Accounting Standard Discosures

8/14/2019 Accounting Standard Discosures

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Accounting Standard 2Valuation of Inventories

1. The financial statements should disclose:

(a) The accounting policies adopted in measuring inventories, including the costformula used; and

(b) The total carrying amount of inventories and its classification appropriate tothe enterprise.

2. Information about the carrying amounts held in different classifications of inventories and the extent of the changes in these assets is useful tofinancialstatement users. Common classifications of inventories are raw materials andcomponents, work in progress, finished goods, stores and spares, and loose tools.

Accounting Standard 3Cash Flow Statements

1. An enterprise should disclose the components of cash and cash equivalents andshould present a reconciliation of the amounts in its cash flow statement with theequivalent items reported in the balance sheet.

2. In view of the variety of cash management practices, an enterprise discloses the policy which it adopts in determining the composition of cash and cashequivalents.

3. The effect of any change in the policy for determining components of cash andcash equivalents is reported in accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 5, NetProfit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and Changes in AccountingPolicies.

Other Disclosures:

4. An enterprise should disclose, together with a commentary by management, theamount of significant cash and cash equivalent balances held by the enterprisethat are not available for use by it.

5. There are various circumstances in which cash and cash equivalent balances held by an enterprise are not available for use by it. Examples include cash and cashequivalent balances held by a branch of the enterprise that operates in a countrywhere exchange controls or other legal restrictions apply as a result of which the

balances are not available for use by the enterprise.


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6. Additional information may be relevant to users in understanding the financial position and liquidity of an enterprise. Disclosure of this information, together with a commentary by management, is encouraged and may include:

(a) the amount of undrawn borrowing facilities that may be available for future

operating activities and to settle capital commitments, indicating any restrictionson the use of these facilities; and

(b) the aggregate amount of cash flows that represent increases in operatingcapacity separately from those cash flows that are required to maintain operatingcapacity.

7. The separate disclosure of cash flows that represent increases in operatingcapacity and cash flows that are required to maintain operating capacity is usefulin enabling the user to determine whether the enterprise is investing adequately inthe maintenance of its operating capacity. An enterprise that does not invest

adequately in the maintenance of its operating capacity may be prejudicing future profitability for the sake of current liquidity and distributions to owners.

Accounting Standard 4Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date

1. If disclosure of contingencies is required by paragraph 11 of this Statement, thefollowing information should be provided:(a) the nature of the contingency;(b) the uncertainties which may affect the future outcome;

(c) an estimate of the financial effect, or a statement that such an estimate cannot be made.

2. If disclosure of events occurring after the balance sheet date in the report of theapproving authority is required by paragraph 15 of this Statement, the followinginformation should be provided:(a) the nature of the event;(b) an estimate of the financial effect, or a statement that such an estimate cannot

be made.

Accounting Standard 5

Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items andChanges in Accounting Policies

The net profit or loss for the period comprises the following components, each of whichshould be disclosed on the face of the statement of profit and loss:(a) Profit or loss from ordinary activities; and(b) Extraordinary items.


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Extraordinary Items1. Extraordinary items should be disclosed in the statement of profit and loss as a

part of net profit or loss for the period. The nature and the amount of eachextraordinary item should be separately disclosed in the statement of profit and

loss in a manner that its impact on current profit or loss can be perceived.2. When items of income and expense within profit or loss from ordinary activities

are of such size, nature or incidence that their disclosure is relevant to explain the performance of the enterprise for the period, the nature and amount of such itemsshould be disclosed separately.

3. The nature and amount of prior period items should be separately disclosed in thestatement of profit and loss in a manner that their impact on the current profit or loss can be perceived.

4. The effect of a change in an accounting estimate should be included in thedetermination of net profit or loss in:(a) the period of the change, if the change affects the period only; or (b) the period of the change and future periods, if the change affects both.

5. The nature and amount of a change in an accounting estimate which has amaterial effect in the current period, or which is expected to have a material effectin subsequent periods, should be disclosed. If it is impracticable to quantify theamount, this fact should be disclosed.

6. Any change in an accounting policy which has a material effect should bedisclosed. The impact of, and the adjustments resulting from, such change, if material, should be shown in the financial statements of the period in which suchchange is made, to reflect the effect of such change. Where the effect of suchchange is not ascertainable, wholly or in part, the fact should be indicated. If achange ismade in the accounting policies which has no material effect on thefinancial statements for the current period but which is reasonably expected tohave a material effect in later periods, the fact of such change should beappropriately disclosed in the period in which the change is adopted.

7. A change in accounting policy consequent upon the adoption of an AccountingStandard should be accounted for in accordance with the specific transitional

provisions, if any, contained in that Accounting Standard.However, disclosuresrequired by paragraph 32 of this Statement should bemade unless the transitional

provisions of any other Accounting Standard require alternative disclosures in thisregard.


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Accounting Standard 6Depreciation Accounting

1. The depreciation methods used, the total depreciation for the period for each classof assets, the gross amount of each class of depreciable assets and the related

accumulated depreciation are disclosed in the financial statements along with thedisclosure of other accounting policies. The depreciation rates or the useful livesof the assets are disclosed only if they are different from the principal ratesspecified in the statute governing the enterprise.

