ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The construction, preparation, assem-bly, and installation of the outdoorseeding equipment, and the prepara-tion and installation of the floatingnursery frameworks, or " Inayoshi-style ikada" "ikada" is Romani zedJapanese literally meaninq "raft"! bymembers of the DNR Nori AquacultureProject were initially done under thedirection and supervision of Mr.Makoto Inayoshi, Japanese consultantto the project.

Mr. Inayoshi invented the asynvnet-rical aspects of the ikada andcurrently owns the patent s! rightson the design and manufacture ofthem. In fact, the majority of thematerial presented in this manual canbe directly attributed to Mr. Inayoshi'sparticipation and instruction. Thek nowl edge and exper i ence whi ch hecontributed from more than 20 yearsof successfully farming nori inJapan, proved to be invaluable. Un-reserved thanks are given toMr. !nayoshi for all his efforts tomake this project a success. Due tothe language barrier, Mr. Inayoshiwas unable to examine this manuscriptin any detail prior to its publi-cation therefore its contents arethe sofe responsibility of the re-mainingng authors.

The team members of the WashinqtonDeparbnent of Natural Resources NoriProject were:

Dr. Thomas F. Mumford, Jr.,Natural Resource Scientist III, Project Leader!

Mr. Donald J . Melvin,Natural Resource Research Technician 7,

Ms. Virginia H. Bryant,Scientific Technician 7 and,

Mr, William J. Ryce,Scientific Technician 2.

Special thanks are given to TakakoOwada for her outstandi no performancein the crucial role of interpreter.

We would also like to thank FllenEllis and Michael Dickter for theexcellent job they did in editinq andformatting this manual and basicallypreparinq it for final publication.Their participation was qreatly ap-preciated.

The specific companies and productsmentioned in this manual are providedstrictly as a convenience to thereader. Any mention of a specificcompany or a specific product doesnot constitute endorsement by theDepartment of Natural Resources andthe DNR reserves the right to refuselistinq any product or company.

Funding for this project has beenprovided by the Washington Departmentof Natural Resources, Project R/A-12,"Aquaculture of Seaweeds on ArtificialSuhstrates," I;rant No. NARIAA-D0030from the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration to theWashinqton Sea Grant Program and hythe Pacific Reqional Commission,Grant No. IOD40098, "Nori Culti-vation Analysis and Planninq."

TABLE IF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ l 1 1

PREFACE Xi

Table of Contents ~ ~ 3

I n tro due ti on ~ e

Construction and Preparation of the Equipment .

Seeding Raft ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ 11

30

~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ 39

39

Seeding Raft 53

Spore Density

~ ~ ~ ~ 61

Table of Contents ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 63

I ntroduc ti on ~ ~ ~ ~ 69

~ 0 ~ ~ 73

Nursery Framework Ikada! and Ikada Longlines .Anchors, Anchorl ines, Taglines, Floats and Spacerl

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ 73

100

107

ines

Anchors, Anchorl ines, Spacerl ines, T'agl ines, LonglIndividual Ikada

ines and Floats

Drying Nets in the Ikada

111

VOLUME I - OUTDOOR SEF.DING

Anchors, Anchorl ines, Tagl ines and Floats

Assembly and Installation of the Equipment

Anchors, Anchorlines, Taglines and Floats .

vOLUME 2 - THE NURSERY PHAsE

Construction and Preparation of the Equipment

Assembly and Installation of the Equipnient

Orientation of the Equipment on the Site

Installation of the Seeded Nets

107

108

176

145

153

LIST F OIAQVNS

Oiaqram 1

plunging one rnd of a psc pipe with a cap and ruhher gasket...... ilDiaoram p

Seeding framewnrk specifications

Diagram 3

Positioning sleeve on one end of a seedina framework cross-memher 13

Diaqrams 4A throu h 4G

Method for lashing PVC cross-members to the PVC pipe during theconstruction of the seeding framework .14-1 5

Oia ram 5

as ic netting used in constructing the seedbagOiaqram 6

=~ice inc or endline of seedbag woven through and along the edgesof two layers of plastic nettinq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 18

Di aqrams HA throu h RF

Method for securing seedhag tielines to seedbaq sidelines andeniil ines

. ~ !-Z IDiaqram 9

~ee ag specifications .......,.....,......... PlDia ram 10

s nctions between nori net corneous and endlinesvs 5

Oi a ram 11

amp e strand nf netting tied onto the mesh of one nori netOiaqram 12

anchor~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

30

in serter

1V

Oiaqram 7

~art tioning twine woven through the mesh of two layers ofplastic netting dur ing seedbaq construction ............. 19

LIST OF DIAGRAMS Contin''~

Piagram 14

plvotlng hisoy with taqlines and swivel attached ........... 38Di agram 15

Double sheet hend knot 39

Di agram 16

Clove hitch and shiori combination knot 40

Diagram 17

Fluke anchor tagl inc double eyespl ice tagl inc! . - - ~ - - ~ ~ ~ - ~ 41

Diagram 18

Sheet bend kno t wi th a 1'oop ...,................. 41

Diagrams 19A through 19HHand-tightening anchorlines using the boat's engine and a Sampson

P ost ~ ~ a a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 44

Diagram 20

MMMde anchor tagl inc knot ...................... 46Diaqram 21

Schematic drawinq of anchorinq system used to instalraft ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

1 one seedinq41

Oiaqram 22

Set-up of equipment necessary for pipe anchor installation . . . , . . 4q

Diagraln 23gctsematic drawing of two seeding rafts installed onproduction frame anchoring system

an existing

Diagram 24Seeding framework with two lengths nf polypropylenedown the length of the framework

line secured53

Dia ram 25wo a f hitch knots with a loop

54

esIgn specifications of Inayoshi-style ikadaas ~ as

LIST %' DIAGRANS Continued

Diagram 27Des>gn specifications of ikada iongiines. 73

Diagram 28One yoke out of ten! on an ikada endline 75

Diagram 29Method for securing polypropyl ene line to an ikada middleline..... 7R

ividual ikada's bottomline for. 84-8!

ividual ikada's bottofnline for~ ~ a 87

da properly slanted towards the88

a, using the free ends of two

P p ing an ikada, using the free ends of twobottoml ines............................96-97

Diagrams 36A through 36Cir p ase o pac sng an ikada, using the "new" free end of a

topline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .97-98

Diagrams 37A through 37CFourth phase of pac ing an ikada, using the "new" free ends of

two bottomlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .98-99

Diagram 30Sheet bend knot with a loop .

Diagrams 31A through 31CMethod of securinn uoys on an ind

surface placement of nets

D i agrams 3ZA through 32Det o o secur>nz uoys on an indsub-surface placement of nets

Diagram 33Cross-member s of an individual ika

respective ends of the ikada

Diagrams 34A through 34IThe first phase of packing an ikad

toplines

Diagram 38F uke anchor.

~ ~ ~ ~ a n ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ a 93 96

L EST %' DIAGRlNS Continued

Diagram 39Follow-through knot

104

Diagram 41~pacement of holes in a topper float.

105

Diagram 42

~foo used to make holes through the Styrofoam of a topper float.... 106piaqram 43

Orientation of 4 20 ikada complex on site............. 107Diagram 44

Dpo~ Be sheet hend knot......................... 110Diagram 45

Clove hitch and shi o ri combination knot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Diagram 46

Fluke anchor tagline double eyesplice taglinel .. . .. .. .. .. . 111Diagram 47

Sheet hend knot with a loop . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Diaorams 48A through 48H

Hand-ti g teninq anchorlines using the nori boat's engine and aSampson post............................114-116

Diagrams 49A through 49GMajOr StepS tO BnStal 1 the anChOrS, anChnrlineS, SpaCerlineS,lnnglines, taglines and floats...................116-124

Diagram 50

Middle anchor tag line knot....................... 125Diagram 51

posit>on of instal'led equipment after ccmpletion of step 9 andattachment of fluke anchors ..................... 125

Diagram 52

~fern vxew of ikada cross-member .................... 126

Diagram 40

~upper float with a topper float tagline in position.......... 105

LIST % DIACRN5 Continued

st row129

130

132

136

Di aqrarn 58Knot used to secure the end of a topline to an endline,........ 140

Diagrams 59A through 598nots use o secure the ends of the toplines to the middlel inc.... 140

D i agrams 6DA throuqh 60Cposst on o a uoy n the water relative to the amount oftension in the top1ine.....,.........,........ 142

D i aqrams 61A thr ough 61C146

n ng a net.

t... ~..... ~ - . ~ .. ~ .. ~.....147-148

153

Diagram 53EnEn vsew of all ten rows of ikada

Diagram 54Position of equipment prior to the installation of the firof individual ikada.

Diagram 55Securing the end of a topline and the enri of a bottomlineeyesplice

Diagrams 56A throuqh 56Cnsta ng an n sv dual ikada between an endline and thenriddleline .

Diagram 57~ne row out of alignment with nrevfously installed ikada

Diaqram 63Knot used to secure ikada tielines to net sidelines . .

to one

~ ~

l 1ST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photograph I

the seeding framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 16

framework lashing wi th tieline in place . 17

Fi shermen 's shuttl es...........,....,........ 19

water pump used for installing pipe anchors.......... 32

Photograph 5~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 33

Photograph 6e spl ice tagl inc mi ddl e anchor tagl ine! ........... 34

esplice tagline fluke anchor tagl inc!............ 35

Photograph 8

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ 36

40oat tagline on the bend of a fluke anchor.

with Sampson posts ...,,................ 42

Shijotai in seedbag pockets half-sheet method!... 56

Photograph 13~ ~ ~ ~ o 66

57

1X

Photograph 9le bumper float .

Photograph 14«1T

~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ t ~ 0 ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ 36

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Continued

Photoqraph 15Corner of substitute yoke . 7Q

Photograoh 16

Photoqraph 17An ikada cart with a bundled ikada on it

Photograph 18hor

Photograph 19ln2

Photoqraph 20El esplice tagline fluke anchor tagline! 103

Photograph Pl

Photoqraph 22

113

Photoqraph 23Nori boat with Sampson posts installed near the stern of the

PREFACE

Mhile several works have heen published whichfocus primarily on the biol ogical aspects ofnori farming, very little detailed informationhas been presented reqardinq the construction,preparation, assembly, and installation of theequipment. The intent of this manuscript wasto heqin to fill that void. It has been writ-ten initially to complement the discussionsregarding the biological aspects of norifarming as presented in the English transla-tion of Nori Seihin Kojo no Tebiki translatedti tl e: A ui e o e mprovemen of Nori

The specific techniques described in thismanual are hy no means the only techniqueswhich may be used to construct, prepare,assemble and instal 1 outdoor seedingequipment; or to handle nets during the nur-sery phase of operations. Nany variations ofthese techniques exist and are used by thenori farmers in Japan. Nowever the techniquesdescribed in this manual were used by the mem-her s of the Department of Natural ResourcesQNP! Nori Project, and proved to be effec-tive. These proven techniques are presentedthen, to prov~de a hasic understandinq of howeach piece of equipment can be constructed andhow it functions as an inteqral part of thesystem.

SX34KM~f lkT lYl.M%4}

OUTDOORSEEDINGVekame 1

TABLE %' CSfKNTS

Table of Contents

Seeding Raft

Seeding Framework

?2

Hal f-Sheet Method .?2

Full-Sheet Method .?2

Nori Nets .

31

32

33

33

33

Middle Anchor Taglines34

Hullet Float Tagl ines .34

35

Pivoting Buoy Taglines

Introduction.

Construction and Preparation of the Equipment .

Seedhag .

Seeding Sheet

Anchors, Anchorl ines, Taglines and Floats .

Anchors

Fluke Anchors

Pipe Anchors

Middle Anchors

Anchorlines .

Taglines

S ingl e Eye spl ice Tagl ines .

Double Eyesplice Tagl ines .

?3

30

3c!

Floats o a ~ o e a o o ee~ ~ ~

Hul 1 et I-- I oats ~ ~~ ~ ~

Pi voti nq Buoy Floats ~ ~~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~

Assembly and Installation of the Equipl;lent

Anc hor s, Anc horl i nes, Taql ines and F'I oats

~ ~~ ~ ~

~ e

Using F Iul:e Anchors~ ~~ 4

[Ising i'ip» Anchors~ ~~ ~~ 0

Seeding Raft~ ~~ 4 ~~ ~~ v o

~ ~~ 4

~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 0 ~

Spore Ilensity ~ 4 0

Half-Sheet; !Method

FulI-Sheet FIethod .

TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued

LIST %' DIAGRAMS

Diaqram I

~pegging one end of a PVC pipe with a cap and ruhher gasket...... 11Diagram 2

Seeding framework specifications

Diagram 3

Posi tioning sleeve on one end of a seeding framework cross-member... 13Diagrams 4A through 4G

et o or as ing PVC cross-members to the PVC pipe durinq theconstruction of the seedinq framework................14-15

Diagram 6

Pppas ic netting used in constructing the seedhao . . . . .. . . . . . 18Diagram 6

eTine or endiine oe seedhao woven through and along the edgesof two layers of p1astic nettinq ...,.............. IR

Diagram 7

Partitioning twine woven through the mesh of two layers ofplastic netting diuring seedbag construction

Diagrams 8A through 8FNet od for securing seedbag tielines to seedbaq sidelines andendl ines...............................20-21

Diagram 9Sgee Sag specifications

Diagram 10

is inctions hetween nori net corners and end?ines .......... ? >Diagram 11

~gamp e strand of netting tied onto the mesh of one nori net 28

Diagram 12FFFu e anchor ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e a w ~ a 30

LIST OF QIAGRiNS Continued

Diaqram 14Pivoting buoy with tag iines and swive1 attached 3R

Diagram 15DDou De sheet bend knot 39

Fluke anchor tagl ine doubl e eyespl ice taql inej ........... 41

Sheet hend knot with a loop ..................... 41

Diagrams 19A through 19MHan -tig tening anchorlines using the boat's engine and a Sampson

44p ost ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ v ~ ~ ~

Diagram 20'Hii91e anchor tagline knot 46

Di agram 21~gc emetic drawinq nf anchoring system used to install one seeding

~ v ~ v v 47raft ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ v ~

Di agram 22Set-up of equipment necessary for pipe anchor installation

~gia ram 23Schematic drawing of two seedinq rafts installed onproduction frame anchoring system

an existing~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 51

Diagram 24Seeding framework with two lengths of polypropylene

down the length of the frameworkline secured

53

Diagram 25fwuo~l f hitch knots with a loop ~ ~ ~

Di agram 16~Cove hitch and shiori combination knot ............... 40

LIST OF PHOT06RAPHS

Photograph 1

the seeding framework. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Photograph 2

Photograph 3

Photograph 4 nchor ~ ~ ~ t ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~33

Photograph 6

esplice tagline fluke anchor tagline!............ 35Photograph 8

Photograph 9 e bumper float . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

oat taqline on the bend of a fluke anchor. . . . . . . . . . . 40

Photograph 1142

Photograph 12Shigotai in seedbag pockets half-sheet method! . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Photograph 13Bundles of nets tied into their positions on a seeding raft . . . . . . 56

bundles of nets down the length of a seeding r aft . . . . . . 57

I kTROWCTION

The instructions in this manual are specific;they are i n te nded to describe wha t has workedfor the depa r tment. Ac tua 1 indi v i dual expe r-ience will undoubtably suggest alternativemethods that will work as well or better.

When nets are to be seeded in the field a" seeding raft" must be used. The seeding raftconsi sts of: I! A seedi ng framework, Z! Aseedbag, 3! A seeding sheet, and 4! Nets whichare to be seeded with conchospores.

The conchospores are released in the fall fromthe conchocelis-bearing oyster shells, or" shijotai ", which have been cultured in alaboratory facility since spring. The shijo-tai are arranged i n the seedbag and the netsare then installed over the seedbaq in theseeding raft. The conchospores becomeattached to the nets soon after they arereleased from the shijotai . In this sense,the nets are "seeded" with conchospores.After the nets have been seeded with thepr oper density of conchospores and have beentransferred from the seeding raft into thenursery frameworks, the shijotai in the seed-bag may either be replaced or complementedthrough the addi tion of other shijotai thatare beginning to release their conchospores,before another batch of 5n nets to be seededis installed above them. In this manner,a seeding raft may be used repetitively,to seed several batches of 5A nets each.

The seeding raft, itself, is only used i nautumn for the specific purpose of seedingnets, and it is removed from the water afterall of the intended nets have been seeded.

The fol 1 owing sec ti ons of thi s manusc ri ptdescribe how to construct, prepare andassemble a seeding raft, and also how toinstall a seedinq raft on site.

CONSTRUCTION AND PREPARATION OF T% EOUIPIKNT

SEEDING RAFT

Seeding Framework

The completed framework should be 62 feetlong and 6 feet wide. The entire frameworkis constructed so that it can be taken apartin six separate sections for handling andstorage ease.

The basic large, r ectangular framework isassembled first out of 2-inch �20 psi! PYCpipe, using ten 9-foot 10-inch lengths, twoIZ-foot lengths, two R-foot 6-inch lengths,four elbows and ten couplinqs. !t is impor-tant that each section of this part of theframework be completely watertight.

It may often he necessary to grind off anyimperfecti ons caused by the casting moldsfrom the 114-inch caps to allow a watertightseal.

To make each length of pipe watertight useZR 144-inch PVC caps schedule 40! and 286-inch diameter rubber gaskets which can becut out of old innertubes. Diagram I

Plug each length of 2-inch pipe by poundinga 114-inch cap into each end wi th the rubbergasket sandwiched between the outside of thecap and the inside of the 2-inch pi pe Diagram 1!. This can be done easily byusing a short piece of broomhandle and arubber mallet to pound the cap and gasketinto the end of the 2-inch PVC pipe. Asan added precaution, it is recommended that

Seeding Framework

Diagram 2

ee'

0I

4

O0 40

40

0C00LCCL~ .0I 72

12

a bead of sil icone seal ant be placed aroundthe inside of tNe 2-inch PVC pipe before thecap and gasket are pounded into the end. Theseal ant will fill in any holes that mightoccur if the gasket folds over around theedges of the cap.

After all sections of 2-inch PVC pipe arewatertight, the 2-inch couplings and elbowscan he cemented into place.

Before cementing, lay all of the 2-inch pipe,couplinos, and elbows out in a flat area.

Place the S-foot 6-inch lengths of 2-inch PVCpipe at each end.

Per pendicular to them lay the two long sidesof the framework parallel to one anothe~.Five q-foot 10-inch sections and one 12-footsection make up each side of the framework.Make sure the two 12-foot sections lay acrossf rom one ano ther al ong the si des.

Then lay one elbow at each corner and lay acoupling in between any two long pieces ofpipe. Before starting any cementing it isimportant to remember that the whole frameworkSSOuT8 l~e able tO he taken apart intO SiXsepara te sec ti on s, as shown i n Di ag ram 2.

Cement on both ends of pipe sections toform solid U-shaped end sections. Couplings,unlike elbows, are cemented on one side only.NFV'EII cement both ends of the coupling,

D00E

0 00

Cls 0.0 0

0 IL

tlILO I-4~ Ot0C

Seeding Fr~rk

When all of the coupl ings have been cementedinto place, push, but 90 NOT CEMENT, al 1 ofthe pieces of the 2-incCc ~ pi pe 6>gether,to form the 1 arge basic rectanqularframework .

Cut nineteen 6-foot lengths of I@4-inch PVCto lash to the framework to form what isessentially a very large PVC ladder.

