Abundance and Distribution of the main Forests Types in Nepal and How these Forests are influenced by Ecological Factors

8/18/2019 Abundance and Distribution of the main Forests Types in Nepal and How these Forests are influenced by Ecologic…

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FOREST ECOLOGY

(Subject Code: 8001002)

(REPORT WRITTING)

Abundance and Distribution of the main Forest types in Nepal

And

How these Forests are Influenced by Local or Regional Ecological Factors

Submitted by:

Bhoj Raj Pathak (帕塔克)

Student ID: 3150843

Masters of Forestry Economics and Management

School of Economics and Management

Beijing Forestry University

Submitted to:

Professor Li Junqing

School of Forestry


[email protected]

28TH DECEMBER, 2015

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Subject : Forest Ecology

Subject Code : 8001002

Teacher : Professor Li Junqing

School of Forestry


Student’s full name : Bhoj Raj Pathak

Student ID No : 3150843

Major : Forestry Economics and Management

School : School of Economics and Management

Supervisor : Prof. Xie Yi

Submitted Date : 2015-12-28

Words Count : Altogether 3850 words (Main text only contains about 3408 words)


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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................... iii

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background and Concept .............................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Brief introduction of Nepal ........................................................................................................... 1

2. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................... 4

3. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 4

4. LIMITATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 4

5. ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST TYPES OF NEPAL ........................................................... 4

5.1 Forest Types of Nepal and its distribution .................................................................................... 4

5.2 Abundance of forest types ............................................................................................................ 5

6. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FORESTS TYPES .................................................................. 7

6.1 Dominating Ecological Factors in Nepal ........................................................................................ 7

6.2 Influence of Local and Regional Ecological Factors in Forest of Nepal- a Discussion ................... 8

7. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 10

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 11

Tables

Table 1: Physiographic and Bio-Climatic Zone ............................................................................................. 2

Table 2: Major Forest Types of Nepal ........................................................................................................... 4

Table 3: Forest and shrub area by Development Region .............................................................................. 6

Figures

Figure 1: Physiographic zones of Nepal, LRMP 1986 .................................................................................... 2

Figure 2 Land Use of Nepal, NFI 1994, DFRS ................................................................................................. 3


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ABSTRACT

The exclusive geography with its dramatic changes in elevation along the relatively short span

(150-250 km) in north to south transect and associated high variability in the physiographic and

climatic conditions have resulted in a uniquely diverse flora and fauna in Nepal. Moreover, thecountry is standing at the junction of the Indo-Malayan and the Palearctic biogeographic

regions, which has made the country as a mixing place of species originating in both regions.

This impressive feature of Nepal has played vital role in the abundance and distribution of the

forest types of the country. According to Stainton (1972), on the basis of different climate,

vegetation and floristic composition, there are 35 types of forest which are broadly categorized

in 10 major types according to the differentiation in altitudinal range. Furtherore, the diverse

physiographic zones of Nepal having distinct climatic conditions and temperature results the

variety of habitats as well as micro climates and ultimately influenced the abundance and

distribution of forests types.

Key words: Forest Types, Ecological factors, Succession of plant community, Altitudinal

variations, Micro climate


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Concept

A forest is a large area of land covered by tree or the woody vegetation. Forests occupy about

the one third of the total land area on earth and they are supporting more than 80 percent of

terrestrial biological diversity (Aerts & Honnay 2011). Moreover, global forests area totals 3999

million hectares in 2015 which covers 31 percent of total earth land mass (Keenan et al. 2015)

and during the last 25 years, global forest area has been decreasing at the average annual rate

of 3.1 percent (FAO 2015). Furthermore, Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of

Earth, and are distributed across the globe. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary

productivity of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass (Pan et al.

2013).

There are so many definitions for “Forest”. Among them in Nepal, Forest Resource Assessment

Nepal has defined the forest as “An area of land at least 0.5 ha and a minimum width/length of

20 m with a tree crown cover of more than 10% and tree heights of 5 m at maturity ”(FRA,

Nepal 2014).

Forests at different latitudes form distinctly different eco-zones: boreal forests near the poles

tend to consist of evergreens, while tropical forests near the equator tend to be distinct from

the temperate forests at mid-latitude. The amount of precipitation and the elevation of the

forest also affect forest composition. However, in Nepal, the altitudinal variation is main

responsible factor for different climate as well as different forest types (Amatya and Shrestha,2010).