2. In case the depreciable assets are revalued, the provision for depreciation is basedon the revalued amount on the estimate of the remaining useful life of such assets.In case the revaluation has a material effect on the amount of depreciation, thesame is disclosed separately in the year in which revaluation is carried out.

3. A change in the method of depreciation is treated as a change in an accounting

policy and is disclosed accordingly

Accounting Standard 7Construction Contracts

1. An enterprise should disclose:(a) the amount of contract revenue recognised as revenue in the

period;(b) the methods used to determine the contract revenue recognisedin the period; and(c) the methods used to determine the stage of completion of contracts in progress.

2. An enterprise should disclose the following for contracts in progressat the reporting date:(a) the aggregate amount of costs incurred and recognised profits(less recognised losses) upto the reporting date;(b) the amount of advances received; and(c) the amount of retentions.

Accounting Standard 9Revenue Recognition

1. In addition to the disclosures required by Accounting Standard 1 on Disclosureof Accounting Policies (AS 1), an enterprise should also disclose thecircumstances in which revenue recognition has been postponed pending theresolution of significant uncertainties.


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Accounting Standard 10Accounting for Fixed Assets

The following information should be disclosed in the financial statements:

(i) gross and net book values of fixed assets at the beginningand end of an accounting period showing additions, disposals, acquisitions andother movements;(ii) expenditure incurred on account of fixed assets in the course of constructionor acquisition; and(iii) revalued amounts substituted for historical costs of fixed assets, the methodadopted to compute the revalued amounts, the nature of indices used, the year of any appraisal made, and whether an external valuer was involved, in case wherefixed assets are stated at revalued amounts.


The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates

1. An enterprise should disclose:(a) the amount of exchange differences included in the net profit or loss for the

period; and(b) net exchange differences accumulated in foreign currency translation reserveas a separate component of shareholders funds, and a reconciliation of theamount of such exchange differences at the beginning and end of the period.

2. When the reporting currency is different from the currency of the country in

which the enterprise is domiciled, the reason for using a different currency should be disclosed. The reason for any change in the reporting currency should also bedisclosed.

3. When there is a change in the classification of a significant foreign operation, anenterprise should disclose:(a) the nature of the change in classification;(b) the reason for the change;(c) the impact of the change in classification on shareholders funds; and(d) the impact on net profit or loss for each prior period presented had the changein classification occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented.

4. The effect on foreign currency monetary items or on the financial statements of aforeign operation of a change in exchange rates occurring after the balance sheetdate is disclosed in accordance with AS 4, Contingencies and Events OccurringAfter the Balance Sheet Date.

5. Disclosure is also encouraged of an enterprises foreign currency risk management policy.


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Accounting Standard 12Accounting for Government Grants

1. The following disclosures are appropriate:

(i) the accounting policy adopted for government grants, including the methods of presentation in the financial statements;(ii) the nature and extent of government grants recognised in the financialstatements, including grants of non-monetary assets given at a concessional rateor free of cost.

Accounting Standard 13Accounting for Investments

1. The following disclosures in financial statements in relation to investments are

appropriate:

(a) the accounting policies for the determination of carrying amount of investments;

(b) the amounts included in profit and loss statement for:

(i) interest, dividends (showing separately dividends from subsidiary companies),and rentals on investments showing separately such income from long term andcurrent investments. Gross income should be stated, the amount of income taxdeducted at source being included under Advance Taxes Paid;

(ii) profits and losses on disposal of current investments and changes in carryingamount of such investments;(iii) profits and losses on disposal of long term investments and changes in thecarrying amount of such investments;

(c) significant restrictions on the right of ownership, realisability of investmentsor the remittance of income and proceeds of disposal;

(d) the aggregate amount of quoted and unquoted investments, giving theaggregate market value of quoted investments;

(e) other disclosures as specifically required by the relevant statute governing theenterprise.

The following information should be disclosed in the financial statements:(a) the accounting policies for determination of carrying amount of investments;(b) classification of investments as specified in paragraphs 26 and 27 above;(c) the amounts included in profit and loss statement for:


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(i) interest, dividends (showing separately dividends from subsidiary companies),and rentals on investments showing separately such income from long term andcurrent investments. Gross income should be stated, the amount of income taxdeducted at source being included under Advance Taxes Paid;(ii) profits and losses on disposal of current investments and changes in the

carrying amount of such investments; and(iii) profits and losses on disposal of long term investments and changes in thecarrying amount of such investments;(d) significant restrictions on the right of ownership, realisability of investmentsor the remittance of income and proceeds of disposal; Accounting for Investments 197(e) the aggregate amount of quoted and unquoted investments, giving theaggregate market value of quoted investments;(f) other disclosures as specifically required by the relevant statute governing theenterprise.

Accounting Standard 14Accounting for Amalgamations

1. For all amalgamations, the following disclosures are considered appropriate in thefirst financial statements following the amalgamation:

(a) names and general nature of business of the amalgamating companies;(b) effective date of amalgamation for accounting purposes;(c) the method of accounting used to reflect the amalgamation; and(d) particulars of the scheme sanctioned under a statute.

2. For amalgamations accounted for under the pooling of interests method, thefollowing additional disclosures are considered appropriate in the first financialstatements following the amalgamation:(a) description and number of shares issued, together with the percentage of eachcompanys equity shares exchanged to effect the amalgamation;(b) the amount of any difference between the consideration and the value of netidentifiable assets acquired, and the treatment thereof.

