Abortion Rights Good

7/23/2019 Abortion Rights Good

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Stefan Bauschard1Defense of Abortion Rights

Quick Rights 1NC...........................................................................................................................................................5Quick Rights 1NC...........................................................................................................................................................6Slavery 1NC....................................................................................................................................................................7Slavery 1NC....................................................................................................................................................................8Womens Rights 1NC.....................................................................................................................................................Womens Rights 1NC...................................................................................................................................................1!

"rivacy 1NC..................................................................................................................................................................11Citi#enshi$ 1NC............................................................................................................................................................1%&olocaust 'ns(ers ) *rontline.....................................................................................................................................1+&olocaust 'ns(ers ) *rontline.....................................................................................................................................1,&olocaust 'ns(ers ) *rontline.....................................................................................................................................15&olocaust 'ns(ers ) *rontline.....................................................................................................................................16&olocaust 'ns(ers ) *rontline.....................................................................................................................................17Womens &ealth 'ns(ers 1NC....................................................................................................................................18'ns(ers to the -olen Rule 'rgument........................................................................................................................1'ns(ers to the -olen Rule 'rgument........................................................................................................................%!'ns(ers to/ 0-la y other 2int '3ort e4........................................................................................................%1'ns(ers to/ 0-la y other 2int '3ort e4.......................................................................................................%50'3ortion is Selish4 'ns(ers......................................................................................................................................%6

'o$tion 'ns(ers.........................................................................................................................................................%7ant 'ns(ers *rontline.............................................................................................................................................%8althus inks 9ay3e: ) Roe Critical to WorlWie '3ortion "rotection................................................................%-eneral Rights ;m$acts...............................................................................................................................................+%??? "rivacy ;


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Stefan Bauschard%Defense of Abortion Rights

'ns(ers to/ 0"otential ie4.........................................................................................................................................66'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe *etus &as the *ull -enetic akeE$ o ' &uman4........................................................................67'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe Fygote >s "art o the ie Cycle4.....................................................................................................68'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe *etus &as the ;ssential "ro$erties o &uman4...............................................................................6'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe *etus &as the ;ssential "ro$erties o &uman4...............................................................................7!'ns(ers to/ 0*etus &as the Same -enetic akeu$ as ' "erson4................................................................................71

'ns(ers to/ 0We 2ont 'or the *etus Rights Sim$ly =ecause We 2ont Balue >t4................................................7%'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe *etus Will &ave ' G*uture ike Aurs4..........................................................................................7+'ns(ers to/ 0>ts "ro3a3ly a Chil4..............................................................................................................................75'ns(ers to/ 0ie =egins at >m$lementation4..............................................................................................................77'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe *etus ooks ike a &uman4............................................................................................................78'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe *etus ooks ike a &uman4............................................................................................................7'ns(ers to/ 0*etal ovementQuickening is When ie =egins4...............................................................................8!'ns(ers to/ 0ust E$hol ie4..................................................................................................................................81'ns(ers to/ 0Religion Says ie =egins at Conce$tion4.............................................................................................8%'ns(ers to/ 0No Right *or ' *etus is ike No Rights *or Slaves4.............................................................................8+'ns(ers to/ 0*etus is >nnocent ) &asnt Sinne4.........................................................................................................8,'ns(ers to/ 0*etus is >nnocent ) Cant Commit &arm4..............................................................................................85'ns(ers to/ 0Woman &as an A3ligation to Rescue the *etus4....................................................................................86

'ns(ers to/ 0*etus &as a Right to ea*ulill &is&er ie4.....................................................................................87'ns(ers to/ 0*etus 2esires to ive4.............................................................................................................................88'ns(ers to/ 0Hou Cant ill a 2og an ' 2og >snt a "erson4...................................................................................!??? *eminismWomens Rights4 ;


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Stefan Bauschard+Defense of Abortion Rights

'ns(ers to/ 0otherhoo >snt SlaveryK >ts Loyous4................................................................................................1%,'ns(ers to/ 0"regnancy >snt a3or4.........................................................................................................................1%5'ns(ers to/ 0i3ertarianism is Wrong4.....................................................................................................................1%6'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe Conscri$tion2rat is Constitutional4............................................................................................1%7'ns(ers to/ 0Society &as an >nterest in "rotecting the *etus4...................................................................................1%8'ns(ers to/ 0Women Serve the State in Roles 's others4......................................................................................1%

'ns(ers to/ 0*ailure to 'ct Can =e Criminal4...........................................................................................................1+!'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe Court *orce Sea en to Return to Dheir Bessels4.......................................................................1+1'ns(ers to/ 0"regnancy >snt ie )ong4................................................................................................................1+%'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe Biolinist 'nalogy is =a4..............................................................................................................1++'ns(ers to/ 0Dhe Biolinist ;nconsistency4 A3Iection4....................................................................................................................177'ns(ers to/ 0Chilren Can =e 'o$te4...................................................................................................................178'ns(ers to/ 0&ealth >nterests o the *etus4................................................................................................................17'ns(ers to/ 0*etal "rotection =eneits the Welare o Chilren4..............................................................................18!' Cou$le ore Cars.................................................................................................................................................181S$ousal Beto >s >nvoluntary Servitue........................................................................................................................18%

Regulations that Su3stantially Reuce '3ortion Biolate the 1+'..............................................................................18+??? Womens &ealth...................................................................................................................................................18,"re Bia3ility '3ortion is Saer than Chil3irth...........................................................................................................185'3ortion 2oesnt Dhreaten ental &ealth.................................................................................................................186'3ortion 2oesnt Reuce *ertility..............................................................................................................................18'3ortion 2oesnt Cause Cancer.................................................................................................................................1!'3ortion 2oesnt Cause Cancer.................................................................................................................................11'3ortion 2oesnt Cause Cancer.................................................................................................................................1%'3ortion 2oesnt Cause Cancer.................................................................................................................................1+

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Stefan Bauschard,Defense of Abortion Rights

'3ortion 2oesnt Cause Cancer.................................................................................................................................15'3ortion 2oesnt Cause Cancer.................................................................................................................................17'ns(ers to/ 0'3ortion Dhreatens the "sychological &ealth o Women4...................................................................18

???? -overnment *une '3ortions -oo....................................................................................................................1"u3lic *uning "rotects Womens Rights...................................................................................................................%!!"u3lic *uning "rotects Womens Rights...................................................................................................................%!1