1.2 Brief introduction of Nepal

Nepal is a land locked country located between China and India, it is situated in the central part

of the Himalayas between 26°22' and 30°27' N latitudes and 80°04' and 88°12' E longitudes,

and covers an area of 147,181 square kilometers with diverse geographical conditions. The

elevation ranges from around 70 meters above sea level in the southeastern alluvial plains to

8,848 meters at the peak of Mount Everest (NBSAP, 2014). Moreover, the country is standing at

the junction of the Indo-Malayan and the Palearctic biogeographic regions, which has made the

country as a mixing place of species originating in both regions.

The physiographic regions of Nepal range from alluvial plains in the tropical lowlands to very

rugged and snow and ice covered Himalayan Mountains. The range includes five major types of

physiographic zones extending from East to West (LRMP 1986, Figure 1). The physiographic

zones closely correspond to the seven bio-climatic zones identified by Dobremez (1976) and

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_primary_productivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_primary_productivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biospherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecozonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecozonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biospherehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_primary_productivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_primary_productivity


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used by the Biodiversity Profile Project (1995) for classification of the country’s vegetation

(Table 1).

Figure 1: Physiographic zones of Nepal, LRMP 1986

Table 1: Physiographic and Bio-Climatic Zone

Physiographic Zone Land Coverage Elevation (m) Bioclimatic Zones

High Himal 23 % above 5000 Nival (Tundra & Arctic)

High Mountains 19 % 4000-5000 Alpine

3000-4000 Subalpine

Middle Mountains 29 % 2000-3000 Temperate

1000-2000 Sub-tropical

Shiwaliks (Churiya) 15 % 500-1000Tropical

Terai (Plain Area) 14 % below 500

(Source: NBS AP 2014, page 6)


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Furthermore, the climate of Nepal is also differing with its physiographic zones. The major

climates of Nepal are mentioned below:

1. Hot Monsoon Climate: Hot and wet summers, Mild cold winters. Mainly found in Terai,

Inner Terai and Siwalik (Churiya) physiographic zones.

2.

Warm Temperate monsoon climate: Warm and Wet in summers and cold and dry inwinters. Mainly found in Middle Mountains up to around 2130m altitude.

3. Cold Temperate monsoon climate: Mild wet summers and Cold dry winters. Mainly

found in High Mountains up to 3350m altitude.

4. Alpine climate: Low temperature in Summers and Extremely frosty condition in winter.

Mainly found up to the altitude of 4870m.

5. Tundra Type Climate: Occurs about the Snow Line. Perpetual frost and cold desert

condition.

In other hand, Nepal harbor 29% forest and 10.6% of shrub land of its total land by which it has

altogether 5.83 million hectare of forested land which is altogether 39.6% of its total land. The

other detail of land use is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Land Use of Nepal, NFI 1994, DFRS

29

10.6

12

21

7

2.617.8

Land use class

Forest Shrub land Grassland

Farmland Uncultivated inclusions Water, streams and and river beds

Urban and industrial areas


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2. OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of preparing this report are mentioned below:

1. To explore the abundance and distribution of major forest types of Nepal.

2. To describe the dominating ecological factors those influence the forest types of Nepal.

3. METHODOLOGY

This report is prepared, on the basis of some literature review and Secondary data from the

published reports of some stakeholders of forestry sector in Nepal.

4. LIMITATIONS

1. This report is prepared on the basis of few literature review and available secondary

data.

2. Unfortunately, the recent “Forest Resource Assessment Project (2010-2014), Nepal” has

published the report of only two physiographic regions among five. So, some of data

may be older here.

5. ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST TYPES OF NEPAL

5.1 Forest Types of Nepal and its distribution

In Nepal altitudinal variations results the forest types and its distribution. Stainton (1972)

delineated phyto-geographic boundaries based on climate, vegetation and floristic composition

and classified the country’s forests into 35 types. These types are often categorized in to 10

major Types, which are basically based on altitudinal differentiation (Amatya and Shrestha

2010). These types are briefly mentioned in Table 2.

Table 2: Major Forest Types of Nepal

SN MAJOR FOREST TYPESALTITUDINAL

RANGE MAJOR SPECIES

1 Tropical Forest Below, 1000 m

Shore robusta , Acacia catechu, Dalbegia sisoo,

Terminalia species, Bombex ceiba, Anogeissus

latifolia, Syzzigium cumini etc

2Sub Tropical Forest

Broad-leaved Forest1000-2000 m

Schima wallichii, Castanopsis indica, Alnus

Nepalensis, Albizia species


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3Sub Tropical Forest Pine

Forest1000-2200 m Pinus roxburghii (South facing Slopes)

4Lower Temperate Broad-

leaved Forest1700-2700 m

Alnus nitida, Castanopsis hystrix, C. tribuloids,

Quercus Sps (Q. lamellosa, Q. Lucotrichophora, Q.

