About the Relevance of Accessibility Barriers in the Everyday Interactions of Older People With the Web

8/2/2019 About the Relevance of Accessibility Barriers in the Everyday Interactions of Older People With the Web

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Dom|~ ~bl rlclwd`kl mg dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{ j` ~bllwlrzndz j`~lrdk~jm`{ mg mcnlr vlmvcl yj~b ~bl ylo

[lrijm [dzdim# Hm{lv Ocd~

J`~lrdk~jwl ^lkb`mcmijl{ Irm|v\`jwlr{j~d~ Vmavl| Gdord

^ìlr# 4??!4>6# L!62642 Odrklcm`d

u{lrijm{dzdim5 hm{lvocd~qF|vgln|

DO[^_DK^^bj{ vdvlr rlvmr~{ elz gj`njì{ mg d ;!zldr l~b`mirdvbjkdc {~|nzmg ~bl lwlrzndz j`~lrdk~jm`{ mg mcnlr vlmvcl yj~b ~bl ylo. ^blnd~d km`{j{~ln mg j`!{j~| mo{lrwd~jm`{ d`n km`wlr{d~jm`{ yj~b ;22mcnlr vlmvcl ybjcl |{jì azrjdn{ mg ylo d`n kmav|~lr~lkb`mcmijl{ ndjcz. ^bl rl{|c~{ rlwldcln ~bd~ ~bl dkkl{{jojcj~zodrrjlr{ ~bd~ bdn d amrl `lid~jwl lgglk~ m` ~bl ndjcz j`~lrdk~jm`{

mg mcnlr vlmvcl yj~b ~bl ylo ylrl n|l ~m ~bljr njggjk|c~jl{ j`rlalaolrjì {~lv{# |`nlr{~d`njì ylo d`n kmav|~lr hdrim` d`n|{jì ~bl am|{l# nl{vj~l ~bljr yjccjì`l{{ ~m |{l j~. ^bl{lmo{~dkcl{ ylrl a|kb amrl javmr~d`~ ~bd` ~bm{l kd|{ln oz ~bljrnjggjk|c~jl{ vlrkljwjì wj{|dc j`gmrad~jm`# |`nlr{~d`njì jkm`{ d`n|{jì ~bl elzomdrn. ^bl vrjmrj~jxd~jm` mg odrrjlr{ yd{ lvcdj`lnoz ~ym elz d{vlk~{ j` diljì yj~b `ly ~lkb`mcmijl{#j`nlvl`nl`kz d`n j`kc|{jwl`l{{# d`n d nl{jrln km`nj~jm` mg ylo"|{lr* j`~lrgdkl{# km`{j{~l`kz j` ~lraj`mcmiz. ^bl{l rl{|c~{{|iil{~ ~bd~ ~bl{l ~brll d{vlk~{ {bm|cn ol km`{jnlrln kdrlg|ccz j`l`bd`kjì ylo dkkl{{jojcj~z gmr mcnlr vlmvcl# d{ ylcc d{ dccmyjì|{ ~m ird{v mcnlr vlmvcl{ lwlrzndz ylo dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{.^bl vdvlr nj{k|{{l{ vm{{jocl ydz{ mg adejì |{l mg ~bl{lgj`njì{ ~m adel ~bl ylo amrl dkkl{{jocl ~m mcnlr vlmvcl.

Kd~limrjl{ d`n [|ohlk~ Nl{krjv~mr{B.< J@GM_AD^JM@ J@^L_GDKL[ D@N V_L[L@^D^JM@"l.i.# BKJ*. Aj{klccd`lm|{.

Il`lrdc ^lra{B|ad` Gdk~mr{

Elzymrn{Mcnlr vlmvcl# l~b`mirdvbz# ylo dkkl{{jojcj~z# odrrjlr{

4. J@^_MN\K^JM@Om~b vmv|cd~jm` diljì d`n ~bl rlclwd`kl mg ~bl ylo ~m k|rrl`~{mkjl~z bdwl krld~ln d `lln gmr ylo dkkl{{jojcj~z gmr mcnlr vlmvcl#ybm l`km|`~lr `|alrm|{ d`n wdrjln dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{ yblìmjì m`cj`l. Wlrz cj~~cl j{ e`my` dom|~ ~bl rlclwd`kl mg ~bl{lmo{~dkcl{ j` ~bljr lwlrzndz j`~lrdk~jm`{ yj~b ~bl ylo# nl{vj~l ~blgdk~ ~bd~ |`nlr{~d`njì ~bl ndjcz j`~lrdk~jm`{ mg vlmvcl yj~bj`~lrdk~jwl ~lkb`mcmijl{ d{ ~blz mkk|r j` rldc!cjgl {l~~jì{ j{

l{{l`~jdc gmr nl{ji`jì ol~~lr j`~lrdk~jm`{ U7# ;4# ;2Q.

^bj{ vdvlr rlvmr~{ elz gj`njì{ mg d ;!zldr l~b`mirdvbjkdc {~|nzmg ~bl lwlrzndz j`~lrdk~jm`{ mg mcnlr vlmvcl yj~b ~bl ylo.@dalcz# nrdyjì m` ~bl ylcc e`my` `lln ~m vrjmrj~jxl vrmocla{j` |{lr j`~lrgdkl nl{ji` d`n lwdc|d~jm`# ~bl bl~lrmil`lj~z mgodrrjlr{ gdkln oz mcnlr vlmvcl d`n ~bl lgglk~ mg vrlwjm|{lvlrjl`kl d`n ln|kd~jm` j` BKJ rl{ldrkb yj~b mcnlr vlmvcl U>2Q#~bj{ vdvlr dnnrl{{l{ ~ym javmr~d`~ t|l{~jm`{8

"4* Ybjkb drl ~bl am{~ d`n cld{~ rlclwd`~ dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{ gmrmcnlr vlmvcl ~m j`~lrdk~ yj~b ~bl ylo j` ~bljr ndjcz cjwl{ d`n ybz=

"?* Bmy nml{ wdrz ~bl rlclwd`kl mg ylo dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{dkkmrnjì ~m mcnlr vlmvcl{ vrlwjm|{ lvlrjl`kl yj~b ~bl ylo d`nln|kd~jm`dc clwlc{=

^bl l~b`mirdvbjkdc nd~d km`{j{~ln mg gjr{~!bd`n mo{lrwd~jm`{ d`nkm`wlr{d~jm`{ yj~b ;22 mcnlr vlmvcl ybjcl |{jì d azrjdn mg ylod`n kmav|~lr ~lkb`mcmijl{ m` d ndjcz od{j{. Mcnlr vlmvcl drlnlgj`ln blrlj` d{ j`njwjn|dc{ mwlr 7< zldr{ mg dil ~bd~ lvlrjl`kl`mradc dil!rlcd~ln kbdìl{ j` adhmr cjwl g|`k~jm`{. ^bl nd~d yd{d`dczxln oz |{jì Irm|`n ^blmrz al~bmn{ U?4Q.

^bl rl{|c~{ rlwldcln ~bd~ ~bl vrjmrj~jxd~jm` mg dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{j{ cdrilcz j`nlvl`nl`~ mg ~lkb`mcmiz# lvlrjl`kl yj~b ~bl ylo d`nln|kd~jm`dc clwlc{. Njggjk|c~jl{ j` rlalaolrjì ~d{e!rlcd~ln {~lv{#|`nlr{~d`njì ~lkb`jkdc ymrn{ d`n |{jì ~bl am|{l# nl{vj~l ~bljryjccjì`l{{ ~m |{l j~# ylrl ~bl dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{ ~bd~ bj`nlrln~bl ndjcz j`~lrdk~jm`{ mg mcnlr vlmvcl yj~b ~bl ylo ~bl am{~.^bl{l mo{~dkcl{ ylrl a|kb amrl rlclwd`~ ~bm{l kd|{ln oz mcnlrvlmvcl{ njggjk|c~jl{ vlrkljwjì wj{|dc j`gmrad~jm`# |`nlr{~d`njìjkm`{ d`n |{jì ~bl elzomdrn# ybjkb km|cn ol ~bm|ib~ mg d{ oljì`m~lymr~bz ylo dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{ d{ ylcc. ^bj{ "cdke mg*rlclwd`kl mg odrrjlr{ j{ dkkm|`~ln gmr oz ~ym nl{jrln km`nj~jm`{ j`diljì "yj~bj` ~bl km`~l~ mg ~bl ylo*# j`nlvl`nl`kz d`nj`kc|{jwl`l{{# d`n m`l lclal`~ mg ylo "|{lr* nl{ji`# km`{j{~l`kzj` ~lraj`mcmiz. J`nlvl`nl`kz j{ ~bl dojcj~z mg mcnlr vlmvcl ~m |{l~bl ylo m` ~bljr my`. J`kc|{jwl`l{{ j{ ~bl d{vjrd~jm` mg mcnlr

vlmvcl ~m j`~lrdk~ yj~b ~bl ylo oz |{jì mrnj`drz ~lkb`mcmijl{ {m~bd~ ~blz kd` `m~ ijwl ~bl javrl{{jm` ~bd~ ~blz drl njgglrl`~ mr j``lln mg {vlkjdc d{{j{~d`kl.

