About the Authors...Concord Community Schools 5,314 4,651 663 Covington Community Sch Corp 1,002 991 11 Cowan Community School Corp 779 651 128 Crawford Co Com School Corp 1,645 1,818

© Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University • 1 • www.bsu.edu/cber • www.cberdata.org

About the AuthorsSrikant Devaraj, PhD, is a research assistant

professor at Ball State CBER. He holds master’s

degrees in business administration and information

and communication sciences from Ball State and a

doctorate in health economics from IUPUI.

Dagney Faulk, PhD, is director of research and a

research professor at Ball State CBER. Her research

focuses on state and local fiscal tax policy, local

government structure, and regional economic

development issues. She received her doctorate in

economics from the Andrew Young School of Policy

Studies at Georgia State University.

Michael J. Hicks, PhD, is director of Ball State CBER

and the George & Frances Ball distinguished professor

of economics in the Miller College of Business. His

research interest is in state and local public finance

and the effect of public policy on the location,

composition, and size of economic activity. Hicks

earned doctoral and master’s degrees in economics

from the University of Tennessee and a bachelor’s

degree in economics from Virginia Military Institute. He

is a retired army reserve infantryman.

About Ball State CBERThe Center for Business and Economic Research

(CBER) conducts timely economic policy research,

analysis, and forecasting for a public audience. We

share our insight with the community through the

Indiana Economic Outlook and the Ball State Business

Roundtable. The CBER Data Center offers primary

data sets, data resources for grant writers & economic

developers, and a projects & publications library at

www.cberdata.org.

Center for Business and Economic Research

2000 W. University Ave. (WB 149)

Muncie, IN 47306

765-285-5926 • [email protected]

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facebook.com/BallStateCBER

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CENTER FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH

Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University

• Srikant Devaraj, PhD, research assistant professor, CBER

• Dagney Faulk, PhD, director of research and research professor, CBER

• Michael J. Hicks, PhD, director, CBER; and the George & Frances Ball distinguished professor of economics

Tags: #Education #Indiana

Appendix

School Corporation Size & Student Performance:

Evidence from Indiana

Thank you to Kera Fenimore, undergraduate research assistant, for her contributions to our research, and to Stephanie Davidsen and

Nathan Law, graduate research assistants, for their work with GIS maps.

Prepared for the Indiana Chamber of Commerce Foundation

August 15, 2017


Table A1: Student Enrollment by School Corporation, IndianaSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Department of Education datasets

School Enrollment, Summary Statistics, & Performance by Size Category

School Corporation Name 2014 Total Enrollment

2006 Total Enrollment

Difference 2006-2014

Adams Central Community Schools 1,228 1,144 84

Alexandria Com School Corp 1,582 1,658 -76

Anderson Community School Corp 7,079 10,020 -2,941

Argos Community Schools 611 703 -92

Attica Consolidated Sch Corp 822 949 -127

Avon Community School Corp 9,115 7,243 1,872

Barr-Reeve Com Schools Inc 786 744 42

Bartholomew Con School Corp 11,575 10,918 657

Batesville Community Sch Corp 2,154 1,949 205

Baugo Community Schools 1,880 1,838 42

Beech Grove City Schools 2,986 2,366 620

Benton Community School Corp 1,864 2,022 -158

Blackford County Schools 1,761 2,299 -538

Bloomfield School District 921 1,112 -191

Blue River Valley Schools 645 832 -187

Bremen Public Schools 1,471 1,454 17

Brown County School Corporation 2,089 2,272 -183

Brownsburg Community Sch Corp 8,295 6,726 1,569

Brownstown Cnt Com Sch Corp 1,655 1,764 -109

C A Beard Memorial School Corp 1,208 1,397 -189

Cannelton City Schools 240 249 -9

Carmel Clay Schools 15,971 14,446 1,525

Carroll Consolidated Sch Corp 1,153 1,173 -20

Caston School Corporation 731 833 -102

Center Grove Com Sch Corp 7,796 7,259 537

Centerville-Abington Com Schs 1,789 1,701 88

Central Noble Com School Corp 1,269 1,467 -198

Clark-Pleasant Com School Corp 6,351 4,666 1,685

Clarksville Com School Corp 1,357 1,503 -146

Clay Community Schools 4,315 4,742 -427

Clinton Central School Corp 1,001 1,098 -97

Clinton Prairie School Corp 1,082 1,056 26

Cloverdale Community Schools 1,244 1,442 -198

Community Schools of Frankfort 3,195 3,195 0

Concord Community Schools 5,314 4,651 663

Covington Community Sch Corp 1,002 991 11

Cowan Community School Corp 779 651 128

Crawford Co Com School Corp 1,645 1,818 -173

Crawfordsville Com Schools 2,465 2,365 100

Crothersville Community Schools 533 588 -55

Crown Point Community Sch Corp 8,075 6,766 1,309

Culver Community Schools Corp 860 1,151 -291

Daleville Community Schools 913 673 240

Danville Community School Corp 2,531 2,540 -9

Decatur County Com Schools 2,133 2,252 -119

DeKalb Co Ctl United Sch Dist 3,734 4,192 -458

DeKalb Co Eastern Com Sch Dist 1,353 1,532 -179

Appendix A:



Difference 2006-2014

Delaware Community School Corp 2,579 2,826 -247

Delphi Community School Corp 1,453 1,722 -269

Duneland School Corporation 5,858 5,666 192

East Allen County Schools 9,094 10,268 -1,174

East Gibson School Corporation 932 1,042 -110

East Noble School Corp 3,720 3,807 -87

East Porter County School Corp 2,420 2,163 257

East Washington School Corp 1,471 1,771 -300

Eastbrook Community Sch Corp 1,565 1,742 -177

Eastern Greene Schools 1,268 1,415 -147

Eastern Hancock Co Com Sch Corp 1,177 1,123 54

Eastern Howard School Corp 1,465 1,303 162

Eastern Pulaski Com Sch Corp 1,283 1,385 -102

Edinburgh Community Sch Corp 955 895 60

Elkhart Community Schools 13,083 13,490 -407

Elwood Community School Corp 1,559 1,930 -371

Eminence Community School Corp 384 551 -167

Evansville Vanderburgh Sch Corp 22,474 21,854 620

Fairfield Community Schools 2,102 2,057 45

Fayette County School Corp 3,748 4,231 -483

Flat Rock-Hawcreek School Corp 868 1,147 -279

Fort Wayne Community Schools 30,429 31,342 -913

Franklin Community School Corp 5,123 4,779 344

Franklin County Com Sch Corp 2,699 3,117 -418

Franklin Township Com Sch Corp 8,748 7,818 930

Frankton-Lapel Community Schs 3,036 2,389 647

Fremont Community Schools 978 1,206 -228

Frontier School Corporation 741 831 -90

Garrett-Keyser-Butler Com 1,759 1,694 65

Gary Community School Corp 7,566 15,119 -7,553

Goshen Community Schools 6,598 6,107 491

Greater Clark County Schools 10,591 10,690 -99

Greater Jasper Con Schs 3,204 3,207 -3

Greencastle Community Sch Corp 1,989 1,986 3

Greenfield-Central Com Schools 4,576 4,542 34

Greensburg Community Schools 2,283 2,162 121

Greenwood Community Sch Corp 3,757 3,803 -46

Griffith Public Schools 2,417 2,677 -260

Hamilton Community Schools 421 659 -238

Hamilton Heights School Corp 2,271 2,182 89

Hamilton Southeastern Schools 20,825 14,231 6,594

Hanover Community School Corp 2,128 1,696 432

Huntington Co Com Sch Corp 5,467 6,377 -910

Indianapolis Public Schools 30,097 37,554 -7,457

Jac-Cen-Del Community Sch Corp 842 968 -126

Jay School Corp 3,463 3,850 -387

Jennings County Schools 4,487 5,297 -810


Table A1 continuedSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Department of Education datasets