3. For amalgamations accounted for under the purchase method, the followingadditional disclosures are considered appropriate in the first financial statementsfollowing the amalgamation:(a) consideration for the amalgamation and a description of the consideration paidor contingently payable; and(b) the amount of any difference between the consideration and the value of netidentifiable assets acquired, and the treatment thereof including the period of amortisation of any goodwill arising on amalgamation.


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4. For all amalgamations, the following disclosures should be made in the firstfinancial statements following the amalgamation:(a) names and general nature of business of the amalgamating companies;(b) effective date of amalgamation for accounting purposes;(c) the method of accounting used to reflect the amalgamation; and

(d) particulars of the scheme sanctioned under a statute.

5. For amalgamations accounted for under the pooling of interests method, thefollowing additional disclosures should be made in the first financial statementsfollowing the amalgamation:(a) description and number of shares issued, together with the percentage of eachcompanys equity shares exchanged to effect the amalgamation;(b) the amount of any difference between the consideration and the value of netidentifiable assets acquired, and the treatment thereof.

6. For amalgamations accounted for under the purchase method, the following

additional disclosures should be made in the first financial statements followingthe amalgamation:(a) consideration for the amalgamation and a description of the consideration paidor contingently payable; and(b) the amount of any difference between the consideration and the value of netidentifiable assets acquired, and the treatment thereof including the period of amortisation of any goodwill arising on amalgamation.

Accounting Standard 15Employee Benefits

1. This Statement does not require specific disclosures about short-term employee benefits, other Accounting Standards may require disclosures. For example,where required by AS 18 Related Party Disclosures an enterprise disclosesinformation about employee benefits for key management personnel.

2. An enterprise should disclose the amount recognised as an expense for defined contribution plans.

3. Where required by AS 18 Related Party Disclosures an enterprise disclosesinformation about contributions to defined contribution plans for key management

personnel.

4. An enterprise should disclose information that enables users of financialstatements to evaluate the nature of its defined benefit plans and the financialeffects of changes in those plans during the period. An enterprise should disclosethe following information about defined benefit plans:(a) the enterprises accounting policy for recognising actuarial gains and losses.(b) a general description of the type of plan.


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(c) a reconciliation of opening and closing balances of the present value of thedefined benefit obligation showing separately, if applicable, the effects during the

period attributable to each of the following: (i) current service cost,

(ii) interest cost,(iii) contributions by plan participants,(iv) actuarial gains and losses,(v) foreign currency exchange rate changes on plans measured in a currencydifferent from the enterprises reporting currency,(vi) benefits paid,(vii) past service cost,(viii) amalgamations,(ix) curtailments, and(x) settlements.(d) an analysis of the defined benefit obligation into amounts arising from plans

that are wholly unfunded and amounts arising from plans that are wholly or partlyfunded.(e) a reconciliation of the opening and closing balances of the fair value of planassets and of the opening and closing balances of any reimbursement rightrecognised as an asset in accordance with showing separately, if applicable, theeffects during the period attributable to each of the following:(i) expected return on plan assets,(ii) actuarial gains and losses,(iii) foreign currency exchange rate changes on plans measured in a currencydifferent from the enterprises reporting currency,(iv) contributions by the employer,(v) contributions by plan participants,

(vi) benefits paid,(vii) amalgamations, and(viii) settlements.(f) a reconciliation of the present value of the defined benefit obligation in (c) andthe fair value of the plan assets in (e) to the assets and liabilities recognised in the

balance sheet, showing at least:(i) the past service cost not yet recognised in the balance sheet(ii) the fair value at the balance sheet date of any reimbursement right recognisedas an asset and(iii) the other amounts recognised in the balance sheet.(g) the total expense recognised in the statement of profit and loss for each of thefollowing, and the line item(s) of the statement of profit and loss in which they areincluded:(i) current service cost;(ii) interest cost;(iii) expected return on plan assets;(iv) expected return on any reimbursement right recognised as an asset(v) actuarial gains and losses;


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(vi) past service cost;(vii) the effect of any curtailment or settlement; and(viii) the effect of the limit in paragraph 59 (b), i.e., the extent to which theamount determined

(h) for each major category of plan assets, which should include, but is not limitedto, equity instruments, debt instruments, property, and all other assets, the percentage or amount that each major category constitutes of the fair value of thetotal plan assets.(I) the amounts included in the fair value of plan assets for:(i) each category of the enterprises own financial instruments; and(ii) any property occupied by, or other assets used by, the enterprise.(j) a narrative description of the basis used to determine the overall expected rateof return on assets, including the effect of the major categories of plan assets.(k) the actual return on plan assets, as well as the actual return on anyreimbursement right recognised as an asset

