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Research ArticleA Case Study of Combined Drainage Consolidation-PreloadingMethods for a Highway Subgrade on Peat Soils
Yue Gui ,1 Shengjun Liu,1 Xiaqiang Qin,2 and Jianfei Wang3
1Department of Civil Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China2China MCC20 Group Corp. Ltd, Shanghai 201900, China3Yunnan Construction and Investment Holding Group Co., Ltd, Kunming 650504, Yunnan, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Yue Gui; [email protected]
Received 19 August 2020; Revised 16 October 2020; Accepted 10 November 2020; Published 1 December 2020
Academic Editor: Qiang Tang
Copyright © 2020 YueGui et al.)is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A highway project of up to 100 km/h is currently being constructed between Colombo and Katunayake International Airportacross a Sri Lankan muskeg area. At this site, peat deposit was initially 0.8∼15.3m thick and was underlain by sand, clay, or gneiss.)e ground improvement methods adopted in the project were combined drainage consolidation-preloading methods, pipe pilefoundation, and geogrids. )is paper provides a detailed insight into the implementation of combined drainage consolidation-preloading methods used in the project, including sand pile, gravel pile, and plastic drainage plate as the prefabricated verticaldrains. Periodical field-level observations were taken during the ten years, including the construction and postconstructionperiods. )e results show that peat soils’ consolidation coefficient has been increased several times to tens of times due to groundimprovement. After removing the temporary surcharge, the highway embankments did not heave and was followed by long-termsettlements totaling 1.3∼7.4 cm over the following seven years of observations. Analysis of the settlement records shows thatcombined drainage consolidation-preloading methods have helped accelerate drainage consolidation and reducepostconstruction settlement.
1. Introduction
Peat soils are distributed in 59 countries and regionsglobally, accounting for 5% and 8% of the earth’s surface area[1]. Peat soils, which have considerably high organic content,high water content, high compressibility, and low shearstrength, are considered one of the worst foundation ma-terials. )eir behavior may deviate from traditional soilbehavior rules, often unsuitable for supporting structures ofany kind. )ey mainly cause large and primary long-termsettlement [2–5] and slope stability problems under staticconditions [6–10].
When peat deposits are relatively shallow (less than 5m),excavation and replacement by granular materials arecommonly performed. However, special foundation treat-ment is usually required when the deposits are deeper or of alarge lateral extent. Combined drainage consolidation-pre-loading methods are widely accepted in soil engineering
practice [11–14]. )is technique involves removing porewater from the soil, leading to soil skeleton [15, 16].
However, the application of this method in the amor-phous peat foundation has not been reported. Given this,this paper reports the application of combined drainageconsolidation-preloading methods in the amorphous peatsoil foundation. Based on the analysis of the changes insettlement monitoring values and consolidation parameters,the foundation treatment scheme’s applicability of com-bined drainage consolidation-preloading methods (sandpile, gravel pile, and prefabricated vertical drains) inamorphous peat soil foundation is evaluated.
2. Description of the Site
Sri Lanka is an island country in the Indian Ocean with atropical monsoon climate, which is located between latitude5°55′ to 9°50′ north and longitude 79°42′ to 81°53′ east. )e
HindawiAdvances in Civil EngineeringVolume 2020, Article ID 8816619, 10 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8816619
mailto:[email protected]://orcid.org/0000-0003-4067-0001https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8816619
highway connecting Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka, andKatunayake International Airport is adjacent to the IndianOcean, which is called the CKE principle line. )e length ofthe mainline is 25.8 kilometers, and the length of ramps andbranch lines is 4.8 kilometers; the site location is presented inFigure 1. )e project began in August 2009 and was com-pleted in September 2013. It has been open to traffic forseven years. )e aerial view of the expressway duringconstruction is provided in Figure 2(a), and the aerial viewtwo years after completion is provided in Figure 2(b).
)e project is a bidirectional four-lane highway, and thedesign speed is 100 km/h. According to the technicalspecification, the maximum residual differential settlementhad not to be more than 0.3% (100 km/h) and 0.6% (80 km/h) change in grade over longitudinally.)e postconstructionsettlement does not exceed 180mm within two years.
