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According to one scholar, "it is generally believed that the sutra was compiled during 350-400

CE," although "many who have studied the sutra are of opinion that the introductory chapter and

the last two chapters were added to the book at a later period."[2]

A number of ancient

translations of the Lakvatra Stra were made from Sanskrit into the Chinese language, as

early as the 3rd century CE with a translation by the Indian monkDharmaraka.[3]Of these, only

three are now extant.

The first extant Chinese translation isTaisho Tripitaka670 (). This is the

earliest edition which was translated byGuabhadrain 443 CE, and divided into four

fascicles.[4]

This edition by Guabhadra is said to be the one handed down from the founder of

Chinese Zen,Bodhidharma, to the Second Patriarch,Huike, saying:[5][6]

I have here the Lakvatra in four fascicles which I now pass to you. It contains the essential

teaching concerning the mind-ground of the Tathagata, by means of which you lead all sentient

beings to the truth of Buddhism.

The second extant Chinese translation is Taisho Tripitaka 671 (). This second edition

was translated byBodhiruciin 513 CE,[7]and divided into ten fascicles.[8]This edition is

criticized in the imperial preface to the later translation, which says that it contains extra words

and sentences mixed in that detract from the original meaning.[9]

The third extant Chinese translation is Taisho Tripitaka 672 (). This third edition

was translated by iknanda in 700-704 CE, and divided into seven fascicles.[10]This final

translation was made at the behest of EmpressWu Zetian, after iknanda had completed his

80-fascicle translation of theAvatasaka Stra.[11]

This translation is said to have employed five

separate Sanskrit editions for accuracy.[12]

Before the final edits to this version had been made,

iknanda returned to India, and another Indian monk came to China who had studied the

Buddhist sutras for 25 years in India, and who knew the Lakvatra Stra. He was then given

the task of revising the translation made by iknanda.[13]

In addition to these Chinese translations, an extant Sanskrit edition of the Lakvatra Stra is

available, as well as aTibetanedition.

English translations [edit]

The late Sanskrit edition of the Lakvatra Stra was translated into Japanese and English

byD.T. Suzuki. This was published in 1932 as The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text.

Red Pinehas translated the earliest extant edition of the Lakvatra Stra, the Guabhadra

edition in four fascicles. This translation was published in 2012 asThe Lankavatara Sutra:

Translation and Commentary.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmarak%E1%B9%A3ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmarak%E1%B9%A3ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisho_Tripitakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisho_Tripitakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisho_Tripitakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunabhadrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunabhadrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunabhadrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huikehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huikehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huikehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhirucihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhirucihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhirucihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Tibetanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Tibetanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Tibetanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lankavatara_Sutra&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lankavatara_Sutra&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lankavatara_Sutra&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.T._Suzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.T._Suzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.T._Suzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Pine_(author)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Pine_(author)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Pine_(author)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.T._Suzukihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lankavatara_Sutra&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Tibetanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhirucihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huikehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhidharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunabhadrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisho_Tripitakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmarak%E1%B9%A3ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra#cite_note-2