(l) the principal actuarial assumptions used as at the balance sheet date, including,where applicable:(i) the discount rates;(ii) the expected rates of return on any plan assets for the periods presented in thefinancial statements;(iii) the expected rates of return for the periods presented in the financialStatements on any reimbursement right recognized as an asset(iv) medical cost trend rates; and(v) any other material actuarial assumptions used. An enterprise should discloseeach actuarial assumption in absolute terms (for example, as an absolute

percentage) and not just as a margin between different percentages or other variables. Apart from the above actuarial assumptions, an enterprise shouldinclude an assertion under the actuarial assumptions to the effect that estimates of future salary increases, considered in actuarial valuation, take account of inflation,seniority, promotion and other relevant factors, such as supply and demand in theemployment market.(m) the effect of an increase of one percentage point and the effect of a decreaseof one percentage point in the assumed medical cost trend rates on:(i) the aggregate of the current service cost and interest cost components of net

periodic post-employment medical costs; and(ii) the accumulated post-employment benefit obligation for medical costs.For the purposes of this disclosure, all other assumptions should be held constant.For plans operating in a high inflation environment, the disclosure should be theeffect of a percentage increase or decrease in the assumed medical cost trend rateof a significance similar to one percentage point in a low inflation environment.(n) the amounts for the current annual period and previous four annual periods of:(i) the present value of the defined benefit obligation, the fair value of the planassets and the surplus or deficit in the plan;and(ii) the experience adjustments arising on:(A) the plan liabilities expressed either as


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(1) an amount or (2) a percentage of the plan liabilities at the balance sheet date, and(B) the plan assets expressed either as (1) an amount or (2) a percentage of the plan assets at the balance sheet date.

(o) the employers best estimate, as soon as it can reasonably be determined, of

contributions expected to be paid to the plan during the annual period beginningafter the balance sheet date.

5. Although this Statement does not require specific disclosures about other long-term employee benefits, other Accounting Standards may require disclosures, for example, where the expense resulting from such benefits is of such size, nature or incidence that its disclosure is relevant to explain the performance of theenterprise for the period (see AS 5 Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period

Items and Changes in Accounting Policies ).Where required byAS 18 Related Party Disclosures an enterprise discloses information about other long-termemployee benefits for key management personnel.

6. Where there is uncertainty about the number of employees who will accept anoffer of termination benefits, a contingent liability exists. As required by AS 29,

Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets an enterprise disclosesinformation about the contingent liability unless the possibility of an outflow insettlement is remote.

7. As required by AS 5, Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies an enterprise discloses the nature and amount of an expense if it is of such size, nature or incidence that its disclosure is relevant toexplain the performance of the enterprise for the period. Termination benefits mayresult in an expense needing disclosure in order to comply with this requirement.

8. Where required by AS 18, Related Party Disclosures an enterprise disclosesinformation about termination benefits for key management personnel.

Accounting Standard 16Borrowing Costs

1. The financial statements should disclose:

(a) the accounting policy adopted for borrowing costs; and(b) the amount of borrowing costs capitalised during the period.

Accounting Standard 17Segment Reporting


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1. In measuring and reporting segment revenue from transactions with other segments, inter-segment transfers should be measured on the basis that theenterprise actually used to price those transfers. The basis of pricing inter-segmenttransfers and any change therein should be disclosed in the financial statements.

2. Changes in accounting policies adopted for segment reporting that have a materialeffect on segment information should be disclosed. Such disclosure shouldinclude a description of the nature of the change, and the financial effect of thechange if it is reasonably determinable.

3. AS 5 requires that changes in accounting policies adopted by the enterprise should bemade only if required by statute, or for compliance with an accountingstandard, or if it is considered that the change would result in a more appropriate

presentation of events or transactions in the financial statements of the enterprise.

4. Changes in accounting policies adopted at the enterprise level that affect segment

information are dealt with in accordance with AS 5. AS 5 requires that anychange in an accounting policy which has a material effect should be disclosed.The impact of, and the adjustments resulting from, such change, if material,should be shown in the financial statements of the period in which such change ismade, to reflect the effect of such change. Where the effect of such change is notascertainable, wholly or in part, the fact should be indicated. If a change is madein the accounting policies which has no material effect on the financial statementsfor the current period but which is reasonably expected to have a material effect inlater periods, the fact of such change should be appropriately disclosed in the

period in which the change is adopted.

5. Some changes in accounting policies relate specifically to segment reporting.Examples include changes in identification of segments and changes in the basisfor allocating revenues and expenses to segments. Such changes can have asignificant impact on the segment information reported but will not changeaggregate financial information reported for the enterprise. To enable users tounderstand the impact of such changes, this Statement requires the disclosure of the nature of the change and the financial effect of the change, if reasonablydeterminable.

6. An enterprise should indicate the types of products and services included in eachreported business segment and indicate the composition of each reportedgeographical segment, both primary and secondary, if not otherwise disclosed inthe financial statements.

7. To assess the impact of such matters as shifts in demand, changes in the prices of inputs or other factors of production, and the development of alternative productsand processes on a business segment, it is necessary to know the activitiesencompassed by that segment. Similarly, to assess the impact of changes in the


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economic and political environment on the risks and returns of a geographicalsegment, it is important to know the composition of that geographical segment.


Related Party Disclosures1. The statutes governing an enterprise often require disclosure in financial

statements of transactions with certain categories of related parties. In particular,attention is focussed on transactions with the directors or similar key management

personnel of an enterprise, especially their remuneration and borrowings, becauseof the fiduciary nature of their relationship with the enterprise.

2. Name of the related party and nature of the related party relationship wherecontrol exists should be disclosed irrespective of whether or not there have beentransactions between the related parties.