'ns(ers to/ 0"u3lic &ealth ;snt *etal Rights 2eclaration.........................................................................................%!8;mergency Contrace$tion is Not '3ortion.................................................................................................................%!Contrace$tion 'ccess o(ers '3ortion......................................................................................................................%1!>nternational '3ortion Rights No(.............................................................................................................................%11

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Quick Rights 1NC

'=ARD>AN R;SDR>CD>ANS B>A'D; >=;RDH >ND;R;SDSK "R>B'CH R>-&DSK 'N2 *ARC;WA;N >NDA >NBAEND'RH S;RB>DE2;

Ro3in WestK la( $roessorK -eorgeto(nK W&'D RA; S&AE2 &'B; S'>2K ;. =alkinK %!!,K $. 1,!1

S$eciicallyK hereK > think it unnecessary an $erha$s un(ise to strike these a3ortion la(sK as they a$$ly to$regnancies ollo(ing consensual intercourseK on t(o o the very 3roa grouns $ut or(ar 3y the ChieIustice an allue to in several o the concurring o$inions as (ell/ irstK that these la(s violate a MrightMnot to 3e $ut to the choice 3et(een (ante heteroset is selom that li3erty o any kin is lost all atonce.4 DhusK it is unacce$ta3le to say that the invasion o one as$ect o reeom is o no im$ort 3ecause therehave 3een invasions o so many other as$ects. Dhat roa leas to chaosK tyrannyK es$otismK an the en oall human as$iration. 'sk Sol#henitsyn. 'sk ilovan 2Iilas. >n sumK i one 3elieves in reeom as a su$remevalueK an the $ro$er orering $rinci$le or any society aiming to ma


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Quick Rights 1NC

>N2>B>2E' R>-&DS N;C;SS'RH DA SDA" 2;SDRECD>AN B>' D&; NEC;'R SD'D;

-eorge ate3K "roessor o "oliticsK "rincetonK D&; >NN;R AC;'NK 1%K $. 1167

> have rehearse $latitues. Dhe Iustiication is that these $latitues o iniviualism are not really$latitues. Dhey are unamental consierations that can (ither through com$lacent or irrita3leinattention. >n their (itheringK the (ay is ease or massive ruin an or the $ossi3ility o eniviualism in the orm o $ersonal an $oliticalrights 3ars a government (hose legitimacy rests on ackno(leging an $rotecting those rights romacting in any (ay that risks or causes massive ruin at home or that threatens or inlicts it a3roa. Dheem$hasis is on the eath o millions o iniviuals. Dhe su3Iects o illegitimate governmentsPore oicials o a legitimate government use nuclear (ea$ons or threaten to o soK an(hether or not their $eo$le suer retaliationK the oicials have so grossly violate the $rinci$les o thesystem that they must 3e unerstoo as having intene its moral estruction an thereore to havecreate a situation in (hich a revolution against them is a3stractly Iustiie in 3ehal o the very systemthey have su3verte. Dhey are the real revolutionaries. Notice (hat unerlies the $retene right to use orthreaten to use nuclear (ea$ons. >n the case o the Enite StatesK government rhetoric invokes reeom asthe value that may 3e eene 3y nuclear (ea$ons. *reeom is the term use to reer to all those rights

to (hich the E.S. Constitution is evote. Het ho( can there 3e consistent aith in rights (hen masses o$eo$le 3ecome $assive victims 'merican citi#ens (oul not 3e acting to een their reeom they(oul sim$ly 3e enliste in mass eath. *urtherK ho( can there 3e consistent aith in rights (hen masseath is inlicte on others Dhe theory o rights recogni#es no ierence 3et(een oneOs ello(s anoreigners so ar as negative moral entitlements are concerne/ everyone has an eJual claim not to haverights violateK even i $ositive claims to increase (ell3eing may 3e nationally conine. > $oliticalreeom institutionally survive the use o nuclear (ea$onsK its essence (oul have 3een s$irituallymaimeK $erha$s estroye irretrieva3ly. Dhe users o nuclear (ea$ons (oul have engage in arevolution against reeom.

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Slavery 1NC

COMPULSORY PREGNANCY IS SLAVERY THAT DESTROYS FREEDOM

Lohn S(omleyK grauate o 2ickinson CollegeK "h.2. in "olitical Science rom the Eniversity oColoraoK SD. AE>S EN>B;RS>DH "E=>C 'W R;B>;WK 1+K $. ,16

Dhe governmentK or et is selom that li3erty o any kin is lost all atonce.4 DhusK it is unacce$ta3le to say that the invasion o one as$ect o reeom is o no im$ort 3ecause therehave 3een invasions o so many other as$ects. Dhat roa leas to chaosK tyrannyK es$otismK an the en oall human as$iration. 'sk Sol#henitsyn. 'sk ilovan 2Iilas. >n sumK i one 3elieves in reeom as a su$remevalueK an the $ro$er orering $rinci$le or any society aiming to ma


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Slavery 1NC

E IN !! ;B;N >* D&;H W>N D&; *;DES >S ' &E'N >*;K D&>S DERN AEDW;>-&S ) >DS A DA> DA ;SC'"; ;NS'B;;ND

'nre( "o##$eme%K Eniversity o ChicagoK .'.K "olitical ScienceK Hale EniversityK J&D.K Hale EniversityK 18P'&D. e


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Stefan BauschardDefense of Abortion Rights

Womens Rights 1NC

ANTI!ABORTION LAS ARE THE FOUNDATION OF SE* DISCRIMINATION

AGAINST OMEN

'nre( "o##$eme%K Eniversity o ChicagoK .'.K "olitical ScienceK Hale EniversityK J&D.K Hale EniversityK 18P'&D. e


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Stefan Bauschard1!Defense of Abortion Rights

Womens Rights 1NC

'N2 W; &'B; ' CANS;QE;ND>'>SD >"'CDK DAA ) "'DR>'RC&H >S D&; RAAD A* D&; W'RSHSD;

=etty '. RearonK 2irector o the "eace ;ucation "rogram at Deachers College Colum3ia EniversityK1+K Women an "eace/ *eminist Bisions o -lo3al SecurityK $. +!% 9"2NSS6,!1:

>n an article entitle 0Naming the Cultural *orces Dhat "ush Es to(ar War4 918+:K Charlene S$retnakocuse on some o the unamental cultural actors that ee$ly inluence (ays o thinking a3out security.She argues that $atriarchy encourages militarist tenencies. Since a maIor (ar no( coul easily 3ring onmassive annihilation o almost unthinka3le $ro$ortionsK (hy are iscussions in our national orumsaressing the maness o the nuclear arms race limite to matters o har(are an statistics ' morecom$rehensive analysis is 3aly neee . . . ' clearly visi3le element in the escalating tensions among

militari#e nations is the macho $osturing an the $atriarchal ieal o ominanceK not $arityK (hichmotivates eense ministers an government leaers to 0strut their stu4 as (e (atch (ith increasinghorror. ost men in our $atriarchal culture are still acting out ol $atterns that are raically ina$$ro$riateor the nuclear age. Do $rove ominance an controlK to istance ones character rom that o (omenK tosurvive the toughest violent initiationK to she the sacre 3loo o the heroK to colla3orate (ith eath inorer to hol it at 3ayPall o these $atriarchal $ressures on men have traitionally reache resolution inritual ashion on the 3attleiel. =ut there is no longer any 3attleiel. 2oes anyone seriously 3elieve thati a nuclear $o(er (ere losing a crucialK largescale conventional (ar it (oul rerain rom using itsmulti$le(arhea nuclear missiles 3ecause o some i$lomatic agreement Dhe military theater o anuclear e


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!rivacy 1NC

THREE TYPES OF PRIVACY AT STA"E IN ABORTION : DECISION!MA"ING6

CONFIDENTIALITY6 PHYSICAL SECLUSION

'nita A$$e%6L-2 #rofe++or6 Georeto2%K SD'N*AR2 'W R;B>;WK Novem3er %!)K 0Dri3esLuicious *eminismK4 $. 1856

Do get a gri$ on the connections among constitutional li3ertyK a3ortion rightsK an $rivacyK it is useul toconsier the interests o iniviuals that are threatene (hen governments attem$t to curtail a3ortionchoices. >n Whalen v. RoeK the Su$reme Court in eect note three main M$rivacyM interests amena3le tolegal $rotection/ 91: an interest in autonomous ecisionmakingK 9%: an interest in conientialityK an 9+:an interest in $hysical seclusion. "rivacy in all three o these im$ortant senses is at stake in the choice ocom$eting a3ortion $olicies. 't issue $rimarily is the interest o all (omen in making choices a3outre$rouction that are not manate 3y government. 'utonomous choicesK ree o the controllingintererence o $u3lic oicialsK are M$rivateM choices. Do 3elieve in the right to $rivacyK (e nee not

3elieve that nature ivies social lie literally into $u3lic an $rivate realms. We can coherently escri3ethe conition o 3eing relatively ree o the most irectK conseJuentialK an commonly oensivegovernmental intererence as our M$rivacy.M >n this sense o the termK M$rivacyM connotes autonomyKli3ertyK reeomK an the $eace o min (hich stems rom the ine$enent eAN >S N;C;SS'RH DA "R;B;ND DHR'NNH

Ferdinand Schoeman, Professor of !hiloso"hy, University of South Carolina, PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS OFPRIVACY, !#$% "#$# %DR&CL'($)*

(enn s+ests t-at "art of o+r notion of a "erson as free is t-at -e is s+./e0t to t-e a+t-ority and s0r+tiny of ot-ers on1y2it-in reasona.1e and 1ea11y safe+arded 1i3its# In ot-er 2ords, "eo"1e -ave a ri-t to a "rivate 1ife# Peo"1e 0an .e -e1dso0ia11y a00o+nta.1e on1y for res"e0tin t-e ri-ts of ot-ers, and 0an .e t-o+-t to -ave o.1iations to "ro3ote t-e 2e1fare ofso0iety on1y if t-ese o.1iations -ave .een vo1+ntari1y ass+3ed or if es"e0ia11y "ressin reasons are o"erative# &eoreOr2e114s nove1 !)5 "resents one "i0t+re of 2-at 1ife 2o+1d .e 1i6e in a so0iety 2-i0- did not 1i3it itse1f in t-e 2ay (enn"res0ri.es#

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Stefan Bauschard1%Defense of Abortion Rights

Citi&enshi" 1NC

RESTRICTION ABORTION RIGHTS VIOLATES E;UAL CITIC>"'D>AN >S N;C;SS'RH DA "R;B;ND ;TD>NCD>AN

Sm-$$ )=9LonathanK ormer 'mericor$s B>SD' or the &uman Services CoalitionK 0oving *or(arK4 The Journalfor Civic CommitmentK S$ringK htt$/(((.mc.marico$a.euotherengagementLournal>ssue7Small.Is$:

What (ill 3e the challenges o the ne( millennium 'n ho( shoul (e eJui$ young $eo$le to ace these challenges While (e cannot 3e su re o the e the en o the t(entieth century marke the trium$h o the ca$italistsK iniviualismK an $ersonal res$onsi3ilityK the ne(century (ill $resent challenges that reJuire collective actionK unityK an enlightene selinterest. Conronting glo3al(armingK e$lete natural resourcesK glo3al su$er virusesK glo3al crime synicatesK an multinational cor$orations(ith no conscience an no accounta3ility (ill reJuire coo$erationK o$ennessK honestyK com$romiseK an most o allsoliarity ) ieals not e


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Stefan Bauschard1+Defense of Abortion Rights

'olocaust Ans(ers ) *rontline

DERN/ ;">R>C'HK -AB;RN;ND >NBAB;;ND >N >N2>B>2E' C&A>C;S "RA2EC;SN'F>>S


'lthough Dri3e seems to a$$reciate the im$ortance o Iuicial (illingness to stan 3y antimaIoritarianan un$o$ular constitutional $rinci$lesK he also clings to the $ossi3ility o 3roa $u3lic com$romise. Doset u$ his $ro$osals or com$romiseK Dri3e surveys a3ortion la( an $ractices in other $arts o the (orlan other $erios o history. &e escri3es the eugenic a3ortion $olicy o Na#i -ermany to illustrate theevils o government overinvolvement in iniviual choices/ Ener the Dhir ReichK a Mgenetically $ureM'ryan (oman (ho ha an a3ortion (as su3Iect to the eath $enaltyK (hile Mgenetically eectiveM (omen(ere sterili#e.