)e highway traverses through a muskeg area, and thesoils encountered on the project site are peat soils, organicsoils, and silt clay; the length of highway subgrade throughpeat soil is 13.7 km, and the thickness of the peat variesbetween 0.8 and 15.3m. )e peat soils contain incompletelydecayed plant fragments and fine woody fibers, formedthrough accumulation and decomposition of natural vege-tation. )e physical properties of peat soils, which weredetermined on samples taken utilizing a 7.6 cm pistonsampler, are given in Table 1. Before construction, the watertable was 0–0.5m below the ground surface.
3. Design Considerations
For roads with strict postconstruction settlement controlstandards, preloading treatment is more effective for peatsoil. It can reduce the settlements to acceptable values;furthermore, it has the advantage of resulting in an ap-preciable increase of its shear strength, which makes thepreloading technique extremely interesting for differentengineering applications.
Considering the cost and the technical feasibility of thedifferent alternatives, the combined drainage consolidation-preloading methods for the highway subgrade on peat soilsas the foundation improvement method are adopted anddrainage consolidation methods include sand pile, gravelpile, and prefabricated vertical drains. After seven years ofoperation, the ground improvement work is proved to besuccessful, and the expected residual settlements are belowthe contract’s allowable limit. In this paper, three typicalstations of K2 + 600, K4 + 900, and K6 + 500 are presented.Effectiveness of the sand piles, gravel piles, and plasticdrainage plate in the consolidation of peat soils are reportedand discussed.
In the three sections of K2 + 600, K4 + 900, and K6 + 500,the thickest part of peat soil is 13.8m and the thinnest part is2.7m. )e physical and mechanical properties of soil aregiven in Table 2.)e typical cone penetration test (CPT) plotat the test site on these sections is provided in Figures 3(a)–3(c).
According to the ground conditions, various drainagesystems including sand pile, gravel pile, and plastic drainageplate were adopted. Details of design parameters are given in
Table 3. )e typical section of the combined drainageconsolidation-preloading methods is given in Figures 4(a)–4(c).
4. Analysis of Settlement
4.1. Field Observations. Many settlement plates werearranged at the original ground to determine the subgradefoundation’s settlement during the construction and oper-ation period. )ree typical examples of the field settlementsmeasured at stations K2 + 600, K4 + 900, and K6 + 500plotted against the logarithm of time are given inFigures 5(a)–5(c). In station K2 + 600, the height of theembankment is 3.0m, the height of the surcharge is 1.5m,and the preloading time is 373 days, as shown in Figure 5(a).)e height of the embankment of section K4 + 900 is 6.5m,the height of the surcharge is 7.1m, and the preloading timeis 491 days, as shown in Figure 5(b). )e height of theembankment of section K6+ 500 is 3m, the height of thesurcharge is 1.5m, and the preloading time is 399 days, asshown in Figure 5(c).
During the construction period, the total settlement ofthe subgrade soil of the three stations varies greatly, which isrelated to the height of the embankment and the height ofsurcharge, the thickness of peat soil, the method of con-solidation and drainage, and so on. In station K4 + 900, the
Ending pointK25 + 800
KatunayakeAirport
Colom
bo
Colombo
0 1 2 3
Scale (km)
Sri Lanka
K0 + 000
Katunayake Airport
N
K19 + 894
K9 + 000K7 + 196
K6 + 500
K4 + 900
K2 + 600
CKE
prin
cipa
l lin
e
Starting point
Figure 1: Site location.
2 Advances in Civil Engineering
height of embankment is the highest and the roadbed set-tlement is as high as 1760mm.
4.2. Consolidation Parameter Analysis. )e coefficient ofconsolidation Cv is an important index to reflect the con-solidation rate of foundation soil. )e Asaoka method [17]and improved Asaoka method [18, 19] are used to calculatethe consolidation coefficient Cv of subgrade in differentproject sections. )e Sn–Sn–1 relationship of the K2 + 600
section, K4 + 900 section, and K6 + 500 section is presentedin Figures 6(a)–6(c). )e effects of both smear and well-resistance are considered in the improved Asaoka method,such that
S − St1S − St2
� e− π2Cv/4H2( )+βr( ) t1− t2( ) � e
π2Cv/4H2( )+βr( )Δt, (1)
where Cv is the coefficient of consolidation, H is the max-imum drainage distance, and Δt is the time interval for
(a) (b)
Figure 2: (a) View of expressway during construction. (b) View of expressway taken two years after construction.
