffectedbyanacutelackoffood.19%ofrecentfemaleIDPsarehungrymorethanonceaday,comparedto7%ofrecentmaleIDPs.Similarly,8%offemalehostcommunitymembersreportthattheyarehungrymorethanonceaday,against1.5%ofmalehostcommunitymembers.FemaleIDPsinGuzaraandallwomeninHeratPD7facehigherlevelsoffoodshortages(onceadayormorethanonceaday).However,thesefiguresmaynottellthefullstory.TherepresentativeoftheMoPHinterviewedinHeratpointedoutthat,whilepartofthepopulationmightnotreporthunger,theirdietofbreadandteamayleavethemdeprivedofessentialnutrients.MalnutritionhasemergedamongIDPchildrenasparentsoftencannotbuynutritiousfood.31
Basedonthequalitativedata,itappearsthatfoodshortagesaredirectlycausedbypovertyandunemploymentandarethereforemoresevereinthewinter,whenopportunitiesfordailylabourarescarce.Poorpeopleprioritiseexpenses
30 The percentages in the table aggregate respondents who selected one of the three following options: once or a few times a week, everyday,severaltimesaday,tothequestion:Howoftenareyouhungryandyoudon’thavefoodtoeat?31KIIwiththeDeputyEPHSattheProvincialDirectorateofMoPHinHeratprovince
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 73% 53% 30%Female 75% 64% 41%
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suchasrent,andmayhavenomoneylefttobuyproperfood.WFP,NRCandIRChaveoccasionallydistributedfoodpackagesandvoucherstoIDPsregisteredwithWFP,butsuchactivitieswereneverintendedtoprovidelong-termsupport.
“Our stomachs are growling, even right now. In the worst day, we didn’t have food for three consecutive days.”Female IDP in PD 6
“If I find a job here and there, I would only get about 500 to 1000 Afghanis and that would go for the rent. Therefore, there is no money left for us at the end of the day.” Male IDP, Urdobagh
“We cannot say we are not faced with shortage of food, but it is not that common like IDP camps. Shortage of food occurs in winter, when we spend most of the money on other necessities.”Male IDP, Shalbafan, PD7
Adequatehousingconditions
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population that have access to durable housing32
TherearemarkeddifferencesinaccesstohousingbetweenIDPandhostcommunities.OnethirdofIDPsliveinrentedhouses,whichmaybemadeofmud,oftensharingtheplacewithotherfamilies,while19%liveintentsand12%livewiththeirrelatives.Thisstandsinsharpcontrasttothesituationforhostcommunitymembers,ofwhom80%liveintheirownhousesandonly12%liveinrentedhouses.ThesurveyshowsthatprotractedIDPshavefarmoresecureaccesstohousingthanrecentIDPs,withahigherproportionowiningtheirownhouses.Thirty-fivepercentofrecentIDPs live in tents while none of the protracted IDPs do.
Interviewsprovidedmoredetailsonthelivingconditionsofdisplacedfamilies.Often,displacedpeoplecanonlyafforddamagedbuildings,withoutwindowsorceilings.AfewreturneesfromIranwereabletobuildtheirownhouses.Inthemost extreme cases, displaced families do not have shelter and live in the street.
Thisindicatoralsofeaturesasharpurban/peri-urbandivide:themajorityofrecentIDPsliveinatentinGuzara(67%)andinInjil(50%)whilenoneoftheIDPsdoinPD6andPD7.InGuzaraandInjildistricts,thegovernmentdistributedlandtoIDPsbutwithoutthefinancialresourcestobuildahousetheycontinuetoliveintents.Theproportionofdisplacedandhostcommunitymembersrentinghousesismuchhigherinurbanareasthaninperi-urban.MeanwhilehostcommunitymembersandprotractedIDPslivinginGuzaradistrictaremorelikelytoownahouse.Forinstance,
32Forthepurposeofthisresearch,andinlinewithIASCindicators,thefollowingcriterionwasusedtodeterminethedurabilityofdwellings:permanencyofstructure(permanentbuildingmaterialforthewalls,roofandfloor).Thepercentagesinthetableaggregaterespondentswhoselectedoneofthefollowingoptions:rentedhouse,orown/familyhouse,tothequestion:Wheredoyouandyourfamilylive?
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 46% 89% 93.5%Female 55% 83% 90%
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78%ofprotractedIDPsownahouseinGuzaradistrictandonly8%liveinarentedhouse,whileinHeratPD7,46%ownahouseand40%liveinarentedhouse,whichamountstoa32-percentagepointdifference.
“Our house doesn’t have a door. We hung a curtain to replace the door. We can barely live there and we have many problems. Our rent is 500 Afs to 1000 Afs a month.” Male IDP, Urdo Bagh, Guzara district
“We don’t have our own house or garden to work on. We have a mud house and we pay rent for that.” Male IDP, Herat PD 6
Safe drinking water
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population that have access to safe drinking water
WhilethemajorityofIDPshaveaccesstosafedrinkingwater,thereisan18-percentagepointdifferencebetweentheiraccessandthatofthehostcommunity.OnethirdofIDPsusepublictapsorstandpipes,15%useboreholesortubewells,and14%protecteddugwells.Importantly,15%ofIDPsgetunsafewaterfromunprotectedsources,whetherunprotectedwellsorsprings.
DifferencesalsoexistbetweenprotractedandrecentIDPs.Theformertendtousemoreprotecteddugwells, while the laterusepublictapsorstandpipes.Inurbanareas,publictapsorstandpipesareusedby25%moreofthedisplacedpopulationthaninperi-urbanareas.InGuzaradistrict,recentIDPsusecomparativelymoreprotecteddugwells,whileinInjilIDPsusemoreunprotecteddugwells,showingthattheneedforsafedrinkingwateristhehighestforIDPsinInjil.
TheDirectorateofRuralRehabilitationandDevelopment,withthesupportofUNICEFandNGOs,hasprovidedwaterservicestodisplacedpeopleinsomeareas,suchasinShaidayee,whereUNICEFpaidtoinstallpipes.Despiteafewreportsofshortagesanduncleanwater,waterisoneoftheservicesthatbothdisplacedpeopleandhostcommunityhavethebestaccesstoinmosturbanandperi-urbanareas.
Thequalitativedatafurtherexplainthat,eventhoughthereispipedwaterinhousesacrossseveralvillages,somefamiliescannotbenefitfromitbecauseitisexpensiveoronlyavailableforafewhoursaday.Runningtapwaterrequireselectricitytofunction,implyingadditionalcostsforelectricity.Altogether,itamountsto400to2,000Afghanispermonthdependingonthesizeofthefamily.Therefore,somefamiliescannotaffordtheserviceandtheirwatergetscut.Insuchcases,theyusewellsorgettheirsupplyatthemosque.SomeIDPspointedoutthattheywouldprefertousewaterfromawellequippedwithasolarpanel,ratherthanpipewater,toavoidtheassociatedelectricitycosts.
“We do not have piped water here as we cannot afford it. We have to find a different source and bring water. They cut our pipe as we did not have money to pay the water bills.”Female IDP in Urdobagh
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 63% 64% 88%Female 76% 80% 89%
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Access to sanitation
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population that have access to adequate sanitation
Whetherinsettlementsorinvillages,IDPshaveaccesstowashroomsandlatrines.Intheoverwhelmingmajority,bothdisplacedandhostfamilieshavetheirownfacilitiesandveryfewsharewithotherfamiliesorhouseholds,thoughthereisa14-percentagepointdifferencebetweengroups.ThesanitationfacilitiesaccessiblefortheprotracteddisplacedinHeratappeartobesimilartothoseavailabletothehostcommunity.Ninety-onepercentofprotractedIDPfamilieshavetheirownfacilitiescomparedwith65%ofrecentIDPs.RecentIDPsmorefrequentlysharetoiletswithotherfamiliesorhouseholdsinsidethecompound.InGuzaradistrict,bothIDPsandhostcommunitieshavelessaccesstosanitationcomparedtotheotherareas.Furthermore,thereisaclearurban/peri-urbandivideregardinguseoffamilytoiletsashostcommunitymembersandIDPsalmostexclusivelyusefamilytoiletsinHeratPD6andPD7.
Availability and access to health services
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population that have access to health services33
Thevastmajorityofpeoplesurveyedlivewithinanhourofahospital.WhileIDPsreportbeingfurtherawayfromhospitalthanhostcommunities,thedifferenceprobablyresultsfromalackofknowledgeoftheclosesthealthfacilityonthepartofrecentlyarrivedIDPs.Still,55%ofIDPsandhostcommunityalikereportexperiencingsomekindofissueaccessing health care.
Inqualitativeinterviewsitwasconfirmedthat,insettlementssuchasShaidayee,displacedpeoplehaveaccesstohealth centres and some mobile clinics that operate inside the settlement as well as in a few remote areas. IDPs and hostcommunitieslivinginsmallvillagesreportthattheydonothavedirectaccesstohealthfacilities.Privatedoctorsprovideservicesinvillages,butdisplacedpeoplegenerallycannotaffordtheseservices.Therefore,inordertoaccesshealthcare,theyareobligedtogotothenearestcentre,upto5kilometresaway.Ingeneral,displacedpeopledonothaveaccesstofacilitieswhichcantreatcomplexhealthissues,andwouldneedtobereferredtoamoredistanthospital. The cost of transportation to the hospital is a barrier to healthcare for poor people in both the host and displacedcommunities.
