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REFERENCE Ebrahim, A., Garrouch, A.A., and Lababidi, H. 2014, Automating sandstone acidizing using a rule-based system, Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, v. 4, no. 4, p. 381-396. 2 2
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AUTOMATING SANDSTONEACIDIZING USING A RULE BASED SYSTEM
Ali A. GarrouchHaitham M. Lababidi
AbAllah Ebrahim
Kuwait UniversityKuwait University
2
Ebrahim, A., Garrouch, A.A., and Lababidi, H. 2014, Automating sandstone acidizing using a rule-based system, Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, v. 4, no. 4, p. 381-396.
REFERENCEREFERENCE
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Purpose of Acidizing Oil an Gas Fields Sandstone Acidizing Stages Causes of Failure of Sandstone Acidizing Challenge/Study Objectives Expert System Development Expert System Validation Conclusions Reference
Outline
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1. Particle damage from drilling 2. Fines migration 3. Clay swelling4. Polymer residue from drilling5. Bacterial infestation6. Surfactant stabilized emulsions7. Water blocks
Damage Types - Considered
Zone of altered permeability ks, near a well.
Zone of altered permeability
pe
hwr
rs
ks
er e
Near well-bore zone: ideal, real and stimulated bottom- hole pressures.
Damaged (Real) well
Undamaged (Ideal) well
pw
Stimulated well
Reservoir Pressure
k
rwrs
ks
s p (due to stimulation)
p (due to damage)
s
p
How Does a Well Produce?
pwf
pwh
pflowline
Pwf
qo
Natural flow-rate
pR
NodalAnalysis
Types of Damage
Begin by estimating the damage skin (Sd) from the total skin:
Evaluate single skin ( Spp , Sp , S , SG, Sf)
,, ,
3,750 STB/D
Oil
Openhole and Production log
TracesMG Well
Depthft
GR, API
Rt, ohm-m
4250
4300
4350
4400
4450
4500
0 20 40 60 80 100
1 10 100 1000
p/qpsi/STB/D
t, hr
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
10
Pre-flush Main Acid: 12% HCl-3% HF Over-flush
Sandstone Acidizing Stages
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Usually HCl (5-15% in strength) Displaces water, minimizing contact of
HF acid with Na+ and K+ ions. HCl removes CaCO3 cementing material
Pre-flush Stage
12
Usually 12% HCl-3% HF HF reacts with clays, fines, drilling mudcake, and
silica to improve near-wellbore permeability. HCl keeps pH low and helps to prevent secondary
HF reactions.
Main Acid Stage
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Condition Acid
HCL Solubility > 20% Use HCL only
High Permeability (100md plus)
High Quartz (80%), low clays(<5%) 10% HCL-3% HF (1)
High Feldspar (>20%) 13.5% HCL-1.5% HF (1)
High Clay (>10%) 6.5% HCL-1% HF (2)
High Iron Chlorite Clay 3% HCL-0.5% HF (2)
Low Permeability (10 md or less)
Low Clay (<5%) 6% HCL-1.5% HF (3)
High Chlorite 3% HCL-0.5% HF (4)
Notes:
(1)Preflush with 15% HCL(2)Preflush with sequestered 5% HCL(3)Preflush with 7.5% HCL or 10% acetic acid(4)Preflush with 5% acetic acid
Traditional Guidelines
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Overflush
Displacement of acid flush away from wellbore area
Oil wells: NH4Cl/Weak HCl/mutual solvent (if necessary)
Surfactant/Mutual Solvent: Leave formation water-wet Facilitate flow-back
Nitrogen: Promotes flow-back in low pressure wells Results are not always as expected.
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Causes of Failure of Sandstone Acidizing
“With acidizing, there are many more exceptions to the rules than there are rules. In fact, true success in acidizing is associated with the better understanding of the exceptions.”
The global success rate for sandstone acidizing is generally about 30%.
A quote by a Leonard Kalfayan
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Causes of Failure of Sandstone Acidizing
poor candidate selection. lack of mineralogical information wrong acid design, use of inappropriate acid additives, insufficient iron control. Formation of emulsions Formation of asphaltene sludge
Effect of HCl:HF Acid Strength on Sludging
Effect of HCl Strength on Sludging
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The major defects of HF are the formation of by-products like: • calcium fluoride (CaF2), with calcareous material • sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na2SiF6)
• hydrated silica (SiO2.2H2O)
• potassium hexafluorosilicate (K2SiF6)
Causes of Failure of Sandstone Acidizing
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The major defects of HCl is the formation of precipitates
•Ferrous Hydroxide (Fe(OH2), if HCl is neutralized and pH~7 •Gelatinous precipitates in contact with Zeolites (natrolite, analcime) •Ferric Hydroxide (Fe(OH3), •Iron sulfide scale (FeS), if do not use a reducing and a sequestering agent.
Causes of Failure of Sandstone Acidizing
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Design a sandstone acidizing job that is damage type specific, taking into account acid-mineralogy interaction and acid-crude interaction.Multiple damage types may be suspected, and all should be considered in designing the treatment.This is a very perplexing task to the practicing engineer.