1+


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Stefan Bauschard1,Defense of Abortion Rights


NO EMPIRICAL SUPPORT FOR THE CULTURE OF DEATH ARGUMENT

2avi =oonK $hiloso$herK Eniversity o ColoraoK ' 2;*;NS; A* '=ARD>ANK %!!%K$. %8

' secon nonrights3ase argument against a3ortion turns on the claim that a $ermissive attitue to(ar a3ortion contri3utes to (hat is oten reerre to as a 0cultureo eath4 9e. g.K "o$e Lohn "aul >> 15/ 17:K in (hich attitues 3ecome more $ermissive to(ar killing in general. DhusK even i the etus itsel oes not have the sameright to lie as you an >K or even i its having such a right oes not suice to make a3ortion im$ermissi3leK a3ortion must still 3e o$$ose as a means o avoiing otherkillings that are uncontroversially im$ermissi3leK such as the killing o inants or the elerly. Dhis argumentK like the golen rule argumentK is not generally re$resente

in the acaemic literature on a3ortionK 3utK again like the golen rule argumentK it is (iely eene in more $o$ular (orks o$$ose to a3ortion. Dhere arethree reasons to reIect this culture o eath argument. Dhe irst is that there is insuicientstatistical evience to (arrant the claim that inanticie rates are higher no( than they (eregenerally (hen a3ortion (as illegal. >n actK accoring to ;verett eeK a emogra$her (ho hasanaly#e ecaes (orth o such statisticsK $recisely the o$$osite is the case/ Dhe eli3eratekilling o ne(3orns (as more common +! years ago than it is toayK although toay iniviualcases are more likely to receive national attention. oreoverK there is a sensi3le e


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CR>>N'>F>N- '=ARD>AN W> NAD >NCEC'D; B'E;S A* "R;N'D' >*;

Ruth ColkerK "roessor o a(K Dulane Eniversity DE'N; 'W R;B>;WK Lune 18 $. 1+78!

Dhe criminal la( is an ina$$ro$riate (ay to eal (ith the a3ortion issue i (e res$ect all (omenOs (ell3eing. Dhat a$$roach results in our im$osing enormous $enalties on a $regnant (oman (ithout ealing(ith the unamental conitions uner (hich that $regnancy may have occurre. Dhat lack o res$ect3ecomes clear (hen (e consier the statute in gener terms. Dhe a3ortion statute su3Iects the $regnant(oman to criminal sanctions an leaves the man (ho (as involve in the $regnancy untouche 3y thecriminal or civil la(s. > the state is intereste in inucing $eo$le to value $renatal lie more earlyK >ou3t that criminali#ing the $regnant (omanOs 3ehavior (ill achieve that result.

SOCIETY FAILS TO SUPPORT LIFE6 AND OMEN DO NOT HAVE ABORTIONS TO

"ILL

Ruth ColkerK "roessor o a(K Dulane Eniversity DE'N; 'W R;B>;WK Lune 18 $. 1+8!1

et me 3e clear that my argument concerning the ina$$ro$riateness o the criminal la(s is not 3ase on atraitional $rivacy theory concerning a (omanOs right to 3oily autonomy. >nsteaK it is an argument a3outthe $resent social an historical circumstances in (hich (omen in themselves $regnant. Women o notengage in se


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DERN/ 1: ;">R>C'HK ;-'>F;2 '=ARD>AN R;B;RS;2 D&; SA";K %: HAE >B; W>D&D&; 2>SD>NCD>AN

Cli WalkerK >NDRA2ECD>AN DA 'CD>B>SD>C 'D&>;SK %!!!K $.htt$/(((.$ositiveatheism.orgaJaJ111,.htm

&arrett Hardin, "ioneer in t-e s0ien0e of -+3an e0o1oy, says t-at t-e s1i""ery s1o"e is+navoida.1e in t-is and 3any de.ates# As6ed a.o+t t-e o./e0tion t-at 1ea1i7ed a.ortion8"+ts +s on t-e s1i""ery s1o"e to e+t-anasia, assisted s+i0ide, and e1i3ination of t-e9+nfit,4: -e res"onds;

8First 1et4s 1oo6 at t-e 0on0e"t of t-e s1i""ery s1o"e# Every et-i0a1 de0ision "+ts yo+ ont-e s1i""ery s1o"e# Yo+ /+st -ave to 1ive 2it- it# For e 3"-# ?-at4s a s1i""ery s1o"e for &od4s sa6e# No 3atter 2-ere yo+ "+t t-es"eed 1i3it, "eo"1e 2ant to "+s- it +" and +" and +"# ?-e on1y 0o3"1ete1y safe s"eed1i3it is 7ero 3"-# Anyt-in a.ove t-at 2i11 et "+s-ed +" and +"# @-at do 2e do @edra2 an ar.itrary 1ine and set t-e s"eed 1i3it at a 0ertain 1eve1# (a06 in t-e days of t-eo1d =>B3"- 1i3it, yo+ 0o+1dn4t "rove statisti0a11y t-at == 2as 3ore danero+s t-an =>#

8In t-e s"e0ifi0 0ase of a.ortion, t-e 3atter is "arti0+1ar1y easy in t-at no 2o3an 2antsa 1ate a.ortion# On0e a.ortion 2as 3ade 1ea1, t-e ae of t-e a.orted fet+s 2ent do2n#?-e s1o"e s1i""ed in t-e ot-er dire0tion# If 2e 1ea1i7e RUB5)= and ot-er si3i1ar ne2dr+s, t-e ae 2i11 fa11 to one 2ee6 or 1ess and start a""roa0-in 7ero# ?-e s1i""erys1o"e 2i11 s1ide in t-e ot-er dire0tion# ?-e on1y reason 2e -ave 1ate a.ortions is .e0a+se2e 3a6e ear1y a.ortion diffi0+1t#:

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D&;R; >S NA ;">R>C' SE""ARD *AR D&;>R SA"; 'R-E;ND ) '=ARD>AN &'S =;;N;-'>F;2 >N D&; E.S. *AR +% H;'RS

Daniel Bader, Phd Candidate, Philosophy, THE LYCEUM, 2005,http://peripats!"lo#spot!$o%/2005/0&/slippery'slopes!ht%l

E%piri$al (lippery (lopes. Empirical slippery slopes are claims about facts, not claims aboutprinciples. In this case, one argues that a given situation will lead to a much worse situation in the future.For instance, one might argue that voluntary euthanasia among the elderly will lead to a devaluing of thelives of the elderly and will therefore lead to involuntary euthanasia among the elderly. Voluntaryeuthanasia among the eldery does not in principle require involuntary euthanasia; one can supplementthe arguments that the lives of seriously ill people are not worth living with a principle respectingautonomy and avoiding paternalism. Instead, an argument such as this must be demonstrated in the same

way any empirical premise must be demonstrated, through evidence. In this case, the best approach

would be to examine other countries that have allowed voluntary euthanasia and to see whether or notthose countries have lapsed into involuntary euthanasia. If they have, the argument is a sound, empiricalargument. If not, then the argument is unsound. If there are no countries that have done so or there is aninsufficient time lapse, then one may use udgement about human nature while understanding thelimitations of this sort of evidence. !he argument becomes fallacious when an empirical slippery slope

with insufficient evidence is asserted. "owever, this is not a special #slippery slope fallacy#, but is ust badinduction.