Mwlrdcc# j~ dvvldr{ grma ~bj{ {~|nz ~bd~ j`kc|{jm`# j`nlvl`nl`kz#d`n km`{j{~l`kz j` ~lraj`mcmiz m|ib~ ~m ol km`{jnlrln amrlkdrlg|ccz j` mrnlr ~m adel ~bl ylo amrl dkkl{{jocl ~m mcnlrvlmvcl. ^bl rl{|c~{ dc{m {|iil{~ ~bd~ ~bl{l ~brll d{vlk~{ kd` blcv|{ dvvrlbl`n ~bl dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{ ~bd~ mcnlr vlmvcl l`km|`~lrj` ~bljr ndjcz j`~lrdk~jm`{ yj~b ~bl ylo.

[lk~jm` ? dri|l{ ~bd~ lvcmrjì ~bl rlclwd`kl mg ylo dkkl{{jojcj~zodrrjlr{ j` ~bl ndjcz j`~lrdk~jm`{ mg mcnlr vlmvcl yj~b ~bl ylo j{ymr~bybjcl. [lk~jm` ; nl{krjol{ ~bl l~b`mirdvbjkdc {~|nz. [lk~jm`> vrl{l`~{ ~bl rl{|c~{. [lk~jm` < {bmy{ {mal javcjkd~jm`{ od{ln

Vlraj{{jm` ~m adel njij~dc mr bdrn kmvjl{ mg dcc mr vdr~ mg ~bj{ ymre gmrvlr{m`dc mr kcd{{rmma |{l j{ ird`~ln yj~bm|~ gll vrmwjnln ~bd~ kmvjl{ drl`m~ adnl mr nj{~rjo|~ln gmr vrmgj~ mr kmaalrkjdc dnwd`~dil d`n ~bd~kmvjl{ oldr ~bj{ `m~jkl d`n ~bl g|cc kj~d~jm` m` ~bl gjr{~ vdil. ^m kmvzm~blryj{l# mr rlv|ocj{b# ~m vm{~ m` {lrwlr{ mr ~m rlnj{~rjo|~l ~m cj{~{#rlt|jrl{ vrjmr {vlkjgjk vlraj{{jm` d`n-mr d gll.Y>D?66: ! ^lkb`jkdc#Dvrjc ?6!?4# ?66:# Adnrjn# [vdj`. Km!Cmkd~lnyj~b ~bl 42~b J`~lr`d~jm`dc Ymrcn Yjnl Ylo Km`glrl`kl.Kmvzrjib~ ?66: DKA :92!4!76


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m` ~bl rl{|c~{ gmr adejì ~bl ylo amrl dkkl{{jocl gmr mcnlrvlmvcl. [lk~jm` 7 nj{k|{{l{ ~bl rl{|c~{. Gj`dccz# {lk~jm` 9 {bmy{{mal km`kc|{jm`{ d`n m|~cj`l{ g|~|rl rl{ldrkb vlr{vlk~jwl{.

?. _LCD^LN YM_EKl`~rdc ~m ylo dkkl{{jojcj~z rl{ldrkb yj~b mcnlr vlmvcl bd{ oll`~m kmavl`{d~l gmr ~bl `|alrm|{ odrrjlr{ ~bd~ ~blz l`km|`~lr jìmjì m`cj`l. ^bl{l odrrjlr{ drl vrjadrjcz n|l ~m dil!rlcd~lnkbdìl{ j` g|`k~jm`dc dojcj~jl{ "wj{jm`# bldrjì# kmi`j~jm` d`namojcj~z* d`n d il`lrdc cdke mg lvlrjl`kl yj~b ~bl ylo. A|kbrl{ldrkb bd{ oll` kdrrjln m|~ oz |{jì j`~lrwjly{ d`n |{dojcj~z~l{~{# km`n|k~ln j` lj~blr cdomrd~mrz {l~~jì{ mr km`~rmccln{j~|d~jm`{. Cl~ |{ jcc|{~rd~l ~bj{ gmk|{ m` adhmr cjwl g|`k~jm`{ d`nrl{ldrkb dvvrmdkb oz rlwjlyjì i|jnlcj`l{# {mg~ydrl d`nbdrnydrl nlwlcmval`~{ d`n {~|njl{ j`~m ~bl |{l mg ~bl ylo ozmcnlr vlmvcl.

Kmaam` ~m ~bl cdril `|aolr mg ylo i|jnlcj`l{ gmr mcnlr vlmvcldrl rlkmaal`nd~jm`{ gmr kmvjì yj~b dil!rlcd~ln kbdìl{ j`wj{jm`# bldrjì# amojcj~z d`n kmi`j~jm` m` ylo nl{ji` "l.i. U4# 47#?7# ;;# >:Q*.

L!adjc {z{~la{# ylo vmr~dc{# {z{~la{ gmr ylo {ldrkb d`n`dwjid~jm`# ylo vdil{ d`n {mg~ydrl vlr{m`dcjxd~jm` d`n j`v|~nlwjkl{ drl dc{m ildrln ~mydrn{ kmavl`{d~jì gmr dil!rlcd~lnkbdìl{ j` g|`k~jm`dc dojcj~jl{ d`n vrlwjm|{ lvlrjl`kl yj~b ~blylo. [javclr {krll`{ d`n rln|kln g|`k~jm`dcj~jl{ ylrl elzd{vlk~{ j` ~bl nl{ji` mg ladjc {z{~la{ gmr mcnlr vlmvcl U;# 4># ?>Q.\{dojcj~z ~l{~{ km`n|k~ln j` km`~rmccln l`wjrmàl`~{ d`nj`~lrwjly{ ylrl kdrrjln m|~ j` ~bl nlwlcmval`~ mg ~bl{l {z{~la{.J` nl{ji`jì d vmr~dc gmr mcnlr |{lr{ U;Q d{ldrkb |{lr j`~lrgdkl gmr lcnlrcz vlmvcl yd{ vrmvm{ln o|jcnjì|vm` d {lrjl{ mg j`~lrwjly{ d`n km`~rmccln lvlrjal`~{# km`n|k~lnj` d` d{{mkjd~jm`. Vrmocla{ yj~b ~lraj`mcmiz# |{jì ~bl am|{ld`n rlalaolrjì ~bl {~r|k~|rl mg ~bl ylo ylrl rlvmr~ln.

J~ j{ dc{m ymr~b al`~jm`jì ~bd~ ~bl vrlnmaj`d`kl mg dil!rlcd~lnkbdìl{ j` adhmr cjwl g|`k~jm`{ j{ dc{m `m~jkldocl m|~ mg ylodkkl{{jojcj~z. Gmr j`{~d`kl# U?


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d{vlk~{ kdcc gmr d nllvlr |`nlr{~d`nj`i mg ~bljr lwlrzndzj`~lrdk~jm`{ yj~b ~bl ylo.

^bj{ vdvlr bd{ dnmv~ln d` l~b`mirdvbjkdc dvvrmdkb j` mrnlr ~m gjcc

~bj{ idv# gmk|{j`i m` ~bl rlcd~jwl rlclwd`kl mg ylo dkkl{{jojcj~zodrrjlr{. BKJ bd{ cmmeln ~m l~b`mirdvbz {m d{ ~m dvvrlbl`n ~blkmavclj~z mg rldc!ymrcn dk~jwj~jl{ ~bd~ vlmvcl kdrrz m|~ yj~b~lkb`mcmijl{ U7Q. L~b`mirdvbjkdc al~bmn{ vrmwjnl d {l~ mgj`{~r|al`~{ yj~b ybjkb m`l kd` {~|nz JK^ j` ~bl yjcn j` `mm~blr ydz{ vm{{jocl U4


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;.; L~b`mirdvbjkdc nd~d d`n al~bmn{^bl l~b`mirdvbjkdc nd~d km`{j{~{ mg j`!{j~| mo{lrwd~jm`{ d`nkm`wlr{d~jm`{ yj~b ;22 mcnlr vlmvcl j` km|r{l{# ymre{bmv{ d`nall~jì{6 ? all~jì{.Ol~yll` ? d`n; bm|r{

Km|r{l8 M`cj`lkmaa|`jkd~jm`

Zdbmm$ adjc# Bm~adjc#Kbd~# Ocmi{# Yjej{#Gmr|a{# Immicl#Zdbmm$

97 > km|r{l{#ybjkb cd{~ln ;am`~b{. ?!bm|r{l{{jm` lwlrzylle.

