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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 1

Accession of Turkey to the European Union

Turkish EU accession bid

EU average Turkey

PPP GDP ($M) $14.793 trillion 1,040,275[1]

Area (km²) 4,324,782 783,562

Population 501,259,840 72,561,312

Status

Candidate

Opened chapters: 13

Closed chapters: 1

Website

abgs.gov.tr[2]

Turkey's application to accede to the European Union was made on 14 April 1987. Turkey has been an associatemember of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since 1963.[3] After the ten founding members, Turkey

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 2

was one of the first countries to become a member of the Council of Europe in 1949, and was also a founding

member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1961[4] and the Organization

for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 1973. The country has also been an associate member of the

Western European Union since 1992, and is a part of the "Western Europe" branch of the Western European and

Others Group (WEOG) at the United Nations. Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and

was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999, at the Helsinki summit of the

European Council. Negotiations were started on 3 October 2005, and the process, should it be in Turkey's favour, is

likely to take at least a decade to complete.[5] The membership bid has become a major controversy of the ongoing

enlargement of the European Union.[6]

History

Background

After the Ottoman Empire's collapse following World War I, Turkish revolutionaries led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

emerged victorious in the Turkish War of Independence, establishing the modern Turkish Republic as it exists today.

Atatürk, then Prime Minister and later President of Turkey, implemented a series of reforms, including secularizationand industrialization, intended to modernize the country.[7] During World War II, Turkey remained neutral until

February 1945, when it joined the Allies. The country took part in the Marshall Plan of 1947, became a member of 

the Council of Europe in 1949,[8] and a member of NATO in 1952.[9] During the Cold War, Turkey allied itself with

the United States and Western Europe.

1960s –1990s

The country first applied for associate membership in the European Economic Community in 1959, and on 12

September 1963 signed the "Agreement Creating An Association Between The Republic of Turkey and the European

Economic Community", also known as the Ankara Agreement. This agreement came into effect the following year

on 12 December 1964. The Ankara Agreement sought to integrate Turkey into a customs union with the EEC whilst

acknowledging the final goal of membership.[7] In November 1970, a further protocol called the "Additional

Protocol" established a timetable for the abolition of tariffs and quotas on goods traded between Turkey and the

EEC.[7]

On 14 April 1987, Turkey submitted its application for formal membership into the European Community. The

European Commission responded in December 1989 by confirming Ankara ’s eventual membership but also by

deferring the matter to more favorable times, citing Turkey’s economic and political situation, as well its poor

relations with Greece and the conflict with Cyprus as creating an unfavorable environment with which to begin

negotiations.[10] This position was confirmed again in the Luxembourg European Council of 1997 in which

accession talks were started with central and eastern European states and Cyprus, but not Turkey. During the 1990s,Turkey proceeded with a closer integration with the European Union by agreeing to a customs union in 1995.

Moreover, the Helsinki European Council of 1999 proved a milestone as the EU recognised Turkey as a candidate on

equal footing with other potential candidates.

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 3

2000s

The next significant step in Turkey – EU relations came with the December 2002 Copenhagen European Council.[11]

According to it, "the EU would open negotiations with Turkey 'without delay' if the European Council in December

2004, on the basis of a report and a recommendation from the Commission, decides that Turkey fulfills the

Copenhagen political criteria."[11]

The European Commission recommended that the negotiations should begin in 2005, but also added variousprecautionary measures. The EU leaders agreed on 16 December 2004 to start accession negotiations with Turkey

from 3 October 2005.[12] Despite an offer from the Austrian People's Party and the German Christian Democratic

Union of a privileged partnership status, a less than full membership, EU accession negotiations were officially

launched.[13]

Turkey's accession talks have since been stalled by a number of domestic and external problems. Both Austria and

France have said they would hold a referendum on Turkey's accession. In the case of France, a change in its

Constitution was made to impose such a referendum.[14] The issue of Cyprus continues to be a major obstacle to

negotiations.[15] European officials have commented on the slowdown in Turkish reforms which, combined with the

Cyprus problem, led the EU’s Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn in March 2007 to warn of an impeding ‘train

crash’ in the negotiations.[16] Due to these setbacks, negotiations again came to a halt in December 2006, with the

EU freezing talks in 8 of the 35 key areas under negotiation. [17]

Future

The earliest date that Turkey could enter the EU is 2013, the date when the next financial perspectives (the EU's six

year budgetary perspectives) will come into force. Ankara is currently aiming to comply with EU law by this

date,[18] but Brussels has refused to back 2013 as a deadline. [19] In 2006 European Commission President José

Manuel Barroso said that the accession process will take at least until 2021. [20]

Timeline

Turkey joined the Council of Europe in 1949 and isregarded as a founding member of the organization.

31 July 1959  – Turkey applies for associate membership in

the European Economic Community.

12 September 1963   –  Association Agreement signed,

acknowledging the final goal of membership.

1 December 1964  –  Association Agreement comes into

effect.[7]

23 November 1970  – Protocol signed providing a timetable

for the abolition of tariffs and quotas on goods.