Challenge/Study Objectives
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Expert System Development
Damage Type Rock Mineralogy Reservoir Temperature Rock Permeability Formation fluids Amount, type, distribution of clays Degree of rock consolidation Presence of sour gas
The acidizing advice must account for the following variables:
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1. Formation oil displacement stage2. Formation water displacement stage3. Acetic acid stage4. HCl pre-flush stage5. Main acid stage6. Over-flush stage
The treatment design will include the following stages:
Expert System DevelopmentMethodology
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Fluoboric acid: a clay acid
Phosphonic acid blends
Acidic chelant-based blends
Mud acids
EDTA (Ethylene diamene tetracetic acid)
HCL/Acetic acid/Citric acid/Formic acid
Erythorbic acid
Expert System DevelopmentAcid Types Expanded
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Fluoboric acid is recommended when the sandstone contains potassic minerals to avoid damaging precipitates and in the case of fines migration owing to its fines stabilization properties.
Fluoboric Acid
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Acidic-Chelant based blends: are obtained by mixing a chelating agent with an acid based salt. Boric acid, or ammonium bifloride are examples of acid based salts.
Examples of a chelating agent: EDTA, HACA
Acid – chelant blends
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The advantage of chelant based fluids is their ability to
Dissolve both calcium and aluminosilicates Prevent the possible precipitation of reaction by-products by sequestering many of the metal ions present in the aqueous solution: ca2+, Fe2+, Al3+ ions.Treat formations with low clay content.Treat formations with high calcite contentTreat formations with high iron content.Treat formations with Zeolite bearing minerals. Treatment restricted for high temperature formations
Acid-chelant blends
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The phosphonic acid formulation offers the following benefits: Retarded reaction rate, hence the ability to get the
acid deeper into the formation before becoming completely spent.
No risk of insoluble precipitates such as CaF2, Na2SiF6, K2SiF6 and SiO2.2H2O.
The ability to leave the formation water-wet.
Phosphonic acid blends
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Expert System Structure
Stage 5bChloride Scale
Stage 5cSulfate Scale
Stage 5dWater Blocks
Stage 5aMain Acid
Stage 1Formation Oil Displacement
Stage 2Formation Water Displacement
Stage 3Acetic Acid Pre-Flush
Type of Damage
Damage Types1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6
Damage Type 15
Stage 6Over-Flush
Stage 7Diversion Selection
Damage Types 8, 9 & 10
Damage Type 17
Stage 4HCL Pre-Flush
Damage Types7, 11, 12, 13 & 14
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Expert System Development – Decision Trees
Stage no. 2: Formation Water Displacement Stage
Inject water with ammonium chloride (NH4CL) at concentrations between 3% and 8% depending on
the formation water salinity
Are there any iron compounds in the formation:
- pyrite, or- siderite, or
- hematite, or- Magnetite, or
- Antcerite ?
Stage no. 3: Acetic Acid Pre-flush Stage
No
No action needed
Inject 3% to 10% acetic acid according to Table below:
Yes
Are there any- chlorite clay, or
- mixed layer clay, or- Illite
Yes
Are there any zeolites like
- analcime, or- natrolite ?
YesNo
No
CaCO3 Acetic acid volume (gal/ft
0-5 255-10 50
10-15 7515-20 100
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Expert System Development – Decision Trees
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Expert System Development – Decision Trees
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Expert System Development – Decision Trees
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Expert System Development – Decision Trees
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Expert System Development – Decision Trees
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Expert System Log in Details
http://lababidi.chemeng.kuniv.edu/WBES/
Username: KCUser88Password: KC@q88
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Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
46
Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
50
Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
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Graphical User Interface
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Field Case I: Niger Delta Region (Nigeria)
Low pressure SS oil producer Mineralogical makeup of the rock shown in Table (next) Permeability ranges from 100 md to 5000 md Crude downhole specific gravity = 0.663 Reservoir temperature = 188 oF Water cut about 60% Pay thickness = 21.7 ft Presence of zeolites, feldspars, and clays Mud reports indicate mud losses Water-Based mud Crude is paraffinic Iron-rich minerals exist as authigenic Feldspars exist as detrital
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Field Case I: Niger Delta Region (continue)
Intermediate matrix treatment is needed N2 is required for diversion Main problem: Fines Migration
Location Niger Delta
Depth (ft) 6230
Quartz 73.2
K-Feldspar 13.6
Plagioclase (Calcium-Sodium Feldspar) 4.1
Illite/Smectite 0.7
Mica 0.0
Kaolinite 6.3
Chlorite 0.0
Dolomite 0.0
Calcite 0.0
Siderite 1.4
Pyrite 0.7
Hematite 0.0
Zeolite 0.7
TOTAL 100.0
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Field Case I: Niger Delta Region (Solution)
Stage One: inject a mixture of diesel and toluene at 75:25 ratio. Soak overnight and flow back. Inject a mutual solvent.
Stage Two: inject water with ammonium chloride at concentrations between 3% and 8%
Stage Three: Acetic acid preflush: no action is needed. Stage Four: HCl preflush: inject HCl 3% + Fluoboric acid+Erythorbic acid + EDTA. Stage Five: inject phosphonic acid, 50-150 gal/ft.
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Field Case I: Niger Delta Region (Solution)
Stage Six: Over-flush stage: inject 8% NH4Cl.Stage Two: Formation water displacement stage: inject water with ammonium chloride at concentrations between 3% and 8%, depending on the formation water salinity.
Stage Seven: Diversion: inject foam.
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We developed an web-based expert system for designing matrix acidizing of sandstones.
The system helps automate a very perplexing designing task. The system can be easily upgraded with new scientific advances
in the area. The expert system accounts for compatibilities between crude,
mineralogical composition, reservoir properties, and acid types.
Conclusions
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REFERENCE
Ebrahim, A., Garrouch, A.A., and Lababidi, H. 2014, Automating sandstone acidizing using a rule-based system, Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, v. 4, no. 4, p. 381-396.
THANK YOU