33Notethatthediscrepanciesbetweenmenandwomenisusualwithquestionsrelatingtodistanceortime.Womenareusuallylesseducatedandlessexposedtoinformationthanmen,andtendtofacedifficultiesinrespondingtosuchquestions.Inaddition,healthservicesmightbeunderstooddifferentlybetweenmenandwomen,dependingontheirspecificneeds.Finally,itispossiblethatrecentfemaleIDPsarestillunawareofwhereservicesarelocated,hencethegreatergenderdiscrepancyinthegroupofrecentlydisplacedhouseholds.
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 60% 91% 88%Female 72% 92% 94%
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 84% 86% 88%Female 62% 74% 85%
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“We don’t have a hospital here. About 8,000 families live here without a health centre. We need to pay 100 Afs to go to the nearest hospital by taxi.” Host community male member, Herat PD 7
“We have one doctor here, but that is private one and we do not have any public hospital here. If you can afford the private doctor, you have access to health care.” Female IDP, Urdo Bagh, Guzara district
Availabilityandaccesstoprimaryandsecondaryeducation
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of children that have access to schools (aggregation of primary and secondary school attendance)
ClasseshavebeenestablishedforIDPsandreturneesbytheMinistryofEducation,withthesupportofUNICEF,WorldVisionandNRCinmainsettlementssuchasShaidayee.Still,alargeportionofschool-agedchildren(6-18year-old)amongrecentlydisplacedcommunitiesdonotattendschool(over50%ofgirlsand43%ofboys).DifferencescanbefoundbetweenrecentIDPsandallothergroups,aswellasbetweengirlsandboysamongdisplacedpeople.Thereisnoapparentgendergapamongthehostcommunity.
AccordingtoFGDs,displacedpeoplefacedifficultiesaccessingschools,eveninurbanareas,becausetherearenotalwaysschoolsclosetowheretheylive.Thisisthecase,forinstance,ontheoutskirtsofthecityinPD7,orinperi-urbanareas.Parentsareoftenreluctanttoseetheirschool-agechildrenwalklongdistances,fearingfortheirsafety.Thischallengeespeciallyaffectsgirlsasitmeansthattheirfamiliesareevenmorereluctanttosendthem.
Inaddition,schoolsoftendonothavethecapacitytoaccommodateallthestudentswhoseektoaccesseducation.Childrenhavetostudyunderatentandclassesmayoperateuptofourshiftsaday.Forinstance,inShalbafan,PD7district, there are as many as 4,500 boys and almost as many girls who attend the only existing school.34 Moreover, a shortageofteachers,absenteeismandlackofstudymaterialsconstituteadditionalobstaclestotheprovisionofeducation.Hostcommunitiesanddisplacedpeopleareaffectedinthesamewayandbothurbanandperi-urbanareasfacethesamedifficulties.Accordingtoquantitativedata,regardlessofthelocation,childlabourisamajorobstacletoeducationacrossallgroups,withalmostoneoutofeverythreeboysbelow15yearsoldworkinginsteadofgoingtoschool.Whilefarfewergirlsarereportedtobeworking,inreality,girlsareoftenexpectedtododomesticlabour,whichmaynotbeconsideredwork.Ifthiswascounted,theproportionofgirlsnotgoingtoschoolinordertofulfilthesetasksislikelytoappearhigher.
34Key Informant Interview with the Wakil-i-Gozar of Shalbafan
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 57% 76% 76%Female 49% 69% 72%
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Inaddition,somechildrencannotregisterwithschoolsbecausetheydonothavevalididentificationdocuments.Displacedparents’perceptionthattheyareonlysettledforashortperiodoftimedetersthemfromundertakingtheadministrative tasks necessary to register their children in school.
“I have a seven-year-old daughter and I wanted to send her to school but since school is very far, I did not. If we had a school in our village, I would send her to school.” Male host community member, Herat PD 6
“There is primary and secondary school. It was built 25 years ago for 200 students. But now there are 4,000 boys and girls studying there. A second school was built by an NGO. Still, there are twelve classrooms and students are studying in three shifts.” Community leader, Karizak
Existenceandaccesstosafetynets/socialprotectionprogrammes
Qualitative proxy indicator: existence and access to safety net/social protection programmes
KeyinformantsreporttheexistenceofafewprojectsinHerattargetingIDPs,especiallywidows,duringwintertoallowthemtobuyfood.Theseinterventionsare,however,limitedintimeandnosafetynetprogrammesaimedatreducingpoverty appeared to be implemented in the area at the time of the assessment.
Access to employment and job creation
Market accessibility
Qualitative proxy indicator: access to markets
According to most respondents in FGDs, there are markets in many areas where displaced people live. They can buyandsellproducts,whichprovidesthemwithasmallincome,buttheexistenceofmarketsisnotsystematic.Forinstance,inShalbafanandavillageinUrduBagh,thereisnomarket.Opportunitiestoworkarelimited,inparticularinperi-urbanareaswherepeoplehavetocommutetothecentreofthecitytofindajob.
“We do not have a market in our village. There is no opportunity for employment or establishment of business in our area.” Female IDP, Urdo Bagh, Guzara district
Displaced Host Community
There are no safety net programmes There are no safety net programmes
Displaced Host Community
There are a few markets in the neighbourhoodbutopportunitiesforgenerating income are limited
There are a few markets in the neighbourhoodbutopportunitiesforgenerating income are limited
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AccesstoTVETopportunities
Qualitative proxy indicator: access to TVET opportunities
TherehavebeensomeTVETprogrammesinHeratinareasaffectedbydisplacement,suchasinGabriel,Kodistan,Maslakh, Shogofan, and Shaidayee. However, with the exception of Shaidayee, none of the respondents in the other locationswherethequalitativedatawascollectedreportedhavingbenefitedfromTVETprogrammes.
TheTVETprogrammeswhichwereofferedfocusedonsewingandtailoring,butalsocoveredpoultry-raising,entrepreneurship,andthecreationofsmallbusinessesandgreenhouses.Reportedly,programmesimplementedbyNGOsfocusedonIDPs,whileprogrammesimplementedbythegovernmentincludedthehostcommunity.Theskillsprovided, however, do not always allow people to generate an income and respondents acknowledge the need for more marketable skills.
“There are no vocational training programmes here. There is not even a sewing course allowing ladies to participate and learn this skill.” Female IDP, Herat PD 7
Existence of legal or administrative obstacles to economic activities
Qualitative proxy indicator: existence of legal or administrative obstacles to access employment and self-employment
Qualitativedatashowthatthemainobstacletoeconomicactivitiesislinkedtoaccesstocredit,asIDPs/returneesdonot have sufficientfinancialresourcestostarttheirownsmallbusinesses.Inordertoobtainaloan,displacedpeopleneedtoprovidesomekindofguarantee,forexampleonpropertytheyown,andvalididentificationdocuments.SomestakeholdersbelievethatbankswouldbemorereluctanttograntaloantoanIDPthantomembersofthehostcommunity.Anotherobstacletocreditisthelackofawareness,asalargenumberofIDPs/returneeshavenotheardofloans.Thereisalsoaresistancetoit,asmanypeoplerejecttheideaofpayinginterestasforbiddenbyIslam.Yet,CRDSA,alocalNGO,issupportingthecreationofsmallbusinessesandMoLSAMDhasprovidedsomegrants(notspecificallytargetingdisplacedpeople).
“We had a loan system here in our village but our people rejected it because the interest system is “haram” in our religion.” Male host community member, Herat PD 7
Displaced Host Community
Very few TVET programmes are available intheareaand/orfewopportunitiesforapprenticeship.
Very few TVET programmes are available intheareaand/orfewopportunitiesforapprenticeship.
Displaced Host Community
There are some legal or administrative obstacles that prevent people accessing employmentorself-employment,includingaccesstocredit/loans
There are no legal or administrative obstacles to people accessing employment or self-employment,includingaccesstocredit/loans
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Existenceofemploymentopportunities
Qualitative proxy indicator: access to employment and self-employment35
Inthesurvey,bothdisplacedpeopleandhostcommunitymemberslistedthelackofeducation(43%)andlackofassets(45%)asthemainobstaclestofindingemployment.Lackofknowledge(19%)andlackofaccesstocreditalsoemergedasimportantbarriersforIDPs.Theseobstaclesaresimilarineverysurveyedlocation.IDPsdonotpossessspecificprofessionalskills(besidesinagriculture)andsustainableemploymentopportunitiesarerareinHerat,includingforthehostcommunity.Therefore,IDPsengageinlow-skilledjobsandworkasdaylabourers,eitherinfarmingorinconstruction,whilewomenworkastailorsorcarpetweavers—whentheypossesssuchskills.Displacedwomenreportfacingmorebarriersthanmen.Theyaretwiceaslikelyasmentoreportlackofeducationasabarrierandthereisa14-percentagepointdifferenceregardingassetsasanobstacletoobtainingajob.Lackoflocalnetworksisaconcernfor20%ofmen.Childrenalsowork,sellinggoods,washingcars,orpolishingshoes.Somedisplacedpeoplehaveopenedsmallshops,butthemajorityofpeoplepointedtothelackoffinancialsupporttostartabusiness.