1980  – Freeze in relations following the 1980 Turkish coup

d'état.

1983  – Relations fully restored following elections.

14 April 1987  – Application for formal membership into the European Community.

18 December 1989  –  European Commission refuses to immediately begin accession negotiations, citing

Turkey’s economic and political situation, poor relations with Greece and their conflict with Cyprus, but

overall reaffirming eventual membership as the goal.

6 March 1995  – European Union-Turkey Customs Union is formed.

12 December 1999  –  European Council recognises Turkey as a candidate on equal footing with other

potential candidates.

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 4

12 December 2002  – European Council states that "the EU would open negotiations with Turkey 'without

delay' if Turkey fulfills the Copenhagen criteria."

24 April 2004  – Turkey & Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus back the Annan Plan for Cyprus.

17 December 2004  – European Union agrees to start negotiations.

3 October 2005  –  Opening of 6 chapters of the Acquis: Right of Establishment & Freedom To Provide

Services, Company Law, Financial Services, Information Society & Media, Statistics, and Financial Control.

12 June 2006  – Chapter on Science & Research opened and closed.

11 December 2006  – Continued dispute over Cyprus prompts the EU to freeze talks on 8 chapters and state

that no chapters would be closed until a resolution is found. [21]

29 March 2007  – Chapter on Enterprise & Industrial Policy opened.[22]

25 June 2007  – Chapter on Statistics & Financial Control opened, but the opening of the chapter on Economic

& Monetary Policy was blocked by French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[23]

20 December 2007  –  Chapters on Health & Consumer Protection and Trans-European Networks are

opened.[24]

17 June 2008  – Chapters on Company Law and Intellectual Property Law are opened.[25]

19 December 2008  –  Chapters on Economic & Monetary Policy and Information Society & Media are

opened.[26]

30 June 2009  – Chapter on Taxation is opened.[27]

8 December 2009  – Chapter on Environment is opened.[28]

30 June 2010  – Chapter on Food Safety, Veterinary & Phytosanitary Policy is opened.

Status of the acquis chapters

To accede to the EU, Turkey must first successfully complete negotiations with the European Commission on eachof the 35 chapters of the acquis communautaire, the total body of EU law. Afterwards, the member states must

unanimously agree on granting Turkey membership to the European Union.