Table 1: Physical properties of peat soils.
Parameters Range value Mean valueWater content, w (%) 37.0–867.5 205.4Dry unit weight, rd (g·cm− 3) 10.0–13.0 11.2Specific gravity, Gs 1.5–2.1 1.7Void ratio, e 1.1–15.3 4.3Saturation, Sr (%) 73.5–100.0 95.1Liquid limit, wL (%) 30.8–593.0 161.9Plastic limit, wP (%) 15.6–394.0 97.6Organic content, wu (%) 10.3–59.3 27.3Fibre content, wf (%) 2.5–12.4 5.5
Table 2: Physical and mechanical properties of soil.
Station SoillayersDepth(m) NSPT
Organiccontent
wu%
Watercontent
w%
Voidratioe
Coefficient ofcompressibilitya (MPa− 1)
Horizontalconsolidationcoefficient Cv(m2/year)
Verticalconsolidationcoefficient Ch(m2/year)
Secondaryconsolidationcoefficient Cαε
K2+ 600
Backfills 0–1.6 14 — — 0.6 0.2 — — —Peat 1.6–8.0 0 31.8 293.3 5.9 5.8 3.8 3.8 1.64Clay 8.0–8.3 6 5.8 32.3 0.9 0.3 — — —Gneiss 15.7–20.5 24 — — — 0.2 — — —
K4+ 900
Peat 0–5.4 0 45.4 449.3 8.1 7.9 3.5 2.6 2.31Silty clay 5.4–8.3 8 — 25.8 0.7 0.4 — — —Mediumsand 8.3–11.0 13 5.2 — 0.6 0.2 — — —
Coarsesand 11.0–13.0 14 4.3 — 0.6 0.2 — — —
Gneiss 13.0–15.2 21 — — — — — — —
K6+ 500
Peat 0–9.4 1 45.4 449.3 8.1 7.9 — — 0.43Mediumsand 9.4–13.4 5 3.6 18.5 - 0.2 — — —
Gneiss 13.4–17.7 23 — — — — — — —
Advances in Civil Engineering 3
35
Cone resistance qc ¡Á 100 (kPa)
Sleeve resistance fs (kPa)
Soiltype
(m) (m)(m)
Boreholes-LT03 at Station K2 + 600
Backfill
Peat
CH
SM
1.80–1.251.80
8.50 –7.95 6.70
14.90 –14.35 6.4015.30 –14.75 0.40
1
70 105
Geo
logi
cal
age a
nd ca
use
Stra
ta n
o.
Dep
th o
fbo
ttom
Elev
atio
nof
bot
tom
�ic
knes
sof
stra
ta
Q4me
Q4f
Q3al–m
Q1–2
1
13
25
16el
(a)
75
Soiltype
Boreholes-LT057 at station K4 + 900
Peat
CL
150 225
3.80 –3.40 3.80
8.80 –8.40 5.00
Cone resistance qc ¡Á 100 (kPa)
Sleeve resistance fs (kPa)
(m) (m)(m)
Geo
logi
cal
age a
nd ca
use
Stra
ta n
o.
Dep
th o
fbo
ttom
Elev
atio
nof
bot
tom
�ic
knes
sof
Str
ata
Q4f
Q3al–m
13
15
(b)
27
Peat
54 81
5.60 –5.00 5.60
Boreholes-LT074 at station K6 + 500
8.60 –8.00 3.00
CH
9.00 –8.40 0.40 SM
Cone resistance qc ¡Á 100 (kPa)
Sleeve resistance fs (kPa)
Soiltype
1
Geo
logi
cal
age a
nd ca
use
Stra
ta n
o.
Dep
th o
fbo
ttom
Elev
atio
nof
bot
tom
�ic
knes
sof
stra
ta
Q4f
Q3al–m
Q1–2
3
25
16
(m) (m)(m)
el
(c)
Figure 3: CPT on the section of (a) K2 + 600, (b) K4 + 900, and (c) K6+ 500.