Three inches from each end of each cross-member make a mark with a pencil for futureuse.

Cut each Il/4-inch coupling into 5 pieces toyield 4 sleeves per coupling �0 sleevestotal!. The fifth section with the ridgeinside is discarded. Each sleeve will beabout three-quarters of an inch wide . Ahandsaw works hest.!

Di agram 3Make one cut throuqh the edge of the sleeveso that it can be pulled apart and snappeddown over a piece of 194-inch pipe.

Cement the sleeves with silicone sealant intoposition at the pencil mark at each end ofeach cross-member Diagram 3 !,

Electrical tape may be wrapped tightly aroundthe sl eeve before the cement dries tn helpinsure that the sleeve will be securelycemented to the pipe.

oom one al ate

Seeding Framework

Lay the cross-memher s across the top of therectangular 2-inch pipe framework about 37inches apart and lash them directly to theframework. Hanging twine e.g., "Perma Gri pNylon Hanging Twine," 460 cord, from theFirst Washington Net Factory, Inc., Rlaine,WA. ! 9 feet 8 inches 1onq is enough toti qhtly 1 ash each intersection together.

li ag ram 4A

Push the line that's hung over the cross-memher back to the outside edge of thesleeve.

Pull 'both ends nF the line underneath thepipe Diagram 4B!.

4C

Pull both lines over the top of thecross-member, again.

There are now three lines laying across thecross-memher right next to the outside edgeof the sleeve and two lines laying across outat the open end.

//The two ends must now be separated.

Hang the lashing line over the cross-memheroutside the sleeve -- the two ends of the1 ashing line should NOT he equal. The end ofthe 1 ashinq line "A" is about twice as longas the "B" end.

Seeding FraINeaerk

Pull the short end 8!, hack under the cross-memher, and the long end A! under the 2-inchpipe of the framework.

Pull line A up and over the end of thecross-member and down under the Z-inch pipe,bringing it across and up from the corner Diagram 4E.!

Now there are three lines laying across thetop of the cross-member at the open end, aswell.

Oiaq ram 4F shows what the lashing should looklike at thi s point from the bottom lookingU'0 ~

Pull the short line 8 over the top of theZ-inch pipe Diagram 4G!.

Seeding Framework

At this point the most important part of thelashing work begins -- wrapping the lashing.

Take line 8 and wrap tiqhtly around thelashing, clockwise always going under the11/4-inch cross-member, over the 2-inch pipe,under the 14-inch cross-member, over the2-inch pipe, etc .. Simultaneously, wrap lineA, from i ts posi ti on shown in Diagram 4C,tightly around the lashing, counter-clockwise, also always passing the line belowthe 1V4-inch cross-member and above the 2-inchpipe.

The ends of both lines should always bepulled firmly after each complete wrap, sothat the entire lashing becomes tiqhter witheach wrap.

'Ahen there are only about 4 to 6 inches leftat the ends of both lines A and 8, tie thetwo ends together usinq a square knot or two.

The finished lashing should appear as shownin photograph 1.

Photograph 1

16

Seeding Fraeeerk

When all of the lashings are completed, takethe framework apart in six sections. Turneach section over so that only the 11/4-inchsleeves on the II/4-inch PVC cross-memberstouch the surface.

Reassemble the sections of the framework.Yhis is the position in which the frameworkwill ul timately be placed in the ~ater -- the2-inch pipe is above all of the 11/4-inch pipe.

Next, cut thirty-eiqht 30-inch pieces of hanqingtwine, or "seedinq framework tielines", andsecure one end of a tieline around each ofthe lashings Photoqraph 2 !.

Half of these tielines will be used to securethe framework toqether when the time comes toplace the framework out in the field and theother half of the tielines will be used tosecure the nets within the framework itself.

It i s a qood idea to dip the ends of thesetiel ines into a small amount of air dryingliquid plastic e.g., "Pl asti Dip"! so thatthe ends of the ti elines don't unravel .

otograph 2

At one end of the framework tie a Ih-footlength of 3/8-inch polypropylene line to eachcorner of the framework. Hake sure that thelines are securely tied in each corner sothat they can't slip.

These lines will serve as the yoke for theframework and wi 11 be tied to one pivotingbuoy in the field.

The seeding framework is now complete and maybe taken apart and placed in storage until itis needed.

17

The seedhaq is made of two pieces of "Vexar"carcover-type plastic nettinq 58 feet 4 incheslong and 0 feet 2 inches wide. The nettingused was a 2.5-centimeter by 2.5-centimetergrid mesh, with 0.5 nillimeters thick plastic"net t ing twi ne" Diag ram 5! .

The size of the mesh of the plastic nettingis important. First, the mesh obviouslyshould be small enough to make sure that theshijotai won't slip throuqh the mesh and fallout of the seedbag in the field. However,the mesh should be as large as possible sothe movement of the conchospores from theshijotai to the nori nets is not inhibited.For the same reason, the diameter of theplastic "netting twine" should be as small aspossible, preferably not qreater than 0.5 rm.

The mesh should al so be large enough thatweavinq the partitioning twine through thetwo pieces of netting is as easy as possible,and doesn't take a lot of time. Keep this inmind when purchasing the plastic netting,especially if it is difficult to obtain thetype described.

Diagram 5

Diagram 6Weave the two pieces of plastic nettingtogether by hand, using 66-foot pieces of3/8-inch polypropylene line along the longedges of t' he nets, and 7+-foot pieces of3/8-inch polypropylene line through the ends Diagram 6!.

This forms one hiq net bag with 3/8-inch poly-propylene line woven around all of t' he edges.

18

At each corner of the bag, where two ropescross, tie the ropes together. Do not cut offthe ends of the two polypropylene lines. Theywill be used to secure the seedbag to theseeding framework.

Seedbag

A fisherman's shuttle works well to weave theparti tioning twine through the two pieces ofplastic netting. The width of the shuttlewill, of course, depend on the size of themesh of the plastic netting .

Photograph 3

Every 14 inches down the length of the bag,weave a heavy duty piece of thread throughboth pieces of the netting Diagram 7 ! acrossthe width of the seedbaq and securely fastento the polypropylene sidelines at either end. Diaqram 7

When this "partitioning twine" has been wovenacross the width of the seedbaq 50 times, thesnedbag, instead of being one big net hag, hasbeen partitioned into fi fty 14-inch by 50-inch"pockets" .

Weave two more long pieces of partitioningtwine down the length of the seedbag, 12+inche s from either 1 ong pol ypr opyl ene si de-1 inc, further partitioning the seedbag intotwo-hundred 14-inch by 12+-inch "pockets".

Startinq at the middle of one of the endlines,weave another long piece of partitioning twinedown the middle of the seedbag, lengthwise, Diagram 7!. This creates one-hundred 14-inchby 25-inch "pockets".

5eedbag

Diagram 8A

Cut a 4-inch slit through one of the nets,near the front end of each pocket. Theseslits should be large enough to pass a handthrough, because it is through these slitsthat the shijotai will be placed into theseedbaq.

Cut seventy-four 2R-inch lengths of hangingtwine to use as " seedbag tielines", �4 tie-lines for each sideline and 3 tielines for eachendline!.

The seedbag tiel ines will be tied to thesidelines, 20 inches apart down the length ofeach sideline, and 124 inches apart down thelength of each endline.

First, tie a knot at one end of the tieline.

Tie that end of t' he tieline around the seedbagsidel ine, usinq a clove hitch, Diaqram BA!.

Pull the clove hitch tightly down around thesideline to pull the knot in the end of thetieline snugqly into the clove hitch DiagramR !!.

Tie another hal f hitch below the clove hitcharound the sideline Diagram RC! and pulltight.

%8- net oo>tu oar dna ape sIeecig e aal o e al Ilail

Seedbag

Finally, pass the free end of the tiel incthrough the lay of the sideline, Diagram HE Iand pull tight.

The tieline is is now secured to the sideline Diagram 8F!. These lines will be used totie the seedbag to the seeding framework.

The 3/8-inch polypropylene sidelines and endlines, the partitioning twi ne, andthe seedbag tieli nes should appear as they are shown in Diagra~ 9.

Diagram 9 55 feel 4 inchee

J 12.5'

50 5,5 inch entartterf view Vexar n ~ tttnttnn tnp ef ene another

The seedbag is now ready for use.

Seeding Sheet

Hal f-Sheet Nethod

The half-sheet method essentially requires atar p 61- feet 2-inches long and 5 feet wi de,made of 10-ounce vinyl-coated, poly-reinforced vinyl.

Al 1 of the edges are reinforced folded over!and double stitched,

Srommets t4 brass spur-type! are placed ineach corner and down the length of each sideabout 16 inches apart, and one foot apartacross each end a total of 58 gre~mets !.

Attach 2-foot lengths of hanging twine,"seeding sheet tielines", to each grommet andtie 2 tielines to each corner grommet atotal of 62 seeding sheet tielines!.

The seeding sheet tielines are used to tiethe seeding sheet into the seeding framework.

Ful l- Sheet Nethod

The full-sheet method requires an 80-foot by16-foot sheet of clear 6-ply � mil! polyeth-ylene plastic folded in half, with the twolong edges of the sheet ironed or sealedtogether.

The ends of the sheet are not sealed togetherbut left open, forming a large, longpolyethylene tube.

22

Seeding Sheet

The two lonq edges can easily be sealedtogether by placing one edge on top of theother on a smooth, flat surface, and placing anormal hedsheet above and below the two edges,and then firmly ironing the sheet above theedges to be seal ed. Ini ti al ly the bedsheetwill stick to the plastic. However, as thepl astic cools the bedsheet can be carefullypeeled away to reveal a relatively strongseam.

The width and strength nf the seam is deter-mined hy the amount of area along each edgethat is ironed.

The seeding sheet is ready .

Nori Nets

The nori nets used are 18 meters long and 1.5meters wide 59. 1 feet hy 4.9 feet!, and areavailable only from Japan. When the nets areordered from Japan, order a spool of extranetting twine, identical in composition tothe nets. The spare netting twine will beused for repairing damaged nets, and assampl e strands to determine spore densitieson the nets to be seeded.

Load a fisherman's shuttle with spare twineand allow it to soak for a couple of days infreshwater, dry thoroughly and store forfuture use.

Mori Nets

For every five to ten nets to be seeded, cutthree IO-inch pieces of netting twine forsampl e strands. Burn the ends of the twineto prevent fraying.

Each end of every strand should also be dippedin a small amount of air drying liquidplastic, such as "Plasti Dip".

This type of liquid plastic is available indifferent colors, If the half-sheet seedinqmethod is used select a different color thanthe tarp, otherwise it is very difficult tolocate the sample strands during the seedingprocess.

Once the sample strands have been made, soakin freshwater for at least a couple of days,rinse in freshwater and then allow tn drythoroughly,

Before the nets are seeded, they must hestacked and bundled. This requires a largeflat surface.

To begin, lay one net out on the surface.

Place one spike insi de each corner of the netand drive it into the ground stretching thenet tightly over the surface.

Drive spikes into the ground opposite onea~other I /4, I/2 and 3/4 of the way down thelength of the net, so the sidelines of thenet can he stretched and fully separated .Remove the net after the spikes are in place,

Nari Nets

Before the nets are stored, decide how thenets will be placed in the seedi ng rafts, thenursery frames and the production framesbecause once the nets ar e seeded, they willhave a top and a bottom side. This decisionmust be adhered to absolutely for the rest ofthe season to expect any consistency in thequality of the nets.

As can he seen from examininq Diagram IO,there are two types of corners at each endof a nori net. In Diagram IO the corner ofthe net in the upper left hand corner ofthe diagram and the corner of the net inthe lower right hand cor ~er of the diaqramar e called "two-corners". The corners ofthe net in the upper right and lower leftcorners of the diagram are called "three-corners". A "two-corner" corner has twolines of the net running into the corner excludinq the corner tielines!, the net'ssideline and its endline; while a "three-corner" corner has three of the net's linesrunning into the corner aqain excludingthe corner tiel ine!, the net's sideline andendl ine, al ong wi th one 1 ine of mesh. Thi sis an important distinction to he able torecoqni ze.

Oi agram 10

~ ~ C ~ Cg h ~,I 5 CD*4 C ~ t ~

~ Ot ~ 'I ~ 41

~t4f 4

Since prior to seeding, each side of a net isidentical to the other, a net has neither atop nor a bottom side. A rule must heestablished so the top of a net can always bedi s t inqui shed from the ho ttom.

As mentioned, there are two different kindsof corners � a "two-corner" corner and a"three-corner" corner. Decide which kind of

Nori Nets

corner is going to he on the right, whenlooking down the net. If you choose to havethe "two-corner" corner to the right, thenwhen a person is looking down the length ofthe net, with a corner in each hand, the two-corner should he in the left hand.

Once this decision is made, it must hestrictly followed when stacki ng and bundlingthe nets and deploying the nets in theseeding raft, nursery frames and productionframes.

lf t' he two-corner rule was selected thenDiagram 10 shows the top of the net.

Obviously, the kind of corner to have on theright is a matter of preference. However,once the deci sion i s made, i t must be adheredto religiously for as long as those nets aredeployed out in the field which coul d beover several seasons or years!.

The net endlines, at either end of a norinet, are different colors, as shown inDiagram 1O bluish-white and orange were thetwo different colors found on the DHR nets!.The color-coding allows one to distinguishthe front-end of a nori net from the back-end.

ln other words, not only does a nori net havea top and bottom, each net also has a frontand a back. Thi s di stinction is especiallyimportant to the novice nori farmer who isusinq an outdoor seeding method to seed thenets.

Z6

Nori Nets

The front-ends of the nets will be securedinto the seeding framework such that theywill be up-current from the hack-ends. Asthe conchospores are released from the shijo-tai in the seedbag, these conchospores willbe swept down-current, from the front-ends tothe back-ends of the nets.

Oy being able to easily distinguish the front-end from the back-end of any nori net,experience wil 1 teach the novice nori farmerhow hest to arrange the shijotai in the seed-bag.

Therefore, just as a two-corner or three-corner rule had to be decided upon, a deci-sion must also he made r egarding which of thetwo differently colored end-lines wi 11 alwaysbe remembered as being the "front endline".

If the nets have never been used they mustbe soaked in freshwater for at least 48hours, rinsed, and dried before being usedfor seeding. If the nets have been used,then there is no need to soak them.

The nets are now ready to stack.

First, <ive nets are stacked, one above theother topside-up, by stretchi ng them, one ata time, over the spikes driven into theground.

When placing the nets over the spikesremember "the rules" regarding the cornersand the endl ines, and fol low them closely.

27

Mori Nets

Hhen five nets have been stretched over thespikes, tie the five sidelines together ateach spike. Paper-covered steel twist-tiesfrom garbage bags work well for this -- theyusually may he obtained free from fast-foodoutlets and restaurants. Ten twist-ties will

be required for every bundle of five nets.

Diagram 11

At this point, at least three sample strandsshould be knotted in place. Tie one near thefront of a net, one in the middle, and onenear the end of' a net. The sample strandsshould be tied to just one net, so the knotis in the middle of the sample strand, andthe exposed ends of the strand are aboutequal in length, as shown in Diagram 11.

After that is done, stack five more netsabove the first five nets, again topside-upand front-end forward, remenbering "therules" .

Tie the sidelines of the top five netstoqether with twist-ties at each spike,just as the bottom five sidelines were tiedtogether.

Mori Mets

Then tie the tielines of all ten nets to-gether at each corner by tying a half-hitchas closely as possible to the corners of thenets @sino all ten nf the corner tielinesfor one knot,.

Approximately hal fway between each of thespikes alonq both sides of the nets, secureal 1 ten of the nets' sidelines together usinqtwi st-ties.

Lift all ten nets off the spikes.

Ppqinning at the hack-end of the nets, throwthe corner' tielines on top of the nets, androll the ten nets up in one bundle. Afterthe nets have been rolled into a hundle, theexposed corner tielines at the front of thenets may be used to secure the bundles sothat they won' t unroll.

ANCHORS, AHCHORLIIKS, TAGLIIF S AN FLOATS

Anchors

Fluke Anchors

The fluke anchors Diagram 12! can beconstructed using an oxy-acetylene torch andan arc welder. The shaft and the crossbar ofthe fluke anchor are simply one-inch rebar.The center of the hend in the shaft isapproximately 16 inches from one end of the7-foot lenqth of rebar.

Diagram 12

4 4 14-444II 444I4444t92 ~ � ill ~l ll 4I4~ 444

4-1441 l492444 4I I -444 44The 40-degree hend should be made up of fiveor six 7- to 8-degree bends, spaced a coupleof inches apart. This produces a nice, long,rounded hend instead of a short, sharp bend,

~ 44'I ~I-Io I ~4 ll I-~l

The bend can easily be made by drawing anoutline of the shaft on the floor of theshop, and then using the outline as a guide,heat with the oxy-acetylene torch and bend.

I II ~ * Ill ~ ~444 44444

44 44:I

I44 4I f4 � I 44 I ~ I 4I4'l4 ~ 4444

~ ~

' ~

With the ring in place, weld the 3/4-inchrebar onto the shaft. The fluke, cut from asheet nf 1/4-inch steel plate, is approxima-tely 28 inches long, from tip to base, with abase width of about 22 inches.

The rings for the fluke anchors can be madefrom old car or truck spring coils which canhe purchased cheaply from any auto salvaqeyard . Attach the rings to the shafts using a16-inch piece of 3/4-inch rehar, Bend the3/4-inch rebar into shape hy bending it arounda piece of one-inch rebar, usinq the torch.

Anchors

The fluke is welded to the shaft, insirie theangle. Weld a reinforcing strut, custom cutfrom llew-inch by 4-inch flat stock steel be-tween the fluke and the long shaft. The rein-forcing strut protects the bend in the shaft.

To complete the construction of the flukeanchor, weld the crossbar � feet of 1-inchrehar ! to the shaft, approximately 12inches down the shaft from the ring-end.

Pipe Anchors

An alternative to a fluke anchor is a pipeanchor. While fluke anchors can easily berepositioned after they have been set into abottom substr ate, pipe anchors, once theyhave been set, can not be repositioned, orremoved from the bottom. A fluke anchor isconsidered a temporary anchor, the pipeanchor is permanent.

Di agram 13A

Diagram 138

The bar'b is made nf 2 x 3/8-inch flat stocksteel about 17 inches long. It is attachedto the pipe shaft with a hinge at one end ofthe pipe.

Nel 6 a 2-inch piece of 3/4-inch pipe at oneend of the barb perpendicular to the barb.

Cut two flaps at the bottom of the pipe andbend out from the pi pe.

The pipe anchor is made from a piece of 2-inchsteel pipe, 52 inches long. Diagram 13A.!

Anchors

Insert a lid-inch steel bar through the smallpiece of pipe welded to the barb; weld eachend of the bar to the flaps at the end of thelarger pipe.

Meld one link of a short piece of chain atleast two links! to the pi pe shaft about 3feet from the harb hinge. The anchorline willbe tied to this chain.

The pipe anchor is actually driven into a bot-tom substrate, to a depth of R to 12 feetbelow the surface of the bottom. An inserter Oi agram 1% j is used from a boat at the sur-face. The nozzle is attached directly to alength of fire hose, which is attached to adischarge nozzle of a portable, gas-driven,114-horsepower water pump located in the boat see Photograph 4I. The intake for the pumpis simply placed over the side of the boat andinto the water. Photograph 4

The length of the inserter handle and the lengthof the fi re hose hetween the inserter and thepump, depend upon the depth of the water inwhich the pipe anchors are to be installed.The maximum depth to effectively install pipeanchors is about ~D feet. The handle of theinserter generally begins to how at depthsgreater than that, especially in strongcurrents, and installation of the pi pe anchorsi s di f f i c ul t.