Ymre{bmv{ Zdbmm$ adjc# Bm~adjc#a|c~jalnjd km`~l`~lnj~jm` # gj`njì m`cj`lj`gmrad~jm` "njrlk~mrjl{#{ldrkb lìj`l{*#ylo{j~l{ "~rd`{vmr~#

42 ; ymre{bmv{. ?!bm|r {l{{jm`lwlrz ymre{bmv

? all~jì{. ?!bm|r {l{{jm`lwlrz ymre{bmv

Km|r{l8Dnwd`kln d{vlk~{mg ~bl ylo d`nkmav|~lr{

A[ Ymrn# VmylrVmj`~d`n Lklc# Zdbmm$ adjc#Bm~adjc# Immicl#Zdbmm$# Zdbmm$ Gcjker#Immicl Ldr~b# Ylo{j~l{"gcjib~{ ommejì5 rm|~l{5alnjkdc d{{j{~d`kl*

97 Km|r{l{ cd{~ln; am`~b{. >km|r{l{mrid`jxln. ?!bm|r {l{{jm`lwlrz ylle

Km|r{l8 M`cj`lrl{m|rkl{

Gjcl ad`dilal`~#Yj`nmy{ ad`dilal`~#Immicl# Zdbmm$# Ocmi{#Zdbmm$ Adjc# Bm~adjc#ylo{j~l{ "~rd`{vmr~# W#bldc~b# ~rdwlcjì*

42 Km|r{l cd{~ln 7am`~b. 4 km|r{lmrid`j{ln. ?!bm|r {l{{jm`lwlrz ylle.

Ymre{bmv{ Ocmi{# Zdbmm$ Gcjker#Zdbmm$ adjc# Bm~adjc#yjej{# ylo{j~l{

?> ? ymre{bmv{. ?!bm|r {l{{jm`

V|ocjk all~jì{ A[ Ymrn# VmylrVmj`~d`n Lklc# Zdbmm$ adjc#Bm~adjc# Immicl#Zdbmm$# Zdbmm$ Gcjker#Immicl Ldr~b# Ocmi{#Gjcl d`n Yj`nmy{ad`dilal`~# ylo{j~l{

>6 ; all~jì{. ?bm|r!{l{{jm`

D {adcc `|aolr mg vdr~jkjvd`~{ "?6# yj~b vrlwjm|{ lvlrjl`kl yj~b~bl ylo* ylrl ~dejì {lwlrdc km|r{l{ d~ ~bl {dal ~jal d`n mg~l`j`wmcwln j` m~blr dk~jwj~jl{ mrid`jxln j` imrd. ^bl rl{~ mg ~blvdr~jkjvd`~{ ylrl amrl j`~lraj~~l`~# adj`cz olkd|{l mg vlr{m`dc

rl{vm`{jojcj~jl{ {|kb d{ cmmejì dg~lr ~bljr ird`nkbjcnrl` mr jccrlcd~jwl{ ! mr n|l ~m bldc~b km`nj~jm`{. Gmr j`{~d`kl# ~blz ~mme dkm|r{l d~ ~bl olij``jì mg d zldr. Ybl` ~bj{ km|r{l yd{ mwlr# ~blzkm|cn `m~ ~del d`m~blr m`l |`~jc cd~lr j` ~bl zldr. J` ~bl ald`~jal#~blz yl`~ ~m imrd yllecz ~m im m`cj`l m|~ mg km|r{l{ mr ~mvdr~jkjvd~l j` am`~bcz all~jì{ d`n-mr ymre{bmv{.

Dcc ~bj{ l~b`mirdvbjkdc nd~d yd{ d`dczxln oz |{jì mvl`# djdcd`n {lclk~jwl kmnjì d`n ~bl km`{~d`~ kmavdrj{m` ~lkb`jt|l mg ~blIrm|`nln ^blmrz dvvrmdkb gmr t|dcj~d~jwl d`dcz{j{ U?4Q. Yld`dczxln ~bl nd~d ybjcl yl ylrl id~blrjì j~ "yl nlkjnln ~m nm j~lwlrz ; am`~b{* {m ~bd~ yl km|cn jnl`~jgz lalrijì j{{|l{ U2Q.^bl d`dcz{j{ j`j~jdccz j`wmcwln m`l mg ~bl d|~bmr{ rldnjì ~bll`~jrl gjlcn `m~l{ ~m idj` d` mwlrdcc {l`{l mg ~bl nd~d. Dcc ~bl nd~dyd{ ~bl` rldn didj` d`n mvl`!kmnln ~m vrmn|kl d` j`j~jdc kmnl

cj{~. ^bj{ yd{ nm`l |`~jc# j` ~bl mvj`jm` mg ~bl ~ym d|~bmr{ mg ~bj{vdvlr# d`dcz{j{ bdn rldkbln ~blmrl~jkdc {d~|rd~jm` yj~b ~bl dam|`~mg j`gmrad~jm` id~blrln {m gdr. Am{~ mg ~bl kmnl{ ylrl dndv~lngrma ~bl cdì|dil mg ~bl vdr~jkjvd`~{# rd~blr ~bd` nrdyjì {mclczm` m|r rlwjly mg cj~lrd~|rl. ^bj{ rlgclk~ln m|r d~~lav~ ~m ~lcc ~bl{~mrz mg mcnlr vlmvcl grma ~bljr vmj`~ mg wjly# yj~bm|~ ~blmrl~jkdcvrlkm`klv~jm`{ d{ ~m ybd~ yjcc ol gm|`n ! ybjkb j{ ~bl bdccadre mgl~b`mirdvbz. D~ ~bl {dal ~jal# djdc kmnjì yd{ kdrrjln m|~ ~ml{~docj{b rlcd~jm`{bjv{ ol~yll` kd~limrjl{ jnl`~jgjln j` mvl`kmnjì. Grma ~bj{ od{j{# ~bl nd~d yd{ ~bl` {lclk~jwlcz kmnln j`~lra{ mg kmrl d`n {|okd~limrjl{ kd~limrjl{ jnl`~jgjln yj~b ~blj`j~jdc d`n djdc cj{~ mg kmnl{. ^bj{ d`dcz{j{ yd{ kmavclal`~ln ozj`~lrdk~jm` d`dcz{j{ U;2Q# ybjkb adj`cz km`{j{~ln mg d`dczxjìvdr~jkjvd`~{ `m~l{ d`n j`~lrdk~jm`{ ol~yll` ~bla ybjcl imjìm`cj`l ndz!~m!ndz.

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^bj{ d`dcz{j{ dccmyln |{ ~m jnl`~jgz d`n irm|`n m|r rl{ldrkb j`~bl vrjmrj~jxd~jm` mg dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{8 njggjk|c~jl{rlalaolrjì {~lv{# |`nlr{~d`njì ylo d`n kmav|~lr hdrim` d`n|{jì ~bl am|{l drl amrl rlclwd`~ ~bd` njggjk|c~jl{ vlrkljwjì

wj{|dc j`gmrad~jm`# |`nlr{~d`njì jkm`{ d`n |{jì ~bl elzomdrn#d{ ylcc d{ lcdomrd~jì ~bl lvcd`d~mrz grdalymre ~bd~ dkkm|`~{gmr ~bj{ rlcd~jwl rlclwd`kl mg odrrjlr{8 j`nlvl`nl`kz# j`kc|{jwl`l{{d`n km`{j{~l`kz.

^bl l~b`mirdvbjkdc nd~d dc{m km`{j{~ln mg ?6 j`!nlv~b j`~lrwjly{#2 gmk|{ irm|v{ d`n < {laj!{~r|k~|rln j`~lrwjly{ yj~b ajnncl!diln~lkb`mcmiz j`{~r|k~mr{ r|``jì kmav|~jì km|r{l{ j` imrd. ^docl? nl{krjol{ ~bl{l j`~lrwjly{. D kmaam` ~blal yd{ ~bldkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{ gdkln oz mcnlr dn|c~{ j` ~bljr lwlrzndzj`~lrdk~jm`{ yj~b ~bl ylo9.