DoRRwasreportedtohavesupportedsomeIDPstofindshort-termjobopportunitiesinhotelsandrestaurants,butthesejobsareavailableonanirregularbasis,whichseverelylimitstheirincome.Noothergovernmentmeasureswerereported.
“We do not have any main source of income. People are here working per day. Sometimes, they find work and sometimes they do not.” Female IDP, Herat PD 6
InFGDs,IDPsoftenhighlightedtheprecarityoftheirsituation,explainingthateveniftheyhaveaccesstothemarketorcapital,findingajobisextremelydifficultandincomeremainsinsufficient.
I have a rickshaw, and am working on it. But It is not a reliable source of breadwinning and I face a lot of difficulty with this single source of income. The market is nearby but I don’t think there are many employment opportunities.Male IDP, Shalbafan, PD 7
35Thegapbetweenmenandwomenaccountsforthelackofawarenessfromwomen,inthemostconservativecommunities,ofwhattheirhusbandsdooutsidethehouse.
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 47% 49% 49%Female 31% 40% 49%
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Sourceofincomeandfinancialstability
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population who are able to afford basic expenses most of the time
Overall,displacedpeoplelackasourceofincomeandfinancialstability.Self-employmentisthemainsourceofincomeforbothhostcommunity(35%)andIDPs(36%).Occasionallabour(27%)andshort-termemployment(13%)alsoprovideincometoIDPs,whilehostcommunitymembersaremorelikelytohavelong-termemployment(14%–atenpercentagepointdifferencecomparedtoIDPs)ordoseasonalwork(15%).ThedifferencebetweenprotractedandrecentIDPsismarginalwhenitcomestosourcesofincome.Womenrarelyhaveastablesourceofincome.
Thequalitativedataprovidedetailsonthelivelihoodstrategiesusedbydisplacedpeople.SomeIDPsreceivedcashfromthegovernmentandNGOsforawhile.Inadditiontotheoccasionallabourtheymightfind,theysometimesbenefitfromremittancessentbyfamilymemberslivinginIran.Theincomeofthemajorityofbothhostcommunitymembersanddisplacedpeopleisbelow5,000Afsamonth.HostcommunitiesarecomparativelybetteroffthanIDPsbutremainpooroverall.
Displacementundoubtedlyaffectspeople’sstandardofliving,astheproportionofhostcommunitymemberswhocanalwaysaffordbasics(24%)isthreetimeshigherthantheproportionofIDPs(7.8%).Thereisa12-percentagepointdifferencebetweenIDPsandhostcommunitymemberswhoreportneverbeingabletocovertheirbasicneeds.
“IDPs are jobless and they do not have any source of income. They rely on support provided by various humanitarian organizations.” AIHRC, Herat
Housing, land, and property
Accesstohousing,land,andpropertyrights
Qualitative proxy indicator: access to housing, land and property rights
KeyinformantsandIDPsallconfirmedthroughqualitativedatathatdisplacedpeopleownandrentproperty.Theonlyobstacleisthelackofmoney.Womengenerallyfacebarriersinaccessingtheirrightinrelationtoproperty,includingclaiminginheritanceandtoaccessingjusticetodefendtheirrights.36
36Formoredetailssee“StrengtheningDisplacedWomen’sHousing,LandandPropertyRightsinAfghanistan”https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/strengthening-displaced-womens-housing-land-and-property-rights-in-afghanistan.pdf
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 27% 31% 48%Female 34% 25% 40%
Displaced Host Community
Everyonehasrighttorentorbuyhousesland Everyonehasrighttorentorbuyhousesland
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LandtenureQuantitative proxy indicator: Percentage of population having security of tenure
Recentlydisplacedpeopleareatriskofbeingevicted.77.5%ofprotractedIDPsreportedthattheycanstayaslongastheywantintheplacetheycurrentlylive,and60.5%ofrecentIDPsreportbeinginthesamesituation.However,itshouldbeconsideredthat,inthecaseofGuzara,while84%oftheIDPsreportedhavingsecurityoftenure,only56%ofthemreportedlivingindurablehousing,meaningthatalsorespondentslivingintentsdonotfearevictions.SomeIDPs/returneeshavesettledonprivateland,builtahouseandsometimescultivatethatland.ThishashappenedmoreinGahdistan,ShaidayeeandKaristan,forinstance,wherefamiliesgotevictedfromthelandtheywereillegallyoccupying.These families have reportedly been relocated to Shahrak-i-Sabz.
“We used to live in other place, but the owner of the land forced us to leave the place and he settled there.” Female IDP, Shalbafan
Opportunities,obstaclesandsuggestionsforengagement:materialsafety
Whilesomeorganisationsprovidehealthservices,includingmobileclinics,inunder-servedareasaffectedbydisplacement,poorcoordination,limitedresources,andthepoorcommitmentofhealthworkerspresentachallenge.Vaccinations are, however, provided to all children. Improving coordination among health providers, identifying more servicesforpatientreferral,andimprovingthequalityofservicesprovidedbymobilehealthclinicsshouldbeamongtheprioritiesconsideredinthedevelopmentoftheactionplan.Theprovisionoffirstaidtrainingandfirstaidkitstocommunitiesthatdonothaveimmediateaccesstoproperhealthservices,shouldalsobeconsidered.
Community-BasedEducationprojectsareimplementedinseveralareaswheredisplacedhouseholdsaresettledandorganisationsaresupportingthecapacitydevelopmentoflocalteachersandincreasingthenumberofschools.However,supportshouldbeexpandedtoallowmorechildrentoaccesseducationandreduceovercrowding.Organisationsshouldbuildontheirexperienceandenhanceformaleducationactivitiesincommunitiesaffectedbydisplacement,ensuringthatemergencysupportsuchastemporaryschools,makethetransitiontopermanentstructures.Theyshouldalsoconsideralternativemethodsofsupportingeducation,includingthroughprivatescholarships,ordistancelearning.ExistingglobalinitiativesregardingHigherEducationinEmergencies(HEiE),includingdigitalcollaborativescholarships,shouldbeexploredtoidentifylocallyrelevant,flexible,andhigh-qualitymodelsofeducation.Effortsshouldbemade,boththroughprogrammingandadvocacy,toaddressthegapsinchildrens‘civildocumentationwhichreduceaccesstoeducationservices.
TVETstructuresexistbutneedtoberenovated,andthenumberandqualityoflocaltrainersneedstobeincreased,withaparticularfocusonrecruitingfemaletrainers.TVETservicesshouldincludetheprovisionofToTonnewskillsorupgradingofexistingskills.WhilesomeopportunitiestoattendTVETexist,theyarenotsufficientandtheskillsprovidedarenotalwaysmarketable.Whilepost-trainingsupportneedalsotobeprovided,theneedtoprovideaspecificassistancetodisplacedwholacknetworkingorcivildocumentationshouldbeconsidered.
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 61% 80% 89%Female 60% 75% 85%
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TVETandEmploymentRoundTablesareorganisedinHeratbytheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairs,withtheaimofsupportingHerattobecomeAfghanistan’sTVETcapital,andcreatingsustainablestructures.Thiscoordinationmechanismcouldalsobeusedasaforuminwhichtoshareprogrammeevaluations,marketassessments,andvaluechainanalyses,inordertoinformTVETprogrammedesignsotheyaremoreinlinewithmarketneeds.Broaderinvolvementoftheprivatesector,includingthroughconsultationsandpartnerships(suchasaninternershipormentoringprogramme),iscrucialforthedevelopmentofaskilledandmarketableworkforce.TherentingofgovernmentagriculturallandtoIDPsisreportedlycurrentlytakingplaceinHerat,anapproachwhichcouldbeexpandedtothosedisplacedwhohaveskillsrelatedtofarming.Peri-urbancommunitieswhoseeconomyreliesonagricultureshouldbeassisted,carryingoutassessmentsandvaluechainanalysesandaddressingconstraintsrelatedtoagriculturalinfrastructure,inputssupply,post-harvesttreatment,marketing,andcredittofarmers.Greatercoordinationandcollaborationisrequiredbetweentheimplementationofshort-termemergencyprojects,suchascash-for-rent,andactivitieswhichsupporttheself-relianceofeconomicallyvulnerablefamilies.
Afterseveralyears,someinformalsitesinHeratwereeventuallyformalisedandproperservicesprovidedtoresidents.TheIDPPolicy,theFrameworkforReturneesandIDPs,thePresidentialDecree305,andtheHeratActionPlanalldiscussoptionstoprotectthedisplacedfromforcedevictionsandprovidelandtolandlessdisplacedpeople.Thelocalgovernmenthas,however,interpretedDecree305inarestrictivemanner,ensuringthatonlythoseIDPsdisplacedforfiveyearsormoreareeligibletoreceiveland.Humanitariananddevelopmentstakeholdersshouldcontinuetomonitorlandallocationprocessestoensuretransaparencyandfairness,andshouldcontinueadvocacyactivitiestobringabouttheequitableandtimelydistributionoflandtolandlessdisplacedpeople.