Middle Anchors

' fiddle anchors actually are not anchors atall, but ~ather they are tensioninq deviceswhich are installed along the length of ananchorline. A middle anchor can simply be an

32

Anchors

8" x 8" x 16" concrete block, with a piece oftwo-inch chain bolted end-to-end around andthrough nne of the holes of the hlock Photograph 5j. Use a concrete block, not acinder block. One middle anchor is requiredfor every anchorline deployed at the fieldsi te.

Photograph r

Anchorlines

The anchorlines used in the field are cut from

spool s of ~-inch polypropylene rope, Melt orwhip the cut ends to prevent ravelling .

The 1 ength of any anchorline is determined bythe depth of the water in which it will be used.Thi s ratio of length of the anchorline-to-thedepth nf the water is called the "scope". Theminimum r ecommended scope is 4 1, meaning thatfour feet of anchorline should be used for

every foot of water depth. For example, toanchor something in 20 feet of water, at leastan 80-foot anchorl inc shoul d be used.

The hest scope to use is closer to S:1,however, anything in the range between 4:1and 5:1 will probably be sufficient.

Taglines

Single Eyesplice Taglines

A single eyesplice tagli ne is made from alength of 3/8-inch polypropylene rope.

Tagl ines

Hark the rope in two places, 5 inches and l7inches from one end of the rope. Ravel theend of the rope hack to the 5-inch mark,Bend the end of the rope hack to l ay the5-inch mar k next to the 17-inch mark. Splicethe ravelled lines back into the lay of theline for at least six courses, yielding asingle eyesplice at one end of the rope Photograph 6!.

Photograph 6

Middle Anchor Taglines

A middle anchor tagline is a single eyesplicetagline Photograph 6I. Use 4' feet of3/8-inch polypropylene rope for each middleanchor tagline.

This tagline is used to secure a middleanchor to any anchorline.

Bul let Float Tagl ines

A bullet float tagline is a single eyesplicetagl inc used in conjunction with a flukeanchor. The length of a bullet float taglineis equal to the maximum depth of the water inwhich the fluke anchor will be pl aced . Thistagline is used to reposition or renove afluke anchor from the bottom and it connectsthe fluke anchor to a bullet float at thesurface of the water . A 3/8-inch polypropy-1 ene rope is generally used. Rope of anysmaller diameter is hard on the hands.

Tag!ines

Double Eyesplice Taglines

A douhle eyesplice tagline is made from 51+feet of Q-inch polypropylene rope. Splicean eyesplice into each end of the rope Photoqraph 7 ! usinq the method described forsplicing single eyesplice taglines.

A douhle eyesplice tagline is used to securethe r ing of a fluke anchor to an anchorline.One double eyesplice tagline is required foreach fluke anchor.

Photograph 7

pivoting hloy Tagliees

One pi voting buoy, or float is required foreach seeding raft.

Two specially made taglines must be preparedfor each pivoting buoy. A pivoting buoytagline is essentially a longer version of adoub 1 e eyespl i ce tagl inc.

Use two 10-foot lengths of Q-inch polypropy-lene line with eyesplices spliced into bothends of both lines.

Floats

Bu1let Roats

Rullet floats are used with fluke anchors,and to mark the locations of pi pe anchorsthat are installed but not being used.Rullet floats can usually be purchased at anycommercial marine supply center.

Floats

To ready for use cut one 4-foot length ofsupple 5/8-inch braided nylon rope.

Tie a figure-eight knot at one end of the rope.Feed the opposite end of the rope from the topdown, through the center of the bullet float.

Place one half hitch knot in the rope at thebottom of the bullet float, sandwiching thefloat as tightly as possible between thefigure-eight knot at the top of the float andthe half hitch knot at the bottom to preventi t from cha fing on the 1 ine. Photooraph 8

The "tail" of braided nylon rope leading fromthe bottom of the bullet float should be leftloose and attached, as shown in Photograph 8,for future use.

Pivoting Buoy Floats

Four things are required to prepare apivoting buoy for use in the field:

1! One round inflatable 60-inch bumper float e.g ., "Horfl oat" or "Scotchman Buoy" !with a reinforced eye, Photograph 9!;

2! One heavy duty steel swivel, wi th an eyeon either side of the shrivel; and

3 ! Two pivoti ng buoy taglines.Photoqraph 9

The 60-inch inflatable bumper float can bepurchased at most commercial marine supplycenters. The heavy duty steel swivel shouldbe available at hardware stores.

36

Fl oats

To assembl e the pivoting buoy, first bend oneof the two pivoting buoy tagl ines in hal f,and pas,s the bend through one of the eyes ofthe steel swivel.

Then pass the two loose ends of the tagl incthrough the bend in the tagline and pulltightly, cinching the tagline firmly in placearound the eye of the swivel.

Using both loose ends of the tag line asthough they were one line, tie a hal f-hitchknot as close as possible to the eye of theswi vel .

Usinq the other tagline, tie a clove hitcharound the eye of the inflatable float, so oneend of the tagline is about one foot from theeye in the float, while the other loose end isabout eight feet from the eye of the float.

Taking the longer of the two loose ends, tieone and one-hal f clove hitches around theshorter line as closely as possible to theeye of the float.

Then, take the shorter of the two loose ends,pass the end of the line through theremaining free eye of the swivel, and slidethe swivel over the line up to the two clovehitches near the eye of the float.

With one hand, reach through the eye of theshor ter of the two loose ends and grasp thetagl ines that were attached to the oppositeend of the swivel.

37

Floats

Holding onto those taglinesy pull the handback out through the eyespl ice, and pulltightly. This should cinch the eyespl icedown tightly around the remaining free eye ofthe swivel,

If done correctly, the pivotingbuoy, with the tagl ines andswivel attached should appear asillustrated in Diagram 14.

Di agram 14

~ I ~ al inlloteby ~ I to

nn ~ 1 ~ ne tI ale no b lr

lae1 btoeltn1 bu y I ~ I Siren I eol

a-a Ieor~ bort nr er re buOy Ioeltnoa

38

ASSEMBLY AND INSTALLATION OF TlK E }UIPKMT

ANCHORS, ANCHORLIlKS, TAGLIIKS NS FLOATS

Using Fluke Anchors

In the boat, organize the equipment from bowto stern in the fol lowing order:

I! A bullet float wi th a "tail",

2! A bul let float tagline,

3! R fluke anchor,

4! A fluke anchor tagline,

6! An anchorline,

6! A pivoting buoy,

7! An anchorline,

8! A fluke anchor tagline,

9! A fluke anchor,

IO! A bullet float tagline, and

11! A bullet float with a "tail".

Place the fluke anchors in their positions sothe r ings on the anchors are pointed towardsone another.

Di ag ran 1S

8eqinning at one end of the boat, tie the"tail" of the bullet float into the

eyespl iced end of the bullet float tagl incusinq a double sheet bend knot Diaqram 15!.

39

Using Fluke Anchors

Di ag ram jt

Photoqraph 1A

40

"Run" one hand down the length of the bulletfloat tagline to make sure that the bull etfloat tagline is not knotted or twi sted.

Once it has been determined that the bulletfloat tagline will run fr ee of any knots ortangles, tightly tie the other end of thebullet float tagline to the shaft of thefluke anchor, using a clove hitch and shioricombination knot Diagram 16!.

The clove hitch and shiori should be tied tothe shaft just where the bend in the shaftbegins Photograph 10'j. A bullet floattaqline must be used because a fluke anchorcan not be removed from the bottom withoutone.

Next, take an anchor tagline doubleeyesplice tagline! and pass one end throughthe ring of the fluke anchor.

Pass one hand through one of the eyes of theanchor tagline, and reaching over the outsideof the ring, grab the other free end of theanchor taqline.

ai ~

V

Using Fluke Anchors

Diagram 17

Pull the hand back out of the eye, whileholding onto the other end of the anchortagline, This should secure one end of tanchor tagline to the ring of the anchor Diagram 17!.

To the other end of the anchor tagline,attach one end of t' he anchorline usi~g adouble sheet benet, just as in Diagram 15.

Aqain, run one hand down the entire length ofthe anchorline to make sure that there aren' tany knots or tangles in the line.

Once the anchorl inc has been run clear,attach the free end of the anchorline to oneof the two short bottom pivoting buoytaglines, using a sheet bend with a loop{Diagram 18!.

I+a

Then, beginning at the opposite end of theboat, tie off the remaining bullet float,bullet float tagline, fluke anchor, anchortagli ne and anchor line to the remainingpivoting buoy tagline, in exactly the sameway.

41

Using Fluke Anchors

When all 11 pieces have been tied in line toone another, it is time to put it all in thewater.

Begin by placing the fluke anchor which is inthe stern of the boat, over the side of theboat and lowering it to the bottom.

Wit'h one hand, hold on to the bullet floattagline, and with the other hand hold onto theanchorline.

Lower the anchor to the bottom, keeping the backof the anchor the main shaft! parallel to thesurface of the water and the point of the flukepointed down and towards the front of the boat,by allowing the bullet float tagline and theanchorline to descend at the same rates.

Once the anchor is on the bottom, allow theequipment to run out slowly over the side ofthe boat as the boat moves slowly forwar d.

When i t is time, throw the remaining fluke anchorover the side Be careful not to qet theanchorline or the bullet float tagli ne wrappedaround any part of the anchor.

It is best to wrap the last ten feet or so ofthe bullet float tagline around a Sampsonpost located near the stern of the boat Photograph Il!.

Photograph 11

Using Fluke anchors

By keeping the boat pointed away from the firstanchor and by "toying" wi th the boat's throttlein forward and neutral, i t is relatively easyto position the second anchor. It is impor-tant to try to get the anchorlines as tight aspossible by positioning the second anchor asfar as possible away from the first ancho~.This can be done by slowly throttling theengine down while it remains in forward gear.

When the anchors have been positioned, returnto the pivoting buoy.

Untie one of the anchorl ines from one of thepivoting buoy tagl ines sheet benrl with aloop!, and further tighten the anchorline byhand, replacing the sheet hend with a looponce it is tight.

A useful trick for hand-tightening the anchor-line is to actually bring the pivoting buoyaboard the boat with the short pivoting buoytaglines oriented as illustrated in Diagram 19 the pivoting buoy itsel f is not shown, onlythe ends of the two short pivoting buoy tag-lines with their anchorlines in place, areshown ! .

To begin with, the bow of the boat should bepointed toward one anchor designated "anchorA" in Diagrams 19A - 19W !, whil e the stern ofthe boat is pointed toward the other anchor designated "anchor B" in Diagrams 19A - 19M!.

Place the eyesplice in the short pivoting buoytagline located nearest to the stern over theSampson post, a.s illustrated in Diagram 198.There is still an equal amount of tension inboth of the anchorl ines.

Using Flake Anchors

Piaqram lh

5 m»ao

oo

O~ Tool *92 ~

oa IODIEDTDTIDD ol 4051l

...i I o ~ To aoa O

'li.: � �.~ P

ao IOOCaoa'IOD 0 DOal! I

SO TOO 5

o. u

IOTIITE'l alai'll oo EOTTI I

G I I- I IOOIEII'155105 ao DOT IJ I *5 ~ aoo ao

44

Using Fluke Anchors

However, when the boat's engine is placed inforwar d gear and throttled up, it wil 1increase the tension in anchorl ine R, whilesimul taneously decreasing the tension inanchorl inc A.

The solid, bl ack arrow on the top of theSarrrpson post in Diagrams 19C through 19F,indicates when the engine i s engaged in for-ward gear and throttled up,

Once anchorline 8 is under as much tension asthe engine wi 11 deliver, untie anchorline Afronr its short pivoting buoy tagline Diagram19D I and tighten further by hand . Facingtowards the stern of the boat., place yourhands an the anchorline as shown in Diagram19K . Then by pulling on the anchorl inc withthe right hand, while simultaneously pushingthe anchorline towards the eyespl ice with theleft hand, anchorline A rrray again be broughtun der ten s i on.

When as much tension as possible has beenapplied to anchorl inc A by hand, then re-secure the anchorl inc to the short pivotingbuoy tagl inc, using a sheet bend with a loop Diagram 19FI.

After anchorl inc A has been retied to itspivoting buoy tagline, throttle down theengine and disengage nate lack of thesolid, bl ack arrow on top af the Sampson postin Diagram lgG!. As this is done, the ten-sion in anchorl ines A and 8 will becomeevenly distributed between the two anchorlinesonce again, and the eyesplice can easily belifted off the Sampson past Oi agraIrI l9H!.

45

ijsing Fluke Anchors

This procedure, using the boat's engine and aSampson post, is by far the fastest andeasiest way to tighten any two anchorlines,Remember, however, that the best time tohand-tighten the anchorlines is at low tide,lf they are hand-tightened at high tide, thenthe anchorlines will only be tight when thetide is as high, or higher, as it was whenthe anchorlines were tightened. When theanchorlines are hand-tightened at low, lowtide, then they will get tighter as the tidegets higher.

After one of the anchorlines has been hand-tightened, install the middle anchors alongthe anchorlines. Attach the middle anchortaqlines to the chain, which is bolted aroundand through the middle anchor concreteblock!, i n the same manner as the flukeanchor taglines were secured to the rings ofthe f1uke anchors see Diagram 17!.

Diagram 20

About 20 to 30 feet, depending on the waterdepth, from the pivoting buoy, tie one middleanchor tightly to each anchorline, using theknot shown in Diagram 20, and drop the middleanchors over the side. At low tide, themiddle anchors should be slightly off thebottom.

The seeding raft can now be brought to thesi te.

Tie the yoke of the seeding raft to theremaining long pivoting buoy tagline, using asheet hend with a loop see Diagram 18!.

Using Fluke Anchors

1KNOTS ~ KE Y

t. Double Sheet Bend2, Sheet Send with e loop3. Clove Hitch end Shrcrr4. Middle Anchor Taggne Knot

Pivoting Buoy

See dtrrtt RettBui

Fluke hnchoruke Anchor Tegline

tNOT TO SCAt.E!

Using Pipe Anchors

A pipe anchor is installed in the bottomsubstrate wi th i ts anchorl ine al readyattached. Once a pipe anchor has beeninstalled it cannot be moved. Therefore agreat deal Of plannilig ShOuld be dane priOrto thei r installation, Lay out a grid workon paper prior to any field work.

Tie a short piece of string loosely aroundthe pipe anchor and its hinged fluke to holdthe fluke next to the pipe. The stringshould be tied loosely into place so that itwill be able to slide up the pipe, and willrelease the hinged fluke as the pipe anchoris being installed. If tied too tightly thefluke will not be released, and if tied tooloosely the fluke will open before the pipe

47

The Set-up ShOuld appear aS Shown in Diagraltl pl.

Using Pipe Anchors

anchor can be lowered to the bottom. Ineither case, it is possible to retrieve thepipe anchor from the bottom and try again ~

To install pipe anchors specifically for out-door seeding, assemble and install theanchorinq system described for using flukeanchors.

Oo not install the middle anchors at thistime.

Since the fluke anchors will only be in thewater for a very short time while the pipeanchors are heing driven into place, smallerand lighter Danforth anchors may be substi-tuted for the fluke anchors. Once the equip-ment is in place, the pipe anchors can beinstalled in the bottom substrate directlybelow each bullet float.

To begin with, the boat must be tightlysecured between two separate anchors, to holdthe boat in position directly next to, orover, the bullet float.

With the boat in position, using a series ofhal f hitches, tightly tie an anchorline thesame length as the anchorline attached to thefluke or Danforthj anchor already in placebeneath the bullet float to the chain of thepi pe anchor.

Slip the pipe anchor over the nozzle of theinserter and up inside the collar.

Usi!ag Pi pe Anchors

Diagram 22

pl 4 ~ tel

Ii lcl ~

49

With the pipe anchor in place on theinserter, connect the Fire hose between thenozzle of the inserter and the dischar genozzle of the pump. The inserter end oi t"ehandle should appear as shown in Diagram 22.

Connect an intake hose to the pump and placethe other end of the intake hose over theside nf the boat.

Holding only the pipe anchor's anchorl inc,lower the pipe anchor and inserter, with theFire hose attached, to the bottom simply byletting the anchorl inc out slowly over theside of the boat Diagram 22!. Be s,ure thatthe pipe anchor does not slip off theinserter as they are being lowered to thebotto~.

Turn on the pump after the pipe anchor andinserter are resting on the hottom.

By leaning, hanging, twi sting and pounding onthe pi pe anchor with the handle of theinserter, the pipe anchor can be dri'ven intothe bottom 8 to 12 feet.

By putting marks every 2 or 4 feet on thehandle, and noting at which mark you beginit can easily be determined to what depth thepipe anchor has been driven.

n

~ < ~ Wt O> ~ !

Using Pipe Anchors

When the pipe anchor has been driven into thebottom to the desired depth, turn the pumpoff and raise the inserter, with the firehose attached, back into the boat. Afterwaiting a few minutes, test the pipe anchorby pulling str aight up on the anchorl inc. Ry wai ting a few minutes, you allow the bot-tom sediments to settle back into the hole

around the pipe.!

With the pipe anchors in place, sfmplyreplace the fluke anchorlines, which areattached to the short pivoting buoy taglines,with the anchorlines attached to the pf peanchors,.

Hand-tighten the anchorlines andinstall the mfddl e anchors as previouslydescribed.

The fluke anchors, their attached anchorlinesand bullet float taglines should be removedfrom the site. Fir st grab the bullet floattaqline and secure it ar ound the Sampsonpost. The fluke anchor can then be freedfrom the bottom by simply driving the boat inthe opposite direction of the anchorl inc. Afl uke anchor usual ly can not be freed bypulling straight up on its anchorline,instead the shaft wfll be bent while the

anchor remains set in the bottom.

ln setting up the pivoting buoys for theseeding frameworks, production frame anchorsand anchorlines may be used if they arealready in place f.e., pipe anchors!.

Using pipe Anchors

Two seeding frameworks may be installed be-tween the anchors for one production frame.

The set-up for two seeding rafts is shown inDi agram 23.

KNOTS ~1 KEY

L Sheet Bend with a Loop2. Middle Anchor Tagtine Knot3. Hatt hhchea h e Series Phtotarg Buoy

Seeding RaftSeedhg R

NOT TO SCALE!

Attach one pivoting buoy to each productionframe anchorl itic usfng a sheet bend wfth aloop. Then stretch out and tie an old sfde-line, or middleline, from a production framein between the short pivotinq buoy tagl inesthat remain free on the two pivoting buoys,aqafn using sheet bends with loops.

Tighten the production frame anchorl ines ateach pivoting buoy.

5l

Using Pipe Anchors

Near the middle of the line stretching be-tween the two buoys, install a middle anchorto sink that line.

Only the pivoting buoys are left at the sur-facee.

When the seedinq rafts are attached to thebuoys, the rafts will he free to swinq aroundthe buoys 1n response to chang1nq tidalcurrents.

The site is now ready for t' he seeding raftsto arrive.

52

SEEDlHG RAFT

Hal f-Sheet Method

Assemhl e the seeding raft at a beach site asclose to the actual seedinq site as possible.

Choose a level beach area with relatively fewrocks.

First., put the seedinq framework togetherbottom-side up.