J`~lrwjly ^mvjk{ nj{k|{{ln

J`!nlv~bj`~lrwjly{

J`~lrdk~jm` yj~b ladjc {z{~la{# njggjk|c~jl{ d`n |{dil.^bl rmcl mg {mkjdc rlcd~jm`{bjv{# rlcd~jwl{ d`n grjl`n{# j`ladjcjì

[laj!{~r|k~|rlnj`~lrwjly{

^bl ~zvl mg mcnlr vlmvcl imjì ~m imrd. ^bl am{~ d`ncld{~ javmr~d`~ dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{ gdkln j` imjìm`cj`l. bl rmcl mg {mkjdc rlcd~jm`{bjv{ j` ~rdj`jì mcnlrvlmvcl d`n j` ~bljr j`~lrdk~jm` yj~b ly ~lkb`mcmijl{

Gmk|{ irm|v{ ^bl am{~ d`n cld{~ javmr~d`~ dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{ gdklnj` ylo d`n kmav|~lr ~lkb`mcmijl{. bl rlclwd`kl mgrlcd~jwl{ d`n grjl`n{ j` ~bljr j`~lrdk~jm`{^docl ?8 mvjk{ nj{k|{{ln j` j`~lrwjly{

Dcc ~bl{l j`~lrwjly{ ylrl km`n|k~ln j` imrd. Yl gjr{~ dirllnyj~b ~bl vdr~jkjvd`~{ m` d ~jal d`n nd~l ~m kdrrz m|~ ~bl j`~lrwjly.Yl ~mme `m~l{ oz |{jì vdvlr d`n vl`kjc j` ldkb j`~lrwjly# ybjkbcd{~ln 4 bm|r. Irm|v!od{ln j`~lrwjly{ cd{~ln ? bm|r{. Yl ~bl` njn~bl ~rd`{krjv~jm` mg ~bl j`~lrwjly{ j` m|r mggjkl{. M`kl ~bl~rd`{krjv~jm` yd{ nm`l# yl gjln d {lkm`n all~jì yj~b ~bl

vdr~jkjvd`~{2

. Yl rldn dcm|n ~bl ~rd`{krjv~jm` d`n d{eln ~bla ~mlj~blr dirll mr nj{dirll m` j~# d{ ylcc d{ dnnjì amrl j`gmrad~jm`jg dvvrmvrjd~l. ^bl j`~lrwjly{ ylrl km`n|k~ln d{ ~bl rl{ldrkbvrmirl{{ln d`n d`dczxln oz |{jì ~bl al~bmn{ "d`n kd~limrjl{*nl{krjoln olgmrl.

>. GJ@NJ@I[^bl gj`njì{ drl irm|vln j`~m ~brll {lk~jm`{. [lk~jm` >.4dnnrl{{l{ j`v|~ nlwjkl{# kmavdrjì njggjk|c~jl{ |{jì ~bl am|{ld`n ~bl elzomdrn. [lk~jm` >.? nldc{ yj~b dil!rlcd~ln kbdìl{ jàdhmr cjwl g|`k~jm`{# km`~rd{~jì njggjk|c~jl{ j` rlalaolrjì {~lv{d`n vlrkljwjì wj{|dc j`gmrad~jm`. [lk~jm` >.; j{ dom|~ |{lrj`~lrgdkl lclal`~{# kmavdrjì njggjk|c~jl{ j` |`nlr{~d`njì ymrn{d`n jkm`{. Dcc ~bl{l gj`njì{ drl jcc|{~rd~ln yj~b rldc {kl`drjm{#km`{j{~jì mg vbm~m{ d`n `m~l{ ~del` n|rjì m|r gjlcnymre.

Vdr~jkjvd`~{ idwl |{ ~bljr km`{l`~ ~m vbm~mirdvb ~bla ybjclj`~lrdk~jì yj~b ~bl ylo d`n |{l ~bl{l vbm~m{ j` m|r rl{ldrkb. ^bl`m~l{ bdwl oll` ~rd`{cd~ln j`~m Lìcj{b oz ~bl d|~bmr{# {j`kl ~blmrjij`dc km`wlr{d~jm`{ ylrl j` [vd`j{b.

9 M~blr ~mvjk{ ylrl nj{k|{{ln# {|kb d{ ~bl |{l mg ladjc d`n ~bl rmcl mg{mkjdc d`n j`~lril`lrd~jm`dc rlcd~jm`{bjv{ j` ~bljr lwlrzndz j`~lrdk~jm`{.^bl{l ~mvjk{ bdwl oll` d`dczxln j` mìmjì v|ocjkd~jm`{ mg ~bl d|~bmr{.

2 Yl njn `m~ drrdìl d all~jì yj~b ~bl vdr~jkjvd`~{ j` ~bl gmk|{ irm|v{.Yl njrlk~cz rldn dcm|n m|r `m~l{ d~ ~bl l`n mg ~bl {l{{jm` d`n d{eln ~blvdr~jkjvd`~{ ~m lj~blr dirll mr nj{dirll m` ybd~ yl bdwl yrj~~l` nmy`

>.4 ^bl am|{l j{ amrl kmavcjkd~ln ~bd` ~blelzomdrn o|~ J yd`~ ~m |{l j~^bl am|{l yd{ d adhmr {~|aocjì ocmke ~m imjì m`cj`l. ^ym mg

~bl am{~ javmr~d`~ njggjk|c~jl{ ylrl ~bl nm|ocl kcjke d`n ~bl{lclk~jm` mg ~l~# ybjkb bdn d irld~ javdk~ m` vdr~jkjvd`~{lwlrzndz j`~lrdk~jm`{# {j`kl ~bl nm|ocl kcjke j{ m`l mg ~blbdccadre{ mg ~bl nl{e~mv al~dvbmr d`n ~bl {lclk~jm` mg ~l~ j{ dc{md wlrz grlt|l`~ dk~jm` j` lnj~jì kmavm{j~jm`{ {|kb d{ nmk|al`~{mr ladjc{.

[kl`drjm8 W "Ad`# 9;* j{ |{jì ~bl am|{l ~m {lclk~ d` drld mg d` jadild`n {l`n j~ wjd ladjc ~m ~bl d|~bmr{ mg ~bl vdvlr

J amrl mg~l` ~bd` `m~ `lln ~m |{l az om~b bd`n{~m nldc yj~b ~bl am|{l. ^bj{ j{ ybz J bdwl

vrmocla{ j` v|~~jì ~bl am|{l j` ~bl kmrrlk~vm{j~jm` m` ~bl ~docl j` mrnlr ~m {lclk~ d` drld#kcjke lwlrz~bjì. ^bl nm|ocl!kcjke j{ rldccznjggjk|c~# d{ J {mal~jal{ amwl ~bl am|{l vmj`~lrdg~lr ~bl gjr{~ kcjke d`n l`n |v {lclk~jì ~bjì{

~bd~ J nm `m~ yd`~ ~m. J il~ ~bl javrl{{jm` ~bd~ ~bl am|{l j{ dcjwl. J~ {lla{~m amwl yj~bm|~ adejì d`z amwlal`~ yj~b az bd`n{

Njggjk|c~jl{ |{jì ~bl am|{l ylrl cdrilcz mwlrkmal oz |{jì ~blelzomdrn# bmylwlr. Vrl{{jì ~bl l`~lr elz dg~lr d clg~!kcjkedccmyln mcnlr vlmvcl ~m nm|ocl!kcjke yj~bm|~ rlczjì {m a|kb m`~bljr ad`|dc nl~lrj~z:. Vmj`~jì yj~b ~bl am|{l ~m ~bl ~l~ ~m ol{lclk~ln# kcjkejì m`kl mwlr j~# d`n vrl{{jì d kmaoj`d~jm` mg elz{~m gj`dccz {lclk~ ~bl ~l~ dccmyln ~bla ~m aj`jajxl ~bl vrlkj{jm`rlt|jrln ~m {lclk~ ~bl ~l~ yj~b ~bl am|{l# d{ ylcc d{ ~bljrvrmocla{ j` |`nlr{~d`njì ~bl advvjì ol~yll` ~bl am|{lvmj`~lr m` {krll` d`n ~bl vbz{jkdc nlwjkl m` ~bl nl{e~mv. Am{~ mg~bljr vrmocla{ ylrl n|l ~m ~bl gdk~ ~bd~ {bmr~ amwlal`~{ j` ~blvbz{jkdc ~docl yj~b ~bl am|{l km|cn olkmal cdril amwlal`~{ mg

~bl am|{l vmj`~lr m` ~bl kmav|~lr {krll`. Bmylwlr# ~bl drrmy{elz{ vrmwjnln ~bla yj~b d amrl njrlk~ d`n ld{z!~m!|`nlr{~d`ngllnodke. ^bj{ j{ jcc|{~rd~ln j` ~bl gmccmyjì {kl`drjm.