Negotiation progress

Acquis chapter EC Assessment

At Start

Screening

Started

Screening

Completed

Chapter

Frozen

Chapter

Unfrozen

Chapter

Opened

Chapter

Closed

1. Free Movement of Goods Further efforts

needed

16.1.2006 24.2.2006 11.12.2006   – – – 

2. Freedom of Movement ForWorkers

Very hard toadopt

19.7.2006 11.9.2006 8.12.2009[29]   – – – 

3. Right of Establishment For

Companies & Freedom To

Provide Services

Very hard to

adopt

21.11.2005 20.12.2005 11.12.2006   – – – 

4. Free Movement of Capital Further efforts

needed

25.11.2005 22.12.2005  – –  19.12.2008  – 

5. Public Procurement Totally

incompatible with

acquis

7.11.2005 28.11.2005   – – – – 

6. Company Law Considerableefforts needed

21.6.2006 20.7.2006  – –  17.6.2008 – 

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 5

7. Intellectual Property Law Further efforts

needed

6.2.2006 3.3.2006  – –  17.6.2008  – 

8. Competition Policy Very hard to

adopt

8.11.2005 2.12.2005   – – – – 

9. Financial Services Considerable

efforts needed

29.3.2006 3.5.2006 11.12.2006   – – – 

10. Information Society &

Media

Further efforts

needed

12.6.2006 14.7.2006  – –  19.12.2008  – 

11. Agriculture & Rural

Development

Very hard to

adopt

5.12.2005 26.1.2006 11.12.2006   – – – 

12. Food Safety, Veterinary &

Phytosanitary Policy

Very hard to

adopt

9.3.2006 28.4.2006  – –  30.6.2010  – 

13. Fisheries Very hard to

adopt

24.2.2006 31.3.2006 11.12.2006   – – – 

14. Transport Policy Considerable

efforts needed

26.6.2006 28.9.2006 11.12.2006   – – – 

15. Energy Considerable

efforts needed

15.5.2006 16.6.2006 8.12.2009[29]   – – – 

16. Taxation Considerable

efforts needed

6.6.2006 12.7.2006  – –  30.6.2009  – 

17. Economic & Monetary

Policy

Considerable

efforts needed

16.2.2006 23.3.2006   – – – – 

18. Statistics Considerable

efforts needed

19.6.2006 18.7.2006  – –  25.6.2007  – 

19. Social Policy &

Employment

Considerable

efforts needed

8.2.2006 22.3.2006   – – – – 

20. Enterprise & Industrial

Policy

No major

difficulties

expected

27.3.2006 5.5.2006  – –  29.3.2007  – 

21. Trans-European Networks Considerable

efforts needed

30.6.2006 29.9.2006  – –  19.12.2007  – 

22. Regional Policy &

Coordination of Structural

Instruments

Considerable

efforts needed

11.9.2006 10.10.2006   – – – – 

23. Judiciary & Fundamental

Rights

Considerable

efforts needed

7.9.2006 13.10.2006 8.12.2009[29]   – – – 

24. Justice, Freedom &

Security

Considerable

efforts needed

23.1.2006 15.2.2006 8.12.2009[29]   – – – 

25. Science & Research No major

difficulties

expected

20.10.2005 14.11.2005  – –  12.6.2006 12.6.2006

26. Education & Culture Further efforts

needed

26.10.2005 16.11.2005 8.12.2009[29]   – – – 

27. Environment Totally

incompatible with

acquis

3.4.2006 2.6.2006  – –  21.12.2009[30]  – 

28. Consumer & Health

Protection

Further efforts

needed

8.6.2006 11.7.2006  – –  19.12.2007  – 

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 6

29. Customs Union No major

difficulties

expected

31.1.2006 14.03.2006 11.12.2006   – – – 

30. External Relations No major

difficulties

expected

10.7.2006 13.9.2006 11.12.2006   – – – 

31. Foreign, Security &

Defence Policy

Further efforts

needed

14.9.2006 6.10.2006 8.12.2009[29]   – – – 

32. Financial Control Further efforts

needed

18.5.2006 30.6.2006  – –  26.7.2007  – 

33. Financial & Budgetary

Provisions

No major

difficulties

expected

6.9.2006 4.10.2006   – – – – 

34. Institutions Nothing to adopt   – – – – – – 

35. Other Issues Nothing to adopt   – – – – – – 

Progress13 out of 33

[31] 1 out of 33

[31] [32]

[1] The World Bank: World Development Indicators Database – Gross Domestic Product in 2009 (PPP). (http://siteresources.  worldbank.  org/ 

DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP. pdf) Last revised on 27 September 2010.

[2] http://www. abgs.  gov.  tr/?p=1&l=2

[3] "EU-Turkey relations" (http://www. euractiv.  com/en/enlargement/eu-turkey-relations/article-129678).  European Information on

 Enlargement & Neighbours. EurActiv.com. 2004-09-23. . Retrieved 2008-08-26.

[4] In 1948, Turkey became one of the original 18 members of 'Organization for European Economic Co-operation' OEEC (http://www.  oecd.

org/document/48/0,2340,fr_2649_201185_1876917_1_1_1_1,00.  html) which became OECD in 1961 OECD convention (http://www.

oecd.  org/document/7/0,3343,en_2649_34483_1915847_1_1_1_1,00.html)

[5] "Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM" (http://ec. europa.  eu/commission_barroso/ 

president/pdf/interview_20061015_en.pdf) (PDF). European Commission. 2006-10-15. . Retrieved 2006-12-17.

[6] "Fifty Years On, Turkey Still Pines to Become European" (http://www.time. com/time/world/article/0,8599,1920882,00.  html). TIME .

September 8, 2009. . Retrieved 2009-09-08.

[7] "Turkey and EU" (http://web. archive. org/web/20070927211417/http://www.turkishembassy.  org/index.  php?option=com_content&

task=view&id=57&Itemid=235). Embassy of the Republic of Turkey (Washington, DC). Archived from the original (http://www.

turkishembassy.  org/index.  php?option=com_content&task=view&id=57&Itemid=235) on 2007-09-27. . Retrieved 2007-07-04.

[8] "Turkey and the Council of Europe" (http://web.archive.org/web/20061207073323/http://www. coe. int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/ 

Member_states/e_tu.  asp#TopOfPage). Council of Europe. 2006-10-27. Archived from the original (http://www.  coe. int/T/E/Com/ 

About_Coe/Member_states/e_tu.  asp#TopOfPage) on 2006-12-07. . Retrieved 2006-10-30.

[9] "Greece and Turkey accede to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization" (http://www. nato.  int/multi/photos/1952/m520218a.  htm). NATO

 Media Library. NATO. 1952-02-18. . Retrieved 2006-10-30.

[10] "About Turkey and the EU" (http://www.turkishembassylondon.org/canon/aboutturkey_eu. htm). Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in

London. . Retrieved 2007-07-04.

[11] European Council: EU would open accession negotiations with Turkey (http://www. consilium. europa.  eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/ pressData/en/ec/73842.  pdf)

[12] Independent Commission on Turkey (http://www. independentcommissiononturkey.  org/oped_20050831.  html)

[13] Today's Zaman: Turkey Starts Full Membership Negotiations with EU (http://www. todayszaman.  com/tz-web/detaylar.  do?load=detay&

link=24900)

[14] Turkey, with eye on EU, says determined to reform (http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1239805023. 06), EUbusiness, 2009-03-15

[15] EUobserver: Cyprus threatens to block EU deal on Turkey talks (http://euobserver. com/9/23008)

[16] "The ins and outs: The EU's most effective foreign-policy instrument has been enlargement. But how far can it go?" (http://www.

economist.  com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=682266&story_id=8808134). The Economist . 2007-03-17. .