Two 70-foot lenaths of 3/8-inch polypropylenerope are used to help hold the frameworktogether a f te r i t i s ass emhl ed.

Pi aqram 24

~ PC plpaI

The ends of the rope are tied 22 inches fromeither end of the S-foot 6-inch piece of2-inch PVC pipe at the end of the framework,using a knot called the "clove hitch andshi ori" Di aqrarn 16 I .

p Ol t pl ap tlap allaa alappaP aaa

raaat laaa I a pa- papa at

T' he ropes are then stretched down thelength of the framework, wrapping them justonce around each cross-member, making surethe lines are tiqht between each cross-member Diaqram 24!.

pptaal laattlaa alp/p-lapp palapiappiaaa apa

~t the npposi te end of the framework,securely fasten the ropes to the other 5-foot6-inch piece of 2-inch PVC pipe wit'h clovehi tches and enouqh half hitches to use up theremainder of the rope.

Hal f-Sheet Method

Flip the framework over so the top side ofthe framework is up.

Next, spread out one nori net inside theframework.

Using the corner tiel ines of the net, tie thenet off on each of the end pieces of the 2-inchPVC frame at either end of the framework,stretching the net as tightly as possible.

Be sure to tie the net so it is above the 1Q-inchPVC cross-members, but lead the corner tiel inesunder the 2-inch PYC end pieces initially.

DiagramNext, using only every other tie tied aroundeach lashing of the framework, tightly tie thesidelines of the nori net to the framework.

To make disassembling the framework afterseeding has been completed easier, use theknot shown in Diagram 25.

After the net has been tightly stretched outinside the framework, roll the seeding sheet,or tarp, out over the net.

Tightly tie the tarp to the framework usingthe ties already attached to the tarp,remenbering to always first lead the tiesunder neath the 2-inch PYC pipe . This willkeep the tarp as low as possible within theframework itself.

Once the tarp is in place, place the seedbagover the tarp.

Ha! f-Sheet lNethod

Tie the seedbag securely to the framework,using the ties attached to the seedbag, inthe same way the tarp was secured to theframework. Remember, however, the sl its inthe seedbag must he accessibl e from the top,so don't tie the seedbag in upside down.

At thi s point, the framework can be ca~rieddown to the water and set afloat never dragthe fr amework over any surface, especially abeach, unless you want to destroy all of yourlashing work!.

The fr'amework should be towed slowly by itsyoke oot to the seeding site, anaatie yokeattached to the pivoting buoy, using a sheetbend wi th a 1 oop see Oi ag ram 18 ! .

When the shijotai begin releasing theconchospores in sufficient quantities at thelaboratory facility, the shijotai aretransported to the seeding site and placedinto the pockets of the seedbag.

The number of shijotai placed in each pocketdepends upon the quality of the shijotai.

If the shijotai are evenly distributed through-out, the entire length of the seedbag, then,naturally the back ends of the nori nets willend up with a greater density of conchosporesthan the front ends of the nets. Ideally, theconchospore density should be the samethroughout the entire length of every net.

To try to obtain this ideal situation, theindividual shijotai may be arranged in anumber of different ways within the seedbag.

55

Hal f-Sheet Method

The shijotai are placed in the seedbag withthe innoculated surface facing upward Photograph 12!.

Photograph 12

At the pivoting buoy end of the framework,lay the bundles of nets down and partiallyroll them out on top of the seedbag. Up to50 nets may be seeded at one time withoutencountering any great discrepancies in sporedensities between the top and bottom nets,

Tie the front end of the first bundle of netsto the pivoting buoy end of the framework bythe nets' corner tiel ines directly above theend of the seedbag . The net bundles' cornertielines are always led under the 2-inch PVCpipe first, to keep the nets as 1ow aspossible within the raft.

Tie the second bundle of 10 nets into theframework by its corner tielines with the endof the second bundle several inches back fromthe end of the fi rst bundle of nets below it.

Photograph 13

The third bundle is staggered behind thesecond bundle, etc.

Half-Sheet Hethod

The end of each bundle of nets i s staggeredhac k from the one immediately below it forseveral reasons. After laying out fivebundles of ten nets each, the shijotai in theseedbag underneath are well protected fromany direct sunlight above . Staggering thenets al so preven ts "hi gh spo ts", whi c h can becaused by tying all of the nets on top ofeach other. High spots are areas of the netswhich stand above the surface of the water,and therefore won't be seeded .! Staggeringthe nets therefore optimizes the net areawhich will be seeded, as well� . photograph la

All five bundles of nets may be tied to thepivoting buoy end of the framework at onetime, then all five bundles can be unrolledsimultaneously while the boat or boats drifthack to the opposite end of the framework,

At the opposite end, securely tie the cornerof each bundle into the corners of the frame-work.

Once the corners of the bundl es are secured,tie the si del ines of the nets to theremaining ties at each lashing.

Every other tie around each lashing shouldstil 1 be free.

Only the top five nets of the top bundle needto be tied across the framework.

Tie the sidelines of the top five nets to theframework using the knot shown in Diagram 25.

Hal f-Sheet method

Once this has been completed, it is simply amatte of time before the proper spore den-sity is obtained on the nets, then the netsare tranferred to the nursery frames to beginthe nursery phase of the operation.

Ful 1-Sheet Nethod

To use the full-sheet method, the seedingframework is assenbled as described exceptthe tarp is not lashed to the framework atal 1 .

When the shijotai begin releasingconchospores in sufficient quantities, theshij otai are moved into the seedbag and thenets to be seeded are tied into place as pre-viously described,

Spread the long polyethylene tube out behindthe framework, and working from the back for-wards, slip the tube up around the entirefr amework and tie it off in front of theyoke to prevent air from entering the tubefrom the front end .

Then run the nori boat up over the front ofthe entire raft, perpendicular to the lengthof the raft, and allow it to drift back overthe entire length of the raft, forcing anyair in the tube out the hack end .

Once this has been completed, it is againsimply a matter of time before the properspore density is obtained on the nets and itbecomes. necessary to transfer all of the netsto the nursery frames.

58

SPORE XNS IT Y

0etermine the spore density by cuttingsmal 1 sl i t through the pol yethyl ene pl as tie .

Cut away one of the two ends of the samplestrands with the color-dipped ends! fromthe nets and examine under the microscope.

MC~3PXPi

%armand

NURSERYCULTUREVoiame 2

Table of Contents . 63~ 4 0 ~ ~

73

73

I k ada Longl inc s .. 73

Buoyed Endlines . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t 74

Middl el ine

83

~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ i 86

88

91

Caps, Rings, and Tielines 91

92

100

Anchors . 100

Fluke Anchors

Middle Anchors.

~ ~ ~ ~

101

101Anchorlines..... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ 102Taglines. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

102Single Eyesplice Tagl ines ~ ~ ~

63

I ntroduc tion.~ ~ 92 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Construction and Preparation of the E<uipment

Nursery Fra«mrks Ikada! and the Ikada Longlines.

Individual Ikada.

Buoy Attachment and Bottomline Location

Buoy Attac hmen t for S u r face Nets.

Buoy Attachment For Sub-Surface Nets.

Topline and Cap Adjustments .

Premarking Ends of Topi ines and Bottomlines .

Packing the Ikada for Future Deployment .

Anchors, Anchorl ines, Taglines, Floats and Spacerlines.

76

78

78

TABLE F CNTENTS Continuedi

Piddle Anchor Taglines .....,...,.....,,,,... 102

Bullet Float Tagl ines . 103

Double Eyespl ice Tagl ines . 103

Tapper Float Taglines . .

Bullet Floats 104

~ ~Topper Floats 105

Spacerlines . .

107

hors, Anchorlines, Taglines,IOR

Assembly 108

Installation 10R

Individual Ikada.

126How the Ikada Work

r ~ ~ ~ 1 45

145Handling Nets

148Removing Nets from Seeding Raft .

~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ s 150

~ - ~ 153

loats ~ t t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~F

Assembly and Installation of the Equi pment .

Orientation of the Equipment an the Site.

Assembly and Installation of the AncLonglines and Floats

Installation ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ t + ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~

Final Adjustments .

Installation of the Seeded Nets

Installing Nets in the Ikada

Drying Nets in the Ikada.

103

104

106

107

129

137

LIST % DIAGRNS Continued

Diagram 26Design specifications of "inayoshi-sty] e" 70

Diagram 27Des~go specifications of ikada longlines... . 73

Diagram 28One yoke out of ten! on an ikada endl inc....,....., .. 75

Diagram 30Sheet hend knot wi th a loop . 80

D i agrams 31A through 31CMet o o securing uoys on an individual ikada's bottomline for

surface pl acement of nets ......................84-85

O iagrams 32A through 32DMethod of securing buoys on an individual ikada's bottomline for

sub-surface placement of nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Diagram 33~ross-members of an individual ikada properly slanted towards the

respective ends of the ikada .................... 88

Oiagrams 34A through 341The fir st phase of packi ng an f kada, using the free ends of two

toplines .93-96

Diagrans 35A through 35CSecon p ase o pac ing an ikada, using the free ends of two

bottomlines , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . .96-97

Diagrams 36A through 36Cir p ase o pac ing an ikada, using the "new" free end of a

to pl ine ...............,..............97-98

Diagrams 37A through 37Cour p ase o pac ing an ikada, using the "new" free ends oftwo bottomlines . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98-99

Oi agram 29Method for securing polypropylene line to an ikada middleline . . . . . 78

LlST OF MAGRJHS Continued

100

104

Diagram 40~opper float with a topper float tagline in position. 105

10'5

Diagram 42fono used to make holes through the Styrofoam of a topper float .

Dia ram 43rsentation of a 20-ikada complex on site .

107

110

Diagram 45~ore hitch and shiori combioation knot .

Diagram 46~ue anchor tagl inc double eyesplice tagline!

112

Diagrams 48A through 48HHan -t g ten nq anc or lines using the nori boat' sSampson post .

.114-116

amor steps to nsta 1 the anchors, anchorlines, spacerlines,lonqlines, taglines and floats..........,........l16-124

125

compl eti on of s tep 9 and125

66

Diagram 38PTuuie anchor.

Diagram 39~o ow-throuqh knot

Diagram 41~P acement of holes in a topper float.

Diagram 44~ou e sheet hend knot.

Diagram 47~eet hend knot with a loop .

Diagram 50 e anchor tagline knot..

Diagram 51~ositson of installed equipment after

attachment of fluke anchors

engine anii ae ~ a ~ ~

LIST F OIAGRANS Continued

D i agram 52

End view of ikada cross-member . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 126

Diagram 53~nd vTew of all ten rows of ikada . 128

D i agram 54

Position of equipment prior to the installation of the firstof individual ikada. . . . . . . - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l2g

Diagram 55Securing the end of a topline and the end of a bottomline toeyesplice

one~ ~ ~ e ~ 1 30

Diagrams 56A throuqh 56Cnsta ng an in v dual ikada between an endline and themiddlel inc...,......... ~....,........... 132

Diagram 51One row out of alignment with previously installed ikada 136

l3iagram 58Knot used to secure the end of a topline to an endline. 140

Diaorams 60A through 60CPosition of a buoy in the

tension in the toplinewater relative to the amount of

~ e ~ ~ ~ 142

Diagrams 61A through 61Co»ng a ne 146

Diagrams 62A through 62Dylng o a coi e net. . 147-148

Di agram 637nno used to secure ikada tiel ines to net sidelines . . . . . 153

67

Diagrams 59A through 59BKnots usefi to secure the ends of the toplines to the middleline . . . . 14D

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Continu

Photograph 15Cor ner of substi tate XokXO e

Photograph 16An ikada cart . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Photograph 17An ikada cart with a handled ikada on it ~ ~

Photograph 18 hor~ y ~

Photograph 19

Photoqraph 20

Photoqraph 21Bullet float wi th a "cail"

Photoqraph 22

Photoqraph 23Mori boat with Sampsa~ posts installed near the stern of the

boa't . . . . . . . . s ~ . t ~

I HTRODUt:TIOII

After nori nets have been seeded with thedesired density of conchospores, the seedednets are removed from the seedinq raft inbundles of ten and are transferred immediatelyinto the floating nursery frameworks or"!nayoshi-style ikada" ikada is RomanizedJapanese meaning raft!. No more than ten nets one bundle! are tied into each ikada.

There are many different types of floatinq nur-sery frameworks or ikarta -- one kind is knownas the "Inayoshi-style ikada". Oiaqram 26illustrates the basic rlesign and specificationsof the Inayoshi-style ikada.

Two sizes of nori nets are available, thus, twosizes of ikada are ~a~ufactured. The largerikada, designed for use with IA m x I.R m norinets, were used for the DNR project. Thedimensions of the smaller ikada are qiven inparentheses in niaqram?6.

hir. Flakoto lnayoshi invented the asymetricalaspects of these ikada and currently holds thepatent riqhtL' s! on the desiqn and manufactureof them. Illustr ations showinq these aspectsare used with the permission of tir. 8akotoInayoshi.

The Inayoshi-style ikada, when or operlyinstalled, provide a quick, efficient way forperiodically dryinq, or "exposing", the nets onsite. While there are a number of importantreasons why repeated exposure of the seedednets is beneficial, one of the most importantreasons is that diatoms and foulinq organismscan not survive a regime of repeated partialdessication, whereas the nori sporeli nqs on thenets not only survive hut seem to thrive. Thisis not surprising since many Porphyra speciesare most commonly found in in~ter ~isa regionswhere repeated exposure occurs naturally.

0 0//

EaCteo

/I

a3

'I5-O

E

f.

E fOS-Ch

o

8

V'

0 C

O ihth

Eg

LI

I NTROINCT I ON

Rasfcally, by drying the nets, the nori spore-1 ings qrowing on the nets are qiven a com-ppti ti ve advantage over any other organi smwhich might attach to, and grow from the «ts-Also, after the nursery phase has beencompleted the ikada may be used for dealingwith certain disease problems that can beencountered during the production phase ofoperations.

This manual recommends specific techniques forprepar inq and fnstallinq the Inayoshi-styleikada for use during the nursery phase ofoperations; however, these techniques may beimproved upon and any innovations areencouraqed.

All equipment should be prepared and inspectedduri ng the summer months, long before it f sneeded in the field. The ikada should beinstalled on site just before beqinnfnq theseedinq operations,

71

CONSTRUCT!Ok AND PREPARATION I TK EOUIRKMT

~"'+<S I V,GA! AND IXAINLONGL INE S

Ik ada l.ongl ines

Three ikada longl ines are required for theinstallation of every 2Q individual ikada:two endl ines and one iniddleline.

These longlines Diagram 27! serve severalpurposes. In one sense they are fl oats « thtaglines that are permanently attached tothem and, just like any other float with i tstagl ines, the endl ines serve as a vehicle forattaching a floating structure located on thesurface to an anchor set in the bottom. Inthis capacity they keep the rope junctionsinterconnecting the surface structure and theanchor near the surface where these intercon-necting lines may easily be adjusted.

Diagram 27out ~ ada

b uoV loop

/ ~

h1<d OltitlCendlin e

in aid a ey a Ipll @ac

rniddleline

~ yeepliea

ouly lde

73

Ikada Longlines

In another sense, the longlines serve an im-portant spatial function -- while they serveto connec t all of the individual ikada, theyalso keep the individual ikada separated.Thi s spatia'l organization allows installationof the maximum number of individual ikadaover the minimum amount of surface area atthe si te . Installing 20 i kada in one complex,instead of individually, not only savesinstallation time hut, because of the spatialaspect, also decreases time and energy spenthandling nets wi thin the ikada during thecourse of the nursery phase .

In addition, by interconnecting all of theindividual ikada, the entire structure as awhole is stronger and, therefore, able towi thstand a greater amount of abuse from theelements.

Buoyed Endlines

Two buoyed endlines come pre-assembled fromJapan with every 20 ikada Diagram 27!i. Eachendline consists of a 48- to 49-meter lengthof polypr opyl ene rope wi th eyesplices splicedinto each end. At each end, immediatelybehind each eyesplice, a hard plastic buoy islashed to the endline.

Ten yokes will be attached equally spaced downthe length of the endline.

Each yoke consists of one 15-foot piece ofpolypropylene line, wi th eyesplices spliced inat both ends of the line.

1kada Longlines

Diagram PR

hard pla

Tie a loop about the same size as the eye-spl ices exactly in the middle of the line.

Then tie the eyesplice-ends of the yoke to theendl inc leaving 2.2 meters the width of anindividual ikada! between the two eyesplices.

Finally, using the two ears on the bottom cfeach buoy, lash a hard plastic buoy onto eachyoke near the apex of the triangle foxed bythe yOke and the enliline With the endlinebeing the base of the triangle!, See DiagramZR above,

5ince there are two ears on the bottom ofeach buoy, then there is logically a top «da bottom to each buoy. It follows then t"«since each buoy is lashed to a yoke which istied into the endline, then the endl inc, as awbol e, al so has a top and a bottom.importance of this becomes evident vthen t>etwo endlines are installed on the site- 4certain amount of time is wasted if «ethese endlines, or both of them, are in«»ledupside down at the site.

Ikada Longl ines

To prevent this from happening, stretch eachendline out and place all yokes on the sameside of the end'line so all hard plastic buoysare right side up.

Since the individual ikada will be tied into

the endline at the eyesplices and the anchor-lines attached to the loops, then theeyesplice-side of the endline is referred toa s the inside-side of the endline, and theloop-side af the endli ne is referred to asthe outside-side of the endline see OiagramP7I.

Looking from the outside towards the inside,go down to the last buoy at the right end ofthe endline and put a big "R" on that buoy,and then go down to the last buoy on the leftend of the endline and put a biq "L" on thatbuoy.

Mow when the time comes to install the end-

1 ines out in the fiel d, all that must beremembered is that when "looking from theoutside in, the "R" buoy should be to theright and the "L" buoy to the left."

Leave at least one endline stretched outuntil after the middle longline, or"middleline", has been assembled.

Middleline

The middleline does not come pre-assembledwith the ikada. One middleline must beassembled for every ZO ikada that will beinstalled.

76

Ikada Longlines

To prepare a middleline, cut a lenqth nf VZ-inchPol ypropyl ene line 6 feet longer than the endline.

I ay thi s 1 ine nex t to the endl ine, s uc h tha t 3feet of the middleline extends beyond each endof the endl ine.

With a permanent ink marker, place a solidmark on the middleline adjacent to the centerof each eyesplice knot located on the endl inc.

When done, there should be 20 marks an themiddleline.

Cut twenty 5-foot lengths of 3/8-inch polypro-pyl ene ro pe.

kith a permanent ink marker, place five markson each line; one mark in the middle of eachlength, and one mark 5 inches and one nark20 inches from each end of the rope.

Pass one piece of 3/8-inch rope through thelay of the middlel inc, at each mark on themiddleline.

P,avel the end of the 3/8-inch piece hackthe 6-inch mark .

Place the 5-inch mark next to the 20-inchmark and splice the raveled ends back iFito thelay of the 3/8-inch line, to produce an eyesplice.

Do this to both ends of each piece of 3/8 inch1 ine.

Ikada Longl ines

After the 40 eyespl ices have been spl icedinto place, position each piece nf 3/8-inchline so the mark in the middle of' each pieceof 3/8-inch line is located under a mark onthe 1/2-inch middleline, as the 3/8-inch linepasses through the lay of the 4-inch line.

Di agram Zg

On either side nf the point where the3/8-inch line passes through the lay of theI4-inch line, tie off hal f of a clove hitcharound the Q-inch line using the 3/8-inch1 ine.