Floribunda)

5Lower Temperate Mixed

Broad-leaved Forest1700-2200 m Family Lauraceae

6Upper Temperate Broad-

leaved Forest2200-3000 m Quercus Semicarpifolia

7Upper Temperate Mixed

Broad-leaved Forest2500- 3500 m Acer species, Rhododendron species, Juglans regia

8 Temperate Conifer Forest 2000- 3000 mPinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow,

Tsuga demosa

9 Sub-alpine Forest 3000-4100 m Abies spectabilis, Betula utilis, Rhododendron

species

10 Alpine Scrub above 4100 m Juniperus-Rhododendron assosiation with

Hippophae tibetana, (in very dwarf size)

Source: Nepal Forestry Handbook (Amatya and Shrestha 2010).

5.2 Abundance of forest types

In Nepal, the major forest types are categorized in ten major types as shown in Table 1.

However, in every major forest types, they are further categorized by the dominant tree

species, which also can be determine the abundance of forest types regarding the composition

of dominant tree species. For example, In the Tropical Forest can further categorized by the

name of dominant tree species, i.e. Shorea robusta forest, Acacia catechu-Dalbergia sisoo

forest. Similarly, the subtropical forests are further categorized as conifer forest of Pinus

roxburghii and broad leaved forests of Schima wallichii-Castonopsis indica forest. Furthermore,

oak forest is dominant in temperate broad leaved forests. However, the abundance of different

oak species is differing from eastern to western development region of Nepal. Quercus

semicarpifolia and Quercus lamellosa is widespread in eastern Nepal, where as Quercus

leucotrichphora and Quercus floribunda is dominant in western Nepal. Pinus wallichiana and

Abies pindrow is dominant as temperate conifer forest but in some western part Cedrus

deodara is found to be as dominant tree species. This way, the dominancy of tree species is a

basis of naming the forest types in each physiographical region. The Rhododendron forests are

also prominent all over the country in temperate region. Moreover, Abies spectabilis and Betula

utilis forests are major as sub-alpine forests where as caragana and juniperus forest are found

as Alpine forest.


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A.

Development region wise forest Status

In Nepal there are five development regions from east to west. They are Eastern Development

Region (EDR), Central Development Region (CDR), Western Development Region (WDR), Mid-

western Development Region (MWDR) and Far-western Development Region (FWR). Theabundance of forest in each development region is shown in Table 3. The Far-western region is

highest in abundance of forest which is about 48.7% of its total land area where as the western

development region having 33.7% is the lowest forest cover.

Table 3: Forest and shrub area by Development Region

Region Total land

area (ha) Forest area(ha)

Forest % of

total land area

Shrub

area(ha)

Shrub

% of total

land area

Total

Forest+Shrub

area (% )

FWDR 1 953 900 687 400 35.2 263 900 13.5 48.7

MWDR 4 237 800 1 192 400 28.2 442 000 10.4 38.6

WDR 2 939 800 7 343 000 25.0 256 900 8.7 33.7

CDR 2 741 000 916 600 33.5 233 800 8.5 42.0

EDR 2 845 600 736 100 25.9 362 600 12.7 38.6

Total 14 718 100 4 268 800 29.0 1 559 200 10.6 39.6

Source: DFRS 1999

B.

Forest Status in Terai and Shiwaliks

The Terai Physiographic Region of Nepal occupies 2,016,998 ha of the total land area. It is

located in a tropical climatic zone characterized by hot and humid summers, intense monsoon

rain, and dry winters. The maximum monthly mean temperature, 35-40°C falls in April/May and

the minimum, 14-16 °C, in January. In recent years, population growth rate of 1.75%, the

highest in the nation, have resulted in heavy pressure on the forest resources of the region

(FRA/DFRS, 2014). In Terai, per hectare stem volume is 167.42 m3. Sal (Shorea robusta) forests

had the highest stem volume density i.e. 208.68 m3/ha followed by Sal-Terai Mixed Hardwood

(STMH) forests which has 183.33 m3/ha and Terai Mixed Hardwood (TMH) forests has 131.59

m3/ha stem volume density. Khair-Sissoo (KS) forests had the least (67.29 m3/ha) tree stem

volume. The average number of stems per hectare is 583. In terms of number of stems per

hectare, Shorea robusta is the most prominent species having 188.16 stems per hectare,


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followed by Terminalia alata which has 63.38 stems per hectare (FRA/DFRS, Terai, 2014).

Hence, Shorea robusta forest is the dominant forest type in Terai Zone.