3. Where the reporting enterprise controls, or is controlled by, another party, thisinformation is relevant to the users of financial statements irrespective of whether or not transactions have taken place with that party. This is because the existenceof control relationship may prevent the reporting enterprise from beingindependent in making its financial and/or operating decisions. The disclosure of the name of the related party and the nature of the related party relationship wherecontrol exists may sometimes be at least as relevant in appraising an enterprises

prospects as are the operating results and the financial position presented in itsfinancial statements. Such a related party may establish the enterprises creditstanding, determine the source and price of its raw materials, and determine towhom and at what price the product is sold.

4. If there have been transactions between related parties, during the existence of arelated party relationship, the reporting enterprise should disclose the following:(i) the name of the transacting related party;(ii) a description of the relationship between the parties;(iii) a description of the nature of transactions;(iv) volume of the transactions either as an amount or as an appropriate

proportion;(v) any other elements of the related party transactions necessary for anunderstanding of the financial statements;(vi) the amounts or appropriate proportions of outstanding items pertaining torelated parties at the balance sheet date and provisions for doubtful debts duefrom such parties at that date; and(vii) amounts written off or written back in the period in respect of debts due fromor to related parties

5. The following are examples of the related party transactions in respect of whichdisclosures may be made by a reporting enterprise:


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purchases or sales of goods (finished or unfinished); purchases or sales of fixed assets; rendering or receiving of services; agency arrangements; leasing or hire purchase arrangements;

transfer of research and development; licence agreements; finance (including loans and equity contributions in cash or in kind); guarantees and collaterals; and management contracts including for deputation of employees.

6. Paragraph 4 (v) requires disclosure of any other elements of the related partytransactions necessary for an understanding of the financial statements. Anexample of such a disclosure would be an indication that the transfer of a major asset had taken place at an amount materially different from that obtainable onnormal commercial terms.

7. Items of a similar nature may be disclosed in aggregate by type of related partyexcept when seperate disclosure is necessary for an understanding of the effects of related party transactions on the financial statements of the reporting enterprise.

8. Disclosure of details of particular transactions with individual related partieswould frequently be too voluminous to be easily understood. Accordingly, itemsof a similar nature may be disclosed in aggregate by type of related party.However, this is not done in such a way as to obscure the importance of significant transactions. Hence, purchases or sales of goods are not aggregatedwith purchases or sales of fixed assets. Nor a material related party transactionwith an individual party is clubbed in an aggregated disclosure.

Accounting Standard 19Leases

1. The lessee should make the following disclosures for operating leases:(a) the total of future minimum lease payments under non cancellable operatingleases for each of the following periods:(i) not later than one year;(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;(iii) later than five years;

2. The lessor should make the following disclosures for finance leases:(a) a reconciliation between the total gross investment in the lease at the balancesheet date, and the present value of minimum lease payments receivable at the

balance sheet date. In addition, an enterprise should disclose the total grossinvestment in the lease and the present value of minimum lease paymentsreceivable at the balance sheet date, for each of the following periods:(i) not later than one year;


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(ii) later than one year and not later than five years;(iii) later than five years;(b) unearned finance income;(c) the unguaranteed residual values accruing to the benefit of the lessor;(d) the accumulated provision for uncollectible minimum lease payments

receivable;(e) contingent rents recognised in the statement of profit and lossfor the period;(f) a general description of the significant leasing arrangements of the lessor; and(g) accounting policy adopted in respect of initial direct costs.

Accounting Standard 20Earnings Per Share

1. An enterprise should present basic and diluted earnings per share on the face of the statement of profit and loss for each class of equity shares that has a differentright to share in the net profit for the period. An enterprise should present basicand diluted earnings per share with equal prominence for all periods presented.

2. This Statement requires an enterprise to present basic and diluted earnings per share, even if the amounts disclosed are negative (a loss per share) .

3. If the number of equity or potential equity shares outstanding increases as a resultof a bonus issue or share split or decreases as a result of a reverse share split(consolidation of shares), the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per shareshould be adjusted for all the periods presented. If these changes occur after the

balance sheet date but before the date on which the financial statements areapproved by the board of directors, the per share calculations for those financialstatements and any prior period financial statements presented should be based onthe new number of shares. When per share calculations reflect such changes in thenumber of shares, that fact should be disclosed.

4. In addition to disclosures as required by paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 above of thisStatement, an enterprise should disclose the following:

(i) where the statement of profit and loss includes extraordinary items (within themeaning of AS 5, Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Items andChanges in Accounting Policies), the enterprise should disclose basic anddiluted earnings per share computed on the basis of earnings excludingextraordinary items (net of tax expense); and

(ii) (a) the amounts used as the numerators in calculating basic and dilutedearnings per share, and a reconciliation of those amounts to the net profit or loss for the period;

(b) the weighted average number of equity shares used as the denominator incalculating basic and diluted earnings per share, and a reconciliation of thesedenominators to each other; and


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(c) the nominal value of shares along with the earnings per share figures

5. If an enterprise discloses, in addition to basic and diluted earnings per share, per share amounts using a reported component of net profit other than net profit or loss for the period attributable to equity shareholders, such amounts should be

calculated using the weighted average number of equity shares determined inaccordance with this Statement. If a component of net profit is used which is notreported as a line item in the statement of profit and loss, a reconciliation should

be provided between the component used and a line item which is reported in thestatement of profit and loss. Basic and diluted per share amounts should bedisclosed with equal prominence.