Mhen thi s has been done at all 20 pointsalong the length of the middleline, then themiddl eline is ready for use .

Coil and store both the middleline and end-

!ines until needed.

Individual Ikada

Buoy Attachaent and Bottaeline Location

The individual ikada arrives from Japan withthe hottomlines and toplines attached to theindividual cross-members. However, the buoysarrive separately and must be tied onto thehottomlines one at a time. There should beZO buoys for each individual ikada.

I f thi s i s done prope rl y the beqi nning ofeach eyespl ice in the 3/8-inch line should beoutside of the clove hi tch around the I/Z-inchmiddleline Diaoram 29!.

Individual 1kada

Before attaching the buoys, set up an areawhere at least one ikada at a time may beworked on. A large wooden dock or loft isi deal .

On the surface of the dock, measure out a21-meter by 2.2-meter rectanole.

Mark each corner by screwing in a 1agbol twith a large washer on it at each corner ofthe rectangle.

Cut four 5-foot lengths of 3/8-inch polypro-pylene line and place an eyesplice at bothends of all four lines,

Usinq a clove hi tch, tie one of the linesaround each corner lagbolt beneath a washer,and tiqhten the lagbolt down into the dock Photograph 15'.

Photograph 15

These eyesplices at the corners will serve assubstitute yokes for one ikada while it isbeing worked on.

Hhen the eyesplices at the corners of thesubstitute yoke are in place, untie andunpack one ikada.

Individual Ikada

The easiest way to unpack an individual ikadaand tie it into the substitute yoke is to usea low, flat, four-wheeled cart Photograph16!.

At one end of the car t, about 31k feet abovethe top of the platform, mount an 8-foottwo- by- four or pipe ho ri zontal 1 y in thecenter.

PhOtOqraph 16 Printed i3tn tne pemttslon ot Nr. Iatoto .rlyo5ni

The tops of the U-shaped "cross-members" canthen be leaned against the two-by-four whilethe ikada is being packed or unpacked Photograph 17!.

PhOtOgraph 17 Prtntet r1tn t~e Oermlttton of Rr. <aaoto Ineyotnl

The cart can be wheeled up or down the lengthof the substitute yoke, while the ikadacross-members are being loaded or unloaded.This helps prevent the plastic coatinq aroundeach ikada cross-member from being scratchedoff or damaged. Most of all, however, itmakes packing or unpacking each ikada mucheasier and quicker.

Di

With one ikada loaded onto the cart anh

untied, tie the toplines and bottomlines atone end of the ikada into the eyesplices atone end of the substitute yoke, using sheet-bends with loops Diagram 30!.

Individual Ikada

The cart can then he wheeled down the lengthnf the substi tute yoke while each cross-member is unloaded one at a time, by hand ~

When all of the cross-members have beenunloaded, pull the toplines and hottomlinestaut and tie them off in the eyesplices atthat end of the substitute yoke.

With the ikada initially tied in place, cer-tain pretiminary adjustments must be made.

First, position the middle cross-member thefifth one in from either end! so that a planepassing through the enti re length of thecross-member is both vertical to the groundand perpendicular to the toplines and bot-tomlines passing through it.

This is done merel v by adjusting the ends ofthe toplines and bottomlines where they aretied into the eyesplices at the corners afthe substitute yoke. Do not adjust thetoplines or bottomlines where they are tiedaround the ikada cross-members.

Then, center the ikada in the substitue yoke,so that the cross-memhers at either end ofthe ikada are the same distance away from therespective ends of the substitute yoke.

Again, this can be done by merely adjustingthe toplines and bottomlines where they aretied into the eyespl ices at the corners ofthe substi tute yoke.

Individua'l Ikada

Fi rst, tie the 22 cm buoys onto the hottom-lines.

The manner in which the huoys are tied to thehottomlines depends on whether or not it isdesirable to have the nets when they aretied into the ikada! f1 oatinq at the surfaceof the water or to have them floatinq 10 toZO centimeters below the surface of thewater.

The nets in the ikada at the DNR demonstra-

tion farm were located below the surface ofthe wate r at the Wychoff Shoal si te, durinqthe I'%3-A4 season for three reasons. 1!There was a lot of "qarbaqe", especially wooddebris floating around in Puget Sound. Whenthis qarbaqe qot tangled i n the nets, itchafed off the sporelings attached to thenets and qreatly lowered the quality of thenets. However, the majority of this qarbaqe in terms of individual pieces! floated on thesurface of the water. Therefore, it was hopedthat hy placing the nets below the surface,less qarbage would qet tanqled in the nets.2 ! There was also a fair numher of free-floatinq "mats" of qreen algae Ulva,Monostroma, E nteromor ha! drifting around at~e 1yyc o 'f oa s e, especially in theautumn. When these mats qot tangled in thenets, spores released from these mats attachedto the nets and beqan qrowi ng, thus con-taminatingg the nets and lowering their overallquality. Again, the majority of these matsfloated just slightly belo~ the surface ofthe water. Therefore, it was also hoped thatby placing the nets lower in the water, fewercontaminates would qet attached to the nets,especially since Japanese methods of dealingwi th green algae, seem to have little effecton the Puqet Sound "greens." 3! Also, durinqthe fall in Puqet Sound, periods of windless,

82

Indi v Idual Ikada

sunny weather are possihle. It is al so notuncommon, durinq the fall fn Puget Sound tohave a tidai series where ther e is only asl ight tidal exchange durinq the dayi fghthour s. When these two periods happen to occursimultaneously, there fs very little watermovement over the nets in the ikada. As aresul t of al 1 of these factors, the nori onthe nets can hecome stressed and more suscep-tiblee to diseases than normal� . Therefore, f twas hoped that if such a set of circumstanceswere enc ounte red, then hy pl acing the netslower in the water the sporelfnqs wouldexper ience the riaxfmum amount of water move-ment available at any one time .

nhviously, however, the decision vadereqarding the set-up of the DNR equipment waslarqely due to the characteristics af theWychoff Shoal si te. It may be that hyplacinq the nets lower fn the ikada, thesporelings are being physiological lystressed, and that the adverse effects maynot manifest themselves until sometfme fn thefuture. It may also he that hy placi nq thenets lower in the water, the qrowth rate ofthe sporelings may he slowed. Because of theunknowns, hnth methods af attachinq the buoysto the hottomlfnes are explained.

Buoy Attachment for Surface Nets

Twenty buoys and 20 pre-cut tielines are pro-vfded with each individual fkada ordered.Before heginnfng to tie the buoys to the hot-tomlines, the bottomlines must be properlypositioned� .

As the ikada stands in the substitute yoke,hath hottomlines should be parallel to theground and 40 centimeters above the ground

83

Individual Ikada

from one cross-member to the next, down thel ength of the i kada . If a hottomline is ti edeither too hi gh or too low on a cross-member,then it must be adjusted.

To adjust the height of a bottomline to theground, first, untie the rubber strappina sothe bottomline can be slid either up or downthe cross-member to the proper height.

Retie the rubber strappi ng around thebotto»line/cross-member intersection to pre-vent slipping.

After the height of the hottomlines has beenproperly adjusted, secure the buoys intothei r posi tions along the bottomlines at thepoints shown in Diagram 26.

First, untie both ends of both bottomlinesfrom the eyesplices of the substitute yoke.This wi ll make the job of tying the buoys onmuch easier.

Diagram 31A

The method used to secure the buoys to thehottomlines is illustrated in Diagrams 31A,:---, f3IB and Diagram 31C.

Diagram 31A shows that the line provided totie the buoys to the bottomlines is twice aslong as necessary.

Jndivid@aI ikada

Diagram 31C

After the tieline has been secured to thehottomline, the two ends of the tieline maybe treated as if they were one line, just asshown in Diagrams 318 and 31C.

After each step, pull the tielines taut. The diagrams show the tiel ines heing tiedrelatively 1 oosely only for the purpose ofill ustrationj.

Diagram 31B

Readjust the position of the midd'le crossmember, if necessary, so that a plane passingthrough the length of the cross-member isboth vertical to the ground and perpendicularto the toplines and bottomlines passingthrough i t. Again, thi s posi tioning i saccomplished merely by adjusting the ends of'the toplines and bottomlines where they aretied into the eyesplices of the substituteyoke.

85

After all 2P buoys have been tied in posi-tion, as shown in Diagram 26, resecure bothends of both bottoml ines through the eyespli-ces of the substitute yoke.

Individual Ikada

Buoy Attachment for Sub-Surface Nets

Twenty buoys and 20 pre-cut tiel ines are pro-vided with each individual ikada ordered.Before beginning to tie the huoys to the bot-toml ines, the bottomlines must be properlyposi ti oned.

As an ikada stands in the substitute yoke,both hottomlines should be parallel to theground and 29 centimeters above the groundfrom one cross-member to the next, down thelength of the ikada.

If a bottomline is either too hiqh or too low,then it must be adjusted. These adjustmentsshould be made as described in the precedingsection.

After the height of the bottomlines has heenproperly adjusted, secure the buoys to thebottomlines at the points shown in Diagram 26.

Unlike surface nets, to position the nets belowthe surface of the water, the bottomlines areleft under tension in the substitute yoke.

The method used to secure the buoys to thebottomlines is illustrated in Diagrams 32A-37D at the top of the next page. Diagram 32Dshows how a 6-inch 'length of rubber strappingcut from an old innertube is tied around oneof the clove hitches located on the bottom-line. The rubber strapping, when stretched andtied tightly around one of the clove hitches,will prevent the 22 cm buoy from "traveling"up or down the bottomline, and is needed tokeep the buoys in their proper positions.

86

individual 1kada

Diagram 32

Following the completion of step four Dl agram 320! tie the ends of the rubberstrappino together with a square knot.

81

Individual lkada

Topi inc and Cap Adjusttttents

Now the topi inc and cap adjustments may bemade.

The ikada with all of the buoys attached!,when pl aced in their yokes and tensioned pro-perly, wil 1 not look quite like they areillustrateri in Diagram 26. In Diaqram 26, inthe sideview il lustration, the cross-membersare shown to stand in a vertical position,perpendicular to the toplines and bot-tomlines. This is not quite correct. Onlythe rniddle cross-member should be oriented inthis manner. The tops of the cross-members,to either side of the middle cross-membershould, instead, be angled slightly outwardso that they appear to be leaning towards therespective ends of the ikada Diagram 33!.

For instance, the caps on the cross-membersto the right of the middle cross-membershould be slightly to the right of the pointdirectly above where the hottomlines aresecured to the cross-members, such that thecross-member at the far right end of theikada is leaninq at about an eight-fiegreeangle towards the right end, the secondcross-member from the end is leaning at asix-degree slant, the third cross-member at afour-degree angle, and the fourth cross-

Diagram 33 topdhe

middle cross-memberehd CrOSS-memberehd cross-rhembrrr

22cm buoy b st tem tinee up pot i i h g l I he

vrihrre with Vt rerhlsifen ef W. Nrtotc [~ryarhl

kndf v|dua'i Ikada

member in from the end the one adjacent tothe middle cross-member! is leaning towardthe end of the ikada with approximately atwo-degree slant. The cross-members to theleft of the middle cross-member should appearas mirror images of those on the right si« ~such that they lean towards the left end invaryfng degrees as is prescribed by theirpo sf ti on in the ik ada�.

To corv'ectly orient the cross-members, makeadjustments at the points where the topi inesare tied around the caps with clove hitches.

To begin with, however, the middle cross-memher must be oriented, by adjusting theends of the toplines and bottoml foes at theeyesplices of the substitute yoke, such thata pl ane passing through the entire length ofthe middle cross-member is both vertfcal tothe ground and perpendicular to the topi inesand bottomlines passing through it.

Once this has been done, the orientation ofthe other cross-members can be adjusted.

Remove any electrical tape, f f present, fromeach cap/topline fntersection along bothsides of the ikada.

Loosen both topi ines, at only one end of theikada, at the eyesplices of the substituteyoke. First adjust the clove hitches aroundthe caps of the fourth cross-member in fromthe loosened end.

Individual Ikada

Tighten the topi ines at the eyesplices of thesubstitute yoke so the middle cross-member isproperly oriented again. The orientation ofthe adjusted cross-member can now be assessed.If it has been improperly adjusted repeat theprocedure until its ori enta tion i s correct.

Once the cross-member is properly positioned,repeat the procedure while adjusting thethird cross-member in from the end.

When the third cross-member in from the endhas been properly posi tioned, the orientationof the second cross-member in from the endmay he adjusted using the same procedure, andso on.

When all of the cross-members at one end ofthe ikada have heen properly positioned, usethe same procedure to reposition the cross-members at the opposite end, again beginningwi th the fourth cross-member in from the end.

After each adjustment is made remember toretensi on the topli nes so the mMdle cross-member i s correctly ori ented, and assess theposi tioni ng of the recently adjusted cross-member.

After all of the cross-members have beencorrectly adjusted wrap each cap/topllneintersection with electrical tape.

90

Imdividua1 Ikada

premarking Toplines and Bottom1ines

Using a tape-measure, measure 84 inches fr~the cap/topline intersection of the end cross-member, down the length of topline towardsbitter end of the topi inc and mark this poi4twith air-drying liquid pl astic.

Repeat this procedure with the other top1ine-I'ieasuring from the clove hitch tied in thebottoml ine, around the end cross-member, downthe length of the bottomline towards itsbitter end, place another dab of air-dryingliouid plastic on the hottoml inc 84 inchesfrom the last cross-member at that end.

Repeat this procedure with the other bot-tomline.

Do this to the toplines and bottomlines atboth ends of the ikada.

Caps, Rings and Tielines

The caps should be seated completely on bathends of each U-shaped cross-member. If the~are not, then when the toplines come underextreme tension, as occurs in the field, thecaps will he squeezed out of shape perma-nently and will have to be replaced.

Tao each cap into place with a rubber mallegto make sure that each cap is wel1 seated.

Two rings are provided with each cross-memb~vand should be in place when the ikada arrive .

91

Individual Ikada

There should be one rinq between the toplineand bottomline on each side of every cross-member.

The rings should slide easily up and down thecross-member between the topline and bottom-line and there should be one tieline pre-attached to each rinq.

Di p the ends of each of these "ikadati elines" in air-dryinq liquid plastic toprevent the ends from ravelling,

Packing the Ikada for Future Oeployaent

The individual ikada is now ready to beremoved from the substitute yoke to make roomfor the next one. The method used to removethe individual ikada from the substitute yokei s important because it will u1timatelydetermine how easy it will be to deploy theikada from a boat out in the field.

There are basically four phases to packing anikada.

To begin, roll the cart into place underneathone of the end cross-members, and then untieonly the ends of the toplines and bottoelinesattached to the eyesplices at that end ofsubstitute yoke.

Forget about the two bottomlines for a while.

92

Individual 7kada

t o I ~ loIII

PFIIT ted ps th the OETTFS sssonor !IF, IISSOtO Insyoshi

93

Di agram 34

Looking down the lenqth of the ikada from Abehind the cart Diagram 34A! take the freeend of the ri0ht topline FERT!, across thewidth of the ikac/a, under the left bottomline LB! between the end cross-member designatedcross-member A in Diagrams 34A - 34D! andcross"ember second in from the end designated cross-menlber 8 in Diagrams 34A-34E!, and then up and outside of the lefttopline LT!.

Likewise, take the free end of the lefttopline FELT! across the width of the ikada,under the right hottomline RB! between cross-members A and 8, and then up and outside ofthe right topline RT!, as is shown in Diagram34A. The arrows in Diagram 34A, representsimul taneous movements.

As the free ends of the right and left topi inesare 1 ifted upward, cross-member A is rolled onthe cart towards crass-member 8.

As the cart approaches cross-member 8, cross-member 8 is lifted up and placed on the cartnext to cross-meriber A.

By pulling vp on the free ends of the topi ines F'ERT and FELT! the toplines and bottomlinesbetween cross-members A and 8 are pulledtowar ds one another inside the ikada Diagram348! .

Again pass the free end of the right topi inc FERT! under the left hottomline, only thistime between cross-members 8 and C, and againbring up outside of the left toPline-

Paa aaa ol WI lopllaojIFELT!! � loll lapllaa II. TI I 4 ~

!t

Individual Ikada

CLikewise, pass the free end of the left topline,F'ELT, beneath the right bottomline betweencross-members 8 and C, and then bring up out-side of the right topline, as shown inDiagram 34C.

FELT

f '' ' 'U.e '

The arrows in Diagram 34C againrepresent simultaneous movements.

Prtrted Sit L the Pe LFtSZtPnOE Ftr, LELLPtO InEyELEht

As the free ends of the topi ines are pulledupward and inward, rol! cross-members A and Bon the cart towards cross-member C. As thecart approaches cross-member C, lift cross-member C up and onto the cart next to cross-members A and 8, as shown in Diagram 34D.

By pulling upwards and inwards on the freeends of the two top-lines, the toplines andbottomlines between cross-members 8 and C arepulled into the inside of the ikada cross-menbers, and are thereby kept from gettingtangled between themselves or wi th the cross-members.

94

y ndi vidual Ikada

Ry repeatedly passing the free endsEof the toplines under their respective bot-

tomlines and over their respective toplines,as s»wn in Diagram 34K, and by accordinglymoving the cart forward, nne cross-member at

time, the topi ines and hottotnlines, betweenevery cross-member, can he pulled inward into

po si ti o n where they can ' t qet t angl efi.

,M

hrtnted ntth the Oeretkkianof Mr. Mokotq tnoyosht

Repeat steps three and four Diagrams 34C and34D! until all of the cross-members areresting next to one another on the cart. downat the opposite end of the substitute yoke .

At that point, the toplines and bottomlinesbetween every cross-member should be orientedas they are shown in Diagram 34F only onecross-member, instead of nine, is illustratedin Diagram 34F, for simplicity's sake!.

Prtnked Mf th the Oenntsstonof Mr. Mkkoto !noyokht

I eR'I

Prtnked en th the nerMtnStnnof Mr. Mkkato Inkyooht

9S

Pull tqe free end of the right topline, FERT,and the free end of the left topline, FELT,tightly towards one another and cross asshown in Diagram 34G.

Individual Ikada

'I A AA

Diagram 35

A

FSAS

96

Wrap in opposite directions as illustrated inDiagram 34H.

Tie together as shown in Diagram 34I.

Now the free ends of the two hottomlines mayhe secured into position.

Wrap them once around all of the lines asshown in Diagram 35A again only one of theactual nine cross-members is illustrated inDiagrams 35A to 35C, for simplicity 's sakej .

When these bottomlines are pulled upward theypull what were the free ends of toplines downto where the rest of the toplines and hot-tomlines are secured. This wi11 effectivelyadd more tension between all of the lines,and therefore, create a "tighter," or moresecure package.

Printed Al tl the PerIAISSIOn s' Hr, MskOtO lnsyoshf

Printed vl th tne PerIsiSslon of Mr, 'MekOtO lnaynth'I

I/

Ilt/'I

I/

I

Individual Ikada

Di aqram 36 C f C

A

ppv @ms 1 tape!pt croas-~er ~

97

The free ends of the bottomlines may be usedto hundle all of the toplines together Diagram 35C! by tying a series of clovehitch knots arounri all of the topi ines.

Once the free ends of the two hottoml ineshave been used to bundle their respectivetoplines together, untie the toplines andbottomlines leading from the last cross-member from the substitute yoke at the end.