$% EVI&E$'E (E%()E *%$+! E'%-$IE !"E &IFFEE$'E /E!*EE$ 0/%!I%$ 0$&I$F0$!I'I&E

Druy -ovier is a $hiloso$her an author o many 3ooksK incluingForgiveness and RevengeK

Dilemmas of TrustanA ractical !tud" of Argument.K D&; *'AESK AR >N*'AESKS>"";RH SA"; 'R-E;NDKhtt$/(((.humanist$ers$ectives.orgissue15%amousUinamousUslo$e.html

Reasoning 3y a$$ealing to relevantly similar cases is highly im$ortant in la(K aministrationK an ethics. >n generalKthis kin o case3ase reasoning is acce$ta3le. >ts reerre to as reasoning rom $receent. >n sli$$ery slo$eargumentsK $receent reasoning is use incorrectly. Dhe $ro3lem is that these arguments assume that cases that arelegitimate are relevantly similar to other cases that are not legitimate. =ut i one sort o action is legitimate ananother is illegitimateK there must 3e a relevant ierence 3et(een them. 'n there are relevant ierences. Dhinka3out it. '3ortion is relevantly ierent rom inanticie les3ian marriage is relevantly ierent rom incestassiste suicie is relevantly ierent rom murer. Sli$$ery slo$e arguments assume that $eo$le (ill regar onesort o thing as a $receent or others P es$ite relevant ierences that et nees to 3e su$$orte 3y evience. =ut in most sli$$ery slo$e argumentsK no suchevience is given. Claims that moral sli$$age is going to occur are uneene at 3estK an (illy im$lausi3le at(orst.

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Womens 'ealth Ans(ers 1NC

'=ARD>AN >S 8 D>;S S'*;R D&'N C&>2 =>RD&

2onal &o$eK E ConnK DA;2A 'W R;B>;WK Winter %!!1K Dhe &an 's ;m3lem A &uman >entity/ '

Solution Do Dhe A1ort.o%Controversy =ase An Science 'n Reason $. %57

*inally > (as given a e( minutes to $oint out in the most $assionate yet $roessional (ay > coul the varie im$actso $regnancy on a (omanOs lie. > stresse that legal a3ortion in early $regnancy is eight times saer than carrying a$regnancy to term. > conclue that $ortion o my $resentation 3y saying that to a (omanK $regnancy is $erha$s themost eterminative as$ect o her lie/ M>t isru$ts her 3oyK it isru$ts her eucationK it isru$ts her em$loymentK anit oten isru$ts her entire amily lie. 'n ... 3ecause o the im$act on the (omanK this certainlyK in as ar as thereare any rights (hich are unamentalK is a matter ... o such unamental an 3asic concern to the (oman involvethat she shoul 3e allo(e to make the choice as to (hether to continue or terminate her $regnancy.M

REPORTS OF HEALTH-RELATED ABORTION COMPLICATIONS ARE FALSE

Guttmacher Institute, MEDIA Center, !!",htt#$%%&&&'(uttmacher')r(%me*ia%in*e+'htmne&s.

Federa11y f+nded 80risis "renan0y 0enters: %CPCs* fre+ent1y 3is1ead and 3isinfor3 "renant teens a.o+t t-e-ea1t- ris6s of ind+0ed a.ortion, a00ordin to a 0onressiona1 investiative re"ort tit1ed False and Misleading HealthInformation Provided by Federally Funded Pregnancy Resource Centers# ?-e re"ort 2as re1eased on +1y .y Re"#Henry @astates t-at re0eived federa1 ta< do11ars 3is1ed or "rovided fa1se infor3ation to investiators 2-o 0a11ed "osin as"renant ByearBo1ds see6in advi0e a.o+t an +nintended "renan0y#

Of t-e $ CPCs 0onta0ted .y investiators, $G "rovided fa1se or 3is1eadin infor3ation .y 01ai3in0ontrary to t-es0ientifi0 eviden0et-at t-ere is a 1in6 .et2een a.ortion and .reast 0an0er, t-at a.ortion -ar3s f+t+re ferti1ity or t-ata.ortion in0reases a 2o3an4s ris6 of s+fferin severe 3enta1 -ea1t- "ro.1e3s# CPCs, 2-i0- are often affi1iated 2it-anti0-oi0e orani7ations, enae in 2-at t-e re"ort 1a.e1s an 8ina""ro"riate "+.1i0 -ea1t- "ra0ti0e,: des"ite -avin

re0eived over G 3i11ion in federa1 f+ndin .et2een $GG and $GG>#

18


19/213


Ans(ers to the +olden Rule Argument

W&'D > W>S& HAE DA 2A 'N2 W&'D HAE S&AE2 2A 'R; DWA 2>**;R;NDD&>N-S


*irstK notice that the $rinci$le is not symmetric/ >t asserts that (e shoul o to others as (e (ishthem to o to us. =ut (hat > (ish you to o an (hat > think you shoul o are t(o ierentthingsK so that i the $rinci$le is meant to rest on the sort o ormal im$artiality that all thesetheories have in commonK it shoul instea rea "1V/ We shoul o to others as (e think theyshoul o to us. >neeK not only oes "1 s lack o symmetry e$rive it o the sort o su$$ort&are claims or itK 3ut it seems also to generate unreasona3le im$lications as (ell. > may (ell(ish others to sho(er me (ith lavish $resents (ithout thinking that such git giving is somethingthat 9they or: > shoul o. % >t is $erectly coherent or me to say that > (ish that others (oul omore or me than merely (hat they shoul o or meK 3ut it is incoherent or me to say that >shoul o more or others than merely (hat > shoul o or them. >neeK it seems $erectlycoherent or me to say that > (ish that others (oul o or me things that they shoulnt o ormeK 3ut incoherent or me to say that > shoul o or others (hat > shoul not to.