6. An enterprise may wish to disclose more information than this Statement requires.Such information may help the users to evaluate the performance of the enterpriseand may take the form of per share amounts for various components of net profit.Such disclosures are encouraged. However, when such amounts are disclosed, the

denominators need to be calculated in accordance with this Statement in order toensure the comparability of the per share amounts disclosed

Accounting Standard 21Consolidated Financial Statements

1. A subsidiary should be excluded from consolidation when:(a) control is intended to be temporary because the subsidiary is acquired and heldexclusively with a view to its subsequent disposal in the near future 7; or (b) it operates under severe long-term restrictions which significantly impair its

ability to transfer funds to the parent.In consolidated financial statements,investments in such subsidiaries should be accounted for in accordance withAccounting Standard (AS) 13, Accounting for Investments. The reasons for notconsolidating a subsidiary should be disclosed in the consolidated financialstatements.

2. Consolidated financial statements should be prepared using uniform accounting policies for like transactions and other events in similar circumstances. If it is not practicable to use uniform accounting policies in preparing the consolidatedfinancial statements, that fact should be disclosed together with the proportions of the items in the consolidated financial statements to which the differentaccounting policies have been applied.

3. In addition to disclosures required by paragraph 1 and 2,following disclosuresshould be made:(a) in consolidated financial statements a list of all subsidiaries including thename, country of incorporation or residence, proportion of ownership interest and,if different, proportion of voting power held;(b) in consolidated financial statements, where applicable:


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(i) the nature of the relationship between the parent and a subsidiary, if the parentdoes not own, directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, more than one-half of the voting power of the subsidiary;(ii) the effect of the acquisition and disposal of subsidiaries on the financial

position at the reporting date, the results for the reporting period and on

the corresponding amounts for the preceding period; and(iii) the names of the subsidiary(ies) of which reporting date(s) is/are differentfrom that of the parent and the difference in reporting dates .

Accounting Standard 22Accounting for Taxes on Income

1. An enterprise should offset assets and liabilities representing current tax if theenterprise:(a) has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts; and

(b) intends to settle the asset and the liability on a net basis.

2. An enterprise will normally have a legally enforceable right to set off an asset andliability representing current tax when they relate to income taxes levied under thesame governing taxation laws and the taxation laws permit the enterprise to makeor receive a single net payment.

3. An enterprise should offset deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if:(a) the enterprise has a legally enforceable right to set off assets against liabilitiesrepresenting current tax; and(b) the deferred tax assets and the deferred tax liabilities relate to taxes on income

levied by the same governing taxation laws.

4. Deferred tax assets and liabilities should be distinguished from assets andliabilities representing current tax for the period. Deferred tax assets and liabilitiesshould be disclosed under a separate heading in the balance sheet of theenterprise, separately from current assets and current liabilities.

5. The break-up of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities into major components of the respective balances should be disclosed in the notes toaccounts.

6. The nature of the evidence supporting the recognition of deferred tax assetsshould be disclosed, if an enterprise has unabsorbed depreciation or carry forwardof losses under tax laws.

7. On the first occasion that the taxes on income are accounted for in accordancewith this Statement, the enterprise should recognise, in the financial statements,the deferred tax balance that has accumulated prior to the adoption of thisStatement as deferred tax asset/liability with a corresponding credit/charge to the


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revenue reserves, subject to the consideration of prudence in case of deferred taxassets The amount so credited/charged to the revenue reserves should be the sameas that which would have resulted if this Statement had been in effect from the

beginning

Accounting Standard 23Accounting for Investments in Associates in Consolidated

Financial Statements

1. An investment in an associate should be accounted for in consolidated financialstatements under the equity method except when:(a) the investment is acquired and held exclusively with a view to its subsequentdisposal in the near future; or (b) the associate operates under severe long-term restrictions that significantly

impair its ability to transfer funds to the investor. Investments in such associatesshould be accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 13,Accounting for Investments. The reasons for not applying the equity method inaccounting for investments in an associate should be disclosed in the consolidatedfinancial statements.

2. Goodwill/capital reserve arising on the acquisition of an associate by an investor should be included in the carrying amount of investment in the associate butshould be disclosed separately.

3. In using equity method for accounting for investment in an associate, unrealised

profits and losses resulting from transactions between the investor (or itsconsolidated subsidiaries) and the associate should be eliminated to the extent of the investor s interest in the associate. Unrealised losses should not be eliminatedif and to the extent the cost of the transferred asset cannot be recovered

4. The carrying amount of investment in an associate should be reduced to recognisea decline, other than temporary, in the value of the investment, such reduction

being determined and made for each investment individually.

5. In addition to the disclosures required by paragraph 1 and 2, an appropriate listingand description of associates including the proportion of ownership interest and, if

different, the proportion of voting power held should be disclosed in theconsolidated financial statements.

6. Investments in associates accounted for using the equity method should beclassified as long-term investments and disclosed separately in the consolidated

balance sheet. The investors share of the profits or losses of such investmentsshould be disclosed separately in the consolidated statement of profit and loss.