[kl`drjm8 R "Ad`# 9;* j{ {lclk~jì d {l`~l`kl j` mrnlr ~m kmvz j~ j`~m d`ladjc ~m V "Ad`# 9?Q.

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6/10

vdvlr d`n vl`kjc. Gmr j`{~d`kl# j` ~bl kmavm{j~jm` mg ladjc{ d`nnmk|al`~{# ~blz `m cmìlr `llnln ~m ym`nlr ybl~blr m~blrvlmvcl ym|cn |`nlr{~d`n ~bljr ~l~{ olkd|{l mg ~bljr bd`nyrj~jì.^bj{ yd{ d` javmr~d`~ km`klr` dajn vdr~jkjvd`~{# d{ ~blz ylrl

ylcc dydrl mg ~bl gdk~ ~bd~ ~bljr bd`nyrj~jì yd{ njggjk|c~ ~m rldn.Dc{m# ~blz km|cn lnj~ ~bljr ladjc{ d`n nmk|al`~{ {lwlrdc ~jal{yj~bm|~ ymrrzjì dom|~ ~bl gj`dc vrl{l`~d~jm` mg ~bl kmavm{j~jm`{! lwl` javrmwjì j~. Nmjì ~bl {dal ~bjì yj~b ~bl ~rdnj~jm`dcvdvlr d`n vl`kjc# lwl` yj~b d ~zvlyrj~lr# yd{ wlrz njggjk|c~.

V "Ad`# 9


7/10

J`nlln# n|rjì km|r{l{ d`n all~jì{# vd~jl`kl# vlr{lwlrd`kl#immn kmaa|`jkd~jm` d`n l~rd vrdk~jkl ylrl gm|r mg~làl`~jm`ln t|dcj~jl{ yj~b d irld~ javdk~ m` {|kkl{{g|c ~rdj`jì{~rd~lijl{ gmr mcnlr vlmvcl. ^blz ~bdèln j`{~r|k~mr{ gmr oljì

vd~jl`~# |{jì mrnj`drz cdì|dil d`n oljì |`nlr{~d`njì dom|~~bljr `lln ~m nm ~bl {dal ~bjì {lwlrdc ~jal{ {m ~bd~ ~blz km|cnil~ ~m rlalaolr j~. Lwl` ~bm|ib mcnlr vlmvcl yj~b vrlwjm|{lvlrjl`kl ylrl amrl gdajcjdr yj~b ~lkb`jkdc ymrn{ d`n {malkm`klv~{ ~bd` ~bm{l yj~b cl{{ lvlrjl`kl# om~b ylckmal |{jì dvcdj` cdì|dil ~bd~ blcvln ~bla |`nlr{~d`n d`n rlalaolr~lkb`jkdc ymrn{# j` dnnj~jm` ~m bdwjì l~rd ~jal ~m vrdk~jkl.

[kl`drjm. Mcnlr vlmvcl j` d ymre{bmv nj{k|{{jì dom|~ ~bljr kbjcnrl`d`n j`{~r|k~mr{ j` imrd

[m ~m {vlde# m|r kbjcnrl` drl `m~ immn~ldkblr{ olkd|{l ~blz nm `m~ bdwl l`m|ib

vd~jl`kl d`n {vlde j` d cdì|dil ~bd~ j{njggjk|c~ ~m |`nlr{~d`n. Cdì|dil j{ dodrrjlr. Zm| im ~m ~bl IV d`n {~dr~ ~m ~dce

j` d {kjl`~jgjk cdì|dil. Bmylwlr# j~ ym|cnol a|kb ld{jlr jg ~blz# d{ j`{~r|k~mr{ blrl#drl vd~jl`~ d`n {vlde j` d ydz ~bd~ yl kd`|`nlr{~d`n

Nl{vj~l ~bl gdk~ ~bd~ ~bl vdr~jkjvd`~{ lvlrjl`kln `mradc dil!rlcd~ln kbdìl{ j` wj{jm`# ~blz ylrl ~m~dccz docl ~m j`~lrdk~ yj~b{~d`ndrn!{jxl j`gmrad~jm` {|kb d{ A[ Ymrn# A[ Lklc# Immicld`n Zdbmm$ J~ j{ ymr~b `m~jì ~bd~ `m`l mg ~bl{l ~lkb`mcmijl{bdwl oll` l{vlkjdccz nl{ji`ln gmr mcnlr vlmvcl. Vdr~jkjvd`~{ ylrldc{m docl ~m j`~lrdk~ yj~b {adcc!{jxl j`~lrgdkl{# {|kb d{ ~bljr myàmojcl vbm`l{# ybjkb ylrl `m~ ~bm{l nl{ji`ln gmr {l`jmr{.

Jg {mal njggjk|c~jl{ j` vlrkljwjì wj{|dc j`gmrad~jm` drj{l#vdr~jkjvd`~{ lj~blr v|~ ~bljr rldnjì icd{{l{ m` mr im~ kcm{lr ~m ~bl{krll`. Gmr j`{~d`kl# ~bm{l ybm bdn ymreln yj~b {mal ~zvl mgkmav|~lr!rlcd~ln ~lkb`mcmiz bdn ~bljr rldnjì icd{{l{ rldnz ybl`~blz {~dr~ln ~m im m`cj`l. ^bm{l yj~b cl{{ lvlrjl`kl ylrl `m~ {mdydrl mg ~bljr cjelcz njggjk|c~jl{ j` vlrkljwjì wj{|dc j`gmrad~jm`.@lwlr~blcl{{# ~blz lj~blr il~ kcm{lr ~m ~bl {krll` "|{|dccz# ~bl gjr{~~jal* mr njn `m~ gmril~ ~m v|~ ~bljr icd{{l{ m` ybl` imjì m`cj`l"j` ~bl rl{~ mg j`~lrdk~jm`{*.

Adejì ~bjì{ ojiilr yd{ `m~ d {mc|~jm`# d{ j~ bdn amrlnj{dnwd`~dil{ ~bd` dnwd`~dil{. Gjr{~# j`krld{jì ~bl {jxl mglclal`~{ rln|kl{ ~bl `|aolr mg ~bla m` {krll`. ^bj{ |{|dcczadnl mcnlr vlmvcl cm{l ~bl j`~lrdk~jm` km`~l~ j`gmrad~jm` ~blzlvlk~ln ~m l`km|`~lr j{ `m~ nj{vcdzln# vrlwjm|{ lclal`~{nj{vcdzln nj{dvvldrln d{ ~blz amwl |v d`n nmy` ~bl {krmcc odr.^bj{ cm{{ mg km`~l~ km`~rjo|~ln ~m adel mcnlr vlmvcl gllc |`{|rld`n cl{{ j`nlvl`nl`~.

[lkm`n# j`krld{jì ~bl {jxl mg lclal`~{ dc{m j`krld{l{ lj~blrbmrjxm`~dc mr wlr~jkdc {krmcc. [krmccjì yd{ d kmavcjkd~ln ~d{e.D`n j~{ kmavclj~z yd{ `m~ m`cz olkd|{l mg ~bljr njggjk|c~jl{|{jì ~bl am|{l. Gmr j`{~d`kl# j` ~m|kbdocl {krll`{# yblrld{ ~blvrlkj{jm` rlt|jrln ~m {krmcc yj~b ~bl am|{l {lla{ ~m ol rln|klnolkd|{l mg ~bl njrlk~ j`~lrdk~jm` yj~b ~bl gjìlr{ m` ~bl {krmccodr{# {krmccjì j{ d wlrz km`g|{jì d`n ~jrjì dk~jwj~z gmr ~blvdr~jkjvd`~{. ^bj{ j{ olkd|{l mg ~bl amwlal`~ mg ~bl ybmcl drad`n ~bl oc|r lgglk~ kd|{ln oz ~bl {adcc nj{~d`kl ol~yll` ~blj`njwjn|dc d`n ~bl {krll`.

[kl`drjm. W "Ad`# 9;* j{ il~~jì {~|ke yj~b ~bl {krll` adi`jgjlr#ybjkb j{ oljì |{ln ~m lnj~ d ymrn nmk|al`~ ~bd~ bl yd`~{ ~m {l`n wjdladjc ~m bj{ kbjcnrl` cjwjì j` Adccmrkd. W. j{ d{eln dom|~ ~blnjggjk|c~jl{.

