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Abstraction, Integration, and Organization of information for
Display:Approach and Emerging MethodologiesA. Degani, M. Shafto
& C. JorgensenNASA Ames Research Center,
{adegani, mshafto}@mail.arc.nasa.gov
L. OlsonSan Rafael, CA 94903,
[email protected]
Abstraction.TheDiagram ofthe London Underground (circa
1933).Data.
Initial.
Problem. Inspiration. Early.
Final.
Inspiration.
Final.Early.
Integration.
Geographicalmap oft heLondon Underground (circa 1932)
This organiza tion of the
s et s w as i ns pi re d b y a
diagramof the concentric
arrangement ofhouses and
s tor age huts in a typical
Trobriand Island village
( Pa pu a N ew G ui n ea ),
whichcorrespondsto the
s oc i al s tr uc t ur e i n t he
society.
Thecurrent (2006)UndergroundDiagram .
Becksorganizationschemefort heLondonUndergroundturned tobe
flexibleenough
toaccommodateallthenewstationsandlinesthatwereaddedsincethediagrams
inception.It currentlysupportsthe prototypeofthe
futurediagramwhich includesseveral
additionallines.
TheAldgate Triangle. a complex ofseveralstations, including
theBank and Monument
stationsthat areconnected throughan escalator. Thefigure isa
sketchby HarryBeck from
1965, showing fourdifferent solutionsfor thisdifficult
integration problem.
LEVELS OF SCALE
ECHOS
GRADIENTS
NON-SEPARATENESS
(CONNECTEDNESS)
ROUGHNESS
(NON-RIGID GRID)
STRONG CENTERS
INNER CALM &
SIMPLICITY
THE VOIDBOUNDARIES
ALTERNATING
REPETITIONS
POSITIVE
SPACE
A canonical-correlation graph. Thegraphholdstwo
patterns(thedarkisthepositive, thewhiteisthe
negative)-- identifying a singlestatistical relationshipsbetween
variablesof theoperational environment
(Xs)and modes&settingsselected bypilotsin thestudy(Ys).
INTERLOCKS
REFERENCES
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Degani,A.Modelinghuman-machinesystems:Onmodes,error,and
patternsofinteraction.
Unpublisheddoctoraldissertation.Atlanta,GA:GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,1996.
Degani,A.,Shafto,M.& Olson,L.DataAbstractionand
IntegrationofInformationforDisplay:
AnalysisofPilot-AutomationInteraction.Proceedingofthe11th
InternationalConferenceofHuman-ComputerInteractioninAeronautics,2006,164-167.
September20-22,Seattle,WA.
Degani,A.,Shafto,M.&
Olson,L.CanonicalCorrelationAnalysis:Use
ofcompositeheliographsforrepresentingmultiplepatterns.ProceedingsoftheFourth
InternationalConferenceontheTheory andApplicationofDiagrams.
Springer-Verlag:LectureNotesin ComputerScience4045.2006.June
28-30,Stanford,CA.
Garland,K. Mr.BecksUndergroundMap.
HarrowWeald,Middlesex:CapitalTransportPublishing,1994.
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Hotelling,H.Themost
predictablecriterion.JournalofEducationalPsychology
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Shannon,C.E.TheMathematicalTheoryofCommunication.
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Urbana,Illinois:The UniversityofIllinoisPress,1962/1949.
GOOD SHAPELOCAL (RELAXED)
SYMMETRYCONTRAST
Abstraction
Integration
Organization
Extraction
Aco nceptual framework. The pyramid in the figure has four
levels: (1) extraction of signals from
the system and its environment and turning them into data; (2)
abstraction of data into corresponding
information; (3) integration of information into geometrically
coherent structures so as to show
meaningful relationships, supporting knowledge and
understanding; and (4) organization of these information
structures in order to create order and a sense of
wholeness.
SIGNALS
ORDER & WHOLENESS
KNOWLEDGE&
INFORMATION
DATA
UNDERSTANDING
GraphicDesign byCheryse Triano,TopSpinDesign Works