Difference 2006-2014 School Corporation Name 2014 Total

Enrollment2006 Total

EnrollmentDifference 2006-2014

John Glenn School Corporation 1,905 1,810 95

Kankakee Valley School Corp 3,464 3,413 51

Knox Community School Corp 1,898 2,008 -110

Kokomo-Center Twp Con Sch Corp 6,546 7,027 -481

Lafayette School Corporation 7,616 7,027 589

Lake Central School Corp 9,633 9,375 258

Lake Ridge Schools 1,966 2,256 -290

Lake Station Community Schools 1,449 1,461 -12

Lakeland School Corporation 2,112 2,243 -131

Lanesville Community School Corp 706 654 52

LaPorte Community School Corp 6,778 6,380 398

Lawrenceburg Com School Corp 1,988 1,552 436

Lebanon Community School Corp 3,573 3,549 24

Liberty-Perry Com School Corp 1,177 1,194 -17

Linton-Stockton School Corp 1,412 1,392 20

Logansport Community Sch Corp 4,220 4,302 -82

Loogootee Community Sch Corp 920 1,077 -157

M S D Bluffton-Harrison 1,547 1,506 41

M S D Boone Township 1,190 1,078 112

M S D Decatur Township 6,202 6,028 174

M S D Lawrence Township 15,164 16,209 -1,045

M S D Martinsville Schools 5,028 5,584 -556

M S D Mount Vernon 2,177 2,615 -438

M S D North Posey Co Schools 1,400 1,500 -100

M S D of New Durham Township 935 830 105

M S D Perry Township 14,955 13,840 1,115

M S D Pike Township 11,278 10,751 527

M S D Shakamak Schools 822 915 -93

M S D Southwest Allen County 7,052 6,375 677

M S D Steuben County 2,913 2,959 -46

M S D Wabash County Schools 2,234 2,613 -379

M S D Warren County 1,147 1,363 -216

M S D Warren Township 12,100 11,771 329

M S D Washington Township 11,348 10,005 1,343

M S D Wayne Township 15,758 14,278 1,480

Maconaquah School Corp 2,325 2,408 -83

Madison Consolidated Schools 2,894 3,421 -527

Madison-Grant United Sch Corp 1,302 1,607 -305

Manchester Community Schools 1,625 1,633 -8

Marion Community Schools 3,645 5,367 -1,722

Medora Community School Corp 263 299 -36

Merrillville Community School 6,608 6,984 -376

Michigan City Area Schools 5,757 6,826 -1,069

Middlebury Community Schools 4,456 4,007 449

Milan Community Schools 1,189 1,271 -82

Mill Creek Community Sch Corp 1,571 1,609 -38

Mississinewa Community School Corp 2,551 2,159 392

Mitchell Community Schools 1,667 2,039 -372

Monroe Central School Corp 1,034 990 44

Monroe County Com Sch Corp 10,953 10,801 152

Monroe-Gregg School District 1,465 1,343 122

Mooresville Con School Corp 4,486 4,411 75

Mt Vernon Community Sch Corp 3,556 3,359 197

Muncie Community Schools 6,106 7,567 -1,461

Nettle Creek School Corp 1,107 1,256 -149

New Albany-Floyd Co Con Sch 11,396 11,659 -263

New Castle Community Sch Corp 3,515 4,030 -515

New Prairie United School Corp 2,974 2,737 237

Nineveh-Hensley-Jackson United 1,798 1,856 -58

Noblesville Schools 9,947 7,775 2,172

North Adams Community Schools 1,793 2,231 -438

North Central Parke Comm Sch Corp(Rockville & Turkey Run) 1,287 -- 1,287

North Daviess Com Schools 1,175 1,131 44

North Gibson School Corp 2,072 2,159 -87

North Harrison Com School Corp 2,194 2,303 -109

North Judson-San Pierre Sch Corp 1,169 1,462 -293

North Knox School Corp 1,339 1,493 -154

North Lawrence Com Schools 5,065 5,397 -332

North Miami Community Schools 953 1,220 -267

North Montgomery Com Sch Corp 1,961 2,160 -199

North Newton School Corp 1,396 1,637 -241

North Putnam Community Schools 1,521 1,942 -421

North Spencer County Sch Corp 2,020 2,199 -179

North Vermillion Com Sch Corp 714 826 -112

North West Hendricks Schools 1,881 1,691 190

North White School Corp 870 1,055 -185

Northeast Dubois Co Sch Corp 962 964 -2

Northeast School Corp 927 1,496 -569

Northeastern Wayne Schools 1,256 1,129 127

Northern Wells Com Schools 2,388 2,585 -197

Northwest Allen County Schools 7,010 5,854 1,156

Northwestern Con School Corp 1,440 1,582 -142

Northwestern School Corp 1,753 1,667 86

Oak Hill United School Corp 1,688 1,475 213

Oregon-Davis School Corp 596 709 -113

Orleans Community Schools 840 847 -7

Paoli Community School Corp 1,542 1,634 -92

Penn-Harris-Madison Sch Corp 10,409 10,408 1

Perry Central Com Schools Corp 1,195 1,176 19

Peru Community Schools 2,174 2,290 -116

Pike County School Corp 1,939 2,118 -179

Pioneer Regional School Corp 926 1,048 -122

Plainfield Community Sch Corp 5,298 4,199 1,099

Plymouth Community School Corp 3,766 3,463 303

Portage Township Schools 7,853 8,390 -537

Porter Township School Corp 1,429 1,646 -217

Prairie Heights Com Sch Corp 1,308 1,724 -416

Randolph Central School Corp 1,569 1,722 -153

Randolph Eastern School Corp 932 1,055 -123

Randolph Southern School Corp 483 655 -172

Rensselaer Central School Corp 1,693 1,820 -127

Richland-Bean Blossom C S C 2,888 2,760 128

Richmond Community Schools 5,298 5,466 -168

Rising Sun-Ohio Co Com 803 980 -177

River Forest Community Sch Corp 1,462 1,421 41


Table A1 continuedSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Department of Education datasets