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Stefan Bauschard%!Defense of Abortion Rights

Ans(ers to the +olden Rule Argument

D&; 'R-E;ND *'S;H 'SSE;S ' AR'S &A2 ;QE'H


' secon $ro3lem (ith "1 is that it treats all moral shoul eJuallyK (hereas many o the theories&are a$$eals to or su$$ort (oul insistK at the leastK on istinguishing 3et(een (hat > shoul 3emorally reJuire to oK (hat > shoul 3e morally $ermitte to oK an (hat > shoul 3e morally$raise or oing. So (hile "1V re$resents an im$rovement over "1K even it oes not suice i itis to stan on the sort o su$$ort &are is a$$ealing to. >nsteaK (e (oul have to say somethinglike "1VV/ We are 9a: reJuire to o to others (hat (e think they are reJuire to o to usK 93:$ermitte to o to others (hat (e think they are $ermitte to o to usK 9c: or3ien to o toothers (hat (e think they are or3ien to o to usK an 9: entitle to $raise or oing to others(hat (e think they are entitle to $raise or oing to us. > sus$ect that most $eo$le initiallyra(n to "1 (ill in "1VV to relect their consiere vie( more accurately. > > am right a3out

thisK then &ares argument colla$ses. Dhe conclusion that others are reJuire to rerain romterminating $regnancies that (oul result in the 3irth o others relevantly like us (oul ollo(rom "1VV only i (e also acce$te (hat > (ill call "%V/ We think others (ere reJuire to rerainrom terminating the $regnancy that resulte in our 3irth. 'n insisting on the truth o "%V (oulclearly 3eg the JuestionK since the (hole $oint o the argument is to try to etermine (hether ornot terminating such $regnancies is $ermissi3le in the irst $lace. *rom "1VV an "% (e canconclue only that a (oman (ho 3elieves that her mother eserves $raise or reraining romterminating the $regnancy that resulte in her 3irth shoul in turn 3elieve that she is entitle to$raise i she rerains rom terminating a $regnancy that (oul result in the 3irth o anotherrelevantly like her. =ut this constitutes no serious challenge to the $ractice o a3ortion. >t ismerely to sayK (hat > en this senseK the more (elloune o the various signs carrie 3ythose $rotesting a3ortion is the one that reas 0> y om 2int Care > ight Not =e &ereDhanksK om4 9cite in Schaeer an oo$ 17/ 5+:K (hich suggests not that the mother (hocarrie her $regnancy to term i something she (as morally o3ligate to oK 3ut rather that shei something (orthy o $raise an gratitue. >neeK in an ironic t(ist to the case o 2oe v.=oltonK the lesserkno(n ecision hane o(n at the same time as Roe v. WaeK the (oman(ho unsuccessully attem$te to o3tain an a3ortion has since 3ecome an o$$onent o a3ortionK(hile the aughter she su3seJuently gave 3irth to no( says o her mother that 0> she ha ana3ortion she (oul have ha her right4 9Juote in Dri3e 1%/ 6:. >n short/ "1 o &ares versiono the golen rule argument is unacce$ta3leK an the only acce$ta3le revision o it reners &ares

argument itsel invali. et us su$$oseK ho(everK that es$ite these consierations (e inourselves nonetheless enamore o "1 as &are has $resente it. Dhere remains the Juestion o "%.&are sketches a eense o "% 3y urging us to meitate on those things that make us gla that (e(ere 3ornK (hich he in turn seems to eJuate (ith our 3eing gla to 3e alive.

%!


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Stefan Bauschard%1Defense of Abortion Rights

Ans(ers to, -+lad .y .other Didnt Abort .e/

-;NNS;RS *'W;2 NAD>AN A* CANS;ND 2AAS &>S 'R-E;ND

2avi =oonK $hiloso$herK Eniversity o ColoraoK ' 2;*;NS; A* '=ARD>ANK %!!%K$. %1%

*inallyK -ensler attem$ts to motivate the claim he nees you to assent to in orer or hisargument to yiel a negative Iugment o a3ortionK namelyK that 0Hou o not consent to the ieao your having 3een a3orte in normal circumstances4 9186 / +1,:. &e oes this 3y means o theollo(ing e > think it (oul 3e all right to ro3 Lones 3ut yet >ont consent to 9or a$$rove o: the iea o someone ro33ing me in similar circumstancesK then >violate the golen rule an am inconsistent4 9186 / +11 see also t(o instances o this on $.+1,:. 'n this seems to make more sense/ > can e take itK isthe orinary meaning o the term. >t (oul seem very strange to say 0> a$$rove o her oing itK3ut ont think she shoul 3e oing it.4 5 =ut i this is (hat -ensler means 3y consenting to anactionK then "% 9(hich -ensler erives rom the $rescri$tivity $rinci$le: is sim$ly alse. Hou canthink it morally $ermissi3l or someone to circulate stories a3out your luri $ast (ithout having

to think that circulating such stories is the right thing or them to o. -ensler says that 0i > thinkan act (oul 3e all right 3ut > ont consent to it 3eing oneK then > ... am inconsistent4 9186 /+11:K 3ut there is nothing at all inconsistent a3out agreeing that luri gossi$ is morally$ermissi3le (hile reusing to a$$rove o it in this sense. *or there is sim$ly nothing inconsistentor hy$ocritical a3out thinking that someone has mae a morally critici#a3le choice even thoughthey have mae a morally $ermissi3le choice. Dhis (oul 3e inconsistent only i you also helthe vie( that the only grouns or morally isa$$roving o (hat a $erson oes is that the actionis im$ermissi3leK an this is an e


22/213

Stefan Bauschard%%Defense of Abortion Rights

reason or acce$ting. So -enslers version o the golen rule argument (ill ail i this is (hat ismeant 3y consent. ' secon an (eaker sense o a$$rovalK ho(everK (oul seem to rescue-ensler rom this iiculty. Dhis is the sense in (hich to a$$rove o something is sim$ly toacce$t it as $ermissi3le. Dhe role o the a$$roverK on this accountK is sim$ly to etermine (hetheror not the $ro$ose action in Juestion is consistent (ith the a$$ro$riate reJuirements an then to

give or (ithhol her a$$roval accoringly. >n this senseK "% is certainly $lausi3le. >t (oul 3ehy$ocritical or you to maintain that gossi$ing is morally $ermissi3le in general an then toreuse to ackno(lege that those (ho are gossi$ing a3out you are oing something $ermissi3le.Strictly s$eakingK it nee not 3e inconsistent or you to o this. >t (oul 3e inconsistent or you$ositively to assert that (hat they o is im$ermissi3leK since this (oul contraict your generalclaimK (hich entails that (hat they o is $ermissi3le. =ut 3y reraining rom consenting to theiractionsK you nee not 3e enying that (hat they o is $ermissi3le. Hou are merely eclining toairm it. StillK -ensler (oul 3e right to say that there is an im$ortant sense in (hich this (oulail to kee$ your moral 3elies 0in harmony4 (ith the rest o your lie. So there is an im$ortantsense in (hichK i to a$$rove o something is sim$ly to acce$t it as $ermissi3leK then "% is true. >(e een "% in this (ayK ho(everK the $ro3lem is sim$ly shite to "+. *or saying that "+ is true