Retrieved 2007-07-04.

[17] The Independent: EU freezes talks on Turkey membership (http://www. independent.  co.  uk/news/world/europe/ 

eu-freezes-talks-on-turkey-membership-428085.html)

[18] Kubosova, Lucia (2007-03-30). "Turkey targets 2013 for EU legal compliance" (http://euobserver. 

com/9/23813). EUobserver . .Retrieved 2008-08-26.

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 7

[19] Kubosova, Lucia (2007-04-17). "Brussels declines to endorse 2013 date for Turkey's EU entry" (http://euobserver.  com/9/23881).

 EUobserver . . Retrieved 2008-08-26.

[20] "Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM" (http://ec. europa.  eu/commission_barroso/ 

president/pdf/interview_20061015_en.pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2007-04-13.

[21] EU resumes Turkey accession talks (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6503869. stm), BBC News, 2007-03-29. Retrieved

2007-03-29.

[22] EU-Turkey to re-start entry talks (http://www. eupolitix.com/latestnews/news-article/newsarticle/ 

eu-turkeynbspto-re-startnbspentry-talks/),  EUPolitix.com, 2007-03-29. Retrieved 2007-03-29.[23] Turkish Entry Into Europe Slowed by Sarkozy Move (http://www. nytimes.com/2007/06/25/world/europe/25cnd-turkey.  html), New

York Times, 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2007-06-25.

[24] Defying France, EU opens two more chapters for accession (http://www.todayszaman. com/tz-web/detaylar.  do?load=detay&

link=129820), Zaman, 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2007-12-20.

[25] (http://www. europa-eu-un.  org/articles/fr/article_7959_fr.  htm)

[26] European Union expands entry talks with Turkey (http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/12/19/europe/EU-EU-Turkey. php),

 International Herald Tribune, 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-12-19.

[27] (http://euobserver. com/15/28397)

[28] (http://euobserver. com/9/29116)

[29] Some of the chapters do not proceed to the next stage in the process, because they are blocked by Cyprus.

[30] http://euobserver. com/9/29116

[31] Excluding Chapters 34 (Institutions) and 35 (Other Issues) since these are not legislation chapters.[32] http://ec. europa.  eu/enlargement/pdf/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/ 

negotiations_croatia_turkey/overview_negotiations_tr_en.pdf 

Turkish membership issues

Effect upon the EU

Global map of the European continent (light green) and

Turkey (dark green)

The Nabucco pipeline will deliver

natural gas from the Caspian Sea

basin to the EU member states.

Proponents of Turkey's membership argue that it is a key regional

power[1]  [2] with a large economy and the second largest military

force of NATO[3]  [4] that will enhance the EU's position as a

global geostrategic player; given Turkey's geographic location andeconomic, political, cultural and historic ties in regions with large

natural resources that are at the immediate vicinity of the EU's

geopolitical sphere of influence; such as the East Mediterranean

and Black Sea coasts, the Middle East, the Caspian Sea basin and

Central Asia.[5] [6]

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 8

The Turkish high-speed railway network and the

Marmaray tunnel can play an important role in

improving trade and commerce between the EU

and Turkey.

According to the Swedish foreign minister, Carl Bildt, "the accession

of Turkey would give the EU a decisive role for stability in the eastern

part of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, which is clearly in the

strategic interest of Europe."[7] One of Turkey's key supporters for its

bid to join the EU is the United Kingdom.[8]

Upon joining the EU, Turkey's 72 million inhabitants would bestow thesecond largest number of MEPs in the European Parliament.[16]

Demographic projections indicate that Turkey would surpass Germany

in the number of seats by 2020.[16]

Turkey's membership would also affect future enlargement plans,

especially the number of nations seeking EU membership,[16] grounds

on which Valéry Giscard d'Estaing has opposed Turkey's admission.

Giscard has suggested that it would lead to demands for accession by

Morocco. Morocco's application is already rejected on geographic grounds; while Turkey, unlike Morocco, has

territory in Europe (which includes Istanbul, its largest city). French President Nicolas Sarkozy stated in January

2007 that "enlarging Europe with no limit risks destroying European political union, and that I do not accept...I want

to say that Europe must give itself borders, that not all countries have a vocation to become members of Europe,

beginning with Turkey which has no place inside the European Union."[9]

EU member states must unanimously agree on Turkey's membership for the Turkish accession to be successful. A

number of nations may oppose it; notably Austria, which historically served as a bulwark for Christian Europe

against the Ottoman Empire whose armies twice laid siege to Vienna in 1529 and 1683; and France, where some are

anxious at the prospect of a new wave of Muslim immigrants, given the country's already large Muslim community.

Negotiations to remove the French constitutional requirement for a compulsory referendum on all EU accessions

after Croatia resulted in a new proposal to require a compulsory referendum on the accession of any country with a

population of more than 5% of the EU's total population; this clause would mainly apply to Turkey and Ukraine. [10]

The French Senate, however, blocked the change in the French constitution, in order to maintain good relations with

Turkey.[11]

Bosphorus Bridge connecting Europe and Asia, with the skyline of Levent financial district in Istanbul, as seen from

Çamlıca Hill.