Difference 2006-2014 School Corporation Name 2014 Total

Enrollment2006 Total

EnrollmentDifference 2006-2014

Rochester Community Sch Corp 1,895 1,953 -58

Rossville Con School District 1,019 1,006 13

Rush County Schools 2,401 2,650 -249

Salem Community Schools 1,932 2,139 -207

School City of East Chicago 4,988 6,017 -1,029

School City of Hammond 13,691 14,628 -937

School City of Hobart 4,047 3,756 291

School City of Mishawaka 5,068 5,307 -239

School Town of Highland 3,179 3,461 -282

School Town of Munster 4,025 4,101 -76

School Town of Speedway 1,735 1,696 39

Scott County School District 1 1,268 1,467 -199

Scott County School District 2 2,671 2,888 -217

Seymour Community Schools 4,515 3,961 554

Shelby Eastern Schools 1,302 1,598 -296

Shelbyville Central Schools 4,015 3,726 289

Shenandoah School Corporation 1,384 1,406 -22

Sheridan Community Schools 1,060 1,110 -50

Shoals Community School Corp 577 714 -137

Smith-Green Community Schools 1,204 1,354 -150

South Adams Schools 1,311 1,460 -149

South Bend Community Sch Corp 19,308 21,861 -2,553

South Central Com School Corp 925 849 76

South Dearborn Com School Corp 2,656 3,002 -346

South Gibson School Corp 1,966 1,902 64

South Harrison Com Schools 3,175 3,252 -77

South Henry School Corp 779 818 -39

South Knox School Corp 1,218 1,145 73

South Madison Com Sch Corp 4,589 3,839 750

South Montgomery Com Sch Corp 1,660 2,041 -381

South Newton School Corp 894 969 -75

South Putnam Community Schools 1,165 1,402 -237

South Ripley Com Sch Corp 1,178 1,334 -156

South Spencer County Sch Corp 1,332 1,453 -121

South Vermillion Com Sch Corp 1,773 2,059 -286

Southeast Dubois Co Sch Corp 1,316 1,482 -166

Southeast Fountain School Corp 1,121 1,328 -207

Southeastern School Corp 1,394 1,606 -212

Southern Hancock Co Com Sch Corp 3,354 3,233 121

Southern Wells Com Schools 844 821 23

Southwest Dubois Co Sch Corp 1,774 1,849 -75

Southwest Parke Com Sch Corp 969 967 2

Southwest School Corp 1,820 1,779 41

Southwestern Con Sch Shelby Co 627 744 -117

Southwestern-Jefferson Co Con 1,387 1,424 -37

Spencer-Owen Community Schools 2,662 3,108 -446

Springs Valley Com School Corp 895 980 -85

Sunman-Dearborn Com Sch Corp 3,886 4,384 -498

Switzerland County School Corp 1,540 1,584 -44

Taylor Community School Corp 1,259 1,582 -323

Tell City-Troy Twp School Corp 1,481 1,654 -173

Tippecanoe School Corp 12,391 11,012 1,379

Tippecanoe Valley School Corp 1,954 2,196 -242

Tipton Community School Corp 1,765 1,873 -108

Tri-Central Community Schools 848 1,046 -198

Tri-County School Corp 727 813 -86

Tri-Creek School Corporation 3,406 3,539 -133

Triton School Corporation 927 1,116 -189

Tri-Township Consolidated School Corp (Dewey, Prairie & Cass Township) 384 384

Twin Lakes School Corp 2,319 2,619 -300

Union Co/Clg Corner Joint Sch Dist 1,450 1,673 -223

Union School Corporation 336 476 -140

Union Township School Corp 1,525 1,664 -139

Union-North United School Corp 1,112 1,333 -221

Valparaiso Community Schools 6,260 6,188 72

Vigo County School Corp 15,409 16,420 -1,011

Vincennes Community Sch Corp 2,711 2,867 -156

Wabash City Schools 1,466 1,481 -15

Wa-Nee Community Schools 3,029 3,258 -229

Warrick County School Corp 10,140 9,354 786

Warsaw Community Schools 7,142 6,791 351

Washington Com Schools 2,567 2,461 106

Wawasee Community School Corp 3,154 3,433 -279

Wes-Del Community Schools 841 880 -39

West Central School Corp 872 906 -34

West Clark Community Schools 4,724 3,600 1,124

West Lafayette Com School Corp 2,244 2,048 196

West Noble School Corporation 2,464 2,611 -147

West Washington School Corp 817 1,020 -203

Western Boone Co Com Sch Dist 1,716 1,886 -170

Western School Corp 2,632 2,468 164

Western Wayne Schools 996 1,179 -183

Westfield-Washington Schools 6,913 5,245 1,668

Westview School Corporation 2,321 2,264 57

White River Valley Sch Dist 794 901 -107

Whiting School City 1,170 850 320

Whitko Community School Corp 1,535 1,999 -464

Whitley Co Cons Schools 3,565 3,546 19

Yorktown Community Schools 2,463 2,312 151

Zionsville Community Schools 6,424 4,820 1,604


County Land Area (sq. mi.) 2014 Population # of Public School

Corporations*

Adams 339 34,756 3

Allen 657 365,701 4

Bartholomew 407 80,220 2

Benton 406 8,697 1

Blackford 165 12,401 1

Boone 423 61,805 3

Brown 312 14,932 1

Carroll 372 19,904 2

Cass 413 38,336 3

Clark 375 114,301 3

Clay 358 26,483 1

Clinton 405 32,672 4

Crawford 306 10,627 1

Daviess 431 32,745 3

DeKalb 363 49,423 3

Dearborn 305 26,511 3

Decatur 373 42,508 2

Delaware 393 117,201 7

Dubois 430 42,364 4

Elkhart 464 201,739 7

Fayette 215 23,466 1

Floyd 148 76,233 1

Fountain 396 16,723 3

Franklin 386 22,898 1

Fulton 369 20,483 2

Gibson 489 33,845 3

Grant 414 68,631 4

Greene 542 32,733 5

Hamilton 398 303,278 6

Hancock 306 71,963 4

Harrison 485 39,238 3

Hendricks 408 156,083 6

Henry 393 49,072 5

Howard 293 82,693 5

Huntington 383 36,686 1

Jackson 509 43,803 4

Jasper 560 33,464 2

Jay 384 21,147 1

Jefferson 361 32,529 2

Jennings 377 27,996 1

Johnson 320 147,489 6

Knox 516 37,845 3

Kosciusko 538 78,445 4

LaPorte** 598 111,695 6

LaGrange 380 38,462 3

Lake 497 490,574 16

Lawrence 449 45,615 2

Table A2: Number of School Corporations by County, IndianaSource: Land area from U.S. Census Bureau; Population from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis regional data; Number of school corporations from U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Governments

County Land Area (sq. mi.) 2014 Population # of Public School

Corporations*

Madison 452 129,999 5

Marion 396 934,531 11

Marshall 444 47,013 5

Martin 336 10,209 2

Miami 376 35,983 4

Monroe 394 143,571 2

Montgomery 505 38,060 3

Morgan 406 69,590 4

Newton 402 14,072 2

Noble 411 47,595 3

Ohio 87 6,008 1

Orange 400 19,686 3

Owen 385 21,034 1

Parke** 445 17,227 2

Perry 381 19,387 3

Pike 336 12,641 1

Porter 418 167,308 7

Posey** 409 25,520 2

Pulaski 434 12,979 2

Putnam 480 37,660 4

Randolph 453 25,341 5

Ripley 446 28,548 4

Rush 408 16,834 1

Scott 190 23,678 2

Shelby 413 44,531 4

Spencer 399 20,831 2

St. Joseph 457 267,679 5

Starke 309 23,037 3

Steuben 309 34,406 3

Sullivan 447 21,003 1

Switzerland 221 10,490 2

Tippecanoe 500 183,670 3

Tipton 260 15,429 2

Union 162 7,225 1

Vanderburgh 235 181,918 1

Vermillion 257 15,694 2

Vigo 403 108,201 1

Wabash 413 32,282 3

Warren 365 8,330 1

Warrick 384 61,267 1

Washington 514 27,904 3

Wayne 404 67,447 5

Wells 370 27,827 3

White 505 24,408 4

Whitley 336 33,412 2

Indiana** 35,867 6,597,880 289

* The Census Bureau uses the term “school districts.” We use the term “school corporation” because that term is commonly used in Indiana.

** The number of public school corporations reflects recent mergers.


Table A3: Other Educational Outcomes in Indiana School Corporations by Enrollment Level, 2014Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports

2014 Student Enrollment

# of Corporations

2014 % Students... 2014 % HS Graduates... 2014 % Students...

Taking SAT

Taking ACT

Who Met ACT/SAT College Readiness Benchmark

Taking AP Exam

Attending College

Passing ISTEP Math (4th)

Passing ISTEP ELA (4th)

Passing ISTEP Math (8th)

Passing ISTEP ELA (8th)

240 to 999 53 53.91 8.97 34.55 19.79† 61.07 63.31 69.27 45.41 58.18

1,000 to 1,499 60 57.98 13.88 35.68 19.83 60.54 65.75 71.36 53.77 62.82

1,500 to 1,999 44 57.13 16.00 37.76 21.59 60.07 65.52 70.12 53.19 63.20

2,000 to 2,999 40 56.29 13.64 41.69 23.45 61.66 67.49 74.53 54.54 65.85

3,000 to 4,999 35 61.11 18.88 40.92 22.23 61.82 67.13 71.53 55.76 65.02

5,000 to 9,999 35 61.76 21.05 43.48 25.92 65.25 68.65 73.42 56.16 64.36

10,000 to 20,000+ 22 58.34 28.27 40.71 26.08 64.94 62.24 66.75 54.08 61.45

Total 289 57.76 15.84 38.58 22.17 61.79 65.76 71.15 52.81 62.79

† Sample size was 45 instead of 53 for this variable. Corporations reporting zero students taking AP exams or not reporting are not included in the calculation. We assume that no students took AP exams in these school corporations.