4 Advances in Civil Engineering
Table 3: Details of design parameters.
Station Ground improvementmethods PatternDimension (standard)
(m) Spacing (m)Length(m)
Surcharge(m)
Surchargeperiod (day)
K2 + 600 SP + surcharge Regulartriangle 0.5 1.5 14 1 373
K4 + 900 GP+ surcharge Square 0.5 1.2 7.6 1.1 491K6 + 500 PDP+ surcharge Square a� 0.1, b� 0.0035 1.4 8 0.5 399Note: SP is the abbreviation of sand pile; GP is the abbreviation of gravel pile; PDP is the abbreviation of plastic drainage plate.
Backfill Backfill
Peat Peat
Peat
Clay
Medium sand
Elevation (m)
Clay
K2 + 600
Elevation (m)1.50
4.005.00
1:2 1:2
26m
Surcharge -- 1.0m sand
Sand pileSand pile
–12.5
1.0m compacted
sand blanket
Pavement
D
D
d
Sand pile (SP)–25
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
–25
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
d = 0.5m D = 1.5m
Embankment
(a)
1:2
Surcharge -- 1.0m sand
1:2
0.6
7.908.90
Gravel pile
-6.9
Pavement
K4 + 900
Peat
ClayMedium sand
Clay
Gneiss
26m
Gravel pile
D D
D
D
d
d
Gravel pile (GP) d = 0.5m D = 1.2m–25
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
Elevation (m) Elevation (m)
1.0m compacted
sand blanket
–25
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
Embankment
(b)
Figure 4: Continued.
Advances in Civil Engineering 5
1.00
2.704.20
Plastic drainage plate
-7.00
Peat
Medium sand
Gniess
Pavement
K6 + 500
1:2Surcharge -- 1.5m sand 1:2
26m
Plastic drainage plateD D
D
D
Plastic drainage plate(PDP)D = 1.4m
–25
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
Elevation (m)Elevation
(m)1.0m
compactedsand blanket
–25
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
Embankment
(c)
Figure 4: Schematic of the ground improvement method of sand piles, gravel piles, and plastic drainage plate as prefabricated verticaldrains. (a) K2 + 600; (b) K4+ 900; (c) K6 + 500 (cross-station).
Opened to traffic
K2 + 600
Final stage
Loading heightSettlement
Surcharge stage
–1000
100200300400
Load
ing
heig
ht (c
m)
–900–800–700–600–500–400–300–200
Settl
emen
t (m
m)
10 100 10001Time (day)
(a)
K4 + 900
Opened to traffic
Surcharge stage2# - loading stage
1# - loading stageFinal stage
Loading heightSettlement
–2500
250500750
1000
Load
ing
heig
ht (c
m)
–2000–1750–1500–1250–1000
–750–500
Settl
emen
t (m
m)
10 100 10001Time (day)
(b)
Figure 5: Continued.
6 Advances in Civil Engineering
K6 + 500
Loading heightSettlement
Opened to traffic
2#- surcharge stage
Final stage
1#- surcharge stage
0
100
200
300
400
500
Load
ing
heig
ht (c
m)
–400
–300
–200
–100Se
ttlem
ent (
mm
)
10 100 10001Time (day)
(c)
Figure 5: Settlement observations.
K2 + 600
Surcharge stage
Slope = β = 0.79
400
500
600
700
800
S n (m
m)
500 600 700 800400Sn–1(mm)
(a)
K4 + 900
Slope = β = 0.83
Slope = β = 0.66
Slope = β = 0.68
1#-loading stage2#-loading stageSurcharge stage
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
S n (m
m)
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800600Sn–1(mm)
(b)
Figure 6: Continued.
Advances in Civil Engineering 7
settlement plot according to Asaoka [17]. )e parameter βrcan be calculated as
βr �8Cv
Fa + J + πG( d2e
, (2)
where G is the factor expressing the effect of well-resistance,G � (kh/ks)(H/dw)
2, ks is the horizontal permeability of thesmear zone, kh is the coefficient of horizontal permeability; Jis the factor expressing the effect of smear,J � ln(rs/rw)((kh/ks) − 1), Fa � (ln((n/s) + (kh/ks))lns−(3/4))(n2/n2 − 1) +(s2/n2 − 1)(1 − (kh/ks))(s2/4n2) + (kh/ks)(1/n2 − 1)(1 − (1/4n2)), n is the drain spacing ratio,s � (rs/rw), rs is the diameter of the smear zone, and rw is theequivalent diameter of the drain.