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Legal Safety
Access to documentation Documentationavailability
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population who have a national identity card37
Nationalidentitycardsandvoteridentificationcardsarethetwoofficialdocumentsheldbythemajorityofdisplacedpeople.Eighty-ninepercentofIDPs,andasimilarnumberofhostcommunity,havenationalIDcards.However,displacedchildrenfrequentlylacksuchdocumentation.Inaddition,onlyonethirdofrespondentsfromanyofthegroupshavebirthcertificatesandfewhavemarriagecertificates.
Women,whetherdisplacedornot,morefrequentlylackidentificationdocumentsthanmen.Thisisanareawheregapsare consistent and deepest. For instance, the ratio of female IDPs who have a national identity card is 10 percentage pointslowerthanthoseofmen.Thedifferenceisespeciallystarkasfaraspassportsandtitledeedsareconcerned.Thereisa40-percentagepointdifferencebetweenhostcommunitymenandwomenwhopossesstitledeeds.
Notpossessingidentificationdocumentsincursarangeofnegativeconsequences.Qualitativedatashowthatmanychildrenwithoutidentificationdocumentscannotenrolinschool.Inaddition,adultswhodonothaveanationalIDcardcannotvote.Toaddressthisissue,thegovernmentdistributedspecificvoteridentificationcardsforIDPs(non-IDPshaveastickeronthebackoftheirnationalID),butonlyhalfofIDPsreporthavingsuchacard.ThelackofidentificationdocumentsandoftitlesofdeedsmaybeanobstacletoaccessinglandwhenIDPsreturntotheirareaoforigin.
AvailabilityofmechanismsforobtainingorreplacingdocumentationQualitative proxy indicator: access to mechanism for obtaining or replacing civil documentation
Mechanismstoobtainorreplacedocumentationexistinareasoforigin,butdisplacedpeoplefacedifficultiesreturningbecausetheirareasoforiginareofteninsecure.Thejourneycanalsobelongandexpensive.Theotheroption,totraveltoKabultoobtaintheirdocumentation,wouldbetoocostlyforanyIDPs.
37Thefactthatahigherpercentageoffemaleprotracteddisplacedhavevaliddocumentscomparedtofemalehostcommunitymembersmeritsfurtherexamination.
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 91% 98% 99%Female 77% 92% 88%
Displaced Host Community
There are no mechanisms available in the area for people to obtain or replace civil documentation
There are mechanisms available in the area for people to obtain or replace civil documentationandtherearenodifficultiesto access them or to have the needed documentation
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Family reunification
Qualitative proxy indicator: access to mechanisms for family reunification
FamilyseparationisveryrareandmostlyaffectsfamiliesofreturneeswhohavebeendeportedfromIran.TherearemechanismsinplacetoreunitethoseseparatedfamilymembersbutnottoreuniteIDPsfamilymembers.
Participation in public affairs Ability to vote and stand for electionQualitative proxy indicator: availability of mechanisms allowing people to vote and being elected
TherearenospecificobstaclestoIDPsparticipationinelections,asvotersorascandidates.Inmostcases,however,lackofdocumentation,educationandthefactthatvotersshouldcasttheirvotewheretheywereregisteredpreventstheirparticipation.SomeIDPsreportedtheycouldnotvotebecausetheydidnothavevalididentificationdocuments,eventhoughthegovernmenthaddistributedtemporaryidentificationcardsfortheparliamentaryelections.Aswomennoted,culturalbarriersexistwhichpreventthemfromparticipatinginelections.
Participation in CDC elections
Proxy indicator: percentage of population that participated in the last CDC elections
28%ofthedisplacedand14%ofthehostcommunitymemberswerenotpresentintheircommunityatthetimeoftheCDCelections.Lackofawareness(especiallyinHeratPD7)appearstobeamajorobstacletoparticipation,with29%ofdisplacedand27%ofthehostcommunityreportedlyunawareoftheprocess.Women’sparticipationappearsquitelowcomparedtomen,especiallyamonghostcommunitymembers.VeryfewdisplacedpeopleranasCDCcandidates.DisplacedpeoplecanbeelectedasmembersofCDCsandsomehavebeen.IDPsandreturneeswholiveinplaceswheretheymakeupthemajorityofthepopulationhavetheirownelectedrepresentatives.SomeCDCshavealsobeenestablishedindisplacedcommunitiesandconsistexclusivelyofIDPs/returnees.Butingeneral,CDCmembersareelectedfromamongthehostcommunity.
“We don’t let other people to be our leader, we do have our leader and we select our own people.” Female host community member, Herat PD 7
Displaced Host Community
There are mechanisms available in the area toreuniteseparatedfamilymembersbuttheyarenotaccessibletoallgroups
There are mechanisms available in the area toreuniteseparatedfamilymembersbuttheyarenotaccessibletoallgroups
Displaced Host Community
Everyone has the possibility to vote and standforelection,althoughculturalbarriersexistforsomegroups
Everyone has the possibility to vote and standforelection,althoughculturalbarriersexistforsomegroups
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 42% 54% 61%Female 26% 22% 28%
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Involvement in social and political life
Quantitative proxy indicator: active participation in social or political life
Involvementinsocialandpoliticallifeappearstobehigheramongrecentlydisplacedpeoplethanhostcommunitymembersorthosefacingprotracteddisplacement.ThismightbeduetothefactthatIDPs,especiallythoselivinginsettlements,haveshurasrepresentingthemandallowingthemtoparticipateinpoliticallifeanddecision-making.ThemajorityofIDPs/returneesexpressedsatisfactionwiththeirlevelofconsultationandinclusion.Thereisalargegapbetweenmenandwomen‘sinvolvement.Outsideofthesettlements,IDPinvolvementdropsconsiderably,withratesclosetozeroinGuzaradistrictandinHeratPD7.
Access to remedies and justice
Availability of mechanisms to address complaints
Qualitative proxy indicator: access to and responsiveness of complaint mechanisms
DisplacedpeoplecanraisecomplaintstotheDirectorateofRefugeesandRepatriation.Theycanalsocall410,aphonenumbercreatedspecificallysothatIDPs/returneescansharegrievances.Inaddition,someNGOshavetheirowncomplaintmechanisms,includingcomplaintboxes.However,IDPs/returneesareusuallyunawareofthesemechanismsand,likehostcommunities,theysubmitcomplaintstovillageleadersorCDCs.
Accesstoformalorinformaljusticesystems
Qualitative proxy indicator: access to formal or informal justice systems
Formalandinformaljusticesystemsareusuallyavailableandfunctioningintheareaofdisplacement.IDPs/returneeshavesimilaraccesstothehostcommunity,eventhoughsomefemaleIDPshavelessunderstandingoftheprocess.However,displacedpeopletendtooptfortheinformalsystembecausetheyprefera“traditional”approachanddonottrusttheformaljusticesystem,whichtheyperceivetobecorrupt.
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 31% 20% 25%Female 3% 2% 5%
Displaced Host Community
Mechanismsexisttoaddresscomplaintsbuttheir response is limited
Mechanismsexisttoaddresscomplaintsbuttheir response is limited
Displaced Host Community
Formalandinformaljusticesystemsareavailableintheareabuttheirfunctionislimited
Formalandinformaljusticesystemsareavailableintheareabuttheirfunctionislimited
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Availabilityandresponsivenessofformalandinformaljusticesystem
Quantitative proxy indicator: percentage of population who believe that existing justice system can defend their rights
TheformaljusticesectorisnottrustedamonganyofthegroupsinHerat.Consideringtherelativelysimilarleveloftrustamongallgroups,itcanbeassumedthatthejusticesectordoesnotdiscriminateagainstcertaingroups.However,italsoconfirmsthat,whetherinthecityorinruralareas,citizensprefertheinformaljusticesystemwhichisregardedasmore faster, fairer and more transparent than the formal system. In the FGDs, participants of all origins complained aboutthehighlevelofcorruptionoftheformaljusticesystem.
Opportunities,obstaclesandsuggestionsforengagement:legalsafety
Currently,displacedpersonsstillfacemanyobstaclesinobtainingaTazkera,includingnavigatingcomplexadministrativeproceduresandtheneedtoapplytothePopulationRegistrationDepartment(PRD)eitherintheirplaceoforiginorinKabul.AccordingtotheIDPPolicy“TheMoIwillprioritiseIDPswhodonothavetazkerasforreceivingtheE-TazkeraandwillauthoriseallcentralandprovincialdepartmentsoftheDPRtoprioritiseIDPsforissuanceoftheE-Tazkera”.Italsostatesthatthe“MoIwillmodernisetherecord-keepingofitsDPRandcentraliseinKabuldatathatiscurrentlyonlyheldinprovincialcapitals,sothatitisnotnecessaryforIDPstotraveltotheirhomeprovincestoverifytheiridentity,asthisisexpensiveandcanbebothdifficultanddangerous.Itwillalsoensurethatthenewsystemallowsfortheissuanceoftazkerasinanyprovincialcapital”.Thishas,however,notyethappenedandmechanismstoobtainorreplacedocumentationexistonlyintheareaoforiginorinKabul.AcivilregistrationdatabaseisreportedtoexistinKabulbutisnotlinkedwiththeprovinces.AdvocacyshouldfocusonencouragingthegovernmenttomeetitsobligationsundertheIDPPolicyinthisregard.