Table A4: Frequency Distribution for General Calculus— Non-AP TrackSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College

Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets


# of Corporations Offering Calculus % of Total % of School Corporations in

This Enrollment Category

220 to 999 1 4.17 1.85

1,000 to 1,499 6 25.00 10.34

1,500 to 1,999 7 29.17 15.91

2,000 to 2,999 1 4.17 2.44

3,000 to 4,999 1 4.17 2.78

5,000 to 9,999 5 20.83 15.15

10,000 to 20,000+ 3 12.50 13.04

Total 24 100.00 8.30

Table A5: Frequency Distribution for AP Calculus AB— Equivalent to One Semester of Calculus at Most Colleges & UniversitiesSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College



# of Corporations Offering AP Calc AB % of Total % of School Corporations in


220 to 999 36 16.14 66.67

1,000 to 1,499 42 18.83 72.41

1,500 to 1,999 32 14.35 72.73

2,000 to 2,999 31 13.90 75.61

3,000 to 4,999 31 13.90 86.11

5,000 to 9,999 28 12.56 84.85

10,000 to 20,000+ 23 10.31 100.00

Total 223 100.00 77.16

Table A6: Frequency Distribution for AP Calculus BC— Equivalent to One Year of Calculus at Most Colleges & UniversitiesSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College



# of Corporations Offering AP Calc AC % of Total % of School Corporations in


220 to 999 0 0 0.00

1,000 to 1,499 6 10.91 10.34

1,500 to 1,999 5 9.09 11.36

2,000 to 2,999 4 7.27 9.76

3,000 to 4,999 7 12.73 19.44

5,000 to 9,999 20 36.36 60.61

10,000 to 20,000+ 13 23.64 56.52

Total 55 100.0 19.03

Table A7: Frequency Distribution for Physics ISource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College



# of Corporations Offering Physics I % of Total % of School Corporations in


220 to 999 30 13.16 55.56

1,000 to 1,499 44 19.30 75.86

1,500 to 1,999 36 15.79 81.82

2,000 to 2,999 34 14.91 82.93

3,000 to 4,999 29 12.72 80.56

5,000 to 9,999 32 14.04 96.97

10,000 to 20,000+ 23 10.09 100.00

Total 228 100.00 78.89

Table A8: Frequency Distribution for Physics IISource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College



# of Corporations Offering Physics II % of Total % of School Corporations in


220 to 999 1 3.45 1.85

1,000 to 1,499 4 13.79 6.90

1,500 to 1,999 4 13.79 9.09

2,000 to 2,999 3 10.34 7.32

3,000 to 4,999 2 6.90 5.56

5,000 to 9,999 7 24.14 21.21

10,000 to 20,000+ 8 27.59 34.78

Total 29 100.00 10.03

Table A9: Frequency Distribution for AP Physics 1 and 2Source: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College



# of Corporations Offering AP Phys 1, 2 % of Total % of School Corporations in


220 to 999 5 5.81 9.26

1,000 to 1,499 9 10.47 15.52

1,500 to 1,999 10 11.63 22.73

2,000 to 2,999 9 10.47 21.95

3,000 to 4,999 17 19.77 47.22

5,000 to 9,999 19 22.09 57.58

10,000 to 20,000+ 17 19.77 73.91

Total 86 100.00 29.76

Notes for Tables A4-A9: (1) AP Physics I is a full-year course that is the equivalent of a first semester introduction college course in algebra-based physics.(2) Eight school corporations, seven of which have 3,000 or more students, also offer AP Physics II, which is a full-year course equivalent to a second-semester introductory college course in physics.

The course covers fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, optics, quantum, atomics, and nuclear physics.(3) Thirty-two school corporations with 2,000 or more students also offer AP Physics C, which is a two-course sequence focusing on mechanics and on electricity and magnetism.


Estimation Method & Results

Our model is a straightforward exposition of the relationship between scale and educational outcomes (quality), taking the form:

Qi,t= α +δ1 (ln(Zi,t))+ XB + µt + αi,t

...where the quality measure of school corporation, i, in year t, is a function of a common intercept, α, the natural log of enrollment, Z, the matrix of control variables X, year fixed effects, µ and error terms containing both corporation-specific random effects and a white noise idiosyncratic error term distributed identically and independently.

The control variables X in the model include share of free and reduced lunch students, share of African American students, and share of Hispanic students. We also include eight categories of USDA’s rural-urban continuum code dummies where counties with populations of one million or more as the omitted category. We also include year fixed effects to account for unobserved factors that vary across time common to all school corporations.

The panel nature of the analysis is motivated by an interest in accounting for the unobserved heterogeneity across schools. Due to very clear theoretical guidance, a cost model may be estimated in a cross-sectional setting, but performance models lack some of the specification guidance that cost models provide. For that reason, we opt for estimation of a straightforward panel model using generalized least squares random effects. We assume that the school corporation-specific effect in the error term is a random variable that is uncorrelated with the enrollment in the past, present and the future time periods of the same school corporation. Because there is not much variation in key variables over time, random effects model estimates are expected to have much smaller variances than fixed effects estimates making this the preferred modeling strategy (Wooldridge, 2010).

Table B1: Summary StatisticsSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets

VariablesOverall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000

Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. Mean Std.

Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std.

Dev. Mean Std. Dev.

Dependent variables

SAT Composite Score among HS graduates 972.86 52.70 764.80 1223.20 953.11 43.46 964.05 44.28 969.70 45.50 971.73 48.97

Share of HS graduates passing AP exam 0.37 0.22 0.00 1.00 0.22 0.21 0.30 0.21 0.33 0.21 0.35 0.22

English ECA pass rate among HS graduates 0.79 0.09 0.40 0.98 0.79 0.09 0.79 0.08 0.79 0.08 0.79 0.08

Algebra ECA pass rate among HS graduates 0.72 0.15 0.16 0.98 0.67 0.16 0.70 0.15 0.72 0.14 0.72 0.14

Biology ECA pass rate among HS graduates 0.45 0.15 0.04 0.96 0.39 0.16 0.42 0.14 0.44 0.14 0.45 0.15

ACT Composite Score among HS graduates 21.98 2.00 13.00 33.00 21.56 2.09 21.85 2.02 21.98 1.93 22.03 1.94

Share of HS graduates with honors diploma 0.31 0.09 0.00 0.66 0.30 0.10 0.30 0.09 0.31 0.09 0.31 0.09

Share of students who passed ISTEP in 4th grade 0.82 0.10 0.38 1.00 0.81 0.12 0.82 0.10 0.82 0.10 0.82 0.10

Share of students who passed ISTEP in 8th grade 0.72 0.11 0.25 0.96 0.69 0.13 0.71 0.11 0.72 0.11 0.72 0.11

Independent variables

Total enrollment in school corporation 3,477 4,247 142 31,999 765 199 1,239 420 1,686 845 2,316 1,710

Log of total enrollment in school corporation 7.71 0.89 4.96 10.37 6.59 0.35 7.05 0.41 7.30 0.53 7.51 0.69

Share of free and reduced lunch in school corporation 0.46 0.15 0.05 0.95 0.46 0.12 0.45 0.12 0.45 0.13 0.45 0.14

Share of black students in school corporation 0.04 0.11 0.00 0.93 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.07

Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.07 0.09 0.00 0.63 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.09

County in metro areas of 1 million population or more† 0.34 0.47 0.00 1.00 0.14 0.34 0.24 0.42 0.27 0.44 0.31 0.46

County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 0.07 0.25 0.00 1.00 0.02 0.15 0.04 0.20 0.04 0.20 0.05 0.21

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.14 0.35 0.00 1.00 0.16 0.37 0.12 0.33 0.13 0.33 0.14 0.35

Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.08 0.27 0.00 1.00 0.10 0.30 0.09 0.29 0.09 0.29 0.09 0.28

Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.04 0.20 0.00 1.00 0.01 0.12 0.06 0.23 0.05 0.22 0.05 0.21

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.28 0.45 0.00 1.00 0.46 0.50 0.36 0.48 0.355 0.48 0.31 0.46

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.03 0.18 0.00 1.00 0.11 0.31 0.05 0.22 0.05 0.21 0.04 0.19

Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, adjacent to a metro area 0.02 0.14 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.19 0.03 0.16 0.02 0.15

† Omitted variable in the model

Appendix B:


Table B2: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on SAT Composite ScoreSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports

Variables Overall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000

Ln of school corporation total enrollment 22.68***(2.798)

5.603(13.02)

20.53***(6.341)

20.77***(3.948)

22.12***(3.003)

Share of free and reduced lunch students in school corporation -183.9***(19.00)

-151.3***(40.54)

-169.0***(22.78)

-159.6***(25.21)

-170.9***(20.96)

Share of African American students in school corporation -129.6***(35.98)

207.6(670.3)

104.7(315.9)

45.78(190.0)

-143.1***(35.00)

Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -32.53(21.93)

60.70(95.93)

-39.33(40.57)

-43.28(28.35)

-29.57(21.78)

County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population 2.293(6.974)

46.46***(9.309)

6.786(12.29)

9.052(10.52)

7.721(8.781)

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 17.00**(7.060)

7.859(12.88)

7.387(8.589)

18.45**(9.323)

15.71**(7.744)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 10.44*(5.901))

-1.139(14.89)

6.711(8.074)

10.84(6.654)

9.957*(5.963)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 20.01***(6.588)

-4.221(14.54)

19.76**(8.930)

22.80***(6.967)

20.24***(6.534)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 6.448(4.802)

10.75(11.57)

6.013(5.996)

8.068(5.123)

5.834(4.845)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 12.74*(7.680)

20.40*(11.90)

6.633(8.016)

14.85**(7.406)

12.41*(7.469)

Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, adjacent to a metro area -6.302(8.117)

-5.805(9.295)

-3.509(8.794)

-6.409(8.379)

Constant 883.2***(23.58

980.2***(91.89)

893.2***(46.67)

884.7***(29.30)

882.1***(24.07)

Observations 1,081 151 550 800 964

Number of school corporations 284 53 153 216 257

R-squared 0.545 0.244 0.319 0.347 0.469

Note: Robust standard errors clustered by corporation is in parentheses. Year fixed effects in all models. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Table B3: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on ACT Composite ScoreSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports



0.314(0.793)

0.379(0.352)

0.553***(0.192)

0.621***(0.136)


-1.074(2.362)

-4.391***(1.006)

-4.584***(0.833)

-5.174***(0.677)


-14.21(35.35)

-7.455*(4.328)

-4.168(2.915)

-4.471***(0.925)

Share of Hispanic students in school corporation -1.625*(0.834)

-7.438(8.516)

-2.551(1.752)

-2.442**(1.135)

-1.341(0.850)


-1.840(1.185)

-0.0175(0.462)

-0.0528(0.367)

0.230(0.318)

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.630***(0.208)

-0.491(0.979)

0.106(0.275)

0.602**(0.260)

0.655***(0.221)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area 0.360(0.265)

-0.128(1.060)

-0.0937(0.368)

0.269(0.295)

0.338(0.265)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.685*(0.351)

-1.174(1.352)

0.348(0.469)

0.715*(0.387)

0.687**(0.347)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.460**(0.201)

-1.173(1.011)

0.159(0.280)

0.401*(0.221)

0.458**(0.206)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.699(0.534)

-0.207(1.323)

0.292(0.665)

0.625(0.514)

0.706(0.519)

Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.230(0.412)

0.0221(0.445)

0.175(0.424)

0.239(0.417)

Constant 20.55***(0.836)

21.38***(5.208)

21.39***(2.490)

20.02***(1.408)

19.65***(1.038)

Observations 1,069 141 538 788 952


R-squared 0.352 0.107 0.164 0.204 0.287



Table B4: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Taking and Passing an AP ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets



0.0681(0.111)

0.149***(0.0413)

0.122***(0.0244)

0.127***(0.0164)


-0.349(0.270)

-0.360***(0.122)

-0.416***(0.104)

-0.440***(0.0844)

Share of African American students in school corporation -0.189*(0.106)

-4.324(3.957)

0.419(0.637)

0.574(0.405)

-0.159(0.145)

Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.111(0.0885)

-0.373(0.362)

-0.187(0.152)

-0.0585(0.117)

0.101(0.0963)


0.122(0.108)

0.119**(0.0463)

0.117***(0.0412)

0.100***(0.0351)

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.00499(0.0305)

-0.0605(0.123)

-0.0387(0.0514)

0.00471(0.0437)

0.00764(0.0343)


-0.0348(0.119)

-0.0576(0.0446)

0.0144(0.0400)

0.0245(0.0364)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0458(0.0588)

0.0127(0.125)

0.0295(0.0755)

0.0498(0.0615)

0.0552(0.0576)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.00852(0.0272)

-0.0284(0.0978)

0.0112(0.0336)

0.0131(0.0295)

0.000144(0.0278)


0.0233(0.122)

0.0212(0.0668)

0.0230(0.0542)

0.0161(0.0544)

Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0170(0.0537)

-0.0296(0.0597)

-0.00154(0.0558)

-0.00747(0.0543)

Constant -0.322***(0.113)

-0.0395(0.767)

-0.621**(0.309)

-0.430**(0.193)

-0.455***(0.138)

Observations 1,039 125 513 758 922


R-squared 0.289 0.116 0.136 0.161 0.244


Table B5: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Who Passed the English End of Course Assessment (ECA)Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets


Ln of school corporation total enrollment -0.00113(0.00377)

0.00794(0.0295)

-0.00356(0.00992)

-0.00339(0.00668)

-0.000243(0.00465)


-0.176**(0.0826)

-0.323***(0.0296)

-0.315***(0.0235)

-0.333***(0.0210)


-2.540***(0.949)

-0.377**(0.157)

-0.248**(0.123)

-0.196***(0.0564)


-0.214(0.178)

0.123*(0.0630)

0.0932**(0.0450)

0.0617(0.0411)

County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0161*(0.00952)

0.00985(0.0487)

-0.0105(0.0166)

-0.0233*(0.0131)

-0.0151(0.0123)

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.00680(0.00687)

-0.0134(0.0234)

0.00188(0.0106)

0.00224(0.00834)

-0.00519(0.00744)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0208**(0.00945)

-0.0566(0.0407)

-0.0202(0.0132)

-0.0185*(0.0106)

-0.0206**(0.00953)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0164*(0.00958)

-0.0561(0.0470)

-0.0256***(0.00932)

-0.0187**(0.00946)

-0.0156(0.00952)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area -0.0165**(0.00738)

-0.0363(0.0247)

-0.0180*(0.00946)

-0.0160**(0.00801)

-0.0160**(0.00745)


0.0133(0.0343)

0.0194(0.0249)

0.00234(0.0216)

0.00212(0.0216)


-0.0174(0.0170)

-0.0196(0.0155)

-0.0212(0.0150)

Constant 0.959***(0.0316)

0.874***(0.205)

0.963***(0.0719)

0.961***(0.0508)

0.947***(0.0376)

Observations 1,085 155 554 804 968


R-squared 0.577 0.341 0.350 0.377 0.489



Table B6: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Who Passed the Algebra End of Course Assessment (ECA)Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets



0.0526(0.0434)

0.0427**(0.0194)

0.0526***(0.0132)

0.0415***(0.00982)


-0.335**(0.164)

-0.443***(0.0735)

-0.374***(0.0588)

-0.410***(0.0475)


-2.814(1.862)

-0.550(0.663)

-0.530(0.416)

-0.283***(0.0691)


-0.399(0.319)

0.145(0.144)

0.155(0.101)

0.170**(0.0759)

County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0722***(0.0227)

-0.200***(0.0694)

-0.0998**(0.0465)

-0.0780**(0.0316)

-0.0571**(0.0268)


-0.0494(0.0750)

-0.0216(0.0294)

0.00932(0.0234)

0.0197(0.0193)


-0.0926(0.0677)

-0.0271(0.0277)

0.00481(0.0245)

0.00757(0.0218)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0156(0.0303)

-0.0921(0.200)

-0.0447(0.0388)