Similarly, Shiwaliks is another physiographic region which is often known as “Churiya” which

has 72.37% forest of its total land. According to FRA/DFRS (2014), the number of stems per/ha

(DBH ≥5 cm) is about 731 and per hectare and stem volumes is 153.99 m3 in the Forest Land.

Shorea robusta and some other deciduos tree species like Terminalia tomentosa, Lagerstromia

parviflora, Annogeisus latifolia are abundantly found in this region.

6. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FORESTS TYPES

The Ecological factors that can influence the distribution and abundance of the forest types are

broadly categorized in two types, which are biotic and abiotic factors. The ecological factorslike influence of plants, pathogen, human disturbance and symbiotic relationship are examples

of biotic factors, whereas, ecological factors like climate, elevation, aspect, temperature,

rainfall, soils etc are the example of abiotic factors.

The climatic variations affect on plant types and their biologic form. Plant types and vegetation

cover are also change with the change in soil types (Soleimani et al 2008). However, according to

Kolahi and Arti (2014) the effective ecological factors of the region were classified as the

principal, determinant and differential ecological factors. Their study showed that the elevation

factor of the region was the principal ecological factor; the factors of elevation, slope as well asthe aspect is the determinant ecological factors; and the factors of pH, EC and texture of soil

were effective as the differential ecological factors (Kolahi and Atri, 2014).

6.1 Dominating Ecological Factors in Nepal

In general, the types of forest occurring naturally on any site are, depends on three factors:

Climate, Geology and Topography (Amatya and Shrestha, 2010).

A.

Climatic factors:

Within the climatic factors, temperature, rainfall and light, and their seasonal variation are the

important elements, which influence vegetation. The seasonal distribution of rainfall is very

important to vegetation. In contrast to the time of the year in which most of the rain occur, the

duration of rainfall over which it is distributed, is very important for vegetation.


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The natural forest provides the indications as to the species adapted to the local climate of a

given area. Aspect may make a considerable difference, change of species in different aspects

being a very common phenomenon in natural vegetation.

B.

Geology:

Geology influences the vegetation by the property of parent rocks, which can directly effects

the Edaphic factors of the locality such as, soil types, moisture contents of the soil, soil texture,

soil porosity and chemical constituents of the soil.

C.

Topography:

Topography influences vegetation, the main determinant being altitude and aspect of the

slope. In general, a rise in 100 m in altitude corresponds to a fall of 1° C in mean temperature

up to about 1500 m., above which the fall is more rapid. Aspect can create micro-climatic

effects which are very influential in vegetation mainly in hilly regions, because of radiation and

its duration, and intensity of wind. (Amatya and Shrestha, 2010)

6.2 Influence of Local and Regional Ecological Factors in Forest of Nepal- a

Discussion

In Nepal, both biotic and abiotic ecological factors as well as regional or local ecological factors

are highly responsible for the distribution and abundance of the forest types in Nepal.

However, the altitudinal variation is one of the most important factors which can mainly affects

climate of the country. According to the variation in altitudinal ranges temperature and the

intensity of the sunlight also vary and make the climatic variations.

Elevation range (i.e. maximum minus minimum elevation) has been frequently used as a

measure of habitat heterogeneity of a site, because maximum elevation is strongly correlated

with the diversity of habitat types. It can also be used as the measure of habitat heterogeneity.

(Hong Qian et al 2007). So, the forests of Nepal are more diverse within the small amount of

land area. Some examples and facts are described below.


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A.

Effect of Elevation in forest types: Tropical Mixed Hardwood (TMH) forests were found

between the elevations of 144 m and 1,221 m and on slopes averaging 16°. The vertical

distribution of the Shorea robusta (S) forest ranged from 172 m to 1,016 m and the

average slope was 13°. Lower Mixed Hardwood (LMH) forests were distributed from

221m to 1,640 m on slightly steeper slopes (22°

on average). Khair-Sissoo and Sissoo-Khair (KS/SK) forests were distributed at the lowest range (256 m to 627 m) on relatively

flat areas with an average slope of just 4.7°), and Chir pine forests were on the highest

slopes (1,380 m to 1,574 m) with the second-highest average slope (21°)

(FRA/DFRS,Chure, 2014)

B.

Effect of slope class in Shiwaliks/Churiya forest distribution: About 31% of the Churia

forest occurred in the slope class of 35-60%, followed by 0-15% (28%), 15-35% (26.02%),

60-100% (13.46%) and only about 1% in the steepest slope class (> 100%) Steep slopes,

forest management regimes and poor access limit the potential production of saw logs

in Churia forests. While evidence of tree removals was common in all slope classes up to

100%, the FAO recommends that tree harvesting using humans and draught animals on

erosion prone sites should be limited to slopes of less than 35%. (FRA/DFRS,Chure,

2014)

C.