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 9

Economy

Levent financial district in Istanbul, the largest city and economic capital of 

Turkey, and the former capital of the Roman (330 – 395), Byzantine (395 – 1204 and

1261 – 1453), Latin (1204 – 1261) and Ottoman (1453 – 1922) Empires.

Turkey has the world's 15th largest

GDP-PPP[1] and 17th largest Nominal

GDP.[1] The country is a founding member

of the OECD and the G-20 major

economies.

Turkish exports in 2006: 56.5% of Turkey'sexports are to the European Union member states.

Turkey has taken advantage of a customs union with the European

Union, signed in 1995, to increase its industrial production destined for

exports, while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign

investment into the country.[12] In 2008, Turkey's exports reached

141.8 billion USD[13] (main export partners: Germany 11.2%, UK 8%,

Italy 6.95%, France 5.6%, Spain 4.3%, USA 3.88%; total EU exports

56.5%.) However, larger imports amounting to about 204.8 billion

USD[13] threaten the balance of trade (main import partners: Russia

13.8%, Germany 10.3%, China 7.8%, Italy 6%, USA 4.8%, France 4.6%, Iran 3.9%, UK 3.2%; total EU imports

40.4%; total Asia imports 27%).[14] [15]

The opening of talks regarding the Economic and Monetary Policy acquis chapter of Turkey's accession bid was

expected to begin in June 2007, but were stalled by France.[16]

Population

İstiklal Avenue in Istanbul's cosmopolitan

Beyoğlu district is visited by an average of 3

million people on weekend days.

As of 2005, the population of Turkey stood at 71.5 million with a

yearly growth rate of 1.5%.[17] [18] The Turkish population is relatively

young, with 25.5% falling within the 0 – 15 age bracket.[19]

Turkey's large population would alter the balance of power in the

representative European institutions. Upon joining the EU, Turkey's 72

million inhabitants would bestow it the second largest number of 

MEPs in the European Parliament.[20] Demographic projections

indicate that Turkey would surpass Germany in the number of seats by

2020.[20]

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 10

Foreign relations with EU member states

Cyprus

The island of Cyprus was divided when, on 20 July 1974, Turkey occupied a third of the island in response to an

Athens-engineered coup aimed at annexing Cyprus to Greece. Since then, Turkey has refused to acknowledge the

Republic of Cyprus (an EU member since 2004) as the sole authority on the island, and recognizes the self-declared

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus since its establishment in 1983. The Turkish invasion in 1974 and the resulting

movement of refugees along both sides of the Green Line; and the establishment of the self-declared Turkish

Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983 form the core issues which surround the ongoing Cyprus dispute.

The self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern

Cyprus is recognized only by Turkey since its

establishment in 1983.

Turkey and the Turkish Cypriots backed the 2004 Annan Plan for

Cyprus aimed at the reunification of the island, but the plan was

subsequently rejected by Greek Cypriots on the grounds that it did not

meet their needs. According to Greek Cypriots, the latest proposal

included maintained residence rights for the many Anatolian Turks

who moved to Cyprus after the invasion (and their descendants who

were born on the island after 1974), while the Greek Cypriots who losttheir property after the Turkish invasion would be granted only a

restricted right of return to the north following the island's proposed

reunification. Although the outcome received much criticism in the EU

as well, the Republic of Cyprus was admitted into the EU a week after

the referendum.

The Turkish government has refused to officially recognise the Republic of Cyprus until the removal of the political

and economic blockade on the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Turkey's non-recognition of the Republic of 

Cyprus has led to complications within the Customs Union. Under the customs agreements which Turkey had

already signed as a precondition to start EU membership negotiations in 2005, it is obliged to open its ports to

Cypriot planes and vessels, but Turkey refuses to do this.[21] It refuses to do so until the 27-nation bloc fulfils its

pledge to ease the international isolation of the breakaway and internationally unrecognised Turkish Republic of 

Northern Cyprus.[22]

Turkey’s refusal to implement a trade pact between Turkey and the EU that requires the Turkish Government allow

Greek Cypriot vessels to use its air and sea ports has prompted the EU to freeze eight chapters in Turkey ’s accession

talks.[21]

In November 2009, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Cemil Cicek said that should Turkey be forced to choose

between supporting either EU membership or Turkish Cypriots, "[then] Turkey’s choice will forever be to stand next

to the Turkish Cypriots. Everybody should understand this." [21]

Greece

The issue of Turkish membership, has been contentious in Greece, opinion polls suggest only 25% of Greeks believe

Turkey has a place in the European Union.[23] However the former Greek Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis

declared his support, "full compliance, full accession" in December 2006.[24] In 2005 the European Commission

referred to relations between Turkey and Greece as "continuing to develop positively" [25] while also citing a key

barrier to progress being Turkey's ongoing claim of casus belli over a dispute about territorial waters boundaries.[25]

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 11

Religion

Originally a church, later a mosque, and now a

museum, the 6th century Hagia Sophia built by

Justinian was the largest ever cathedral building

in the world for a thousand years, until the

completion of the Seville Cathedral in Spain.