This creates four "new" free ends; a "new" FERT,a "new" FELT, a "new" FERR, and a "new" FELB.

Use the free ends of the two toplines tobundle the ends of the cross-members on eachof their respective sides. As illustrateri inDiagrams 36A - 36C, the free end of the righttopline is used tn hundle the right ends oFthe cross-members.

First, pull the free end of the toplinepartly hack from cross-member I, underneaththe huntiled topi ines nn the inside not showni n Diagrams 36A - 36C!, and around cross-member A as s'hown in Diagram 36A.

The eventual lenqth of the looped hal f of thetopline should be eoufvalent to the length ofthe sfngle free end. Rrap both the loopedend and the free end in opposite directionsaround the tops of the cross-members asi 1 1 us t ra ted f n D f ag ram 368.

Printed «1th the Mero'ee1oo of Mr. Metptp loeyOth

Pr1ntod p1th the pelf st<pe or p1r. p@koto I oeyoph1

Individual Ikada

Pull the looped end and the free end tightlyand tie together wi th a square knot Diagram

36C!. i al»»»a» I Ice»! prl»tea»9 th th per»I salonof Mr. Makotp l»ayashl

Also do this on the left side of the cross-members using the "new" free end of the lefttopi ine.

Use the "new" free ends of the two bottom-lines to bundle the horizontal bottom sec-tions af the cross-members together asillustrated in Diagrams 37A - 37C. Diagram 37

APul 1 the free ends o f the right and 1 e ftbottomlines toward one another over therniddle of the horizontal bottom sections ofthe cross-members. Cross the two lines andpull under the cross-members Diagram 37AI.

rasa

prlntea »rlth the permlsssonoa Hr. Haknto Inayashl

»Ena

4Irap around the cross-members Diagram 37B!.

Imdividua! lkada

FERStt

Tie off together using a square knot Diagram37C!.

Prtnted «tto the permission of Kr. tsekoto [oeyoshf

To make the bundle, as a whole, tighter,after wrapping each of the bottomlines aroundthe cross-members, pull each bottomlinetightly upward to pull a'll of the cross-members as close together as possible.

The whole procedure for packing the indivi-dual ikada may be compl eted in as little asfive minutes, when three people work togetherusing the cart.

One individual stays out in front of the cartand handles the topi ines, following the stepsdescribed in Diagrams 34A - 34I.

The other two position themselves at eitherside of the cart and move the cart' forward,lifting each of the individual cross-mentbersonto the cart, and keeping the cross-members.upriaht and orderly on the cart.

All three individual s may assist in tying Upthe toplines and bottomlines as prescribed.

A properly packed ikada is shown in Photoqrapg17 page Roj.

99

Anchors

F1&e Anchors

Diagram 38The fluke anchors Diagram 381 can be con-structed using an oxy-acetylene torch and anare welder. The shaft and the crossbar of thefluke anchor are simply one-inch rebar. Thecenter of the bend in the shaft is approxi-mately 16 inches from one end of the 7-footlenqth of rebar.

0I

/I ' ~

C C

The 40-degree bend should be made up of fiveor six 7- to R-degree bends, spaced a coupleof inches apart. This produces a nice, long,rounded bend instead of a short, sharp hend.

Cl ~ I I

The hend can easily be made hy drawinq anoutline of the shaft on the floor of theshop, and then using the outline as a guide,heat with the oxy-acetylene torch and bend. CC MCCC

'CCC~ C CC~ ~ C ll ~The rinqs for the fluke anchors can be made

from old car or truck sprinq coils which canbe purchased cheaply from any auto salvaqeyard, Attach the rinqs to the shafts using a16-inch piece of 3/4-inch rebar. Rend the3/4-inch rebar into shape hy bendinq it arounda pi ece of one-inch rebar, usinq the torch.

'e

Pith the rinq in place, weld the 3/4-inchrehar onto the shaft. The fluke, cut from asheet of 44-inch steel plate, is approximatelyPR inches lonq, from tip to hase, with a hasewidth of about PZ inches.

The fluke is welded to the shaft, inside theangle . Held a reinforcing strut, custom cut

100

AHCNRS, hMCNIRLINKS, TAGLIHES, FLOATS ND SPACERLIHES

from 1ll2-inch by V4-inch flat stock steel be-tween the fluke and the long shaft. The rein-forcing strut protects the hend in the shaft ~

To compl etc the construction of the flukeanchor, weld the crossbar � feet of 1-inchrehar! to the shaft, approximately IPinches down the shaft from the ring-end.

Middle Anchors

Middle anchors actually are not anchors atall, but rather they are tensioning devicesw'hich are installed along the length of ananchorl inc. A middle anchor can simply be anR" x 8" x 16" concrete block, with a piece oftwo-inch chain bolted end-to-end around andthrough one of the holes of the block Photograph 18!. Use a concrete block, not acinder block. One middle anchor is requiredfor every anchorline deployed at the fieldsi te.

Photograph 1A

Anchorl ines

The anchorlines used in the field are cutfrom spools of 1'-inch polypropylene rope.Melt or whip the cut ends to preventravelling.

The length of any anchorl fne is determined bythe depth of the water in which it wil 1 beused. This ratio of length of the anchorline-to-the depth of the water is called the "scope".The minimum recommended scope is 4:1, meaningthat 4 feet of anchorline should be used forevery foot of water depth. For example, to

Anchorl ines

anchor something in 20 feet of water, at leastan 80-foot anchorline should be used.

The best scope to use is closer to 5:1,however, anything in the range between 4: 1and 5: 1 wi ll probably be sufficient.

Taglines

Single Eyesplice Taglines

A sinqle eyesplice tagline is made from alength of 3/8-inch polypropylene rope.

Mark the rope in two places, 5 inches and 17inches from one end of the rope. Ravel theend of the rope back to the 5-inch mark.Bend the end of the rope back to lay the5-inch mark next to the 17-i nch mark . Splicethe ravelled lines back into the lay of the1 ine for at least six courses, yielding asingle eyesplice at one end of the rope Photoqraph 19!.

'Middle Anchor Taglines

A middle anchor tagline is a single eyesplicetagl inc Photograph 19!. llse 4Q feet of3/8-inch polypropylene rope for each middleanchor tagline.

This tagline is used to secure a middleanchor to any anchorl inc.

Taglines

Bullet Float Taglines

A bullet fl oat tagline is a single eyesplicetagli ne used in conjunction with a flukeanchor. The length af a bullet float taglinei s equal to the maximum depth of the water inwhich the fluke anchor will be placed. Thistagline is used to reposition or remove afluke anchor from the bottom and it connectsthe fluke anchor to a bullet float at thesurface of the water. A 3/8-inch potypropy-1 ene rope is generally used. Rope of anysmaller diameter is hard on the hands.

Double Eyesplice Taglines

A douhle eyesplice tagline is made from SQfeet of Q-inch polypropylene rope . Splicean eyesplice inta each end of the rope, Photograph 20! using the method described forsplicinq single eyesplice taglines.

A double eyesplice tagline is used to securethe ring of a fluke anchor to an ancharline.

Photog ra ph 20

One double eyesplice tagline is required fore ac h fl uk e anchor .

Topper-Float Taglines.

Topper-float taglines are needed ta attachany line s! to tapper-floats described innext section!-

103

Tagl ines

Diaqram 39

The topper-float taglines are easily con-structed fran 10-foot, lengths of 3/4-inchbraided nylon rope . Tie the two ends of one10-foot length of 3/4-inch braided nylon ropetogether using a "fol low-throuqh" knot.

Two topper-float tagl ines are generallyrequired for each topper float that isdeployed at the site.

Floats

Bullet Floats

Bullet floats are used with fluke anchors,and to mark the locations of pipe anchorsthat are installed but not being used.Bullet floats can usually be purchased at anycommercial marine supply center.

To ready for use cut one 4-foot length ofsupple 5/8-inch braided nylon rope.

Tie a figure-eight knot at one end of the rope,Feed the opposite end of the rope from the topdown, through the center of the bullet float.

Place one half hitch knot in the rope at thebottom of the bullet float, sandwiching thefl oa t as tightly as possible between thefigure-eight knot at the top of the float andthe half hi tch knot at the bottom, to preventit from chafinq on the line.

104

Floats

pho togra ph 21

Topper Floats

Diagram 40

Topper floats are old tires that have beenreinforced and filled with compressed Styro-foam Di a gram 40 ! .

Diaqrarrr 41

Punch two holes through the Styrofoam at the1 ocations shown in Diagram 41. SP IPr ~ sad Sll rofaae

To bore the holes in the Styrofoam easily,build a simple device out of 2-inch �20 psi!PVC oipe.

Crit' one piece of PVC pipe so that its lengthis about crotch-height.

Also cut two ~Il-inch lengths of 2-inch PVC pipe.

105

Floats

Diaqram 4?

Cement the three pieces of PVC pipe togetherusing a PVC "X" or cross coupling Diagram42'I.

Sna qt a rw p o d re a eng I

Grind an edge on the exposed end of the longpiece of PVC pipe. 'l!se the devise like anauger to drill or punch holes through theStyrofoam of the topper-floats.

The drilling is even easier if some siliconespray i s sprayed onto the end of the devicebefore starting each hole.

Each ikada middleline requires two topper floats.

Spacerlines

Spacerlines are simply 75-foot lengths of poly-propylene line -- the same length as one ikada.

The si ze nf the polypr opylene rope that is usedvaries depending on preference and/or supply;3/8-inch polypropylene rope i s easy to workwith out in the field.

Spacerlines are used to accurately determine howfar apart to place the ikada endlines and middle-line as they are being installed on the si te.

Prepare a minimum of four spacerlines for useduring the installation of the ikada.

A~%NBl Y AND INSTAl LATIOH lF TlK KQUIRKNT

Di agram 43

IEsdI I*0 ~

ltadI-4- 5mdd4II

'I J I ~ 5 ~ 1 4 ~ 92D

107

ORIEHTATIOH OF T% E !IJI~NT QN T~

13efore installing any equipment nn site,de te rmi ne:

a! what the dominant force is influencingwater movement throuqh the si te i.e., tidalcurrents or wind-generated wave action!, and

b! the direction from which that force mostcommonly manifests itself during the noriseason.

"Water movement" is defined from the perspec-tive of the nori growing on the nets,

Once these two factors have been determined,install the complex of ZO individual ikada atthe site so that the long axis of each indi-v i dua 1 ikada runs paral 1 el to the direc tio nof the greatest water movement Diagram 43!.

Llsually the ikada are oriented on site withtheir long axis parallel to the strongestcurrent, be it the ebb flow or flood flow.Only if a site is exceedingly exposed torelatively constant wind-qenerated waves andexperiences only slight tidal currents, wouldthe ikada be oriented relative to the wavemovement and wind direction ~

ill JClen leod I hei doe>IIIII factor ahecrl al ~ r a ~ I If o gh ~ Ve

ANCHORS, ANCHORLIIKS, SPACERLIKS, LONGL!HES, TAGLINES AND FLOATS

assembly

The enuipment needed to prepare a site for theinstall ation of 20 individual ikada includes:

Take only the equipment needed for one step tothe si te at one time. This allows the workersroom enough to work safely from the boat.

There are nine major steps to install thiseouipment. The first seven steps are shownindividually in Oiagrams 4qA � 49G.!

Step 1 ann ~ste 4 each requires: Step 2 and ~ste 3 each requires:

2 bullet floats with "tails",

1 ikada endl ine.

1 ! 26 hul 1 et fl oa ts wi th "tail

7! 26 bullet float tagl ines,3! 26 fluke anchors,4! 26 fluke anchor taql ines,5! 26 anchorl ines,6! 4 topper floats,

2 bullet floats with "tails",7 bullet float taglines,2 fluke anchors,

2 fluke anchor taglines,

2 anchorlines, and

Step 5: no equipment is required.

7! 8 topper float taglines,8! 4 spacerlines,

9! 2 ikada endlines,10! 1 ikada middl eline

11! 10 middle anchor taglines, and1?! 1A middle anchors.

? bullet float taglines,

7 fluke anchors,

7 fluke anchor taqlines,

2 anchorlines,

2 spacerlines,

2 topper floats, and

4 topper float taqlines.

Assembly

Step 6 requires:

Step 8 requires: ~9te 9 requires:

Install all equipment on site coincident withthe occurence of low, low tides in a mixedsemidiurnal tidal cycle; the type of cyclewhich is experienced in Washington waters.When the anchorlines are tightened during oneof the low, low tides, they will becometighter during the other periods of the tidalcycle when the water level is higher. Inthis respect, the tidal cycles experienced inWashington are ideal for farming nori,because during August there are always twoone-week long tidal series when the waterlevel is extremely low, at low, low tideduring the daylight hours'

109

2 bullet floats with "tail s",P bullet float taglines,2 fluke anchors,

2 fluke anchor taglines,P anchorlines,

P topper floats,

4 topper float taglines, and1 ikada middleline .

10 middle anchors, and

10 middle anchor taglines.

Step 7: no equi pment i s requi r ed .

16 bullet floats with "tails,

16 bullet float taglines,

16 fluke anchors,

16 fluke anchor taglines, and

16 anchorlines.

Installation

To begin the first step of the installationprocedure, place the equipment listed belowin the boat, from bow to stern, in thefol lowing order.

Di agram 44

Beginning at the how of the boat, tie the"tail" of the bullet float into theeyespl iced end of the bullet float taglineusing a double sheet bend knot {Diagram 44!.

"Run" one hand down the length of the bulletfloat tagline to make sure that the bulletfloat tagline is not knotted or twistedanywhere.

Diagra

Once it has been determined that the bulletfloat tagline will run free of any knots ortangles, tightly tie the other end of thebullet float tagline to the shaft of thefluke anchor, using a clove hitch anfi shioricombination knot, as shown in Diagram 45.

110

1! bullet float with "tail",

2 ! bullet float tag!inc,

3 ! fl uke anc ho r, wi th the fl ukepointed towards the stern,

4! fl uke anchor tagl inc,

5 ! anchorline,

6 ! ikada endline,

7! anchorline,

R! fluke anchor tagline,

9 ! fluke anchor, wi th the flukepointed towards the bow,

10! bullet float tagline, and

11! bullet float with "tail" .

Instal l ati on

Tie the clove hitch and shiori to the shaftjust where the hend in the shaft begins Photograph 22! It is imperative to use abullet float tagline because a fluke anchorcan not be removed from the bottom withoutone.

Photograph 22

Next, take an anchor tagline doubleeyespl ice tagline! and pass one end throughthe ring of the fluke anchor.

Pass one hand through one of the eyes of theanchor tagline, and reaching over the outsideof the ring, grab the other free end of theanchor taqline.

/DpDi agram 46

Pull the hand hack out of the eye, whileholding onto the other end of the anchortagl inc. This should secure one end of theanchor tagline to the ring of the anchor Diagram 46!.

To the other end of the anchor tagline, attachone end of the anchorl inc using a double sheetbend, just as was shown in Diagram 44.

Insta1 l ati on

Again, just as with the bullet float tagline,run one hand down the entire length of theanchorl inc to make sure that there aren't anyknots or tangles in the line.

Once the anchorl inc has heen run clear,attach the free end nf the anchorline to the

left end of the ikada endline, using a sheethend with a loop Oiagram 47!.

Then, beginning at the stern of the boat, tieoff the remaininq bullet float, bullet floattagli ne, fluke anchor, fluke anchor tagline,and anchorli ne to the right end of the ikadaendline, exactly as previously described.

When all eleven pieces have been tied to-gether, install the equi pment in the water.

The posi tioninq of thi s fi rst endline [ el-I!is critical; its placement will ultimatelyaffect where and how all of the individualikada will be oriented at the site. Gen-erally, this endline should be orientedperpendicular to the direction which thestronqest tidal current passes through thesite see the previous section for a moredeta i 1 ed di sc us si on! .

Begin by placing the fluke anchor which is inthe stern of the hoat anchor a-1!, over theside of the boat, and lowering it to the bottom.

117

Instal I ati om

W.Ith one hand hold onto the bullet floattagl ine, and with the other hand hold ontoanchorl ine al-1 .

Lower the anchor to the bottom, keeping thehack of the anchor the main shaft! parallelto the surface of the water and the point ofthe fluke painted down and towards the frontof the boat by allowing the bullet floattagl inc and the anchorl inc to descend at thesame rates.

Once the anchor a-1 is nn the bottom, put theboat's engine into forward gear and allow theeouipment to run out slowly over the side ofthe boat as the hnat moves slowly forward on acourse that is perpendicular to the di rectionof the strongest current which passes throughthe site.

When it is time to put the remaining flukeanchor a-2 over the side, throw it over theside, being careful not to get the anchorli neor the bullet float tagline wrapped around anypart of the anchor.

It is best to wrap the last ten feet or so ofthe bullet float tagline around a Sampsonpost located near the stern of the boat see

Photograph 23!. photograph 23

113

1 n stal l ation

By keeping the boat pointed away from thefirst anchor that was placed on the bottomI anchor a-l!, and by "toying" with the boat' sthrottle in forward and neutral, it is rela-ti vel y ea sy to posi ti on anchor a-2 i n toplace, if its bullet float is wrapped arounda Sampson post.

lt is important to try to get the anchorlinesas ti qht as possible by positioning anchora-2 as far away as possible from anchor a-l.

This can he done hy slowly throttling theengine down while it remains in forward gear.When the anchor finally settles on the bot-tom, its bullet float tagline can be releasedfrom the 'Sampson post.

When the anchors have been positioned, returnto endline el-l.

Diagram 48Untie one of the anchorl ines from one end ofthe endl inc sheet hend with a loop!, andfurther tiqhten the anchorl ine by hand,replacing the sheet bend with a loop once itis tiqht. A useful trick for "hand-tightening" the anchorl ines is to actuallypick up the endl inc where anchorl inc al-2 istied into the eyespl ice and bring it aboardthe boat, such that the endline and anchor-line are oriented in the boat as illustratedin Diagrain 48.

BOA E VT K 1 QN 14 Rua 'll

114

To beqin with, as shown in Diagram 48A, thebow of the boat should be pointed towards oneanchor f designated "anchor a-2" in Diagrams48A - 4RH!, while the stern of the boat ispointed towards the other anchor at the oppo-si te end of the endl ine.

Instal 1 ation

The eyesplice of the first yoke, at that endof the endline, is placed over the Sampsononst Diagram 488!.

/~61

When the boat's engine is placed in forwardgear and throttled up, it will act toi ncrease the tension down the length of theendline, while simul taneously decreasing thetension in anchorline a1-2,

The solid, black arrow on the top of theSampson post in Diagrams 48C through 4RF,indicates when the engine is engaged in for-ward gear and throttled up.

fol<1 ~ «0 d I 0»W I» II d» ~ »

Once the endl inc is under as much tensionthe engine will deliver, untie anchorlineal-2 from the eyesplice at the end of theendline Diagram 4RD! and tighten furtherhand.

asD

Facinq towards the stern of the hoat placeyour hands on the anchorline as shown inDi agram 48E.

C ~ "+' '"'

Then hy pullinq on the anchorline with theriqht hand, while simultaneously pushing theanchorline towards the eyesplice with theleft hand, anchorline al-2 may again bebrought under tension.

115

I nstal 1 ation

When as much tension as possible has beenapplied hy hand to anchorline al-2, resecurethe anchorline to the eyesplice at the endof the endl inc, again usinq a sheet bendwith a loop Diagram 4RF!.

After anchorl inc al-2 has been retied tothe eyesplice, throttle down the engineand disenqage, as illustrated hy the lackof the solid, black arrow on top of theSampson post in Diagram 48G.