Effect of human disturbance in abundance of forest: The forest area in the Terai is

decreased by 16,500 ha with annual rate of 0.44 % in the last nine years from 2001 to

2010. It is mainly resulted by factors like human disturbance, encroachments and

overgrazing. However, The Terai forest area increased in some districts along the river

banks, it is resulted by the succession of grass community in the river bank to riverain

forests (FRA/DFRS,Terai, 2014). Most of the river banks are changing its vegetation

types from pioneer grasses like Saccharum sponteneum (Variety of Grass) towards the

climax riverain species, like Syzygium cumini , Adina cordifolia, Acacia chatetu, Dalbergia

sisoo, due to the plant succession.

Furthermore, the local ecological factors can also play vital role for the distribution and

abundance of forest types. For example in the same altitudinal range aspect of the slope can

influence the forest types, in southern aspect Pinus roxburghii forest is found where as in

northern aspects of slopes broad leaved forest is found. Similarly, soil types of particular locality

can also affect the vegetation types. In Nepal, Shorea robusta forest is generally found in soilorder ‘Mollisols’ with high pH value (


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morphologically suitable for and waterlogged area. In other word, we can say, “Tree

Morphology” affects as biotic ecological factor.

Moreover, according to the aspects and exposure of the hills and mountains the availability of

tree species is varied because of the ability of any plant to acquire maximum photosynthesisunder low light intensities (shade- bearers) or to increase in photosynthetic activity with

increasing light (light – demanders). The tree species like Adina cordifolia, Ailanthus excelsa,

Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia catechu, Pinus roxburghii, Shorea robusta are light demander species.

And the species like Abies pindrow, Quercus glauca, Taxus baccata, Michelia champaca etc are

some examples of shade demander species which are found in low light intensity area like

northern aspects of the hills.

7. CONCLUSION

As the Nepal has diverse physiographic zones with differentiation in altitudinal range, it causes

climatic variations in the country. The physiographic and climatic variations results different

ecological factors which are highly responsible for the distribution and abundance of the forest

types in Nepal. Almost forest types of Nepal are often categorized in to 10 major types, which

are basically based on altitudinal differentiation. However, according to Stainton (1972), based

on climate, vegetation and floristic composition, the forests of Nepal are of 35 types.

Moreover, both biotic and abiotic ecological factors as well as regional and local ecologicalfactors are highly responsible to influence the forest types of Nepal. The variations of different

locality factors also change the structures, compositions and abundance of the forests. The

succession of plant community and the plant morphology can also plays important role in the

occurrence of different species in different sites which can lead the dominancy and abundance

of species in a particular area.


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REFERENCES

Aerts, R & Honnay, O 2011. Forest restoration, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, BMC

ecology, no. 1.

Amatya, Swoyabhuman and Shrestha, Kanhaiya Raj. 2010. Nepal Forestry Handbook. Nepal

Foresters Association, Kathmandu, Nepal. xxviii, 536 p.

DFRS. 1999. Forest Resources of Nepal. Department of Forest Research and Survey (Publication

No 74), Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation,Kathmandu, Nepal.

FAO, 2015. Global Forest resources assessment 2015: How are the world’s forests changing?,

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Rome.

FRA/DFRS. 2014. Terai Forests of Nepal. Forest Resource Assessment Nepal, Department of

Forest Research and Survey, Kathmandu, Nepal. IXp

FRA/DFRS. 2014. Churia Forests of Nepal (2011 2013). Forest Resource Assessment Nepal

Project/Department of Forest Research and Survey, Babarmahal, Kathmandu

Hong Qian, Peter S. White and Jong-Suk Song, 2007, Effects of Regional vs. Ecological Factors

on Plant Species Richness: An Intercontinental Analysis, Ecology Vol. 88, No. 6 (Jun.,2007), pp.

1440-1453, Ecological Society of America. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27651252

Jackson, J.K.1994. Manual of Afforestation in Nepal. 2nd Edition. Forest Research and SurveyCentre, Kathmandu.

Keenan, RJ, Reams, GA, Achard, F, de Freitas, JV, Grainger, A & Lindquist, E 2015. Review and

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MoFSC. 2014. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2014-2020. Ministry of Forest and

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Pan, Yude; Birdsey, Richard A.; Phillips, Oliver L.; Jackson, Robert B. (2013). "The Structure,

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Documents

Abundance and Distribution of the main Forests Types in Nepal and How these Forests are influenced by Ecological Factors