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Achievement Motivation
A2 Physical Education
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7739485.stm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mmkf79W1z_4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvjv2kthIug
Participation motivesList the reasons why you enjoy participating in sport and physical activity.
Put them in rank order of personal importance.
Major motivesYouth sport participation
Improving skillsHaving funBeing with friendsExperiencing thrillsAchieving successFitness
Adult exercise participation
Health factorsWeight lossFitnessSelf challenge and
excitementFeeling betterSocialising
Weinburg & Gould, 1999
Motivation “The internal mechanisms and external
stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour.” (Sage, 1974)
1) Our inner drives towards achieving a goal2) External pressures and rewards that we
perceive in our environment3) The intensity (arousal) and the direction of
our behaviour.
Motivation has 5 components:
DirectionIntensityPersistenceContinuityPerformance
MotivationMotivation is not a ‘unitary concept’.
There are different types of motivation:Positive & Negative
Primary & SecondaryExtrinsic & Intrinsic
Intrinsic MotivationLinked to cognitive theoristsUsed to explain how/why performers strive inwardly, being self-determined in trying to develop competence or excellence of performance.
Take part in the activity for its own sake, for the pure love of sport.
Intrinsic Motivation
Said to be involved in the ‘flow experience’:Said to be involved in the ‘flow experience’:Complete absorption in the activitySubconscious feeling of self controlNo extrinsic motivation (goals, rewards etc..)
‘Self actualisationSelf actualisationPositive mental attitudeRelaxed, controlling anxiety, & enjoying optimum
arousalPhysical readinessFocussing on appropriate specific aspects of
performance
When intrinsic motivation is at its When intrinsic motivation is at its greatest, performers feel competent and greatest, performers feel competent and
self determining in dealing with their self determining in dealing with their environment.environment.
Extrinsic MotivationStems from other people, through positive Stems from other people, through positive
and negative reinforcement, and from and negative reinforcement, and from tangible and intangible rewards.tangible and intangible rewards.
Tangible
TrophiesMedalsBadges
CertificatesMoney
Intangible
Social reinforcersPraiseFame
Winning/GlorySocial Status
Approval
Satisfaction
Achievement
Feeling good
Competence
Mastery
Extrinsic rewards Intrinsic sources
Motivation
Extrinsic rewardsExtrinsic rewards can have a positive or
negative effect on motivation depending on how the performer perceives them in relation to:PacePlayControlCompetence
“Why did I say I’d take it ? ”
(G. Southgate,1996)
Achievement Motivation
Murray (1938) indicated that it was ‘natural for one individual to strive to surpass another’ Trait view that competitive motivation is a
product of nature Bandura believed that competitive orientation
was a product of learning Interactionist view of Atkinson & McClelland
(1976) that competitive motivation was generated by a combination of personality and situational factors
‘An individual’s motivation to strive for success’
Atkinson & McClellandProposed a theory of achievement motivation
which took into account of both individual personality and the situation and specified how the two were related.
It is an interaction model – and according to this model behaviour is determined by the person’s interaction with their environment.
Nach & NafAtkinson suggests that there are two
personality factors that contribute to achievement motivation.
The need to achieve (Nach)The need to avoid failure (Naf)
We all have both characteristics, but those with a high need to achieve tend to have a low need to avoid failure & vice versa.
Personality factors that determine competitiveness(Atkinson & McClelland 1976)
High Nach
Low Naf High Naf
Low Nach
TAS: people with
the tendency to
approach success
TAF: people with the
tendency to avoid
failure
Need to achieve (Nach)People with a high motive to achieve success
display the following characteristics (approach behaviours).
Look for challengesAre concerned about standards of excellence &
show high levels of performance.Persist for longerValue/welcome feedback from othersEnjoy performing in situations in which they
can be evaluatedAre not afraid of failureAttribute their performance to internal factors.
Need to avoid failure (Naf)People showing a strong motive to avoid failure
tend to:
Be preoccupied about failureAvoid challenging tasks: prefer to play against
very easy or very difficult oppositionDislike situations in which there is a 50-50
chance for success and in which others can evaluate them.
Perform worse when they can be evaluatedAttribute their performance to external factors
Situational factorsThe probability of success
Incentive value of success
The extent to which success is likely; for example; success is more likely if the task is found by the performer to be easy
The intrinsic value experienced by the individualafter success has been achieved; for example,
the harder the task the greater will be the incentivevalue because the probability of success is reduced
Probability of success
Ince
nti
ve v
alu
e
of
succ
ess
High
HighLow