ABOUT THE AUTHORS · 2.9. seed production in pulses 138 2.10. seed production in oilseeds 141 2.11. seed production in fibre crops 145 2.12. seed production in vegetables 148 2.13

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Dr. K. Vanangamudi Former Dean (Agriculture) is now working as a Professor of Seed Science and Technology and Co. Principle Investigator of the ICAR NAIP scheme on “Development of e-course materials for B.Sc (Ag) degree programe”. He is Principle Investigator of GOI schemes NIMI on “Development of instructional materials for ITI students in Agriculture sector” and “Development of instructional materials for COE both BBBT & advance modules”. He was the former Dean (Agri), Agricultural College & Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore from March 2006 to July 2009, former Dean of AP Agricultural College, TNAU, Kalavai, Vellore district from September 2003 to February, 2006 and former Professor & Head of Dept. of Seed Science & Technology, TNAU, CBE 3 from March 2001 to August 2003. During his tenure as Dean (Agri), he started three new UG degree progarmmes namely B.Tech (Bioinformatics) in 2006-07, B.Tech (Agricultural Information Technology) in 2006-08 and BS (Agribusiness management) in 2007-08. As a faculty Dean of TNAU, Dr. Vanangamudi is having a rich experience in e-education. Introduced e-learning, e-teaching, e-class, e-registration, e-attendance, e-communication, e-assignment, online examination and e-evaluation in UG education of TNAU. This is implemented in 12 UG degrees being offered at 10 constituent and 4 affiliated colleges.

Dr. M. Bhaskaran, Ph.D., is now positioned as Special Officer (Seeds), Seed Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. He obtained Ph.D. in Seed Science and Technology from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in 1995. He is having 21 years of experience in seed planning, production and quality control, teaching, research, extension and administration. He established and operationalised National Seed Research & Training Centre & Central Seed Testing Laboratory with all infrastructures as founder Director and obtained ISTA member laboratory status. He was the Principal Investigator of three schemes funded by Ministry of Environment and Forestry and Neyveli Lignite Corporation under Ministry of Coal & Mines (GOI). He is a member in Central Seed Committee and Central Sub Committee on Variety Release and Notification, GOI, technical expert for SAARC project of Ministry of External Affairs on Seed Quality Regulation aspects, technical expert for OECD Seed Schemes of Government of India and member in Research Advisory Council of Directorate of Seed Research of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). He was awarded with R.V. Swaminathan best Ph.D. scholar award (1995), TNAU best teacher award (2003) and MASU award on book writing in English for the book entitled, “Principles of Seed Production and Quality Control” (2003). He has published 25 research papers and one textbook “Principles of seed production and quality control”. He has visited Brazil, Italy, USA, France, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, South Africa and New Zealand in connection with seed science research and seed testing.

Dr. R. Vijayan is Assistant Professor in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Coimbatore. He has completed Ph.D during 2005 with specialization in organic seed production in rice and four years experience in teaching, research and extesion. He has published 4 research papers, 15 booklets/training manuals, 2 book chapters and popular articles in different reputed journals, standard books and magazines. He is specialized in cotton hybrid, flower and rice seed production.

Dr. C. Menaka is Assistant Professor in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. She has completed Ph.D during 2003 with specialization in seed management technologies for drought tolerance and has 9 years experience in research and seed production. She has published 7 research papers, 2 book chapters and 5 popular articles in pioneer journals, referred books and news letters.

Question Bank: Seed Science and Technology

K. Vanangamudi M. Bhaskaran R. Vijayan C. Menaka

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ISBN: 978-81-7233-872-5

eISBN: 978-93-86347-77-0

© 2014, Authors

Printed in India

Contents

Unit-1 SEED BIOLOGY 1-98

1.1. FLORAL BIOLOGY 1

1.2. SEED DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION 16

1.3. APOMIXIS 30

1.4. CELL BIOLOGY 34

1.5. SEED STRUCTURE 38

1.6. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 62

1.7. SEED DORMANCY 64

1.8. SEED GERMINATION 70

1.9. SEED DISPERSAL 78

1.10. MATCH THE FOLLOWING 79

1.11. ANSWER THE INCORRECT STATEMENT 81

1.12. ARRANGE IN ORDER 83

1.13. DIFFERENTIATE THE FOLLOWING 84

Unit-2 SEED PRODUCTION 99-191

2.1. BREEDING METHODS 99

2.2. VARIETY RELEASE 105

2.3. DETERIORATION OF VARIETY 107

2.4. SEED GENERATION SYSTEM 109

2.5. SEED PRODUCTION FACTORS 112

2.6. SEED PRODUCTION PLANNING 116

2.7. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION 117

vi Question Bank: Seed Science and Technology

2.8. SEED PRODUCTION IN CEREALS 127

2.9. SEED PRODUCTION IN PULSES 138

2.10. SEED PRODUCTION IN OILSEEDS 141

2.11. SEED PRODUCTION IN FIBRE CROPS 145

2.12. SEED PRODUCTION IN VEGETABLES 148

2.13. SEED PRODUCTION IN FORAGE LEGUMES AND GRASSES

154

2.14. SEED PRODUCTION IN PLANTATION CROPS 157

2.15. SEED PRODUCTION OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED CROPS

164

2.16. SEED PRODUCTION IN FRUIT CROPS 167

2.17. SEED PRODUCTION IN FLOWER CROPS 171

2.18. MACRO AND MICRO PROPAGATION 176





Unit-3 SEED PROCESSING 192-223

3.1. PRINCIPLES OF SEED PROCESSING 192

3.2. SEED DRYING 195

3.3. SEED CLEANING AND GRADING 197

3.4. TREATMENT AND PACKAGING 198

3.5. SEED QUALITY ENHANCEMENT 200

3.6. SEED PROCESSING MACHINES 207

3.7. SEED QUALITY MAINTENANCE 211





Unit-4 SEED QUALITY CONTROL 224-289

4.1. SEED LEGISLATION 224

Seed Biology vii

4.2. SEED CERTIFICATION 228

4.3. FIELD INSPECTION 237

4.4. GENETIC PURITY 240

4.5. SEED TESTING 243

4.6. QUICK VIABILITY TEST 258

4.7. SEED VIGOUR 260

4.8. VARIETY IDENTIFICATION 265

4.9. ISTA 273





Unit-5 SEED STORAGE 290-324

5.1. REQUIREMENTS AND TYPES OF SEED STORAGE 290

5.2. SEED STORAGE FACTORS 293

5.3. VIABILITY NOMOGRAPH 298

5.4. SEED DETERIORATION 299

5.5. SEED PACKAGING CONTAINERS AND SEED TREATMENTS

302

5.6. STORAGE STRUCTURE 306

5.7. GERMPLASM STORAGE 311

5.8. CRYOPRESERVATION 313

5.9. SEED STORE MAINTENANCE 314





Unit-6 SEED HEALTH 325-349

6.1. SEED PATHOLOGY 325

6.2. SEED ENTOMOLOGY 335

viii Question Bank: Seed Science and Technology

6.3. SEED BORNE NEMATODE 339




Unit-7 SEED INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING

350-373

7.1. SEED INDUSTRY 350

7.2. SEED MARKETING 358




Unit-8 PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES 374-390

8.1. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER 374

8.2. FILL IN THE BLANKS 382

8.3. STATE TRUE OR FALSE 384




Documents

ABOUT THE AUTHORS · 2.9. seed production in pulses 138 2.10. seed production in oilseeds 141 2.11. seed production in fibre crops 145 2.12. seed production in vegetables 148 2.13