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The investors share of any extraordinary or prior period items should also beseparately disclosed.

7. The name(s) of the associate(s) of which reporting date(s) is/are different fromthat of the financial statements of an investor and the differences in reporting

dates should be disclosed in the consolidated financial statements.

8. In case an associate uses accounting policies other than those adopted for theconsolidated financial statements for like transactions and events in similar circumstances and it is not practicable to make appropriate adjustments to theassociates financial statements, the fact should be disclosed along with a brief description of the differences in the accounting policies.

9. On the first occasion when investment in an associate is accounted for inconsolidated financial statements in accordance with this Statement, the carryingamount of investment in the associate should be brought to the amount that would

have resulted had the equity method of accounting been followed as per thisStatement since the acquisition of the associate. The corresponding adjustment inthis regard should be made in the retained earnings in the consolidated financialstatements.

Accounting Standard 24Discontinuing Operations

Initial Disclosure Event 1. With respect to a discontinuing operation, the initial disclosure event is the

occurrence of one of the following, whichever occurs earlier:(a) the enterprise has entered into a binding sale agreement for substantially allof the assets attributable to the discontinuing operation; or (b) the enterprise's board of directors or similar governing body has both (i)approved a detailed, formal plan for the discontinuance and (ii) made anannouncement of the plan.

2. A detailed, formal plan for the discontinuance normally includes:(a) identification of the major assets to be disposed of;(b) the expected method of disposal;(c) the period expected to be required for completion of the disposal;(d) the principal locations affected;(e) the location, function, and approximate number of employees who will becompensated for terminating their services; and(f) the estimated proceeds or salvage to be realised by disposal.

3. An enterprise's board of directors or similar governing body is considered to havemade the announcement of a detailed, formal plan for discontinuance, if it hasannounced the main features of the plan to those affected by it, such as, lenders,


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stock exchanges, creditors, trade unions, etc., in a sufficiently specific manner soas to make the enterprise demonstrably committed to the discontinuance.

Initial Disclosure4. An enterprise should include the following information relating to a

discontinuing operation in its financial statements beginning with the financialstatements for the period in which the initial disclosure event (as defined in paragraph 1) occurs:(a) a description of the discontinuing operation(s);(b) the business or geographical segment(s) in which it is reported as per AS 17,Segment Reporting;(c) the date and nature of the initial disclosure event;(d) the date or period in which the discontinuance is expected to be completed if known or determinable;(e) the carrying amounts, as of the balance sheet date, of the total assets to bedisposed of and the total liabilities to be settled;

(f) the amounts of revenue and expenses in respect of the ordinary activitiesattributable to the discontinuing operation during the current financial reporting period;(g) the amount of pre-tax profit or loss from ordinary activities attributable to thediscontinuing operation during the current financial reporting period, and theincome tax expense related thereto; and(h) the amounts of net cash flows attributable to the operating, investing, andfinancing activities of the discontinuing operation during the current financialreporting period.

5. For the purpose of presentation and disclosures required by this Statement, the

items of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, gains, losses, and cash flows can be attributed to a discontinuing operation only if they will be disposed of, settled,reduced, or eliminated when the discontinuance is completed. To the extent thatsuch items continue after completion of the discontinuance, they are not allocatedto the discontinuing operation. For example, salary of the continuing staff of

a discontinuing operation.

6. If an initial disclosure event occurs between the balance sheet date and the dateon which the financial statements for that period are approved by the board of directors in the case of a company or by the corresponding approving authority inthe case of any other enterprise, disclosures as required by Accounting Standard

(AS) 4, Contingencies and Events Occurring After the Balance Sheet Date, aremade.

Other Disclosures7. When an enterprise disposes of assets or settles liabilities attributable to a

discontinuing operation or enters into binding agreements for the sale of suchassets or the settlement of such liabilities, it should include, in its financialstatements, the following information when the events occur:


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(a) for any gain or loss that is recognised on the disposal of assets or settlement of liabilities attributable to the discontinuing operation,(i) the amount of the pre-tax gain or loss and(ii) income tax expense relating to the gain or loss; and(b) the net selling price or range of prices (which is after deducting expected

disposal costs) of those net assets for which the enterprise has entered into one or more binding sale agreements, the expected timing of receipt of thosecash flows and the carrying amount of those net assets on the balance sheet date.

8. The asset disposals, liability settlements, and binding sale agreements referred toin the preceding paragraph may occur concurrently with the initial disclosureevent, or in the period in which the initial disclosure event occurs, or in a later

period.

9. If some of the assets attributable to a discontinuing operation have actually been

sold or are the subject of one or more binding sale agreements entered into between the balance sheet date and the date on which the financial statements areapproved by the board of directors in case of a company or by the correspondingapproving authority in the case of any other enterprise, the disclosures required

by Accounting Standard (AS) 4, Contingencies and Events Occurring After theBalance Sheet Date, are made.

Updating the Disclosures10. In addition to the disclosures in paragraphs 4 and 7, an enterprise should include,

in its financial statements, for periods subsequent to the one in which the initialdisclosure event occurs, a description of any significant changes in the amount or

timing of cash flows relating to the assets to be disposed or liabilities to be settledand the events causing those changes.