Depending on the Asaoka method and the consolidationtheory of saturated soil with vertical drainage, an inverseanalysis formula for the coefficient of consolidation isdeduced:
St2 � k1St1 + k0, (3)
where k1 � e− ((π2Cv/4H2)+βr)Δt, k0 � (1 − k1)S, and k1 � β,
where β can be obtained by the Asaoka method.
)e results of an inverse analysis of the consolidationcoefficient after the drainage consolidation treatment aresummarized in Table 4. It can be seen that the coefficient ofconsolidation (Cv) of natural peat soils from laboratory tests
K6 + 500
Slope = β = 0.52
Slope = β = 0.75
1#- surcharge stage2#- surcharge stage
240 260 280 300 320 340220Sn–1(mm)
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
S n (m
m)
(c)
Figure 6: Sn− Sn− 1 relationship.
Table 4: Results of back analysis of consolidation parameter.
Station Construction stageCv (m
2/year)
Asaoka method Improvedasaoka method
K2 + 600 Surcharge stage 421.6 268.8
K4 + 9001#-loading stage 203.3 76.12#-loading stage 219.1 82.3Surcharge stage 98.2 32.5
K6 + 500 1#-surcharge stage 56.3 16.7 0
0 K2 + 600
K4 + 900
K6 + 500
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 32000Time (day)
75
50
25
Settl
emen
t (m
m)
75
50
25
Settl
emen
t (m
m)
20
15
10
5
Settl
emen
t (m
m) 0
Figure 7: )e long-time settlement of the subgrade by time afterremoving the surcharge.
8 Advances in Civil Engineering
is only 2.6–3.8m2/year, which shows that the consolidationcoefficient of foundation soil has increased several times totens of times after using the drainage consolidation method.From the back-calculation results, the consolidation effect ofsand pile and gravel pile drainage body is better than that ofplastic drainage plate.
4.3.PostconstructionSettlement. )e long-time settlement ofthe subgrade by time after removing the surcharge is drawnin Figure 7.
It can be seen from Figure 7; after unloading, there havenot been prominent rebound stages of the subgrade, whichwere different from the rebound phenomenon observed bySamson in the peat soil preloading project near Saint-Laurent River [20]. It experienced a period of settling sta-bilization, which was about 150, 350, and 800 days to thestations of K2 + 600, K4 + 900, and K6 + 500, respectively.After the stable settlement period, the foundation had ex-perienced the settlement increase period, but the total set-tlement amount was not large; the settlement rate was9.7mm/year, 10.9mm/year, and 1.8mm/year, respectively.However, in section K4 + 900, the settlement was close to thewarning value, worthy of great attention.
5. Conclusion
)is paper presents a case study on peat soil ground im-provement using combined drainage consolidation-pre-loading methods in Sri Lanka. )e drainage consolidationmethod (sand pile, gravel pile, and plastic drainage plate)combined with an overloading preloading scheme inamorphous peat foundation is evaluated based on the field’sstatistical analysis data. )e major conclusions drawn aresummarized as follows:
(1) )e consolidation coefficient of foundation soil hasincreased several times to tens of times after usingthe drainage consolidation method. From the back-calculation results, the consolidation effect of sandpile and gravel pile drainage body is better than thatof the plastic drainage plate.
(2) After removing the temporary surcharge, the high-way embankments did not heave and was followedby long-term settlements totaling 1.3∼7.4 cm overthe following seven years of observations.
(3) Combined drainage consolidation-preloadingmethods have been beneficial in acceleratingdrainage consolidation and reducing post-construction settlement.
Data Availability
)e data used to support the findings of this study are in-cluded within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
)e authors declare that they have no Conflicts of Interest.
Acknowledgments
)is work was supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China (Nos. 51568030, 51768027, and52068039) and the Yunnan Basic Research Key Project (No.2018BC013).
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