in this sense (ill sim$ly 3eg the Juestion that -ensler is trying to ans(er. Dhat isK in orer to saythat "+ is trueK (e (ill no( have to say 0> o not think it (oul have 3een morally $ermissi3leor my mother to have ha an a3ortion (hen she (as $regnant (ith me.4 'n (hether it (oulhave 3een $ermissi3le or her to o so is $recisely the Juestion at issue. Dhere is a thir$ossi3ility. When -ensler introuces the a$$lication o his version o the golen rule to the caseo stealingK he characteri#es the assum$tion that you o not consent to the iea o $eo$le stealingrom you as 0an em$irical $remise a3out your esires4 9186 / +11K em$hasis ae:. SimilarlyKhe characteri#es the argument as a (hole as sho(ing (hat ollo(s given that somone has 0acertain esireK4 an he notes that he (ill 0generally assume that the reaer esires not to 3ero33e or 3line or kille4 9186 / +1%K em$hasis ae:. 'n he res$ons to the $ros$ect o a$erson (ho might consent to the eathrug 3ut not to the 3linnessrug 3y saying that 0Such a

$erson coul 3e consistentK 3ut only (ith 3i#arre esires a3out ho( he himsel is to 3e treate49186 / +15K em$hasis ae:. So $erha$s -ensler shoul sim$ly 3e unerstoo as saying that toconsent to or a$$rove o an act is to esire that it 3e one. >n many res$ectsK this oes ineeseem to 3e the most straightor(ar inter$retation o the te


23/213

Stefan Bauschard%+Defense of Abortion Rights

im$ermissi3le. =ut -ensler can also 3e taken to mean that the eener o a3ortion (oul not(ish his mother to have ha an a3ortion. Dhis much may certainly 3e trueK 3ut no( (e really are3ack to &ares version o the argument an thus to &ares allacy/ >t sim$ly oes not matter (hat> (oul like other $eo$le to o or rerain rom oing to me 3ecause it oes not ollo( rom theact that > esire that they not o something to me that > must think it im$ermissi3le or them to

o it to me 9orK thereoreK or me to o it to them:. 'gainK > may (ell esire that they not tellstories a3out my luri $ast (ithout thinking that it is im$ermissi3le or me to tell stories a3outtheir luri $asts. So i (e construe consent in this (ayK then "% 9an C1: turn out to 3e alse.Dhere seemsK thenK to 3e no consistent meaning o consent on (hich all o the $remises o-enslers argument are true. Dhis o3Iection seems to me suicient to (arrant reIecting -enslersversion o the golen rule argumentK 3ut it is (orth noting a e( aitional iiculties. Aneconcerns his attem$t to Iustiy "+ 3y a$$ealing to the en the case o the 3linnessrugK -ensler et is iicult to imagine (hatsuch a case (oul look likeK since an a3ortion (ill 3y einition relieve her o the 3urens o$regnancyK (hereas the 3linnessrug relieves her o nothing. =ut > su$$ose (e might $icture a

case (here or some reason the a3ortion (ill cause Iust as much $hysical $ain an inconvenienceto her as $regnancy an chil3irth (oulK an (here she has the a3ortion only 3ecause this (illcause someone elseK let us su$$ose the ather o the chil (ho (ants very much or her tocontinue the $regnancyK to suer. We can certainly agree that (e o not consent to the iea o heroing thisK in any o the senses o consent note a3ove. =ut this is harly tantamount to agreeingthat (e o not consent to a3ortion uner normal circumstances. *inallyK it is im$ortant to notethat -enslerK tooK ails to overcome the o3Iection that his argumentK i acce$teK (oul also entailthat the use o contrace$tives an even a3stinence is im$ermissi3leK an eJually so. 'ter allK i >

%+


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Stefan Bauschard%,Defense of Abortion Rights

ont consent to or a$$rove o a3ortion 3ecause it (oul have cause me not to have 3een 3ornKthen it (oul seem > must also isa$$rove o a3stinence an contrace$tion on the same grouns.-enslers res$onse to this o3Iection is to concee its initial orce 3ut to say that there is aierence 3et(een a3ortion an contrace$tion (hich is 3rought out 3y ocusing on theuniversali#ation reJuirement im$licit in "1/ > > hol 0>t is (rong to have an a3ortion in this 9my:

caseK4 then > have to make the same Iugment in all similar cases 3ut > can easily hol9consistently: that it is in general (rong to have an a3ortion. =ut i > hol 0>t is (rong to $reventconce$tion ... in this 9my: caseK4 then > again have to make the same Iugment in all similarcases 3ut > cannot hol 9consistently: that it is in general (rong to $revent conce$tion P sincethis (oul commit me to esiring a $olicy (hich (oul 3ring a3out a greatly over$o$ulate(orl o starving $eo$le at a very lo( level o human lie.4 9186 / +17: 'n so as a resultK-ensler says he comes 0though (ith hesitation4 to consent to his $arents having not conceivehimK though not to consent to their having a3orte him 9186 / +17:. Dhere are a e( $ro3lems(ith this res$onse. *irstK notice that -ensler again sli$s into grouning his argument on (hat >(oul call 0esire.4 'n as (e have alreay seenK (hat > (oul esire is not the issue. =ut thereis a more im$ortant $ro3lem here. -ensler maintains that i you hol that it is (rong to $revent

conce$tion in your caseK then you (ill also have to hol that 0it is in general (rong to $reventconce$tion.4 =ut this is not so. Hou (ill have only to hol that $reventing conce$tion is (rong incircumstances similar to those uner (hich you (ere conceive. 'n everything turns on (hatmakes such cases similar. ConsierK or e


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Ans(ers to, -+lad .y .other Didnt Abort .e/

D&>S WAE2 '; =>RD& CANDRA >AR'