11. Examples of events and activities that would be disclosed include the nature andterms of binding sale agreements for the assets, a demerger or spin-off by issuingequity shares of the new company to the enterprise's shareholders, and legal or regulatory approvals.

12. The disclosures required by paragraphs 4, 7 and 10 should continue in financialstatements for periods up to and including the period in which the discontinuanceis completed. A discontinuance is completed when the plan is substantially

completed or abandoned, though full payments from the buyer(s) may not yethave been received.

13. If an enterprise abandons or withdraws from a plan that was previously reportedas a discontinuing operation, that fact, reasons therefor and its effect should bedisclosed.


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14. For the purpose of applying paragraph 13, disclosure of the effect includesreversal of any prior impairment loss or provision that was recognised withrespect to the discontinuing operation.

Separate Disclosure for Each Discontinuing Operation15. Any disclosures required by this Statement should be presented separately for

each discontinuing operation.

Presentation of the Required Disclosures16. The disclosures required by paragraphs 4, 7, 10, 12, 13 and 15 should be

presented in the notes to the financial statements except the following whichshould be shown on the face of the statement of profit and loss:

(a) the amount of pre-tax profit or loss from ordinary activities attributable to thediscontinuing operation during the current financial reporting period, and theincome tax expense related thereto (paragraph 4 (g)); and

(b) the amount of the pre-tax gain or loss recognised on the disposal of assets or settlement of liabilities attributable to the discontinuing operation (paragraph 7(a)).

Illustrative Presentation and Disclosures17. Disclosures in an interim financial report in respect of adiscontinuing operation

should be made in accordance with AS 25, Interim Financial Reporting,including:(a) any significant activities or events since the end of the most recent annual

reporting period relating to a discontinuing operation; and(b) any significant changes in the amount or timing of cash flows relating to theassets to be disposed or liabilities to be settled.

Accounting Standard 25Interim Financial Reporting

1. An enterprise should include the following information, as a minimum, in thenotes to its interim financial statements, if material and if not disclosed elsewherein the interim financial report:

(a) a statement that the same accounting policies are followed in the interimfinancial statements as those followed in the most recent annual financialstatements or, if those policies have been changed, a description of the nature andeffect of the change;(b) explanatory comments about the seasonality of interim operations;


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(c) the nature and amount of items affecting assets, liabilities,equity, net income,or cash flows that are unusual because of their nature, size, or incidence (see

paragraphs 12 to 14 of Accounting Standard (AS) 5, Net Profit or Loss for thePeriod, Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies);(d) the nature and amount of changes in estimates of amounts reported in prior

interim periods of the current financial year or changes in estimates of amountsreported in prior financial years, if those changes have a material effect inthe current interim period;(e) issuances, buy-backs, repayments and restructuring of debt, equity and

potential equity shares;(f) dividends, aggregate or per share (in absolute or percentage terms), separatelyfor equity shares and other shares;

2. An enterprise may not prepare and present a separate financial report for the finalinterim period because the annual financial statements are presented. In such acase, paragraph 25 requires certain disclosures to be made in the annual financial

statements for that financial year.3. If an estimate of an amount reported in an interim period is changed significantly

during the final interim period of the financial year but a separate financial reportis not prepared and presented for that final interim period, the nature and amountof that change in estimate should be disclosed in a note to the annual financialstatements for that financial year.

4. Accounting Standard (AS) 5, Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period Itemsand Changes in Accounting Policies, requires disclosure, in financial statements,of the nature and (if practicable) the amount of a change in an accountingestimate which has a material effect in the current period, or which is expected tohave a material effect in subsequent periods. Paragraph 1 (d) of this Statementrequires similar disclosure in an interim financial report. Examples includechanges in estimate in the final interim period relating to inventory write -downs,restructurings, or impairment losses that were reported in an earlier interim

period of the financial year. The disclosure required by the preceding paragraphis consistent with AS 5 requirements and is intended to be restricted in scope soas to relate only to the change in estimates. An enterprise is not required toinclude additional interim period financial information in its annual financialstatements.

5. An enterprise should apply the same accounting policies in its interim financialstatements as are applied in its annual financial statements, except for accounting

policy changes made after the date of the most recent annual financial statementsthat are to be reflected in the next annual financial statements. However, thefrequency of an enterprise's reporting (annual, half-yearly, or quarterly) shouldnot affect the measurement of its annual results. To achieve that objective,measurements for interim reporting purposes should be made on a year to-date

basis.


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Accounting Standard 26Intangible Assets

1. The financial statements should disclose the following for each class of intangibleassets, distinguishing between internally generated intangible assets and other intangible assets:(a) the useful lives or the amortisation rates used;(b) the amortisation methods used;(c) the gross carrying amount and the accumulated amortisation (aggregated withaccumulated impairment losses) at the beginning and end of the period;(d) a reconciliation of the carrying amount at the beginning and end of the periodshowing:(i) additions, indicating separately those from internal development and throughamalgamation;(ii) retirements and disposals;(iii) impairment losses recognised in the statement of profit and loss during the

period (if any);(iv) impairment losses reversed in the statement of profit and loss during the

period (if any);(v) amortisation recognised during the period; and(vi) other changes in the carrying amount during the period.

Documents

Accounting Standard Discosures