-0.0295(0.0324)

-0.0111(0.0297)


-0.0285(0.0660)

-0.0316(0.0236)

-0.0208(0.0197)

-0.00817(0.0187)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.00194(0.0288)

-0.0385(0.0694)

-0.0171(0.0368)

-0.00410(0.0303)

0.00703(0.0293)

Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0407**(0.0199)

0.0272(0.0237)

0.0331(0.0203)

0.0471**(0.0195)

Constant 0.706***(0.0702)

0.507(0.314)

0.595***(0.148)

0.492***(0.103)

0.574***(0.0790)

Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967


R-squared 0.311 0.264 0.207 0.214 0.263


Table B7: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates Who Passed the Biology End of Course Assessment (ECA)Source: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets



0.0388(0.0568)

0.0436**(0.0214)

0.0515***(0.0145)

0.0498***(0.0103)


-0.655***(0.158)

-0.543***(0.0657)

-0.488***(0.0612)

-0.524***(0.0512)


1.724(1.065)

-0.188(0.161)

-0.220(0.182)

-0.267***(0.0764)


0.407(0.285)

0.177**(0.0836)

0.153**(0.0644)

0.0898(0.0570)

County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.00490(0.0272)

0.0354(0.129)

0.0620(0.0464)

0.0222(0.0403)

0.0241(0.0325)


-0.0610(0.0468)

-0.00453(0.0272)

0.00973(0.0222)

0.000831(0.0180)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.00798(0.0212)

-0.0842*(0.0465)

-0.0171(0.0272)

-0.00573(0.0238)

-0.00528(0.0213)


-0.137(0.110)

0.0146(0.0448)

0.00963(0.0362)

0.0109(0.0338)


-0.0316(0.0430)

-0.0135(0.0193)

-0.0145(0.0170)

-0.0131(0.0157)


0.00408(0.0683)

0.0329(0.0421)

0.0557(0.0396)

0.0561(0.0398)


0.0336(0.0351)

0.0328(0.0359)

0.0319(0.0349)

Constant 0.358***(0.0694)

0.444(0.413)

0.344**(0.163)

0.268**(0.112)

0.299***(0.0816)

Observations 1,080 151 549 799 963


R-squared 0.442 0.321 0.307 0.297 0.393



Table B8: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Graduates with an Honors DiplomaSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets



-0.0375(0.0386)

0.00288(0.0174)

0.0158(0.0101)

0.0185***(0.00709)


-0.240***(0.0901)

-0.233***(0.0455)

-0.264***(0.0411)

-0.316***(0.0374)

Share of African American students in school corporation -0.0964*(0.0492)

0.713(1.842)

-0.0209(0.232)

0.0396(0.148)

-0.102**(0.0471)


-0.0620(0.127)

-0.0726(0.0500)

-0.0747*(0.0382)

-0.00679(0.0299)


-0.0318(0.0352)

-0.00781(0.0214)

0.00365(0.0179)

-0.00361(0.0144)

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.0312**(0.0124)

0.00175(0.0369)

0.0217(0.0179)

0.0423***(0.0163)

0.0338***(0.0129)


0.0297(0.0346)

-0.00486(0.0169)

0.00313(0.0134)

0.00830(0.0124)


0.136***(0.0489)

0.0593**(0.0238)

0.0595***(0.0188)

0.0531***(0.0164)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.0203**(0.00974)

0.0390(0.0296)

0.0132(0.0138)

0.0243**(0.0109)

0.0212**(0.00979)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0469***(0.0173)

0.0638(0.0393)

0.0513**(0.0234)

0.0507***(0.0179)

0.0478***(0.0174)


-0.0216(0.0234)

-0.0167(0.0224)

-0.0194(0.0201)

Constant 0.269***(0.0463)

0.587**(0.280)

0.352***(0.130)

0.270***(0.0772)

0.274***(0.0554)

Observations 1,083 155 552 802 966


R-squared 0.398 0.129 0.200 0.259 0.341


Table B9: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed the ISTEP during 4th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets


Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0126**(0.00537)

-0.00189(0.0361)

0.0127(0.0149)

0.00852(0.00896)

0.0164**(0.00694)


-0.340***(0.120)

-0.304***(0.0556)

-0.306***(0.0427)

-0.307***(0.0340)

Share of African American students in school corporation -0.126**(0.0565)

1.137(1.285)

0.362***(0.125)

0.198(0.137)

-0.0838(0.109)


0.383*(0.204)

-0.0146(0.0922)

-0.0528(0.0677)

0.0131(0.0612)


-0.0229(0.0324)

0.00908(0.0240)

0.00182(0.0170)

-0.000734(0.0134)


-0.0573(0.0378)

-0.0277(0.0197)

-0.0125(0.0153)

-0.0128(0.0129)


-0.0476(0.0515)

-0.0281(0.0200)

-0.0294*(0.0154)

-0.0300**(0.0134)


0.0134(0.0960)

0.0523*(0.0299)

0.0414*(0.0247)

0.0332(0.0222)


0.0335(0.0402)

0.0236(0.0151)

0.0179(0.0118)

0.0113(0.0112)


0.0614(0.0390)

0.0377*(0.0200)

0.0235(0.0163)

0.0193(0.0167)


0.0397(0.0317)

0.0409(0.0312)

0.0355(0.0306)

Constant 0.789***(0.0449)

0.874***(0.249)

0.782***(0.106)

0.810***(0.0688)

0.754***(0.0556)

Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967


R-squared 0.623 0.557 0.572 0.577 0.599



Table B10: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed the ISTEP during 8th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets



0.0470(0.0406)

0.0507***(0.0168)

0.0455***(0.0102)

0.0372***(0.00732)


-0.502***(0.113)

-0.448***(0.0474)

-0.405***(0.0366)

-0.417***(0.0296)


-0.471(2.261)

0.179(0.317)

0.0953(0.201)

-0.267***(0.0551)


0.619***(0.187)

0.113(0.0705)

0.0479(0.0525)

0.0329(0.0460)


0.0285(0.0654)

-0.00484(0.0216)

-0.00252(0.0159)

-0.00685(0.0132)

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0187*(0.0110)

-0.0185(0.0470)

-0.0154(0.0209)

-0.00872(0.0151)

-0.0170(0.0124)


-0.0427(0.0448)

-0.0270(0.0189)

-0.0317**(0.0146)

-0.0328**(0.0130)


-0.0808(0.0560)

-0.0157(0.0202)

-0.0125(0.0165)

-0.0120(0.0155)


-0.0216(0.0412)

0.00104(0.0157)

0.00230(0.0122)

-0.00128(0.0116)


-0.00374(0.0557)

0.0124(0.0291)

0.00835(0.0228)

0.00374(0.0227)

Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0663***(0.0256)

0.0606**(0.0308)

0.0709***(0.0261)

0.0673***(0.0257)

Constant 0.632***(0.0488)

0.556*(0.309)

0.511***(0.129)

0.530***(0.0807)

0.600***(0.0605)

Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967


R-squared 0.733 0.671 0.667 0.687 0.715



Table B11: Summary Statistics of Other MeasuresSource: Author’s calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets

VariableOverall < 1,000 < 2,000 < 4,000 < 8,000

Mean Std. Dev. Min. Max. Mean Std.

Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std.

Dev. Mean Std. Dev.