Withregardtothedisplaceds‘representationincommunity-baseddecisionmakingmechanisms,theIDPPolicyprioritises“Enhancingrepresentationincommunity-baseddecisionmakingstructuresthroughallocationofafixedpercentageofurbanCDCstoinformalsettlementswithhighnumberofIDPsand/orreturnees,provisionofalegalbasisforrepresentationofnewlyarrivedreturneesand/orIDPsinCDCsandGhozars,ensuringIDPs’andreturnees’representativesareincludedincitygovernancestructuresandmunicipaladvisoryboards,ensuringtherighttoinformationforallcitizensonservices,includingandespeciallyIDPsand/orreturnees.”Aswiththeobligationspertainingtocivildocumentation,thegovernmentshoudbeencouragedtodeliveruponthesecommitments.
Inthemeantime,theCitizens’CharterprovidestheopportunityforreturneesandIDPstoparticipateinlocalgovernanceandtovoicetheirconcerns.Somehavebeenelectedascommunityrepresentatives.However,lackofawarenessandlimitedtrustintheinclusivenessandeffectivenessoftheprocesshamperstheparticipationofbothdisplacedandhostcommunitymembers.EffortstostrengthencoordinationbetweenhumanitarianactorsandCDCsneedtobemade,includingstrengtheninghumanitarianworkers’knowledgeoftheCitizens’CharterandtheprocessesrelatingtotheinclusionofdisplacedinCDCelections.Thiswillhelpthemparticipateinawareness-raisingactivities.
Displaced Host Community
Recent ProtractedMale 26% 33% 31%Female 33% 44% 39%
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Complaintresponsemechanismsthataddressissuesrelevanttocommunitiesaffectedbydisplacementdoexist.
Awaaz Afghanistan,implementedbyUNOPSonbehalfofWFP,UNHCR,theAfghanistanHumanitarianFund,andtheEUisanationwide,inter-agencycallcentrewhichallowsAfghanstorequestinformationandhumanitariansupportbycallingatoll-freenumberorsubmittingamessageontheirwebsite.ThecentrewasestablishedinMay2018andisstaffedbymaleandfemalemulti-lingualoperators.ServicesareavailableinDari,Pashto,Urdu,andEnglish.Accordingtoreportedcallmetrics,morethanone-thirdofcallsareoutbound(including32%labelledas“follow-up).Thissuggeststhatthecentrehasestablishedmechanismsforactuallyrespondingtotheconcernsofcitizensandreportingtheinformationbacktothem.ThecallratefromhostcommunitiesappearstobenearlydoublethatofIDPs,withtheoverwhelminglymajorityofcallersbeingadultmen.
Beyond Awaaz, however, there is generally a limited capacity to take action with regard to the complaints made and providecallerswithfeedback.Otherfactors,suchaslimitedawarenessofandlackoftrustintheconfidentialityandtransparencyofsuchmechanisms,limitedresourcesandcoordinationchallengeshampertheeffectivenessofsuchmechanisms.
Accordingtoworkshopparticipants,displacedpopulationsareoftenunawareoflocaljusticemechanisms.Increasingcommunity-leveltrainingfordutybearersondisputeresolutionandprovidingawarenesstoIDPsonlocaljusticemechanismswillhelpenhanceIDPs’accesstojustice.
Earlymarriageremainsoneofthemostcommonlyreportedrightsviolations,butitisnotsufficientlyaddressedasitisstillwidelyculturallyacceptable.AgenciesshouldconsideradvocatingfortheMinistryofHajjandReligiousAffairstovalidate/issuemarriagecertificates,38whichcouldhelptopreventtheearlyorforcedmarriagepractice,ensuringthatallmarriages comply with Afghan law.
38Article70oftheAfghanCivilLawsetsthelegalageofmarriagetobe16forfemalesand18formales;Article71(subsection1)givesagirl’smarriagerightstoherfatherorguardianbeforethelegalageof16,andmarriagesforminorsundertheageof15arenotallowedunderanycircumstance.
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ImpactofDisplacementonDifferentGroupsThereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthehostcommunityandIDPsregardingsecurity,trustinpoliceandfreedomofmovement.Similarly,bothcommunitiesmostlyrelyonself-employmentandtheyfacesimilarbarriersinaccessinghealthcareandeducation.However,displacedpeoplearedisproportionallyaffectedwhenitcomestofoodsecurity,housing,andaccesstosafedrinkingwaterandsanitation.Lackofdocumentationandlimitedsocialnetworksimpactontheircapacitytoaccessworkandeducation.
Althoughhostcommunitymembersappearbetteroffwithregardtohousingconditionsandsanitation,andareinmanycasesthefirstprovidersofassistance,offeringshelterandfoodtothedisplaced,theyfeelthatthepresenceofthedisplacedobligesthemtosharetheirlimitedresourceswithoutrecievinganythinginreturn.
Newly displaced and protracted displaced
OnsomeissuesagapbetweenrecentandprotractedIDPsemerges,asthesituationofprotractedIDPsisoftenindistinguishablefromthatofthehostcommunity.ProtractedIDPs’feelingsofsafetyaresimilartothoseofmembersofthehostcommunity.ProtractedIDPsliveintheirownhouseinhigherproportionthannewlyarrivedIDPsandtheyhavebetteraccesstofood,sanitationandmedicalfacilities.MenaremorelikelytohaveidentificationandtovotethanrecentIDPs,inawaythatissimilartohostcommunities.
ThereviewofthevariousindicatorsshowsthatprotractedIDPshaveintegratedrelativelywellandhavesucceededinaccessingincome,formalisingtheirhousingsituation,andgainingaccesstoservicesandpoliticallife.Onthecontrary,recentIDPsfacemorebarrierstoaccessservices,arepoorerandliveinsituationthataremorefragile,includingwhenitcomestohousing.
Specificissuesfacedbyurbanandperi-urbanresidents
Anurban/peri-urbandividehasemergedonseveralissuessuchassafetyperception,trustinthepolice,lackoffood,housingandsanitation.Thefeelingofsafetyishigherinperi-urbanareasthaninthecity.Thisisacommonissueencounteredincities:residentsoftenperceivetheirpersonalsafetyatriskmostlybecauseofcriminality.Inaddition,quantitativedataindicatethatlackoffoodismoresevereinurbanareas,especiallyinPD7,asitiseasiertogetfoodsupplies(inexchangeforworkinsomecases)orgrowcropsinperi-urbanareas.
Anurban/peri-urbandivideisalsovisibilewhenconsideringhousing.HalfofrecentIDPsinperi-urbanareasliveinatent while none of the IDPsdoinPD6andPD7.Theyaremorelikelytoliveinrentedhouses.Thisstemsfromthefactthathousinginsemi-ruralareasisrapidlysaturated.Linkedtothis,accesstosanitationisbetterinurbanareaswherefamilytoiletsareusedalmostexclusively,unlikeinperi-urbanareas.
Gender
Ashighlightedthroughoutthereport,therearesignificantgapsbetweenmenandwomen,reflectingthegeneralgenderimbalanceinAfghanistan.Insomeinstances,differencesonlyaffectfemaleIDPs,whichleadstotheconclusionthatdisplacementincreaseswomen’svulnerabilityand/orthatthegendergapwasmoresignificantintheplaceoforiginthantheplaceofdisplacement.
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FemaleIDPsarelessconfidentthantheircounterpartsinhostcommunitieswhenitcomestoaccessingjobs.Theyfeeltheylackeducation,assetsandskillstoaccessjobs.Further,theiraccesstofoodislowerthanmaleIDPs,whomighthaveachancetogetadecentmealinthemiddleofthedaywhentheydodailylabour.
Similarly,alowerproportionofwomenhaveidentificationdocumentsthanmen,especiallypassportsand title deeds, whichpointsatotherculturalinequalities,suchasAfghanwomenbeinglesslikelytotravelandtoownpropertythanmen. Women also vote in lower proportion and are less likely to get involved in any political or social activity. These inequalitiesmightbeexacerbatedbydisplacementbutaremainlyculturalinorigin.
Minors
Childrenfaceseveralvulnerabilitiesthatareexacerbatedbydisplacement.First,qualitativedatahighlightthatthey oftenhavetoworktosupporttheirfamily,whichpreventsthemfromattendingschool.Whileitisdifficulttopreciselyassess the extent of the phenomenon, it is reported as common. Children sell food, wash cars, polish shoes and collect plastic,amongotherthings.WhilechildlabouriscommoninAfghanistan,itismostprobablyexacerbatedbypovertyinthe displacement context.