J ~bjè ~bd~ j~ krld~l{ amrl vrmocla{ ~bd`{mc|~jm`{. J vrlglr az icd{{l{. J~ j{ rldccznjggjk|c~ ~m |{l olkd|{l zm| cm{lj`gmrad~jm`. Yj~b A[ Ymrn# zm| {ll ~blolij``jì d`n ~bl l`n mg d {l`~l`kl.

Bmylwlr# yj~b ~bl adi`jgjlr mv~jm`# zm|drl yrj~jì d`n zm| {malbmy cm{l ~bl clg~

vdr~ mg ~bl {l`~l`kl. ^bl am|{l dc{mnj{dvvldr{5 {krmccjì nmy` d`n |v j{

bmrrjn olkd|{l dcc ~bl oji ~bjì{ m` ~bl {krll` amwl rjib~ j` grm`~ mg zm|d`n ~bj{ dgglk~{ az lzl{ J~{ javm{{joclybm |{l{ ~bd~=

[kl`drjm8 V "9.; M`l ymrn {dz{ amrl ~bd` m`l jkm`Yblrld{ ~bl ~lraj`mcmiz mg j`~lrgdkl{ ~zvjkdccz km`{j{~{ mg ymrn{d`n jkm`{# ~bl rl{|c~{ {bmy ~bd~ mcnlr vlmvcl yj~b d`n yj~bm|~vrlwjm|{ lvlrjl`kl vcdkln a|kb amrl javmr~d`kl ~m ymrn{ ~bd`jkm`{ j` ~bljr lwlrzndz j`~lrdk~jm`{ yj~b ~bl ylo.

J` km`wlr{d~jm`{ dom|~ imjì m`cj`l# mcnlr dn|c~{ adnl cj~~cl mr `mrlglrl`kl{ ~m jkm`{. Bmylwlr# ~blz lvcdj`ln ~m ldkb m~blr d `lyg|`k~jm`dcj~z ~blz bdn lj~blr nj{kmwlrln mr cldr`ln. ^blz dc{mnj{k|{{ln dom|~ ~bljr {~rd~lijl{ gmr nmjì ~bjì{# yj~b ~bl dja mg

nj{kmwlrjì njgglrl`~ ydz{ mg nmjì ~bl {dal ~bjì. J` ~bljr `m~l{#rdrlcz njn ~blz yrj~l dom|~ jkm`{. @lwlr~blcl{{# ~blz yrm~l ~blald`jì mg ymrn{ j` ~bljr my` cdì|dil.

44 J` m~blr amrl km`~rmccln lvlrjal`~d~jm`{ yl bdwl dc{m gm|`n ~bd~l`cdrijì ~bl {jxl mg lclal`~{ j{ `m~ dcydz{ ~bl ol{~ dvvrmdkb ~mj`krld{l ylo dkkl{{jojcj~z gmr mcnlr vlmvcl. ^bl {jxl mg wj{|dc lclal`~{vrl{l`~ln m` ~bl nj{vcdz yd{ `myblrl `ldr d{ javmr~d`~ d{ rln|kjì ~blvrlkj{jm` |{jì ~bl am|{l d`n vrmwjnjì d `dwjid~jm`dc {~rd~liz ~bd~aj`jajxln ~bl kmi`j~jwl cmdn "`|aolr mg {~lv{* j` nl{ji`jì ~ym ylo{j~l{ gmr njgglrl`~ mcn!dil vl`{jm`lr d{{mkjd~jm`{ U9# ;7Q. ^bl{l ~ymkrj~lrjd ylrl dc{m mg wj~dc javmr~d`kl j` ~bl dndv~d~jm` mg d ylo {j~l ~mj~{ VND wlr{jm` U>;Q. J`krld{jì ~bl {jxl mg d{~lrj{e{ j{ `m~ ~bl ol{~{~rd~liz ~m blcv mcnlr vlmvcl nj{~jì|j{b ol~yll` rlt|jrln d`n mv~jm`dcgjlcn{ ybjcl gjccjì j` ylo gmra{ U>


8/10

Lklv~ gmr ~bl jkm`{ d{{mkjd~ln yj~b adj` ylo d`n kmav|~lrdvvcjkd~jm`{# {|kb d{ ~bl oji L mg J`~lr`l~ Lvcmrlr mr ~bl Y mgAjkrm{mg~ Ymrn# jkm`{ ylrl cdrilcz mwlrcmmeln. Vdr~jkjvd`~{gm|`n j~ amrl njggjk|c~ ~m |`nlr{~d`n d`n rlalaolr jkm`{ ~bd`

ymrn{. Ymrn{ {llaln ~m ol |{ln amrl km`{j{~l`~cz ~bd` jkm`{. J`dnnj~jm`# ymrn{ km`wlzln ~bl ald`jì mg g|`k~jm`dcj~jl{ amrlkcldrcz# nl{vj~l ~bl gdk~ ~bd~ {mal ymrn{ ajib~ ol kmav|~lr mrylo hdrim`. Om~b km`{j{~l`kz d`n kcdrj~z ylrl elz d{vlk~{ gmrmcnlr vlmvcl ~m rlalaolr d` javmr~d`~ vdr~ mg bmy ~m nm d ~d{e j~{ `dal d`n ~bl ~lraj`mcmiz |{ln j` j~. [mal ldavcl{ drl ijwl``l~.

[kl`drjm. R "Ad`# 9;* j{ d{eln j` d` j`~lrwjly dom|~ ybd~ bl yrj~l{ j`bj{ `m~l{. Bl j{ dcydz{ yrj~jì nmy` j`{~r|k~jm`{ d`n kmaal`~{. Bldccmyln |{ ~m {kd` bj{ `m~l{

J yrj~l ~bl am{~ javmr~d`~ ~bjì{ Ybjkb drl~bl{l ~bjì{=^bl {~lv{ d`n ~bl `dal mg ~bjì{ ~bd~

J {bm|cn |{l ^bl `dal mg ~bjì{d`n ~bl jkm`{=^bl{l cj~~cl jadil{m`cz ~bm{l ~bd~ drl do{mc|~lcz

l{{l`~jdc. Dvdr~ grma ~bm{l J e`my ylcc# {|kb d{{dwl d`n `ly# ~bl rl{~ drl t|j~l njggjk|c~ ~m|`nlr{~d`n. D`n ~blrl drl d cm~ mg ~bla. J ald`# ~blymrn kmvz adel{ amrl {l`{l ~bd` ~bl jadil |{lnj~ j` Ymrn# gmr j`{~d`kl.

Mcnlr vlmvcl yj~b {mal lvlrjl`kl im~ ~m |`nlr{~d`n ~bl ald`jìmg jkm`{# d{ d rl{|c~ mg ~bljr lvlrjl`kl. @lwlr~blcl{{# ~blz ylrlt|jke ~m vmj`~ m|~ ~bd~ ~blz vdjn a|kb amrl d~~l`~jm` ~m ymrn{~bd` ~m jkm`{# olkd|{l ~bl cd~~lr ylrl a|kb njggjk|c~ gmr ~bla ~mrlalaolr olkd|{l mg j~{ j`km`{j{~l`~ |{l.

[kl`drjm. HA "Ad`# 7:* j{ krld~jì d gmcnlr ~m {dwl `ly jadil{nmy`cmdnln grma ~bl ylo gmr bj{ ylo{j~l. Bl j{ rldnjì dcm|n ~blymrn{ bl {ll{ j` ~bl kmav|~lr

J nm~ rlalaolr {mal cj~~cl jadil{ mg kmav|~lr{. Jym|cn e`my ~bl ald`jì mg ~bla jg zm| d{eln al# o|~ J

vrlglr ~m rldn ymrn{. Ymrn{ drl ld{jlr ~m rlalaolr.Gmr j`{~d`kl# ~m krld~l d gmcnlr# zm| {ll krld~l `ly

gmcnlr. ^bj{ j{ d immn nldc ld{jlr ~bd` rlalaolrjì~bl jkm`{ yj~b d {mr~ mg {|` j` m`l mg j~{ kmr`lr. Bmyyjcc J rlalaolr ~bd~= Javm{{jocl.