Turkey has a secular constitution, with no official state religion. [26]

Nominally, though, 99% of the Turkish population is Muslim [27] [28] of 

whom over 70% belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. A sizeable

minority, about over 25% of the Muslim population, is affiliated with

the Shi'a Alevi branch.[29] The Christians (Eastern Orthodox, Catholic,Gregorian, Syriac, Protestant) and Jews (Sephardic, Ashkenazi) were

formerly sizable religious minorities in the country. Turkey would be

the first Muslim-majority country to join the European Union, although

Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are also

Muslim-majority, and have been recognized as potential candidate

countries.[30]

Official population census polls in Turkey do not include information

regarding a person's religious belief or ethnic background due to the

regulations set by the Turkish constitution, which defines all citizens of the Republic of Turkey as Turkish in terms of nationality, regardless of faith or race. [31]

There is a strong tradition of secularism in Turkey. The state has no official religion nor promotes any, and actively

monitors the area between the religions.[32] The constitution recognizes the freedom of religion for individuals,

whereas religious communities are placed under the protection of the state; but the constitution explicitly states that

they cannot become involved in the political process (by forming a religious party, for instance) or establish

faith-based schools. No party can claim that it represents a form of religious belief; nevertheless, religious

sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties.[32] Turkey prohibits by law the wearing of 

religious headcover and theo-political symbolic garments for both sexes in government buildings, schools, and

universities;[33] the law was upheld by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights as "legitimate"

in the Leyla Şahin v. Turkey case on 10 November 2005.[34]

Article 301

Article 301 states that "a person who publicly insults the Turkish nation, the State of the Republic of Turkey, or the

Grand National Assembly of Turkey, shall be punishable by imprisonment of between six months and two years" and

also that "expressions of thought intended to criticise shall not constitute a crime." 

The EU was especially critical of this law during the September 2005 trial of novelist Orhan Pamuk over comments

that recognized the deaths of thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians. Enlargement commissioner Olli Rehn

and members of the European Parliament called the case "regrettable", "most unfortunate", and "unacceptable".[35]

After the case was dropped three months later, Turkey's Foreign Minister Abdullah Gül indicated that Turkey mayabandon or modify Article 301, stating that "there may be need for a new law".[36] In September 2006, the European

Parliament called for the abolition of laws, such as Article 301, "which threaten European free speech norms".[37] On

April 30, 2008, the law was reformed.[38] According to the reform, it is now a crime to explicitly insult the "Turkish

nation" rather than "Turkishness"; opening court cases based on Article 301 require the approval of the Justice

Minister; and the maximum punishment has been reduced to two years in jail.[38]

Kemal Kerinçsiz, an ultra-nationalist lawyer, and other members of  Büyük Hukukçular Birliği (Great Jurists Union)

headed by Kerinçsiz, have been "behind nearly all of [Article 301] trials."[39] In January 2008, Kerinçsiz was

arrested for participating in an ultra-nationalist underground organization, Ergenekon, allegedly behind the attacks

on the Turkish Council of State and Cumhuriyet newspaper,[40] the assassination of several Christian missionaries

and Armenian-Turkish journalist Hrant Dink,[41] as well as allegedly plotting the assassination of Nobel laureateOrhan Pamuk.[42] [43]

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 12

Women's rights

Eighteen female MPs joined the Turkish Parliament with the

1935 general elections, at a time when women in a

significant number of other European countries had voting

rights for the local municipal elections, but not for the

national parliamentary elections. In 1993 Tansu Çillerbecame the first female Prime Minister of Turkey.

Turkey gave women the right to vote in 1930 for municipal

elections. In 1934 this right was expanded for the national

elections, while women were also given the right for

becoming elected as MPs in the Turkish Parliament, or for

being appointed as Ministers, Prime Minister, Speaker of theParliament and President of the Republic. In 1993 Tansu

Çiller became the first female Prime Minister of Turkey.

In its second report on women's role in social, economic and

political life in Turkey, the European Parliament emphasized

that respecting human rights, including women’s rights, is a

condition sine qua non for Turkey's membership of the EU.

According to the report, Turkey's legal framework on

women's rights "has in general been satisfactory, but its

substantive implementation remains flawed."[44]

Conscientious objectors

Turkey is one of two states (along with Azerbaijan) among the 47 members of the Council of Europe which refused

to recognize the status of conscientious objectors or give them an alternative to military service. [45]

Public reactions

In the EU

Public opinion in EU countries generally opposes Turkish membership, though with varying degrees of intensity.