Second, many displaced IDP children do not have national identity cards. As explained above, parents have to go to theirareaoforigininordertoobtaindocumentation,whichistoocostlyand/orunsafe.Asaconsequence,withoutanIDcard,childrencannotenrolinschool.Thisconstitutesanadditionalbarriertoeducationfordisplacedchildren.
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OverviewoffindingsHERAT – ALL POPULATIONS
PHYSICAL SAFETY
PROTECTION SAFETY AND SECURITY SOCIAL COHESION Quantitative proxy indicator: Percentage of population that is aware of cases of physical, sexual or psychological violence
Percentage of population who can move freely in the community
Percentage of population who feel safe in the community
Percentage of population who trust the police
Existence of forms of discrimination
DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED
HOST HOST HOST HOST HOST
MATERIAL SAFETY
ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES Percentage of population who experience hunger
Percentage of population who have access to durable housing
Percentage of population who have access to safe drinking water
Percentage of population who have access to adequate sanitation
Percentage of population who have access to health services
Percentage of children who have access to schools (primary and secondary)
Existence and access to safety net/social protection programmes
DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED
HOST HOST HOST HOST HOST HOST HOST
ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT AND JOB CREATION Access to markets
Access to TVET opportunities
Existence of legal or administrative obstacles to access employment and self-employment
Access to employment and self-employment
Percentage of population who are able to afford basic expenses most of the time
DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED
HOST HOST HOST HOST HOST
HOUSING LAND AND PROPERTY Access to housing land and property rights Percentage of population who have security of tenure
DISPLACED DISPLACED
HOST HOST
LEGAL SAFETY
ACCESS TO DOCUMENTATION
FAMILY REUNIFICATION
PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS
Percentage of population who have civil documentation
Access to mechanisms for obtaining or replacing civil documentation
Access to mechanisms for family reunification
Availability of mechanisms that allow population to vote and be elected
Percentage of population who participated in the last CDC elections
Active participation in social and political life
DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED
HOST HOST HOST HOST HOST HOST
ACCESS TO REMEDIES AND JUSTICE
Availability and responsiveness of mechanisms to address complaints
Access to formal or informal justice system
Percentage of population who believe that existing justice system can defend their rights
DISPLACED DISPLACED DISPLACED
HOST HOST HOST
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PHYSICAL SAFETY
PROTECTION SAFETY AND SECURITY SOCIAL COHESION Quantitative proxy indicator: Percentage of population that is aware of cases of physical, sexual or psychological violence
Percentage of population who can move freely in the community
Percentage of population who feel safe in the community
Percentage of population who trust the police
Existence of forms of discrimination
RECENT RECENT RECENT RECENTALL DISPLACED
PROTRACTED PROTRACTED PROTRACTED PROTRACTED
MATERIAL SAFETY
ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES Percentage of population who experience hunger
Percentage of population who have access to durable housing
Percentage of population who have access to safe drinking water
Percentage of population who have access to adequate sanitation
Percentage of population who have access to health services
Percentage of children who have access to schools (primary and secondary)
Existence and access to safety net/social protection programmes
RECENT RECENT RECENT RECENT RECENT RECENT ALL DISPLACED
PROTRACTED PROTRACTED PROTRACTED PROTRACTED PROTRACTED PROTRACTED
ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT AND JOB CREATION Access to markets
Access to TVET opportunities
Existence of legal or administrative obstacles to access employment and self-employment
Access to employment and self-employment
Percentage of population who are able to afford basic expenses most of the time
ALL DISPLACED ALL DISPLACED ALL DISPLACEDRECENT RECENT
PROTRACTED PROTRACTED
HOUSING LAND AND PROPERTY Access housing land and property rights Percentage of population who have security of tenure
ALL DISPLACEDRECENT
PROTRACTED
LEGAL SAFETY
ACCESS TO DOCUMENTATION
FAMILY REUNIFICATION PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS
Percentage of population who have civil documentation
Access to mechanisms for obtaining or replacing civil documentation
Access to mechanisms for family reunification
Availability of mechanisms that allow population to vote and be elected
Percentage of population who participated in the last CDC elections
Active participation to social and political life
RECENTALL DISPLACED ALL DISPLACED ALL DISPLACED
RECENT RECENT
HOST PROTRACTED PROTRACTED
ACCESS TO REMEDIES AND JUSTICE Availability and responsiveness of mechanisms to address complaints
Access to formal or informal justice system
Percentage of population who believe that existing justice system can defend their rights
ALL DISPLACED ALL DISPLACED ALL DISPLACED
HERAT – DISPLACED ONLY
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PART3–CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS ThepresentassessmentoffersacasestudyonthechallengesandopportunitiesforthegovernmentandhumanitariananddevelopmentactorswhenworkingwithlargeIDPpopulationsinAfghanistan.Overall,thelegalandpolicyframeworkisrelativelystrongandcoordinationmechanismsexist,butimplementingtheframeworkislesssuccessful.Thecentralgovernmentdoesnotprovidesufficientsupporttotheprovinciallevelandevenslowsdowntheimplementation of local initiatives.
The programmatic responses to the Herat IDP crisis seem to have been relatively well aligned to the emergency needs, butthetransitionbetweenemergencyandrecoveryremainslimitedandinsufficientlycoordinatedacrossactorsandactivities.In2018,torespondtothearrivalofaconsiderablenumberofdisplaced,manyagenciesfocusedtheirinterventionsonemergencyresponse.However,lessattentionhasbeenplacedonbuildingcommunities’resilienceandsupportingIDPsintheachievementofdurablesolutions.Short-termemergencyprogrammesendedinJune2019,buthavenotbeenreplacedbylonger-termprogrammesaimedatsupportingcommunities’recovery.
Whileresidents—whetherhostsorIDPs—canaccessmostservices,thequalityoftheseservicesremainsverypoor.ThereporthighlightsthefragilityoftheIDPs‘situation,butitshouldbenotedthatthesituationofhostcommunitymembersremainsprecarious,especiallyinrealtiontofoodsecurityandaccesstoalong-termjobandstablesourceofincome.ThepresenceofIDPsandreturneesputadditionalstressonalreadyinsufficientpublicservicesandafragileeconomy.
Differencesexistbetweendisplacedandhostcommunitiesinaccessingfood,housing(includingsecurityoftenure)andsafedrinkingwater.Accesstoeconomicopportunitiesissimilaralthoughthedisplacedsufferfromlackofdocumentationandnetworkingthatreducestheirchanceofemploymentoraccesscredittostartabusiness.Obtainingcivildocumentationisalsoamainproblemforthedisplacedasopposedtohostcommunitymembers,asthey can only renew them in their area of origin. For those who have been in displacement for more than three years, thesituationappearsmoresimilartothatofthehostcommunitymembersinregardtohousing,includingsecurityoftenure,sanitationandhealth.
Consideringtheriskoftensionbetweenhostanddisplacedcommunities,andtherelativelyhighlevelofpovertyevenamonghostcommunities,itisimportanttodesigncomprehensiveandconflict-sensitiveprogrammesthatconsidertheneedsofbothdisplacedandhostcommunitymembersandstrengthenboththequalityandquantityofservicedelivery.Morespecifically,thefollowingisrecommended:
Advocacyandinstitutionalsupport • Whilerecognisingthatreturnremainsasolution,engageinadvocacyandprogrammingtoensurethatintegration
inplacesofdisplacementremainsanoptionforthedisplaced.ThiswouldincludeassistingMoRRinplanning,coordinationandresourceallocationofinitiativestosupporttheintegrationprocess.
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• MoRRshouldbefurthersupportedatnationalandsub-nationallevelinits coordination role, with an emphasis onbettersynchronizingtheinterventionsofmultipleactors,atdifferentlevels.CoordinationinHeratshouldinvolvecivilsocietynetworksandtheprivatesector,astheyhavethepotentialtofosterpeacefulcoexistenceandeconomic empowerment.
• AdvocatewithDoRRtoplayamoreprominentroleinsharinginformationandmanagingIDPs’expectations,whichareusuallyhighandunmet,increasingraisesfrustrationtowardthegovernmentandserviceproviders.Thiscouldbedonethroughproperlydesignedcommunicationefforts,includingorganisingregularmeetingswithIDPsandhostcommunityrepresentativesandusingagrievancemanagementmechanism.
• Ensurethatcommunitiesaffectedbydisplacementtakeanactiveroleindecision making processes,includingthedesignandmonitoringofinterventionsaimedatsupportingrecovery.
• Followuponland allocationinHeratandadvocateforthefairandtimelydistributionoflandtolandlessdisplacedwho have opted for local integration. Review the land allocation experiences in Herat and the assistance provided toformalsettlementswiththeaimofimprovingfuturesupport,includinginotherareasofthecountry.
• Manyoftheindicatorsarelinkedtotheissueofcivil documentation for IDPs. Advocate with the government atnationalleveltoissueTazkeraslocally,linkingthecivilregistrationdatabaseinKabulwiththeoneinHeratandprovincesofhighdisplacement.Explorethepossibilityofproviding/extendingsupporttothegovernmentinimplementingsuchactivities.