^bl jkm` |{ln ~m kcm{l d` dk~jwl yj`nmy j{ wlrz {jajcdr ~m ~bljkm` |{ln ~m nlcl~l ladjc{. @lwlr~blcl{{# ~bl ymrn{ nlcl~l d`nkcm{l km`wlzln ~bl{l njgglrl`~ ald`jì{ j` d a|kb kcldrlr ydz.D`m~blr ldavcl j{ ~bl ymrn kmvz. J~ kdrrjln d gdajcjdrald`jì ~m mcnlr vlmvcl# d{{mkjd~jì kmvz ~m n|vcjkd~l.

Bmylwlr# ~bl jkm` |{ln j` dvvcjkd~jm`{ {|kb d{ A[ Ymrn yd{ald`jìcl{{.

J` dnnj~jm` ~m km`{j{~l`kz d`n kcdrj~z# ~bl `dal mg ~blg|`k~jm`dcj~jl{ yd{ ~bl gjr{~ ~bjì ~bd~ mcnlr vlmvcl cldr`ln ybl`~blz {~dr~ln ~m im m`cj`l. J` mrnlr ~m rlkmi`jxl dvvcjkd~jm`{# ~blzcldr`ln ~m cmme gmr {vlkjgjk jkm`{# {|kb d{ ~bl oji L mg J`~lr`l~Lvcmrlr. J` cldr`jì bmy ~m kdrrz m|~ d ~d{e# gmccmyjì Dimrd{vrmkln|rl{# ~blz njn `m~ cldr` jkm`{# bmylwlr. ^blz cldr`ln ~blald`jì mg {vlkjgjk ymrn{ ~bd~ l`docln ~bla ~m nm d ~d{e "l.i.5`ly# kmvz# vd{~l d`n {ldrkb* rd~blr ~bd` ~bl jkm`{ d{{mkjd~ln ~m~bl{l ymrn{. Ymrn{ ylrl amrl javmr~d`~ ~bd` jkm`{. D{ d rl{|c~mg ~bj{ cldr`jì vrmkl{{# mcnlr vlmvcl {~|ke ~m ymrn{ ybl` imjìm`cj`l.

_l{ldrkb bd{ kcdjaln ~bd~ jkm`{ ajib~ ol ld{jlr ~m |`nlr{~d`n ~bd~ymrn{ gmr `m`!lvlr~{ U>6Q. M|r rl{|c~{ {bmy ~bd~ ~bj{ m`czbdvvl`{ ybl` jkm`{ drl d{{mkjd~ln yj~b ~bl `dal mg adj` ylod`n kmav|~lr dvvcjkd~jm`{5 ymrn{ drl il`lrdccz ld{jlr ~m

|`nlr{~d`n ~bd` jkm`{# bmylwlr4?.

Q.

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^bl gmk|{ m` ndjcz j`~lrdk~jm`{ cln |{ ~m km`{jnlr |`nlr{~d`njì~bl `l~ymre mg ~lkb`mcmijl{ ~bd~ mcnlr vlmvcl |{l j` ~bljr ndjczj`~lrdk~jm`{ yj~b ~bl ylo. Gmr ~bj{ rld{m`# lwl` ~bm|ib ~bl gmk|{mg ~bl vdvlr j{ m` ylo dkkl{{jojcj~z# ~bl vdvlr rlwjly{ d`n adel{

rlglrl`kl{ `m~ m`cz ~m ylo ~lkb`mcmijl{ o|~ dc{m kmav|~lr{.^bl rl{|c~{ ajib~ `m~ ol rlvrl{l`~d~jwl mg {lwlrdc k|c~|rdckm`~l~{ d`n mcnlr vlmvcl. Dc{m# {mal al~bmnmcmijkdc j{{|l{javm{ln oz ~bl rldc km`~l~ mg |{l bdwl lalriln# {|kb d{ ~blnjggjk|c~jl{ j` |{jì d kmaoj`d~jm` mg a|c~jvcl al~bmn{"~rjdì|cd~jm`* ~m rlkmrn vdr~jkjvd`~{ mo{lrwd~jm`{ d`nkm`wlr{d~jm`{. Bmylwlr# om~b ~bl km`~l~ d`n ~bl ~zvl mg |{lr{yj~b ybjkb yl bdwl ymreln# mcnlr vlmvcl am~jwd~ln ~m |{l ~blylo d`n yj~b wlrz cj~~cl ln|kd~jm`dc odkeirm|`n d`n njij~dccj~lrdkz {ejcc{# adel ~bl rl{|c~{ rlvrl{l`~d~jwl mg d t|j~l javmr~d`~{lk~mr8 mcnlr vlmvcl yjccjì ~m |{l J^K o|~ `m~ l{vlkjdccz ylcc!mgg.

9. KM@KC\[JM@[ D@N M\^CMME^bj{ vdvlr bd{ lvcmrln grma d` l~b`mirdvbjkdc vlr{vlk~jwl ~bl

vrjmrj~jxd~jm` mg dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{ j` ~bl lwlrzndz j`~lrdk~jm`{mg mcnlr vlmvcl yj~b ~bl ylo.

^bl rl{|c~{ bdwl {bmy` ~bd~ njggjk|c~jl{ j` rlalaolrjì {~lv{#|`nlr{~d`njì kmav|~lr hdrim` d`n |{jì ~bl am|{l drl a|kbamrl rlclwd`~ gmr mcnlr vlmvcl ~m j`~lrdk~ yj~b ~bl ylo ~bd` ~bm{lodrrjlr{ kd|{ln oz ~bljr njggjk|c~jl{ vlrkljwjì wj{|dc j`gmrad~jm`#|`nlr{~d`njì jkm`{ d`n |{jì ~bl elzomdrn. ^bl d{vjrd~jm` mgmcnlr vlmvcl ~m olkmal j`nlvl`nl`~ kmav|~lr |{lr{ d`n im m`cj`loz |{jì mrnj`drz ~lkb`mcmijl{ ~bd~ nm `m~ adel ~bla ol j` `llnmg {vlkjdc d{{j{~d`kl mr njgglrl`~# d{ ylcc d{ ~bl rlclwd`kl mgkm`{j{~l`kz j` ~bl ~lraj`mcmiz mg ylo j`~lrgdkl{# dkkm|`~ gmr ~blrlcd~jwl rlclwd`kl mg dkkl{{jojcj~z odrrjlr{.

[mal mg ~bl{l rl{|c~{ kbdcclìl dkklv~ln dvvrmdkbl{ gmr adejì~bl ylo amrl dkkl{{jocl ~m mcnlr vlmvcl# {|kb d{ l`cdrijì ~bl

{jxl mg ylo lclal`~{. M~blr rl{|c~{ km`~l~|dcjxl dkkl{{jojcj~zodrrjlr{ yj~bj` ~bl rldc |{l ~bd~ mcnlr vlmvcl ybm drl ~dejì |v ~blylo drl adejì mg j~. Mwlrdcc# ~bj{ {~rl{{l{ ~bl rlclwd`kl mgl~b`mirdvbjkdc {~|njl{ j` mrnlr ~m il~ d ol~~lr |`nlr{~d`njì mg ~blj`~lrdk~jm` vrdk~jkl{ ol~yll` mcnlr vlmvcl d`n ~bl ylo j` ~bljrcjwl{.

M|r g|~|rl rl{ldrkb cj`l{ drl ~m |{l amrl l~b`mirdvbz j` ylodkkl{{jojcj~z gmr mcnlr vlmvcl d`n lvcmrl km`{j{~l`kz j` yloj`~lrgdkl{. L~b`mirdvbjkdc {~|njl{ {bm|cn ol d` j`v|~ ~m|`nlr{~d`n ol~~lr mcnlr vlmvcl d{ ylo |{lr{ d`n yl drl rl!ldaj`jì m|r l~b`mirdvbjkdc nd~d ~m il~ d ol~~lr j`{jib~{ j`~md{vlk~{ |`kmwlrln j` ~bj{ vdvlr# {|kb d{ {mkjdc rlcd~jm`{bjv{ d`n~bl rlclwd`kl mg kmi`j~jwl cmdn# d`n bmy ~blz kd` ol gmra|cd~ln~m j`gmra ~bl nl{ji` mg amrl dkkl{{jocl ylo "d`n kmav|~lr*

~lkb`mcmijl{ gmr ~bla.

2. DKE@MYCLNIAL@^[Yl drl j`nlo~ln ~m m|r vdr~jkjvd`~{ gmr adejì |{ gllc vlrglk~{~rdìlr{ j` ~bljr cjwl{. Yl nm dc{m yd`~ ~m ~bdè imrd#l{vlkjdccz AD [lrrd`m# Lcj{l`nd Ij`lr# D`d O|ri|l{ d`n D`dXdg` gmr dccmyjì |{ ~m hmj` |{. Cd{~ o|~ `m~ cld{~# yl dc{m yd`~~m ~bdè m|r kmccldi|l{ d~ \VG# Gdojl` Ijrdrnj`# Lr`l{~m Drrmzmd`n Ndw`jd Blr``nlx# gmr ~bljr kmaal`~{ m` ldrcjlr wlr{jm`{ mg~bj{ ad`|{krjv~. M|r ~bdè{ dc{m im ~m ~bl Y>D rlwjlylr{.