The Eurobarometer September – October 2006 survey [46] shows that 59% of EU-27 citizens are against Turkey

 joining the EU, while only about 28% are in favour. Nearly all citizens (about 9 in 10) expressed concerns about

human rights as the leading cause. In the earlier March – May 2006 Eurobarometer, citizens from the new member

states were more in favour of Turkey joining (44% in favour) than the old EU-15 (38% in favour). At the time of the

survey, the country whose population most strongly opposed Turkish membership was Austria (con: 81%), while

Romania was most in favour of the accession (pro: 66%). On a wider political scope, the highest support comes from

the Turkish Cypriot Community (pro: 67%) (which is not recognised as sovereign state and is de facto not EU

territory and out of the European institutions). These communities are even more in favour of the accession than the

Turkish populace itself (pro: 54%).[47] Opposition in Denmark to Turkish membership was polled at 60% in October

2007, despite the Danish government's support for Turkey's EU bid. [48]

In Turkey

The opening of membership talks with the EU in December 2004 was celebrated by Turkey with much fanfare, [49]

but the Turkish populace has become increasingly sceptical as negotiations are delayed based on what it views as

lukewarm support for its accession to the EU and alleged double standards in its negotiations particularly with regard

to the French and Austrian referendums. A mid-2006 Eurobarometer survey revealed that 43% of Turkish citizens

view the EU positively; just 35% trust the EU, 45% support enlargement and just 29% support an EU

constitution.[50]

Moreover, Turks are divided on whether to join at all. A 2007 poll put Turkish support for accession to the EU at

41.9% (up from 32% in 2006), with 27.7% opposed and 24.0% indifferent. [51] A 2009 poll showed that support for

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 13

accession had risen to 48%, even as negative views of the EU had risen from 28% to 32%. [52]

In 2010, despite the government accelerating its quest to join the bloc, public opinion changed with just 38 percent in

favour, against 73 percent in 2004. This was read in line with Turkey’s increasing economic prosperity and a

growing role as a regional power-broker.[53] Twenty percent of Turks also favoured closer ties with other Muslim

countries instead, a doubling in just one year.

Official points of view

• On 27 July, 2010,David Cameron, during a visit to Turkey has promised to "fight" for Turkey's membership of 

the European Union, saying he is "angry" at the slow pace of negotiations, saying: [54] "A European Union without

Turkey at its heart was "not stronger but weaker... not more secure but less... not richer but poorer."

• On November 4, 2009, David Miliband, the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom, during a visit to Turkey

underlined the UK government's support for Turkey's bid to join the European Union, saying: [55] "I am very clear

that Turkish accession to the EU is important and will be of huge benefit to both Turkey and the EU."

• Current French President, Nicolas Sarkozy, unlike his predecessor, opposes the entrance of Turkey in the

European Union, but wishes Turkey to remain a partner of Europe. He has also often mentioned geographical

reasons to justify his position, thus saying "I do not believe that Turkey belongs to Europe, and for a simple

reason: because it is in Asia Minor. What I wish to offer Turkey is a true partnership with Europe, but not

integration into Europe".[56]

• German Chancellor Angela Merkel has advocated a privileged partnership and has opposed full membership of 

Turkey to the EU.[57] [58] In 2006, Chancellor Merkel said "Turkey could be in deep, deep trouble when it comes

to its aspirations to join the European Union" regarding its refusal to open up its ports to European Union member

Cyprus.[59]

• On April 5, 2009, Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero stated that "Spain firmly supports

Turkey’s candidature to enter the EU, provided it meets the necessary requisites." [60] Zapatero told Turkish Prime

Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan that "Spain’s position is 'firm, clear and solid' in favour of Turkey ’s candidature

to enter the European Union."[60] "We must 'open the door' for Turkey to enter 'the EU peace and cooperation

project', provided it meets the necessary requisites for integration," Zapatero added;[60] before remarking that

"Turkey’s entrance is good both for Turkey and for the EU." [60]

• On November 13, 2008, the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi urged the EU to "accelerate Turkey's

membership bid" and pledged to "help Ankara gain accession."[61] Berlusconi pledged to "try and win over those

EU members resistant to Turkey’s application."[61] "Regarding the opposition shown by certain countries – some

of which are important countries – I am confident we will be able to convince them of the strategic importance of 

Turkey, within the European framework, as a country bordering the Middle East," Berlusconi declared.[61]

• On November 5, 2008, the Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini declared that "the Italian government will

support the inclusion of Turkey in the European Union with all its strength." [62] He indicated that "the Italian

Parliament will give a 'clear word' when necessary with the 'enormous majority' of the Berlusconi government,

but also with 'the opposition' which it knows it can count on." [62] "Turkey's inclusion will not be a problem, but it

will be part of the solution for strengthening Europe in relations with other countries, such as the Caucasus

region" he added.[62]

• On May 29, 2009, the French President Nicolas Sarkozy cancelled a visit to Sweden scheduled for June 2, 2009, 

in order to avoid a clash on the question of Turkey's EU membership just a few days before the European

elections and a month before Stockholm took over the EU's rotating presidency.[63] The French President, who is

an outspoken opponent of Turkey's entry to the European Union, did not want to highlight the strong divergence

of views on this topic with Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt, the French newspaper Le Monde reported

on May 28, 2009.