Other outcome measures

Share of HS graduates taking SAT exam† 0.60 0.15 0.10 1.20 0.59 0.16 0.59 0.15 0.60 0.15 0.60 0.15

Share of HS graduates taking AP exam 0.25 0.13 0.00 0.71 0.18 0.14 0.23 0.13 0.23 0.13 0.24 0.13

Share of HS graduates taking ACT exam† 0.21 0.17 0.00 1.15 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.19 0.16 0.19 0.16

Share of HS students who took and met benchmark among HS graduates 0.41 0.12 0.09 0.90 0.36 0.10 0.38 0.10 0.40 0.10 0.40 0.11

Share of HS graduates planning to attend any college 0.62 0.09 0.33 1.00 0.62 0.10 0.61 0.09 0.62 0.09 0.62 0.09

Share of students who passed ISTEP ELA in 4th grade 0.79 0.12 0.27 0.99 0.79 0.14 0.79 0.13 0.79 0.12 0.80 0.12

Share of students who passed ISTEP MATH in 4th grade 0.72 0.13 0.20 0.98 0.71 0.15 0.72 0.14 0.72 0.13 0.73 0.13

Share of students who passed ISTEP ELA in 8th grade 0.75 0.17 0.12 0.99 0.71 0.19 0.75 0.18 0.75 0.17 0.75 0.17

Share of students who passed ISTEP MATH in 8th grade 0.64 0.16 0.11 0.95 0.60 0.17 0.63 0.16 0.64 0.15 0.64 0.15

† These variables also include students taking the test multiple times and/or non-seniors taking the exam.

Table B12: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Took the SAT ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets


Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0163*(0.00950)

-0.0193(0.0637)

0.0124(0.0225)

0.0144(0.0143)

0.0189*(0.0104)


-0.378**(0.163)

-0.238***(0.0866)

-0.379***(0.0741)

-0.442***(0.0569)

Share of African American students in school corporation 0.00198(0.0764)

-1.004(1.864)

-1.183(0.729)

-0.379(0.507)

0.0598(0.100)

Share of Hispanic students in school corporation 0.258***(0.0711)

0.516(0.449)

0.427***(0.0970)

0.283***(0.0972)

0.282***(0.0722)


-0.271***(0.0452)

0.0161(0.0572)

-0.0272(0.0470)

-0.00315(0.0390)

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.0305*(0.0161)

0.0223(0.0480)

0.0465**(0.0236)

0.0525***(0.0202)

0.0390**(0.0169)


0.0239(0.0496)

-0.0319(0.0384)

-0.0239(0.0293)

-0.0299(0.0260)


-0.0374(0.0564)

-0.00317(0.0350)

-0.00886(0.0322)

-0.00358(0.0294)


0.0183(0.0527)

0.0267(0.0244)

0.0280(0.0200)

0.0295(0.0180)


0.0495(0.0774)

0.0506(0.0538)

0.0155(0.0459)

0.0194(0.0448)


-0.0549(0.0522)

-0.0547(0.0498)

-0.0520(0.0492)

Constant 0.651***(0.0763)

0.856*(0.444)

0.581***(0.170)

0.630***(0.113)

0.620***(0.0841)

Observations 1,073 145 542 792 956


R-squared 0.215 0.157 0.131 0.154 0.197



Table B13: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Took an AP ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets

Table B14: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Took the ACT ExamSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets



0.0297(0.0311)

0.0628***(0.0209)

0.0398***(0.0144)

0.0350***(0.00987)


-0.320**(0.134)

-0.159**(0.0788)

-0.201***(0.0671)

-0.250***(0.0539)

Share of African American students in school corporation -0.00222(0.0512)

-4.523***(1.702)

0.0511(0.404)

0.111(0.281)

0.0297(0.0636)


0.656**(0.292)

0.133*(0.0810)

0.144**(0.0729)

0.0913(0.0656)

County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0607***(0.0199)

-0.125**(0.0572)

-0.0176(0.0316)

-0.0276(0.0282)

-0.0368(0.0233)


-0.111**(0.0497)

-0.00575(0.0304)

0.00890(0.0305)

-0.00822(0.0244)


-0.0460(0.0675)

-0.0299(0.0320)

-0.00700(0.0259)

-0.0163(0.0221)


-0.0542(0.0771)

-0.0188(0.0295)

-0.000457(0.0269)

-0.00836(0.0235)


-0.0266(0.0398)

-0.0104(0.0239)

0.00349(0.0190)

-0.00158(0.0170)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area -0.0996***(0.0304)

-0.138***(0.0442)

-0.118***(0.0321)

-0.0883***(0.0304)

-0.0947***(0.0306)


0.00536(0.0343)

0.0288(0.0311)

0.0218(0.0306)

Constant 0.134**(0.0653)

0.190(0.218)

-0.114(0.156)

0.0496(0.114)

0.117(0.0807)

Observations 1,083 155 552 802 966


R-squared 0.244 0.245 0.182 0.164 0.213



Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.0319**(0.0126)

-0.0661(0.0728)

-0.00735(0.0371)

0.0124(0.0216)

0.0200(0.0151)


-0.157(0.144)

-0.304***(0.0931)

-0.278***(0.0780)

-0.306***(0.0666)

Share of African American students in school corporation 0.166(0.112)

5.008(4.212)

1.762***(0.290)

0.988**(0.462)

0.112(0.125)


-0.120(0.242)

-0.00574(0.180)

0.0292(0.120)

0.114(0.0920)


0.0300(0.133)

-0.0480(0.0365)

-0.0158(0.0365)

-0.0299(0.0313)

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0739***(0.0201)

-0.0294(0.0615)

-0.0682**(0.0276)

-0.0731***(0.0208)

-0.0766***(0.0189)


-0.0413(0.0633)

0.00175(0.0373)

-0.0174(0.0338)

-0.0190(0.0286)


0.0958(0.0817)

0.0193(0.0365)

-0.00145(0.0317)

-0.0106(0.0290)


0.0146(0.0643)

-0.0110(0.0298)

-0.0209(0.0229)

-0.0354*(0.0215)


-0.00917(0.0727)

-0.0458(0.0410)

-0.0314(0.0345)

-0.0432(0.0336)


-0.000882(0.0529)

-0.0195(0.0490)

-0.0331(0.0489)

Constant 0.139(0.0977)

0.680(0.487)

0.382(0.253)

0.241(0.157)

0.217*(0.111)

Observations 1,083 155 552 802 966


R-squared 0.227 0.211 0.188 0.171 0.193



Table B15: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Students Who Took and Met the ACT/SAT College Readiness BenchmarkSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets



-0.0599(0.0522)

0.00848(0.0233)

0.0260**(0.0130)

0.0335***(0.00898)


-0.478***(0.109)

-0.438***(0.0535)

-0.487***(0.0542)

-0.532***(0.0467)

Share of African American students in school corporation -0.0666(0.0725)

2.982(2.068)

0.257(0.301)

0.317*(0.187)

-0.0787(0.0671)


0.160(0.212)

0.0743(0.0870)

0.0361(0.0664)

0.0781(0.0477)


0.0676**(0.0318)

0.000885(0.0246)

-0.000421(0.0196)

0.00393(0.0179)


-0.00812(0.0389)

0.0105(0.0190)

0.0226(0.0175)

0.0128(0.0144)


0.0141(0.0393)

-0.00346(0.0167)

-0.00167(0.0139)

-0.00360(0.0130)


0.121***(0.0357)

0.0201(0.0297)

0.0164(0.0277)

0.0129(0.0249)


0.0365(0.0288)

0.00779(0.0123)

0.00989(0.0104)

0.00428(0.00953)


0.0205(0.0358)

-0.0111(0.0206)

-0.00987(0.0155)

-0.0149(0.0152)


-0.0174(0.0286)

-0.0219(0.0272)

-0.0289(0.0267)

Constant 0.399***(0.0548)

0.963**(0.379)

0.532***(0.163)

0.429***(0.0931)

0.402***(0.0664)

Observations 818 123 421 608 730


R-squared 0.581 0.263 0.318 0.415 0.530


Table B16: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of High School Students Who Plan to Attend CollegeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets


Ln of school corporation total enrollment 0.00792(0.00690)

-0.0476(0.0447)

-0.0208(0.0208)

-0.0104(0.0119)

-8.49e-06(0.00832)


-0.216**(0.105)

-0.293***(0.0413)

-0.318***(0.0363)

-0.355***(0.0333)

Share of African American students in school corporation 0.179***(0.0590)

1.521(1.151)

0.162(0.251)

0.468***(0.163)

0.217***(0.0600)


-0.298(0.221)

0.0383(0.0956)

-0.0556(0.0783)

-0.00646(0.0542)


0.0408(0.0861)