As this is done, the tension in anchorlineal-2 and the endl inc will become evenlydistributed between the lines once again,and the eyesplice of the first yoke on theendline can easily he lifted off of theSampson post Diaqram 48H!.

This procedure, usinq the hoat's enqine anda Sampson post, is by far the fastest andeasiest way to tighten any anchorline .

Remember, however, that the hest time tohand-tighten the anchorlines is during a low,low tide.

Diagram 49R phd L d

~k~LAJ h

After one of the two anchorlines attachedtn endl inc el-l, has been tightened, step 1is completed, and the equipment should appearas shown in Diaqram 49A.

Enstal > ation

The assembly and installation of this firstendline, endline el-l, demonstrates a numberof principles regarding the consistent use ofknots at spec ifi c locations during the assemblyand installation of any other equi pment aswell. For example:

a! the "tail" of a bullet float is alwaysattached to the eyesplice end of a bulletfloat tagl inc usi ng a double sheet hendknot,

b! a bullet float tagline is always attachedto a fluke anchor using a clove hitch andshiori combination knot,

c! a fluke anchor taqline is always attachedto the r ing of a fl uk e ancho r as il 1 ustratedin Oiagram a6 on page ill,

d! an anchorl inc is always attached to afluke anchor tagl inc usinq a douhle sheetbend knot, and

e! any equipment which is located at thesurface except a bullet float! is alwaysattached to either an anchorline oranother piece of equipment located at thesurface, usinq a sheet bend with a loop.

The consistent application of these knots atthe specified locations not only makesinstallation efficient but also allows anyonewho is familiar with the equipment to visit asite at anytime, and know what to expect tofind as far as how the equipment is assembled.

To beqin the second step, prepare fluke anchora-3 for deployment compl ete with a bulletfloat, its taglines and anchorli ne a1-3.

Installation

Secure anchorline al-3 to the loop of theyoke nearest to the R-end of endline el-1usi nq a sheet hend wi th a loop.

As the boat moves away from the yoke, at ar ight angle from the endline, towards thepoint where anchor a-3 will be set in thebottom substrate, al low the anchorline tofeed itsel f out over the side of the hoat ondemand.

Obviously, when all of the anchorline hasbeen fed over the side, the anchor mustfollow. f!rop anchor a-3 over the side of theboat free of any tangles and positioned suchthat it does not apply any tension to endlineel-1 via the yyoye.

Next, prepare fluke anchor a-4 for deploymentcomplete with a bullet float, its taglinesa n d anc hor 1 i ne a1-4.

A topper float tagl inc is attached to atopper float as shown in Diagram 40.

Secure anchorl ine al -4 to a topper fl oattagline already attached to topper float tf-2usinq a sheet bend with a loop.

Tie space line sl-2 to the other topper f'loattagl inc, on the opposite side of topper floattf-Z.

Secure the opposi te end of spacerline sl-2 toa topper float tagline on topper float tf-l,

118

Instal l ation

To the remaining topper float tagl ine ontopper float tf-l, attach spacerline sl-l,

Tie the remaining free end of spacerline sl-1into the eyespl ice of the yoke which isclosest to the R-end of the endline.

As the boat moves away from the yoke on acourse which is perpendicular to the endline,feed spacerline sl-l, topper float tf-l,spacerline sl-2, topper float tf-2, andanchorl inc al-4 out over the side of theboat, until eventually anchor a-4 must bedropped over the side of the boat and loweredto the hottom by its bullet float tagline.

Position anchor a-4 initially such that itdoes not apply any tension to endline el-l.

1<i th anchors a-3 and a-4 in position as shownin Diagram 49B, tighten anchorlines al-3 andal-4 such that spacerline sl-l, when undertension, is perpendicular to endl inc el-l,and endline el-1 is straight from one end tothe other.

This task is accomplished by alternatelytightening anchorlines al-3 and al-4.

Anchorline al-3 is tightened at the loop ofthe yoke while anchorline al-4 must hetightened at topper float tf-2,

Ose the hoat's engine and a Sampson post fortightening the anchorlines. It could takeseveral trips back and forth between the yokeand topper fl oat tf-2, before this task iscompl eted.

119

Installation

To get spacerline sl-1 perpendicular toendline el-1 may also requi re repositioninganchor a-4, and then again alternatelytightening anchorlines ai-3 and al-4. Oncespacerline sl-1 is both under tension andper pendicul ar to endl inc el-1, step 2 iscnmpl eted. AAhAhh

Step 4 involves the installation ofendline el-2.

The same equipment is required for the fourthstep as was required for the fi rst step.

Place the equipment in the boat and assembleas described for the fi rst step.

Once the equipment has heen assemb'1 ed in theboat and is ready for deployment, positionthe boat so it will run a course parallel toendline el-1 along a line that will intersectboth topper floats tf-4 and tf-2, respec-tively.

As the boat begins to move along thi s course,lower the anchor in the stern of the boat tothe bottom when the bullet float attached toanchor a-2 is directlv abeam to the riqht ofthe hoat.

120

The third step is identical to the secondstep, except that the equipment is installedat the L -end of endli ne el-1. Once spacer-line sl-3 is, both under tension and per-pendicular to endline el-1 Diagram 49C! thenthe third step is completed� .

Feed the eauipment nut over the side ondemand as the boat continues along on itsheadinq.

Lift the outboard engine as the boat goesover spacerline sl-4 and then spacerlinesl-2, so that the propeller doesn't getwrapped in the lines.

The boat should continue on its heading untilanchor a-8 in the bow of the boat has beendropped over the side with the last ten feetof its bullet float tagline wrapped aroundthe Sampson post.

Using the method described earlier, positiona nc hor a-8 onto the bottom sLjb str a te ac cor-dingly, so that endline el-2 is in its posi-tion as shown in Oiagram 460.

Step 5 involves the renoval of topper floatstf-2 and tf-4, and the tightening ofanchorlines al-7 and al-8.

To begin step 5, return to topper float tf-2 .

Remove anchorline al-4 from it topper floattagline and re-attach to the loop of the yokeclosest to the L-end of endline el-2 .

Remove spacerline sl-2 from its topper floattagline at topper float tf-2, and re-attachto the eyesplice closest to the L-end ofendline el-2. Remove topper float tf-2 fnNthe water and bring aboard the boat.

121

1 nstal 1 a ti on

At topper float tf-4, the same procedure isused to transfer anchorline al-6 from topperfloat tf-4 to the loop of the yoke closest tnthe R-end of endline e1-2, and to transfersoacerl inc sl -4 from its topper float taglineon topper float tf-4 to the eyesplice closestto the R-end of endline el-2.

Bring topper float tf-4 nnboard the hoat foruse in step 6. "'P

~ -Ilt�A f ter topper fl oa ts t f-2 a nd tf-4 hav e beenremoved from the water, tighten anchorlinesal-7 and al-,'3 accordingly, such that endlineel-2 is hoth under tension and perpendicularto both spacerlines sl-2 and sl-4 Diaqram 49E!.

Ini tial ly, organize the equipment listedbelow in the boat, from bow to stern, in thefnl 1 owing order:

4! fluke anchor tagline,

5 ! anchorline,

7 ! i k ada mi ddl el ine,

122

Step 6 involves the installation of theikada niddleline ml-l.

1! bullet float with "tail",

2 ! hul 1 et fl oat ta gl inc,

3! fluke anchor, with the flukepointed toward s the stern,

6! topper float with two topper floattaglines in position,

8! topper float with two topper floattagl ines lines in position,

q! anchorline,

10! fluke anchor tagline,

ll! fluke anchor, with the fluke pointedtowards the bow,

12! bullet float tagline, and

13! bullet float with "tail " .

Instal 1 ation

As previously explained, a ll of the equipmentshould he assembled tied together!,

The ends of the ikada mi ddleline should betied to the topper float taglines using sheetbends with loops.

After the eoui pment has heen assembled in theboat and is ready for deployment, positionthe boat so it will run a course parallel toboth endlines and also intersect both topperfloats tf-1 and tf-3, respectively.

When the boat is directly between the bulletfloats attached to anchor a-1 to the left,and anchor a-R to the right, lower the anchorin the stern of the boat, to the bottom.

Continue driving the boat on its course untilanchor a-10 in the how has heen placed overthe side with the last ten feet of its hulletfloat tag' inc wrapped around the Sampson post.

gs- ID

Using the method described earl ier, positionanchor a-1CI so that middlel inc ml-1 is inposition Diagram 49F!.

Step 7 involves the removal of topper floatstf-1 and tf-3, and the tightening ofanchorlines al-9 and al-10.

123

Feed the equipment out over the side of theboat on demand as the hoat continues along on Fits heading.

Installation

Returninq to topper float tf-3, transfer theends of both spacerlines sl-3 and sl-4! fromthe topper float taglines to the eyespliceson middl eli ne ml-l, nearest topper float tf-< .

Likewise, at topper float tf-1, transfer theends of spacerlines sl-1 and sl-2 fr om thetopper float tagli nes to the eyesplices onthe rtiddleli ne closest to topper float tf-R.

Remove both topper floats tf-1 and tf-3 fromthe site.

Tighten anchorlines al-q and al-10 so themiddleline is under tension when it is per-pendicularr to all four of the spacerlinesattached to it Oiaqram aq j!.

After all of the anchorlines have beentightened, douhle check every spacerline-endl ine and spacerline-middleline intersec-tion to make sure that all of the corners ares<luar e.

If not, then most likely an anchorline willh a v e to be loosened, the anchor repo si ti oned,and the anchorl inc retightened. This mayhave to he done several times to square allof the corners,

Step H involves the installation of themiddle anchors on all ten of the anchorlines.

Secure a middle anchor tagli ne to the chainof a middle anchor in the same manner as thefluke anchor taglines were attached to theri nqs of the fluke anchors see !iagram 46 ! .

Installation

Di ag ram

Approximately 20 to 30 feet depending on thewater depth! from the yoke to which theanchorline is attached, tie a middle anchortightly into place around the anchorlineusing the knot shown in Diagram 50.

Lower the middle anchor into the water.

At low, low tide, the middle anchors shouldall be slightly off of the bottom.

Step ~ involves the assembly and attach-ment of 16 fluke anchors, one to each of theremaining yokes on the endlines.

Carefully posi tion each anchor so that itsanchorl inc is not applying very much, if any,tension to the endlines themselves, and sothat the anchorl ines do not cross over any

other anchorl ines. Diagram <I ~ -3/ pp p ~~ < v, y sa-aI~ ~ g~ I, gy-$ ~ anchqIl

I

After completion of step q, the position ofthe installed equipment should appear assh own i n Di ag ram 5 I .

INDI VIDUAL IKADA

How the Ikada Nork

Diaqram 6?Prior to installing even one individual ikada,the entire concept of how these ikada workmust he fully understood . Each U-shapedi kada cross-member is asymmetrical in that ithas one vertical side and one slanted side Diagram 52!. Since nine nf these cross-memhers are lashed in line to constitute anindividual ikada, each individual ikada as awhole has a vertical side and a slanted side.

t8p l~d Itis Ce 0 CI

, Iaee P ~ 4 eawte cl ~ a

.� I « I

A net or a hundle of 5 or 10 nets! is tied in-to an ikada by the ikada tieiines attached tothe rings. There are two rings on each cross-memher, one on the vertical side and one onthe slanted side. The rings are free to slideup and down the the sides of a cross-memberbetween the topi inc and bottomline on each side.

A net or nets! is tied into an ikada as therings on the cross-members rest against thebottomlines in what is termed the "down-position" Diagram 52! so that some tension isapplied across the width of the net between therings on each cross-member. When the ring on theslanted side of the cross-member is slid up theside oF the cross-member towards the topline,the tension across the width of the net, betweenthe rings on the cross-member, is increased.The rinq on the slanted side may be locked intothe "up-position" hy placing it above a smalllip located on the outside of each cap.

Since raising and locking the rinq on the slantedside of a cross-member increases the tensionacross the width of the net, the ring on the ver-tical si de of the cross-member, in accordance tosome fundamental laws of physics, "automatically"slides up the vertical side of the cross-member,thus ra.i sing the section of the net locatedbetwee~ the two rings on the cross-member out ofthe water and into the "up-position" Diagram S2!.

> r 1 n ted ~ I th t' he pe rmi g s 1 ono~ H~, >sakot0 Jnayoshi

126

How the Ikada Nork

As wa s ex pl a i n ed i n the sec ti on "Topi inc andCap Adjustments," the cross-members of eachikada are tied into the topi ines and bot-tozl ines such that all but the middle cross-member leans towards its respective end, aswas illustrated in Diagram 33. Thereforewhen the r ings on the sl anted si des of allnine cross-members have been raised andlocked into the up-position, not only doesthe tension increase across the width of thenet between the rings on each cross-member,but the tension is al so increased down thelength of the net, between the opposite endsof the ikada, as well. When a properlyinstalled net is raised and locked into theup-position, the topi ines of the ikada shouldactually become slightly slack between theseperate cross-members, as the net assumesthe tension down the length of the ikadaitself.

The tension that is applied across the widthof the net s!, and down the length of thenet s!, serves to keep the rings alonq thes1anted side of the ikada firmly locked intoplace. Without the tension, the rings wouldslip off of the lips of the caps and thenet s! would fall back into the water.

As was illustrated previously Diagram 43!the 20 individual ikada are installed betweenthe ikada endl ines and the ikada middlel incin ten rows, with each row consisting of twoikada end-to-end. The importance of theasymmetrical aspect of each ikada cross-member may only be appreciated after all 20of the indi vidual ikada have been installedcorrectly between the endlines and themiddleline on si te . Diagram 53 shows an endview of how the individual ikada should beoriented, with respect to their slantedsides, i n each of the ten rows. Note espe-cially when examining Diagram 53 that all ofthe ikada in the odd-numbered rows have their

127

How the Ikada lhrk

Diaoram 43

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NUMBfR

CO RRlOOR5 NUMBER

prtoted mi tfi ti e peianttSion of Yr. Hdanto lnaiethl

slanted sides oriented to the right, while allof the ikada in the even-numbered rows havetheir slanted sides oriented to the left. Thisis a very important point hecause when all >0of the ikada have been correctly oriented andinstalled in this ~armer, then instead ofsimply having ten rows of ikada, more impor-tantly there are five specific "corridors" asnumbered in Piagram 'S3. Cater on, after theseeded nets have been tied into the ikada, anori boat with two people onhoard can make fivepasses throuqh the complex, one pass down eachof the five corridors, and raise al I of thenets in all PA of the ikada in lr to 'PO minu-tes. Since initially as many as ten nets mayhe strapped into each ikada, this means thatwithin Pfl mi nuteS Of arriVing On the Site, twOpeople can have d 00 nets raised and dryi ng. Asa rnatter of efficiency it could he stated thatIr seconds of labor time are requi red to raiseeach individual net. Improperly installedi kada would decrease the efficiency of thisoperation. Therefore it is very important tohe aware of how each individual ikada should beoriented in its specific row before it isinstalled hetneen an endline ~an the middle-line.

After fully understanding the importance ofproperly installing each ikada in its row, withthe slanted sides oriented as shown in IliaqramS3, the actual installation process may hegin.

I!R

How the Ikada l4rk

Diaqram 43

uu au u u Ll H L! u2 3 4 aeR

COAmDORS ~uMeER

pr tnVe «I kn tre penalSStnn Of Rr. Paknrn lraynknt

slanted sides oriented to the right, while allof the ikada in the even-numbered rows havetheir slanted sides oriented to the left. Thisi s a very important point hecause when all ~9of the ikada have been correctly oriented andinstalled in this manner, then instead ofsimply having ten rows of ikada, more impor-tantlyy there ar e f i ve speci f i c "corri dors" asnumhered in Piaqram 53. Later on, after theseeried nets have heen tied into the ikada, anori boat with two people onhoard can make fivepasses through the complex, one pass down eachof the five corridor s, and raise all of thenets in all 7A of the ikada in IF to 20 minu-tes. Since initially as many as ten nets mayhe strapped intn each ikada, this means thatwithin PP minutes of arriving on the site, twopeople can have ?00 nets raised and drying. Asa matter of efficiency i t could he stated thatI> secnnds nf labor tine are requir ed to raiseeach individual net. Improperly installedi kada woold decrease the efficiency of thisoperation. Therefore it is very important tohe aware of how each individual ikada should beoriented in its specific row before it isinstalled hetween an endline and the middle-line.

After fully understanding the importance ofproperly installing each ikada in its row, withthe slanted sides oriented as shown in Di aqram53, the actual installation process may heqin.

Instal 1 ation

First, temporarily remove the middle anchor sfrom anchorlines al-5 and ai -6.

!iaqram 54

Bl-S

'yOI t

Position the boat, with two bundled ikariaonhoard, under spacerline sl-3 next to endlineel-1 Diagram 54!.

Deal al

~ I-2

1ol

For its row, the slanted side of the ikadashould >e properly oriented while the ikada isst i 11 b undl ed i n the boat.

As the boat i s shown in Di agram 64, thi s woul dmean that the slanted side of the bundled ikadawoulri he nearest to the hack of the boat whilethe vertical side of the bundled ikada would beclosest to the front of the boat.

Slide the bunrileri ikada up along the left sideof the hoar. until it is directly adjacent tothe eyesplices of that first yoke.

Place one of the two bundled ikada upright alongthe side of the boat next to endl inc el-1 thiswould be the left side of the boat as the boatis shown in Diagram R4!.

Installation

To identi fy spec i f1c yokes, each yoke is des-i qna ted hy i ts anchorl ine number. For instance,the yoke tied to anchorline al-3 will bereferred to as yoke y-3; the yoke tied toanchorline al-5 will he yoke y-5.

Spacerline sl-3 should still be attached to oneof the two eyespl ices of yoke y-5.

At this point, untie the ends of all of thetoplines and hottomlines that were used tobundle the ikada and pull free.

Free the. ends of these lines of any obstruc-tions, knots nr wraps.

After the ends of all of the toplines anfi hot-tomlines have been pulled free, tie the end ofthe ikada closest to endl inc el-I into yoke y-5,

Remember that the ends of the topi inesand hottoml ines were all pre-marked, using asmall dah of air-drying liquid plastic.

To hegin, tie the topline and bottomline fromDiagram 55

the slanted side af the ikada, at the end ofthe ikada closest to endline el-I, i nto thefree eyespl ice of yoke y-5, using a sheet hendknot wi th a loop. Treat the ends of the twolines as one line for the purpose of tyingthis knot.

Secure the ends of the lines into theeyesplice together so that the marks on thelines appear as shown in Diagram 55.

130

Instal 1 ation

Next, untie spacerline sl-3 from the othereyesplice of yoke y-5.

Tie the enris of the topline and the bottomlinefrom the vertical side of the same end cross-member into that eyesplice as was shownDiagram 55,

Traditionally boats have purposely movedthrough the water in only two directions,frontwards or backwards. While farming norihowever, there will be certain times when aboat will be required to move through thewater sideways, perpendicular to its tradi-tional pathway of movement. The installationof the individual ikada is one of those times.

As one person begins to pu the boat sidewaysthrouqh the water towards the midd! eli ne, bypul linq on spacerline sl-3, two other peopleon opposite sides of the ikada, hegin placingthe ikada into the water, one cross-member ata time, <rom the other side of the hoat Diagrams 56A throuqh %C!.

ln this fashion, each cross-member of theikada is placed overboard, one at a time,until the person pullinq on spacerli ne sl-3reaches the middle!inc.