[63]

Sweden favours further EU enlargement, including to Turkey.

[63]

Swedish Foreign MinisterCarl Bildt told the French newspaper Le Figaro that "the EU has 'a strategic interest' in Turkey's EU integration

and warned against 'closing the door' to Ankara."[63] "If we judge Cyprus to be in Europe, although it is an island

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 14

along Syria's shores, it is hard not to consider that Turkey is in Europe," Mr Bildt said, referring to Mr Sarkozy's

repeated statements that Turkey is not a European country and does not belong to Europe. [63] In the Le Figaro

interview, Mr Bildt said: "My vision of Europe is not as defensive as I observe it with other people." [63] The

French president's trip to Sweden was cancelled the day after the interview was published.[63] "Nicolas Sarkozy

cancelled his visit because of the Carl Bildt interview," one French minister told Le Monde. [63] "The president

wanted to avoid a clash on Turkey and did not want that his visit to Sweden interferes with the elections [five

days later]."[63]

• On June 28, 2007, Portuguese State Secretary for European Affairs Manuel Lobo Antunes affirmed that "Turkey

should join the EU once it has successfully completed membership talks, which are likely to run for at least a

decade."[64] "We think it is important and fundamental that Turkey joins the European Union once it fulfils all the

conditions and all the criteria," he said, adding that "Portugal aims in the next six months to 'put the process on

track'."[64]

• European Commission President José Manuel Barroso said that Turkey is not ready to join the EU "tomorrow nor

the day after tomorrow", but its membership negotiations should continue. He also called on France and other

member states to honour the decision to continue accession talks, describing it as a matter of credibility for the

Union.

[65]

• The EU Progress Report from 9 November 2005 stated that:

"On 29 July 2005, Turkey signed the Additional Protocol adapting the EC Turkey Association

Agreement to the accession of 10 new countries on 1 May 2004. At the same time, Turkey issued a

declaration stating that signature of the Additional Protocol did not amount to recognition of the

Republic of Cyprus. On 21 September, the EU adopted a counter-declaration indicating that Turkey ’s

declaration was unilateral, did not form part of the Protocol and had no legal effect on Turkey ’s

obligations under the Protocol. The EU declaration stressed that recognition of all Member States was a

necessary component of the accession process. It also underlined the need for supporting the efforts of 

the Secretary General of the UN to bring about a comprehensive settlement of the Cyprus problem

which would contribute to peace, stability and harmonious relations in the region."[66]

• In November 2006, the European Commission members decided to suspend parts of the talks with Turkey

regarding accession, as Turkish officials said that they will not open Turkish ports to traffic from Republic of 

Cyprus until the EU eases its embargo on Turkish-controlled northern Cyprus. [67]

• In November 2009 Greek President Karolos Papoulias stated that he would not support Turkey's accession "as

long as Ankara behaves as an occupying force in Cyprus."[68]

See also

• Foreign relations of the European Union

• France – Turkey relations• Germany – Turkey relations

• Greece – Turkey relations

• Cyprus dispute

• Independent Commission on Turkey

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 15

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[56] http://turquieeuropeenne. eu/article2371.  html

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italy-urges-eu-to-speed-up-turkeys-application/)

[62] ANSAmed: ITALY-TURKEY: FRATTINI, WE STRONGLY SUPPORT EU MEMBERSHIP (http://www. ansamed. info/en/news/ 

ME01.  @AM63924.  html)

[63] EUobserver: Sarkozy cancels Sweden visit over Turkey (http://euobserver.com/9/28208)

[64] EUbusiness: Portugal rejects major EU debate on Turkey this year (http://www. eubusiness. com/Portugal/1183028405.  19)

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Accession of Turkey to the European Union 17

[65] "Barroso says Turkey not ready for EU membership, urges continued negotiations" (http://www. setimes. com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/ 

en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2007/07/23/nb-02).  Zaman, Javno.hr, DPA, Reuters (Southeast European Times). 2007-07-22. .

[66] "Final Progress Report for Turkey" (http://ec.europa. eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2005/package/ 

sec_1426_final_progress_report_tr_en.pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2007-04-13.

[67] "EU urged to freeze Turkey talks" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6194492.stm). BBC News. 2006-11-29. . Retrieved 2008-08-25.

[68] http://www. turkishweekly. net/news/93107/greek-president-39-we-cannot-support-turkey-39-s-membership-to-the-eu-39-.  html

External links

• Republic of Turkey Secretariat General for EU Affairs (http://www.abgs.gov. tr/?p=1&l=2)

• Myths and Facts about Enlargement (http://ec. europa.eu/enlargement/questions_and_answers/myths_en.

htm), European Commission.

• Turkey: key documents (http://ec. europa. eu/enlargement/candidate-countries/turkey/key_documents_en.

htm), European Commission.

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Article Sources and Contributors 18

Article Sources and ContributorsAccession of Turkey to the European Union  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=391121864 Contributors: 159753, 386-DX, A.Garnet, Acalamari, Acegikmo1, Adl1652,

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