:. _LGL_L@KL[U4Q Dom|!Xdbrd# [.# Orlylr# H. d`n Drkb# D.# ^mydrn{ Orjnijì

~bl Dkkl{{jojcj~z @lln{ mg Vlmvcl yj~b Nj{dojcj~jl{ d`n ~bl

Diljì Kmaa|`j~z. j` Y>D?662# Oljhjì# "Kbj`d*# vv8 2;!29.

U?Q Drjd{# H. d`n [dzdim# [. Nl{ji` d`n lwdc|d~jm` mg ~bl |{lr

j`~lrgdkl mg d wjnlm ormy{lr gmr mcnlr vlmvcl. A[k j`Kmav|~lr [kjl`kl# \`jwlr{j~d~ Vmavl| Gdord# Odrklcm`d#[vdj`# ?662.

U;Q Dr`m~~# H.C.# l~ dc. L!adjc J`~lrgdkl{ gmr Mcnlr Vlmvcl.J`JLLL J`~lr`d~jm`dc Km`glrl`kl m` [z{~la{# Ad` d`nKzolr`l~jk{. ?66># vv8 444!442.

U>Q D|cd# D.# \{lr {~|nz m` mcnlr dn|c~{) |{l mg ~bl Ylo d`n{ldrkb lìj`l{. \`jwlr{dc Dkkl{{ j` J`gmrad~jm` [mkjl~z#?668 v. 79!24.

U!:29.

U9Q Kdadkbm# C. d`n [dzdim# [. Nl{ji` d`n lwdc|d~jm` mg d{javcl ylo {j~l gmr mcnlr vlmvcl. A[k j` Kmav|~lr [kjl`kl#\`jwlr{j~d~ Vmavl| Gdord# Odrklcm`d "[vdj`*# ?667

U2Q Kbdradx# E. d`n Aj~kblcc# _.I. Irm|`nln ^blmrz j`L~b`mirdvbz. j` D~ej`{m`# V.# Kmgglz# D.# Nlcdam`~# [.#Cmgcd`n# H. d`n Cmgcd`n# C. ln{.Bd`nomme mg L~b`mirdvbz#[DIL V|ocjkd~jm`{# Cm`nm`# ?669# 476!49*. ;>;!;


10/10

\`jwlr{dc Dkkl{{ j` ~bl J`gmrad~jm` [mkjl~z# ?66>. ;8 vv.4;4!4>6.

U4:QGclkbd# _.# [bdrjì Ymrn{. ^blmrz d`n vrdk~jkl mg njdcmijk

cldr`jì. ?666# Adrzcd`n8 _m{ad` ' Cj~~clgjlcnV|ocjkd~jm`{.

U?6QIdvvd# B. d`n I. @mrnormke# Dvvczjì Ylo dkkl{{jojcj~z ~mJ`~lr`l~ vmr~dc{. \`jwlr{dc Dkkl{{ j` J`gmrad~jm` [mkjl~z#?66>. ;8 vv. 26!29.

U?4QIcd{lr# O.I. d`n D.C. [~rd|{{. ^bl nj{kmwlrz mg irm|`nln~blmrz8 {~rd~lijl{ gmr t|dcj~d~jwl rl{ldrkb. ?667# @lyHlr{lz8 Dcnj`l ^rd`{dk~jm`.

U??QIrmgg# C.# l~ dc.# Lvcmrjì Bmy ~bl Lcnlrcz \{l ~bl Ylo# j`\{dojcj~z @ly{.b~~v8--v{zkbmcmiz.yjkbj~d.ln|-{|rc-|{dojcj~z`ly{-4{-lcnlrcz.b~a. 4:::.

U?;QBd`{m`# W.C.# [`my!Yldwlr d`n ^rlyj`# [. [mg~ydrlvlr{m`dcj{d~jm` ~m all~ ~bl `lln{ mg mcnlr dn|c~{.

Ilrm`~lkb`mcmiz# ;. 476!47:.U?>QBdy~bmr`# N. Bmy \`jwlr{dc j{ Immn Nl{ji` gmr Mcnlr

\{lr{= J` K\\ )6;. Wd`km|wlr# Orj~j{b Kmc|aojd# Kd`dnd#vv8 ;2!>7.

U?99.

U;6QCdrrd# _.A.n.#Cm{ Adzmrl{ l` cd [mkjlndn nl cdJ`gmradkj`8 {j~|dkj` dk~|dc z rl~m{ nl g|~|rm. ?66>#G|`ndkj` D\@D8 Adnrjn. [vd`j{b rlvmr~.

U;4QAdkd|cdz# K.# Ol`zm`# N. d`n Krlrdr# D. L~b`mirdvbz#~blmrz d`n {z{~la{ nl{ji`8 grma j`~|j~jm` ~m j`{jib~.

J`~lr`d~jm`dc Hm|r`dc mg B|ad`!Kmav|~lr J`~lrdk~jm`# U;?QAmrdcl{# H. d`n [dzdim# [. \{dojcj~z {~|nz mg ~ym ~lkb`jt|l{gmr {ldrkbjì m`cj`l j`gmrad~jm` yj~b mcnlr vlmvcl. A[k j`Kmav|~lr [kjl`kl# \`jwlr{j~d~ Vmavl| Gdord# Odrklcm`d"[vdj`*# ?662.

U;;QAmrrlcc# _.Y.# [._. Ndjclz# d`n I.E. _m|{{ld|# Dvvczjì_l{ldrkb8 ^bl @JB[l`jmrBldc~b.imw Vrmhlk~# j`Javdk~ mg^lkb`mcmiz m` [|kkl{{g|c Dijì# @. Kbdr`l{{ d`n E.Y.[kbdjl# Lnj~mr{. ?66;# [vrjìlr [lrjl{ [mkjl~dc Javdk~ m`Dijì8 @ly Zmre.

U;>QAz`d~~# L.N.# L{{d# J. d`n _milr{# Y.# J`krld{jì ~blmvvmr~|`j~jl{ gmr dijì j` vcdkl. j` Vrmkllnjì{ m` ~bl ?666

km`glrl`kl m` \`jwlr{dc \{dojcj~z# "Drcjì~m`# Wjrij`jd#\`j~ln [~d~l{# ?666*# 7

U;6Q_milr{# Z.# B. [bdrv# d`n H. Vrllkl#J`~lrdk~jm` nl{ji`8olzm`n b|ad`!kmav|~lr j`~lrdk~jm`. ?66?8 Hmb` Yjclz '[m`{.

U>4Q[dzdim# [. d`n H. Ocd~# Lvcmrjì ~bl _mcl mg ^jal d`nLrrmr{ j` _ldc!Cjgl \{dojcj~z gmr Mcnlr Vlmvcl d`n JK^# j`44~b J`~lr`d~jm`dc Km`glrl`kl JKKBV# E. Ajl{lòlrilr# l~dc.# Lnj~mr{. ?662# Clk~|rl @m~l{ j` Kmav|~lr [kjl`kl.[vrjìlr8 Cj`x "D|{~rjd*. vv. >7!.

U>?Q[dzdim# [. d`n H. Ocd~. D vrlcjaj`drz |{dojcj~z lwdc|d~jm` mg~brll {~rd~lijl{ gmr {llejì m`cj`l j`gmrad~jm` yj~b lcnlrczvlmvcl. J`J`~lr`d~jm`dc Krm{{!Nj{kjvcj`drz Ymre{bmv m`Ylo Dkkl{{jojcj~z "Y>D?669*. Kd`dnd. vv8 !>9.

U>;Q[dzdim# [. d`n H. Ocd~. Dndv~jì d` m`cj`l ylo{j~l ~m d Vdca

M[ yj~b zm|ì lcnlrcz vlmvcl. j`JDNJ[ YYY-J`~lr`l~?667. A|rkjd# [vdj`# vv8 44

U>>Q[dzdim# [.# l~ dc. All~jì {mal ln|kd~jm`dc `lln{ mg lcnlrczvlmvcl j` JK^8 ^ym lvcmrd~mrz kd{l {~|njl{.DKAKrm{{rmdn{# 4> "?*# ?662.

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