Programming • Thetransitionbetweenemergencyaidandassistancetorecoveryanddurablesolutionsshouldbebetterdesigned,
with development actors involved from the beginning.
• HostcommunitieshavesimilarneedstoIDPs,andprogrammingshouldtargetbothIDPsandhostcommunities.Programmedesignshouldbeneeds-basedandconsiderhowpossibletensionordisputescouldbeaddressedormitigatedthroughtheuseofconflictsensitivityapproaches.
• Thegovernmentandaidagenciesshouldprioritisefood securityintheirprogrammeandsetcleargoalstoreducefoodinsecurity.
• Strengthen protectionactivitieswhichraiseawarenessontherightsofthevictims,educationonpreventionandreportingofGBV.GBVremainstabooandreportinglevelsremainlow,andasaresult,programmmesshouldinvolvemen,insteadoffocusingsolelyonwomen.Measuressuchasestablishingsafespacesforwomentospeak,strengthenedreferralmechanismsandawareness-raisingprogrammeswill,intime,encouragethedevelopmentofanenvironmentinwhichsurvivorsmightfeelcomfortabletoreport.Ensurethatproperfollowupsarecarriedoutandthatadequatesupportisprovidedtoreferralpathways.
• ReviewcurrentshelterprogrammingandidentifywaystoimproveIDPs‘securityoftenureandhousingconditions,includingtheconditionofrentedhouses,providingassistancethatcanbenefitbothdisplacedandhostcommunity.
• Enhance formal educationactivitiesincommunitiesaffectedbydisplacement,ensuringthatemergencysupport,suchastemporaryschools,transitionstopermanentstructures,buildingclassroomsanddevelopingnewteachers’capacitiesasrequired.Explorealternativemethodsofsupportingprimaryandsecondaryeducation,includingthroughprivatescholarships,distancelearning,orlinkingHeratUniversitywithuniversitiesinothercountries.
• Strengthen livelihood activitiestosupportself-reliance.Emergencymeasures,suchascashforrent,canbelinkedtoactivitiesthatsupporttheself-relianceofeconomicallyvulnerablefamilies.Morelinkageswith—and
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involvementof—theprivatesectorshouldbeexploredfromthestarttodevelopaskilledandmarketableworkforce,ensuringthatTVETandpost-trainingsupportisprovidedandthatitcorrespondstotheactualneedsofthemarket.SpecificsupporttoIDPsshouldbeprovidedwhenaccesstoemploymentorcreditarehamperedbyalackofsocialnetworksorcivildocumentation.
• Assistperi-urbancommunitieswhoseeconomyreliesonagriculture.Furtherresearchincludingmarketassessmentsandvaluechainanalysistargetingperi-urbanareasisneeded.Assistancecanbeprovidednotonlyinidentifyingandinvestinginhighvalueagriculturalproducts,butalsoinaddressingconstraintsrelatedtoinfrastructure,inputsupply,post-harvesttreatment,marketingandcredittofarmers.Additionally,thepossibilitythatgovernmentlandcouldberentedforfarmingcouldbeexploredtosupportdisplacedwithfarmingskills.
• Reinforce complaint mechanisms,enhancingawarenessandensuringtimelyandproperfollow-up.Providefeedbacktocommunities.
• The Citizens’ Charter Programmeseems,thusfar,tobethemostinclusivesystemtoprovideservicesequallytoIDPsandhostcommunities,althoughmorecanbedonetobettersupportresilienceandpermanentsolutions.WaystoenhancecollaborationwithCDCsneedtobefurtherexploredastheyhaveagreatpotentialtofostersocialcohesionbetweenthegroupsandmitigatetheriskofconflicts.
• EnhanceIDPs’access to justice,increasingcoverageofcommunity-leveltrainingfordutybearersondisputeresolutionandprovidingawarenesstoIDPsonlocaljusticemechanisms.
• EvaluateinitiativesaimedatsupportingtheprocessofIDP returns,includinginitiativesundertakenintheareaofdisplacementaswellasorigin,tounderstandchallengesandopportunitiesinreplication/expansion.39Ensurethatsuchevaluationsarewidelyshared,especiallywithMoRR,andusedtodesignfutureactivitiestosupportreturn.
39ADSPiscurrentlyundertakingastudy“LearningfromIDPs’ExperienceofReturn”
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PART 4 – ACTION PLANTheActionPlanprovidesaninitiallistofpriorityprogrammaticandpolicy/advocacyactionsthatADSPmemberscouldtakeintoconsiderationinthedevelopmentoftheirstrategicplanningforthenextthreetofiveyearstosupport,incoordinationandcollaborationwithotherpartners,theearlyrecoveryandresilienceofcommunitiesaffectedbydisplacementinHerat. Overalltheactionsproposedconsidercommunitiesasawhole,includingbothdisplacedandhost.However,whereaproblemonlyaffectsonecommunity,targetedactionsaresuggested.WhenIDPsliveinsettlements,particularlyinperi-urbanareas,activitiesshouldalsotargetorprovidebenefitstothesurroundinghostcommunity
PHYSICAL SAFETYObjectives Actions Expected
outcomeRisks and assumptions
Implementer
Create an environment conducive to improved GBV reporting and response, and foster an environment in which suvivors rights are respected
•Carryoutathoroughgenderaudittoidentifystructuralrisksandcapacities for resilience. Also review exsting services, coordination and rererralmechanisms,andactors’capacities with regard to prevention and case management of GBV cases. Usefindingsofgenderaudittoinformcoordinated development of GBV programmes.
•Engagewithwholecommunities,includingmenandboys,toaddressharmfulculturalbeliefsandpracticesinwayswhichareculturallyappropriate.
•Engagewithpolice,justiceandgovernmentduty-bearerstodevelop appropriate capacity-buildingprogrammesfocusingoninternational and Afghan legal and normative frameworks, and reporting and response processes.
•Workwithruleoflawactorstostrengthenprogrammeswhichbuildtrustbetweendisplacedcommunitiesand police forces
•Evaluateawareness,reportingandcapacity development interventions to inform design of possible next phases.
Survivorsfeelbetter able to report GBV abuses,andcommunitiesas a whole have improved understandingof the impact ofharmfulculturalpractices and how to address them
Taboos and limitedtrust
Potential safety risks associated with GBV service provision and programming addressing harmfulculturalpractices
Lack of funding
Lack of police and communityengagement
Limited numberofNGOs involved in providing services
Protection Cluster(lead)
Humanitarianagencies delivering projectstoassist GBV survivorsindisplacement-affectedcommunities
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Objectives Actions Expected outcome
Risks and assumptions
Implementer
Strengthen social cohesion through the design of conflict sensitive programmes
•Carryoutconflictriskanalysispriorto programme design
•Shareconflictriskanalysiswithpartners and agencies engaged in activitiesthatsupportcommunitiesaffectedbydisplacement
•Designandimplementprojectsthatare needs-based and consider how possibleconflictcouldbeaddressedor mitigated
•DesignandimplementprojectstopromoteawarenessofIDPs’rights,andsocialandculturalactivitiesthatenhanceunderstandingandpromotepeacefulcoexistence,particularlyincommunitiesaffectedby displacement.
•Monitorandregularlyevaluatetheimpact of coexistence activities and share with partners and agencies resultsandlessonslearned.
•Designandimplementprojectsincollaboration with host and displaced communities
•SupporttoHeratDoRRinplanning,coordinationandresourceallocationofinitiativesthatcansupportreturnand local integration processes
Programming isconflictsensitive and addresses potential and existing conflicts
Lack of funding Limited specificexpertise forconflictrisk analysis among humanitarianactors
Resistance by local administration and communitiesto integrating IDPs
Humanitarianand development agencies implementing projectstargeting displacement affectedcommunities
Enhance collaboration with Citizens’ Charter Programme (CCAP) and Community Development Councils (CDC)
• Advocate with CCAP to enhance supporttocommunitiesaffectedbydisplacement.
• Identify mechanisms for coordinationandcoordinate/collaborate,includingsharingdataandinformationandjointlyprioritiseareas and sectors of interventions andfollowuponresultsandlessonslearned.
Social cohesion is fostered throughaninclusiveprogramme
Limited fundingincommunitiesaffectedbydisplacement
Lack of CDC collaboration
ADSP members (lead)andhumanitarianactors working in communitiesaffectedbydisplacement
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MATERIAL SAFETYObjectives Actions Expected
outcomeRisks and assumptions
Implementer
Engage development actors in the design of programmes that enhance access to basic services for communities affected by displacement
• Map development programmes targetingareasaffectedbydisplacementin Herat.
•Initiate/strengthendialogueandcoordination with development agencies withtheaimoflinkinghumanitarianshort-term interventions to development long term programming.
•Advocateforinclusionofareasaffectedby displacement in development programmes/projectsandfollow-up.
Programmes have a long- term and sustainableoutcomesfor the whole community
The action requiresahigh level of engagement, andflexibilityfrom both humanitarianand development actors.
Development projects/fundingwillneed to target communitiesaffectedbydisplacement
ADSP members (lead),
Humanitarianand development Agencies
Support communities affected by displacement in accessing adequate and diverse diet, especially during winter
•Liaise/advocatewithagenciesworkingonfoodsecuritytomonitorfoodsecuritysituationofcommunitiesandvulnerableindividualsaffectedbydisplacement.