0.00542(0.0327)

-0.000787(0.0233)

0.00142(0.0199)

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population 0.0323***(0.0105)

0.0650(0.0495)

0.0381**(0.0175)

0.0418***(0.0144)

0.0332***(0.0114)


0.0515(0.0508)

-0.00491(0.0183)

-0.00491(0.0142)

-0.00786(0.0131)


0.148**(0.0638)

0.107***(0.0155)

0.113***(0.0141)

0.104***(0.0121)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, adjacent to a metro area 0.0176*(0.00942)

0.0766*(0.0445)

0.0294**(0.0140)

0.0245**(0.0104)

0.0181*(0.00949)

Urban population of 2,500 to 19,999, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0550*(0.0334)

0.109*(0.0647)

0.0613(0.0400)

0.0593*(0.0325)

0.0541(0.0330)


0.0193(0.0301)

0.0129(0.0285)

0.00541(0.0276)

Constant 0.695***(0.0547)

0.972***(0.333)

0.859***(0.152)

0.803***(0.0894)

0.749***(0.0639)

Observations 1,078 150 547 797 961


R-squared 0.417 0.181 0.270 0.337 0.382



Table B17: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP ELA in 4th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets



-0.00286(0.0389)

0.00150(0.0163)

0.00551(0.00888)

0.00972(0.00632)


-0.225**(0.107)

-0.224***(0.0473)

-0.228***(0.0354)

-0.226***(0.0280)


1.902*(0.993)

0.323***(0.105)

0.131(0.122)

-0.0635(0.101)


0.347**(0.172)

-0.0139(0.0780)

-0.0430(0.0545)

-0.00309(0.0512)


-0.0633**(0.0282)

0.00791(0.0199)

0.00337(0.0134)

0.00130(0.0104)


-0.0574*(0.0337)

-0.0143(0.0161)

-0.00772(0.0117)

-0.0101(0.0102)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0303***(0.0112)

-0.0784*(0.0416)

-0.0238(0.0170)

-0.0297**(0.0128)

-0.0295***(0.0113)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0313**(0.0128)

0.00519(0.0406)

0.0518***(0.0176)

0.0371***(0.0144)

0.0331**(0.0131)


-0.0107(0.0304)

0.0174(0.0124)

0.00759(0.00942)

0.00358(0.00897)


0.0136(0.0318)

0.0241(0.0148)

0.0184*(0.0108)

0.0154(0.0104)


0.0240(0.0190)

0.0196(0.0185)

0.0162(0.0181)

Constant 0.890***(0.0365)

0.942***(0.255)

0.912***(0.111)

0.891***(0.0634)

0.861***(0.0473)

Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967


R-squared 0.588 0.514 0.533 0.538 0.563


Table B18: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP Math in 4th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets



0.00978(0.0310)

0.0111(0.0128)

0.00334(0.00792)

0.0112*(0.00607)


-0.263**(0.105)

-0.233***(0.0512)

-0.230***(0.0383)

-0.227***(0.0311)


0.926(1.318)

0.283**(0.120)

0.161(0.119)

-0.129(0.104)


0.209(0.172)

-0.00185(0.0585)

-0.0351(0.0548)

0.0236(0.0499)


-0.00947(0.0282)

0.0121(0.0266)

0.00244(0.0192)

2.06e-05(0.0149)


-0.0408(0.0325)

-0.0218(0.0178)

-0.0119(0.0139)

-0.0112(0.0118)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0246*(0.0130)

-0.0164(0.0488)

-0.0196(0.0196)

-0.0209(0.0152)

-0.0236*(0.0131)


0.00814(0.111)

0.0294(0.0280)

0.0248(0.0230)

0.0153(0.0208)


0.0378(0.0354)

0.0159(0.0137)

0.0121(0.0108)

0.00547(0.0102)


0.0689**(0.0337)

0.0360**(0.0177)

0.0203(0.0154)

0.0158(0.0160)


0.0363(0.0309)

0.0381(0.0297)

0.0323(0.0294)

Constant 0.869***(0.0415)

0.838***(0.220)

0.837***(0.0947)

0.890***(0.0628)

0.832***(0.0506)

Observations 1,084 154 553 803 967


R-squared 0.593 0.525 0.537 0.549 0.569



Table B19: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP ELA in 8th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets

Table B20: Estimation Results of Impact of School Corporation Size on Share of Students Who Passed ISTEP Math in 8th GradeSource: Authors’ calculations from Indiana Commission on Higher Education’s Indiana College Readiness Reports and Indiana Department of Education datasets



0.0635(0.0412)

0.0507***(0.0132)

0.0425***(0.00857)

0.0311***(0.00633)


-0.375***(0.117)

-0.350***(0.0413)

-0.310***(0.0325)

-0.328***(0.0272)


-0.362(2.133)

0.0138(0.196)

-0.0527(0.152)

-0.254***(0.0512)


0.593***(0.186)

0.143**(0.0599)

0.0396(0.0547)

0.0195(0.0479)


0.0218(0.0228)

-0.00387(0.0156)

-0.00230(0.0127)

-0.00480(0.0107)

County in metro areas of fewer than 250,000 population -0.0206**(0.0103)

-0.0259(0.0352)

-0.0101(0.0180)

-0.00741(0.0134)

-0.0194*(0.0117)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0337***(0.0108)

-0.0437(0.0324)

-0.0255*(0.0135)

-0.0356***(0.0125)

-0.0343***(0.0107)


-0.0320(0.0414)

-0.0182(0.0208)

-0.0153(0.0165)

-0.0138(0.0156)


-0.0379(0.0292)

-0.00738(0.0131)

-0.0132(0.0106)

-0.0153(0.0101)


-0.0345(0.0434)

-0.00861(0.0244)

-0.0188(0.0203)

-0.0223(0.0201)


0.0285(0.0244)

0.0312(0.0207)

0.0295(0.0201)

Constant 0.717***(0.0422)

0.457(0.313)

0.526***(0.102)

0.573***(0.0680)

0.668***(0.0526)

Observations 1,083 153 552 802 966


R-squared 0.606 0.496 0.480 0.508 0.565




0.0886*(0.0517)

0.0590***(0.0192)

0.0390***(0.0114)

0.0310***(0.00810)


-0.420***(0.124)

-0.399***(0.0535)

-0.368***(0.0399)

-0.367***(0.0317)


0.665(2.067)

0.426(0.330)

0.222(0.240)

-0.310***(0.0696)


0.319(0.204)

0.0273(0.0860)

0.0498(0.0685)

0.0472(0.0564)

County in metro areas of 250,000 to 1 million population -0.0235*(0.0123)

-0.0407(0.0369)

-0.0311(0.0198)

-0.0189(0.0173)

-0.0204(0.0143)


-0.00607(0.0485)

-0.00861(0.0214)

-0.00628(0.0149)

-0.0116(0.0123)

Urban population of 20,000 or more, adjacent to a metro area -0.0249*(0.0147)

-0.00784(0.0467)

-0.0164(0.0223)

-0.0202(0.0173)

-0.0241(0.0149)


-0.0663(0.110)

0.00617(0.0278)

0.00208(0.0234)

0.00143(0.0212)


-0.00945(0.0427)

0.0101(0.0171)

0.0153(0.0133)

0.0102(0.0127)


-0.00177(0.0478)

0.0209(0.0264)

0.0187(0.0207)

0.0124(0.0207)

Completely rural or less than 2,500 urban population, not adjacent to a metro area 0.0831***(0.0246)

0.0694**(0.0308)

0.0892***(0.0252)

0.0841***(0.0247)

Constant 0.758***(0.0529)

0.372(0.383)

0.561***(0.146)

0.683***(0.0886)

0.746***(0.0654)

Observations 1,083 153 552 802 966


R-squared 0.748 0.738 0.718 0.724 0.739


Documents

About the Authors...Concord Community Schools 5,314 4,651 663 Covington Community Sch Corp 1,002 991 11 Cowan Community School Corp 779 651 128 Crawford Co Com School Corp 1,645 1,818