At that point, untie spacerl inc sl-3 fran themiddleline.

!ising spacerli ne s! -4 that person should pullthe boat sideways over the midd!e! ine.

131

Oiaqram R6

A

aP~C

I mstal 1 a tion

When the middlel inc appears on the other sMe,the two people who had heen placing the cross-members overboard secure the ends of the

toplines and bottomlines to the appropriateeyesplices on the middleline.

Again treat the ends of the topline and hot-tomline on each side of the ikada as one line,and tie as was shown in Oiagram 55.

Once this first ikada has been installed,slide the second bundled ikada into the posi-tion where the first one had been in the boat.

After double checking to make sure that thebundled ikada is properly oriented in itsrow, unbundle and tie into the middlelineeyesplices.

When that end of the ikada has been tied intoits eyesplices along the middleline. pull theboat sideways through the water towards yokey-6 on endline el -2, using spacerline s1-4.

From the other side of the boat, place thesecond ikada over board, one cross-member at atime.

When the boat reaches endline el-2, removespacerline sl-4 frotn the eyesplice of yokey-6 and, pulling on the yoke itself, pull theboat over endline el-2 so the ends of thetoplines and bottomlines of this second ikadamay be tied into the eyesplices of yoke y-6from the other side of the boat.

133

Installation

It may be easier for some people to simplyPull endline el-2 up and over the side of theboat, tie the ends of the topi ines and bot-tomlines into the eyesplices of yoke yQacross the top of the boat, ant then back theboat nut from underneath those lines.

E i ther way works well,

Retie the middle anchors onto anchorlines al-5and al-6.

The two spacerl ines can he reused by tyingthem between the endlines and iniddleline inthe row directly adjacent to the two ikadawhich were just installed .

Always keeping in mind how each of the speci-fic rows should be nriented relative to oneanother, as was shown in Diagram 53, installeach of the remaininq nine rows of ikadausing this same basic procedure.

Remenber, however that only four of the 20anchorlines attached to the yokes weretightened.

If a row of ikada is installed between twounti ghtened anchorl ines then the ikada inthat row will collapse. The remaininganchorlines must he tig'htened as they areused.

134

! nstal 1 ation

before installing each row of ikada, but~fter the spacerlines have been installeddown a row, tighten the anchorlines at hothends of that row. A word of caution -- theanchorlines nray be tightened either too muchor too little. If the anchorlines are nottightened enouqh then the ikada will collapseafter they have been instalied. If they aretiqhtened too much then it will be very dif-ficultt to tie off the second ikada at the endof the row. Thus, the anchorlines at theends of a row should be tightened to an opti-mal point somewhere in between the two possi-bilities described above. Knowing just whatis tight enough, unfortunately, can reallyonly be learned through the experiences oftrial and error.

Another point to keep in mind while tighteni ngthe anchorlines prior to installing a row ofikada is that each row of ikada may be shiftedup-current or down-current. between the anchorsat either end of a row by adjusting theanchorlines at the points where they are tiedthrough the loops of the yokes at each end ofa row.

For instance, after the spacerlines have beeninstalled riown a row, if the anchorlines atboth ends of a row were initially loose anrithe first anchorline to he tightened wastightened too much, then when the secondanchor line is tightened i t will become obviousthat that row is farther up-current or down-current than the row of ikada next to it,depending on whether or not that fi rstanchorline tightened was the up-current ordown-current anchorline.

135

Installation

For example, if the up- current anchorlinewas tightened first and that anchorline wastightened too much and the down-currentanchorline was tightened to that "optimalpoint" described above, then it will beobvious that the up-current anchorline wastightened too much because the row as awhole will have shi fted up-current betweenits anchors Diagram F7!.

Diagram R7

p cv m *ca

spacwl

I, P&C.CII

In Diagram 57, three rows of ikada have beeninstalled correctly. Due to tightening theup-current anchorline too much, however, thefourth row as a whole has been shifted up-current between its anchors, and is out ofalignment with the three rows of alreadyinstalled ikada, as can be seen hy the bendsin the endlines and middleline in Diag ram S7.

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Take up the resul ting slack by tightening thedown-current anchorline where it is tied intothe loop of the yoke on endline e1-2,

If done correctly, this should bring thefourth row down into alignment with the threerows of previously installed ikada.

Several attempts may have to be made beforethis is accomplished, however .

136

To correct this situation, loosen the up-currentanchorline at the point where it is tied tothe loop of the yoke on endline el-l.

Lnstal 1 ation

It is hy far ~uch easier to work with thecurrent moving through the site t~an it is towork aqainst it. The reason for beginningthese installation procedures at the pointshown in Diagram 54 is because it is assumedthat there is a current running through thesite, from the top of the page to the botto~of the page. Therefore the person who has theresponsibility for pulling on the spacerlinesdoes not really have to pull at all, but ratheruses the spacerlines simply to direct the boattowards the pr oper pair of eyesplices, as theboat drifts down current. Actually, qiven theproper tidal conditions and current direction,the ikada may be installed by two peoplerather than three.

It should also be nointed out that the indiv1-dually bundled ikada will float hy themselves.Therefore as many of the bundled ikada as pos-sible may be loaded into a boat and transportedto a site. Once there, they may be thrown over-board temporar ily to provide sufficient workingspace onboard the hoat. Thus, the amount oftime spent running to and from the storage areaand the site is reduced, yet there i s plenty ofroom to work safely from the boat.

Final Adjustments

The adjustments that must be made to theikada involve three major items:

I! Retying all of the ikada toplines to theendlines and middleline,

2! The final tightening of the anchorlines,

and

137

Final Mjustmeents

3! The attachment of middle anchors to theremaining l6 anchorl ines without middleanchors.

These adjustments, especially the tighteningof the anchorlines, should be done during alow, low tide as previously explained.

Objectives of tkada Jlgusteents

awhile making these adjustments, keep in mindsix objectives.

1! The cross-members of each individual ikadashould be oriented as illustrated in Diagram33 so that as an installed ikada sits inthe water its end cross-members are slantedoutwards from one another and its middlecross-member is vertical and perpendicularto the toplines and hottomlines.

2 ! The toplines and hottomlines of each indi-vidual ikada should be equally taut downthe length of the entire ikada.

3 ! Each individual ikada should be perpen-dicularr to, and their cross-members parallelto, the endlines and middleline.

4 ! Fach individual ikada should be in alignmentwith the ikada adjacent to it in the neigh-boring row s!.

0} The endlines and middleline should bestraioht from one end to the other .

6 ! A11 of the anchorlines should be tight sothat the entire complex of 20 individualikada is stiffly anchored into position at1ow, low tide.

Installation of the Individual Ikada

A number of the steps were previouslydescribed with these six objectives specifi-ca 1 ly in mind.

The purpose of those steps was to ul timatelyminimize the amount of "tinkering" needed tomeet these objectives.

For instance, if the bottomlines are tied intothe eyesplices of the endlines and middlelinesn that their marks ar'e all located at the

same points on the eyesplices as was shown inDiagram 5R!, then each ikada should automati-cally he perpendicular to, and their cross-members parallel to, the endl ines andmiddleline,

Rl so, when the endlines and middleline arestraightened, hy adj usting and tightening theanchorlines at the ends of each row, then eachikada should come into direct alignment withits neighbor' sj as well.

Therefore, by pre-marking the ends of the bot-tomli nes, using those marks while tyi ng thebottomlines to the eyesplices af the endlinesand middleline, and eventually adjusting andtightening the anchorlines at the ends of eachrow, Objectives 3, 4, 5 and 6 may all be metsa ti s f ac tor1 y.

Pre-marking the ends of the topi ines however,serves another purpose -- keeping the cross-members of the ikada upright as the ikada arebeing instal 1 ed.

The final adjustments to the ikada may be mademost easily if the ends of all of the toplinesand hottomlines can he adjusted separately.

l39

Final A4justww nts

Diagram 58

Diaqram I 9

// I

II IoplIV

1<0

Remove the ends of all of the toplines fromthe eyesplices and retie as shown in Diagram5R.

Diagram RR shows how the end of a topline maybe secured to an endline without using aneyesplice. This knot may also he used toretie the ends of one out of every two top-lines that are tied into the eyesplices of themiddleline.

Leave the ends of the bottomli nes secured tothe eyesplices as they were, usinq sheet bendswith loops.

The ends of the remaining toplines that weretied to the eyesplices of the middleline maybe resecured individually to eyespl ices of themiddleline usinq sheetbends with loops, asillustrated in biaqrams 5gA and 698.

Objectives 1 and 7 shoul d be of primary con-cern while retyinq the ends of the toplines.

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'1OI I II~I

Final Adjustments

T»accurately assess whether or not these twoohjectives are being met it may he necessarytn first t'ighten up the anchorlines somewhata t the ends of the rows.

In doing so, Objectives 3, 4, 5, and 6 shouldobviously also be kept in mind.

Tiqhten the anchorlines only to the pointwhere there is enough tension down the hot-tnmlines to remove any slack in them .

A topline may occasio~ally get wrapped aroundthe top of a cross-member as an ikada is heinginstalled� . One of these "wraps" essentiallyremoves si~ inches from the length of atnpline .

Remove any wraps from around the tops of across-memher before any adjustments are madeto the toplines.

The ends of the toplines may then he adjustedso as to meet Objectives 1 and 7.

The amount of tension placed in a topi incshould not just simply reInove any slack in thetopi ine -- gauge hy two other items as well.

The first item {related to Objective 1! concernsthe deqree to which the end cross-member slantstoward the endl ine or middlel ine, depending onwhich end of an ikada the work is heing done at.

The slant should be approximately eightdeqrees see Diagram 33!- 141

Final Adjustments

Diagram 60

142

The second item concerns Dhjective 2, theamount of tension pl aced in a topline relativeto the ho t toml in e.

Assuming that the hottomline is already taut,the amount of tension to he placed in thetopi ine can be gauged by watching the 22 cmbuov tied to the hottomline just outside theend cross-member between the end cross-memberand either the endline or middleline,depending on which encl of an ikada is beingworked on.

By watching the position of that buoy in thewater as the topi inc on that side of the ikadais being adjusted, the topi inc may be properlytensioned.

An over-tensioned topi inc will force that buoycompletely underwater Diagram 60AI.

An under-tensioned topi ine will simply 1 eavethe buoy floating at the surface and will notapply any downward force to the buoy Diagram6DB!.

The topi ine should be tensioned so that somedownward force is applied to the buoy causingthe buoy to sit in the water as shown inDiagram 60C.

Both enris of every topline should be tensionedin this manner.

A 'C 0 I II<Il

Final A@usbeents

Once all of the toplines have been retied,adjusted, and properiy tensioned, adjust allof the anchorl ines and "hand-tighten" to meetObjectives 3, 4, 6 and 6.

The technique used for "hand-tightening" theanchorl ines attached to the yokes is basicallythe same as that previously described, usingthe boat's engine and a Sampson post.

Instead of slipping an eyespl ice over theSampson post however, use the yoke itsel f anddrive the boat up against the inside of theknot of the loop.

Tighten the anchorline at the loop.

Since the anchorl ines are heing" hand-tightened" for the fi rst time, theyshould essentially be treated as untightenedanchorlines -- the discussion regarding inad-vertently shifting a row of ikada either up-current or down-current by over-tightening ananchorline applies.

It may be necessary to retighten some of theanchorl ines which already have middle anchorsattached to them .

In such cases, remove the middle anchors tem-porarily, and tighten those anchorlines.

Replace the middle anchors afterwards.

143

Final adjustments

The final step to install the ikada is toattach one ~iddle anchor to each of theremaining 16 anchorl ines without middleanchors.

Tie the middle anchors onto the anchorlines aspreviously described on page 124.

144

lNSTALLRT[ON OF TtK %EXD ILATS

Handling Nets

A very widespread misconception about handlingnets is that nets are easi ly tangled. Thisnotion is simply not true, if two very basicrules are always applied when handling nets.

First, never pull a net through a mesh in anet. 4 properly handled net will nevertanqle i tsel f up; only a person can do that.

Second, whenever a net is removed from anytype of framework, for whatever purpose, coilthe net and then tie it off so that it can' tuncoil .

To coil a net or a group of nets only one netis shown in Diagrams ALA � 61C and Diagrams67h � 67D for simpl icity's sake!, pick the netup at a corner by i ts s i del inc and pl ace inone hand the "trailing hand"!,

Reach the other hand the "leading hand" ! downthe si 0 el ine, about three mesh 1 eng th s away,and grasp the sidel ine as shown in lliagram61A. Rring the trailing hand forward to theleading hand, as the leading hand transfersthe net's sidel ine into the palm of thetrailing hand, while coiling the net' s side-line just like a length of rope Diagram 61B!.

Reach the lead hand forward again down thesHel ine, about three mesh lengths away, andgrasp the net's sideline at that point !3iagram 61C!. Bring the trailing hand for-ward to that point to receive the sidelinefr om the leading hand, while coiling the side-line of the net again.

Handling Nets

Oi

A trailing hand rnevea up to lead handtravel>ng hend

Handling lets

f!ialtram 62

When the sideline is colii-pl etely coiled in the palmof the trailing hand, theleading hand picks lip thenet's corner tieline andslips it over the iniddlefinger of the trailinghand Oiagram 6PAI.

Holding onto that cornertiel inc, slip the trail inghand hack oint of the coilaS ShOwn in Diagraln 62H.

aaing hand

ata> trailing hand outpm poil while holdingip porner tieline

147

"s p"ocedure down the length of theuntil the entire sidel inc has peen coiled

intO the pallti Of the trail ing hand ~

Handling Nets

Use the corner tiel inc to tie off the coiledsideline Diagrams 62C and 62D!,

When untying a coiled net, remember that a netnever should he puted through a mesh, so theend of the net's corner tiel inc, that was usedto tie off the coiled net, should be held ontoas the knot is untied.

Once the knot has been removed, a simple pullon the end of the net's co~ner tiel inc willpull the corner tiel ine free from around thecoiled sideline.

This will prevent the corner of the net frombeing pulled through every third mesh alongthe sideline of the the net.

lf these two basic rules are always appliedwhile handling nets, then a great deal moretime will be spent untangling anchorl ines andother ropes, than will ever be spentuntangling nets.

Raaoving Nets frit the Seeding Raft

When the proper densi ty of conchospores areattached to the nets, immediately remove thenets from the seeding raft and transfer intothe ikada.

To remov e the seeded nets from the seedingraft, untie all of the seeding raft tielinesfron the nets' sidelines.

Then untie the net's corner tielines from thedown-current corners of the seeding raft.

148

Removing Nets from the Seeding Raft

Remove the nets from the seeding raft ingroups of ten, as they were initially bundled.

When removing the nets from the seeding raft,coil and tie off as previously described.

Start at the down-current end of the seedingraft by picking up the top bundle of nets,

Remove the hal f hitch knots used to tie the tencorner tiel ines together from both corners ofthe bundle at that end.

Using the lead hand, pull the boat forward asthe ne ts are coi 1 ed.

To coil a bundle of ten nets, treat the tensidel ines of the nets as if they were onesideline.

When the top 'hundle of nets has been coiled,untie the up-current end of the nets from thecorners of the seeding raft.

Remove the half hitch knots free the nets 'corner tielines.

Using the appropri ate set of corner tiel ines,tie off the coiled nets.

Coil and tie off the remaining bundles of netsand place in the bottom of the boat.

149

Removing Nets free the Seeding Raft

If several people are onboard the boat, thenmore than one bundle of nets may be removedf rom the seeding raft a t a time.

One person may take the top bundle of nets,begin coiling it and move to the front of theboat.

Another person may take the next bundle ofnets, begin coiling it and move forward as thehundle is coiled.

A thi rd person may pick up the next bundle andremain in the back of the boat.

In thi s case, with three people onboard theboat, three bundles of nets may be coiledsimul taneously, and all three individual s canpull the boat forward towards the up-currentend of the seeding raft as they coil the nets.

After all the nets have been removed from theseeding raft, the boat should immediatelyproceed to the ikada.

Installing Nets in the Ikada

A "nori boat" is specially designed to serveas an integral part of the field equipment,and the purpose of its design becones espe-cially apparent during this phase of theoperations.

Installing Nets in the Ikada

The boat itself is narrower than the ~idth ofan individual ikada, and its draft is soshallow that the boat may be taken directlyinside of an individual ikada, once the out-board motor has been lifted out of the water.

Once inside an ikada, the boat may be moved upor down the length of the ikada hy pulling onthe i kad a ' s to pl ines.

With the coiled, seeded nets onboard, take theboat inside an ikada at the down-current endof a row and pull up to the up-current end ofthe next ikada in the row.

Take one coiled bundle of ten nets to thefront of the boat.

Untie the corner tielines used to tie off thecoil.

Tie the corners of the nets at one end of thebundle .'~y their corner tielines between thetwo rings an the end crass-member.

The rings on that end cross-member should haveloops attached to them, instead of simpleikada tielines, so that the nets' cornertiel ines may he tied into those loops usings hect h end kno ts wi th 1 oops.

The corners of the nets should both beapproximately 12 inches from the sheet bendswith the loops, such that the nets' endlinesare parallel to the botto~ of that end cross-member.

151

Installing Nets in the Ikada

Treat the corner tielines at each corner ofall ten nets as one while tying the sheet bends.

When that end of the bundle of ten nets hasbeen tied into the ikada, pull the boat back-wards hack down the length of the ikada, whileallowing the nets to feed out over the bow ofthe boat on demand,

Tie off the opposi te end of the bundle betweenthe rings on the end cross-member at the otherend of the ikada, so that all ten nets arestretched out flat in the water inside of theikada, between the rings on the end cross-members.

Install another bundle of ten seeded nets insidethe next i kada in the row, in the same manner.

After that bundle has tied into the ikada byits corner tielines, move the boat over intothe next r ow of ikada and tie two more bundlesinto the individual ikada in that row.

Repeat thi s procedure until all of the seedednets have been tied into ikada and are back inthe water.

No more than ten nets should ever be installedinside of an individual ikada at one time.

Tie the ikada tielines attached to the rings onthe cross-members around the sidelines of' the nets.

Stretch the nets slightly between the tworings on each cross-member.

152

>ns~11ing Nets in the [kada

Diaqram F

The knot used to tie the ikada tielines to thenets' sidelines is shown in Oiagram 63.

When tied to the sidelines, an ikada tiel incshould he perpendicular to the sidelines anddirectly across the net from the ikada tielineon the opposite side.

tianeuver the boat down the outside along bothsides of every ikada with nets in it to tiethe ikada tielines around the nets' sidelines.

When completed, that's it -- the nets may hedried for the first time several days later.

Prepare the seedinq raft again to receivemore nets, and install nets on the seedingraft. After they have heen seeded, they maybe installed in the ikada as described.

163

DRYlNG NETS lN 'NE IKAOA

To rai se the nets in the ikada out of thewater to dry the nets use the procedureexpl ained in the section on installation ofthe individual ikada.

ho dnwn each of the five corridors and raiseand lock the rinqs on the slanted sides ofthe ikada.

After the nets have been exposed for a suf-ficient amount of time, lower them back intothe water.

Simply reverse the procedure for' raising thenets.

A long-handled hoat hook can he used to con-vince stubborn rings on the vertical sides ofthe ikada to return to their down-positions,however if the ikada were all prepared andinstalled correctly, that should be un-necessary,

A third volume -- "Floatinq Production Frames"will be availahle in 1985.

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