•Advocateforinclusionofparticularlyvulnerablecommunitiesandindividualsinfoodsecurityprogrammes/projectsordesignandimplementprojectstoaddressurgentgapsensuringthatlinktolonger-term interventions
Communitiesaffectedbydisplacement aresupportedinincreasing food security
Lackoffundingor existing programmes to targetspecificcommunitiesorindividuals
ADSP members,
FoodSecurityClusterandNutritionCluster(lead),
Humanitarianagencies working on foodsecurity
Increase access to durable housing and security of tenure
• Advocate with MoRR, MUDL and Herat MunicipalityforproperimplementationofthePresidentialDecree305onlandallocation;formalisationofprotractedIDPsettlementsonstateland;andprovisionofoccupancycertificates/titledeeds.
•Reviewcurrentshelterprogrammingand identify innovative, transitional shelter andhousingsupportfordisplacementaffectedcommunities.Considerrepair/improvementofrentedhouses,toalsoprovidedbenefittohostcommunitymembers.
• Liaise with livelihood agencies in Herat tolinkcashforrentbeneficiarieswithemploymentopportunitiestoincreaseresilience.
•Liaisewithprivatesectorhousingdeveloper and explore collaborative opportunitiesforaffordablehousingindisplacementaffectedcommunities
Landless members of communitiesaffectedbydisplacement enjoyimprovedsecurityoftenureandlegal protection against eviction and have access todurablehousing
Land is a sensitiveissueand allocation to landless families might face obstacles. A review of the challenges faced so far (see Maslakh and other experiences)can help identify ways of mitigating obstacles. Lack offundingfor shelter programming can be an obstacle for the provision of housing.
ADSP members,
Emergency Shelter and NFICluster(lead),
Humanitarianagencies implementing shelter programmes
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Increase access to water and sanitation in communities recently affected by displacement
•Carryout/reviewWASHassessmentsinareasaffectedbydisplacementwheresanitationisreportedasinsufficient,anddesignprogrammestoaddressurgentgaps.
•AdvocateforinclusionofcommunitiesaffectedbydisplacementinWASHdevelopment programmes.
• Advocate with Afghan Urban Water SupplyandSewerageCorporation(AUWSSC)HQinKabulanditsofficeinHerattoexplorewaystoreducewatercostsforparticularlyvulnerablecommunity’members
Access to affordableWASH services is increased for communitiesrecentlyaffectedby displacement
Lackoffundingor programmes to target communitiesaffectedbydisplacement.
Legal or institutionalobstacles to reducingwatertariffs.
ADSP members and WASHCluster(lead),
Humanitarianpartners providing WASH services inurbanandperi-urbanareas
Increase access to health services in communities affected by displacement
•Carryout/reviewhealthassessmentsinareasaffectedbydisplacement,includingcurrentcoordinationandreferralmechanisms,andactors’capacities
•Advocateforinclusionofcommunitiesaffectedbydisplacementinhealthdevelopmentprogrammes,includingincreasingnumberandimprovingqualityof mobile clinics and strengthening communities’firstaidcapacities
• Design and implement programmes to addressurgentgapsintheprovisionofhealthservicesincommunitiesaffectedbydisplacement,ensuringtheylinktolonger-term interventions
• Review existing coordination among health providers, and patient referral mechanismsandprovidesupportforimprovement.
Access and qualityofhealthservices is increased in communitiesaffectedbydisplacement
Lackoffundingor programmes to target communitiesaffectedbydisplacement.
ADSP members and HealthCluster(lead),
Humanitarianpartners providing health services in communitiesaffectedbydisplacement
Enhance access to formal education in communities affected by displacement
•Carryout/revieweducationassessmentsinareasaffectedbydisplacement,withspecial consideration to initiatives that supporttransitionfromemergencytopermanentstructures.
•Advocateforinclusionofcommunitiesaffectedbydisplacementineducationdevelopmentprogrammes,includingincreasingnumberoffacilitiesandenhancingteachers’capacities.
• Design and implement programmes toaddressurgentgapsintheprovisionofeducationservicesincommunitiesaffectedbydisplacement,includingenhancingparents’awarenessofthebenefitofeducationandincentivepackages,ensuringlinkstolonger-terminterventions.
• Review global or local experiences of alternativemethodsofeducationsupport,includingthroughprivatesponsorships,or distance learning and assess their potential of being piloted in Herat.
Male and female childrenaffectedby displacement access to primary and secondary educationisenhanced, includingthroughtheuseof innovative and alternative educationmethods
Lack of programmes targeting communitiesaffectedbydisplacement.
Lack of infrastructure,land interest from private sector and sponsors
ADSP members and EducationinEmergency WorkingGroup(leads),
Humanitarianpartners providing educationservices in communitiesaffectedbydisplacement
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Enhance access to employment and self-employment
•Advocatewithpublicandprivatetransportproviderstolinkcommunitiesaffectedbydisplacementwithmarkets.
•SupportcoordinationmechanismssuchasthelocalDoLSATVETRoundTablestoshare information, market assessments andstudies,andtoadvocateforinclusionofcommunitiesaffectedbydisplacement
• Advocate with MoRR to coordinate and monitor the implementation of the NationalIDP’sPolicy’sTVETprovisions
•Design/implementprogrammestoaddress gaps in TVET, and links to market assessmentsandpost-trainingsupport,and long-term development interventions
• Review global and local practices in supportingundocumentedIDPsinaccessing TVET, employment and credit and design and implement pilot activities.
•Supporttheestablishmentordevelopment of TVET and employment centresinareasaffectedbydisplacement
•Liaisewithagriculturaldevelopmentactorstoaddressfarmers’constraints,andprovide credit in areas where IDPs with farming skills can work.
• Review legislation, practice and opportunitiesforrentofgovernmentlandandidentifywaystosupportIDPsandhostcommunitymemberswithfarmingskillsbutnoaccesstoland.
A skilled and marketable workforce is has increased access to employment and self-employment in bothurbanandperi-urbanareas
Lackoffundingor programmes totargetspecificcommunities.
Lack of interest of government and/orprivatesector to coordinate and collaborate
Land is a sensitiveissueandshouldbeexpected that the renting of agriculturallandby IDPs will face obstacles.
ADSP members and humanitarianpartners providing services to supportaccessto employment and self- employment
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LEGAL SAFETYObjectives Actions Expected
outcomeRisks and assumptions
Implementer
Enhance IDPs’ access to civil documentation
• Advocate with the MoRR and MoI to link theKabulcivilregistrationdatabaseiwiththeHerat,toissuetazkeraslocally.
•ProvidetechnicalsupporttoMoI/PopulationRegistrationDepartment(PRD)toissuetazkeraslocally
•Design/implementprogrammestoaddressurgentgapsintheprovisionofcivildocumentationtoIDPs,ensuringlinkto long-term interventions.
IDPs can obtain tazkeras in Herat
Lackoffundingor programmes tosupportMoI/PRD to address theissue.
Lack of government interest.
ADSP members and Protection Cluster
Enhance participation in CDC elections in communities affected by displacement
•DiscusswithCCAPpossiblemodalitiestoincreasedisplacedpeople’sawarenessoftheCitizens’CharterandprocessesrelatedtotheinclusionofdisplacedinCDCelectionsandfollow-up
Displaced populations’participation in social and political life increases
Lack of communityinterest and limitedtrustininclusivenessand effectivenessofthe process.
ADSP members and Protection Cluster
Enhance access to remedies and justice
•Advocateforand/orprovidedirectsupporttoincreaseawarenessofcomplaint response mechanisms in communitiesaffectedbydisplacement,ensuringproperfollowup.
• Advocate with agencies implementing community-leveldisputeresolutiontrainingfordutybearerstoincludecommunitiesaffectedbydisplacementintheir programmes.
• Design and implement programmes toaddressurgentgapsinaccesstojustice,ensuringthatlinktolong-terminterventions.
•Developandimplementprojectstoprovide IDPs with awareness of local justicemechanisms.
•AdvocatewithgovernmentinstitutionstoprovidetheMinistryofHajjandReligiousAffairstheauthoritytovalidate/issuemarriagecertificates.
Communitiesaffectedbydisplacement increase opportunitiesto address complaints and remedies, and access traditional and/orformaljustice
Lack of programmes tocarryoutactivities.
Legal or institutionalobstacles to giving the MinistryofHajjandReligiousAffairstheauthoritytovalidate/issuemarriagecertificates
ADSP members and Protection Cluster(leads),
Humanitarianagencies involved in supportingtheCRMs and the justicesector(informaland/or formal.
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The Asia Displacement Solutions Platform is a joint initiative of the Danish Refugee Council, International Rescue Committee, Norwegian Refugee Council and Relief International, which aims to contribute to the development of comprehensive solutions for Afghans affected by displacement. Drawing upon its members’ operational presence in the region, the ADSP engages in constructive dialogue and evidence-based advocacy initiatives to support improved outcomes for displaced Afghans.