'ter allK i > am gla that my mother i not have an a3ortion (hile $regnant (ith me an i thissuices to commit me to the vie( that a3ortion is (rongK then since > must also 3e gla9 aneJually gla: that she (as not using contrace$tion at the time > (as conceiveK this must eJuallycommit me to the vie( that contrace$tion is (rong an eJually (rong. =ut this im$lication is unacce$ta3le. 'nsoK thereoreK is &ares argument. &ares res$onse to this signiicant iiculty is essentially to concee it 918 / 18%P +:. &e suggests that there may 3e some reasonsto istinguish the $racticesK such as the act that a3ortion is a more com$le< meical $roceure an that it involves killing someone the (oman may eel aection orK3ut it is not at all clear ho( these consierations can legitimately enter the $icture on a golen rule account/ > it makes no ierence to me (hether > (as 3orn3ecause my mother (as $revente rom using contrace$tion or 3ecause she (as $revente rom having an a3ortionK then i the argument sho(s > shoul rerain rom

enorsing a3ortionK it seems eJually to sho( that > shoul rerain rom enorsingcontrace$tion. 'n even i these consierationsare amitteK they seem only to sho( that a (oman may have a selintereste reason to use

contrace$tion rather than a3ortion i she is going to use one or the otherK not that she has a moralreason to think that one is $ermissi3le even i the other is not. 'n even i it i esta3lish that sheha a moral reason to $reer contrace$tion to a3ortionK this (oul o nothing to sho( that it(oul 3e immoral or her to have an a3ortion i she ha 9(rongly: neglecte to usecontrace$tion in the irst $lace or i the contrace$tion she ha use ha aile. Dhere seemsK thenKto 3e no (ay or &ares argument to avoi entailing this unacce$ta3le conclusion. ' eener o&ares $osition here might com$lain that in characteri#ing this im$lication as unacce$ta3leK > amcounting on the reaers sharing the 3elie that contrace$tion is morally $ermissi3le. 'n i > amoing thisK then > am violating the unamental $rinci$le this 3ook has set out to ollo(K toattem$t to een a3ortion (hile a$$ealing to claims that critics o a3ortion generally acce$t.*orK it might 3e $ointe out at this $ointK many $eo$le (ho o$$ose a3ortion also o$$ose

contrace$tion. Dhis is true. =ut it oes not iminish the orce o this o3Iection to &aresargument. What is unacce$ta3le a3out &ares argument is not merely that it entails thatcontrace$tion is immoral 9though or many $eo$leK this im$lication alone suices to rener theargument o3Iectiona3le:K 3ut that it entails that contrace$tion is morally on a $ar (ith a3ortion.any critics o a3ortion o not o$$ose contrace$tionK 3ut even those critics o a3ortion (ho oo$$ose 3oth contrace$tion an a3ortiono not acce$t that they are eJually (rong an or thesame reason. >n aitionK i &ares argument entails that contrace$tion is immoralK then it alsoentails that a3staining rom intercourse altogether is also immoralK since > must 3e Iust as glathat my $arents i not a3stain rom intercourse as > am that they i not use contrace$tion anthat my mother i not have an a3ortion. =ut surely every critic o a3ortion agrees that it is notimmoral to a3stain rom having se


26/213


-Abortion is Selfish/ Ans(ers

TURN? OMEN OFTEN HAVE ABORTIONS TO CARE FOR OTHER CHILDREN

2avi =oonK $hiloso$herK Eniversity o ColoraoK ' 2;*;NS; A* '=ARD>ANK %!!%K

$. +!+

Dhe claim that a3ortion is not a caring res$onse to an un(ante $regnancyK o courseK may 3eiicult to sustain in some cases. ' (oman (ho has an a3ortion out o the concern that shealreay has as many chilren as she can care or may see hersel as choosing the o$tion mostconsistent (ith the value o caring. 'n the claim that a eminist shoul enorse the value ocaring may also 3e su3Iect to is$ute. ' eminist might o3Iect that the claim that nurturing is aistinctively emale value $er$etuates $recisely the sort o harmul stereoty$es that eminism iscommitte to eraicating. =ut let us go ahea an su$$ose that 3oth claims are correct. Whatollo(s rom them >t ollo(s that a (oman (ho has an a3ortion acts uncaringlyK an that aeminist is entitle to critici#e her morally on these grouns. =ut it oes not ollo( that a

eminist shoul conclue that a (oman (ho has an a3ortion oes something that is morallyim$ermissi3le. any acts that are critici#a3le as uncaring are nonetheless morally $ermissi3le.Dhe claim that > have 3een eening in this 3ook is the claim that a3ortion is ty$ically$ermissi3leK not that it is ty$ically uncritici#a3le. 'n the argument rom the value o caring oesnothing to unermine this claim even i it is acce$te.

%6


27/213


Ado"tion Ans(ers

THE ADOPTION ALTERNATIVE TREATS THE OMAN@S LIFE AS A MEANS TO AN

END

Nancy &irschmanK $olitical scientistsK E "ennK D;T'S LAERN' A* WA;N @ D&; 'WK *all %!!+K $$. 5%+

Dhis is a $oint that the ao$tion alternative that isK suggesting that the (oman carry the etus to term an $ut theinant u$ or ao$tionK instea o terminating the $regnancyK 3ecause MitOs Iust nine monthsM misses. Dhe ao$tionalternative im$lies that a (omanOs lie is not as im$ortantK not (orth as muchK as the etusOs lie. >t says that (e cantreat a (omanOs 3oy as means to anotherOs ensK namely 3ringing the etus to ull 3iological evelo$ment. Dhe ol17!Os $rochoice 3um$er sticker sloganK M' (omanOs lie is a human lieKM containe a central truth a3out the antichoice movement/ (omen someho( counte less in the $rolie vie(K an $regnant (omen someho( counte lessthan etuses. Dhe $rochoice movement (asK an isK unamentally a3out recogni#ing (omenOs eJual humanity/ theyhave a right to 3e treate as ens in themselves an not merely as means to the ens o othersK incluing etuses.

NORMS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TIES PREVENT OMEN FROM GIVING!UP

NEBORNS

Reva SiegelK la( $roessorK SD'N*AR2 'W R;B>;WK Lanuary 1%K 0Reasoning rom the =oy/ '&istorical "ers$ective on '3ortion Regulation an Questions o ;Jual "rotectionK4 $. +71%

&y$otheticallyK a (oman com$elle to 3ear a chil she oes not (ant coul give it u$ or ao$tionK a3anon itK or$ay someone to care or the chil until maturity. >n this societyK ho(everK these are not o$tions that (omen availthemselves o (ith great reJuency or the sim$le reason that e( (omen are a3le to a3anon a chil 3orn o their3oy. Dhat society as a (holeK or some (omen in $articularK may Iuge it morally $reera3le to give a chil u$ toao$tion rather than a3ort a $regnancy is 3esie the $oint. Ance com$elle to 3ear a chil against their (ishesK most

(omen (ill eel o3ligate to raise it.5 ' (oman is likely to orm emotional 3ons (ith a chil uring $regnancyshe is likely to 3elieve that she has moral o3ligations to a 3orn chil that are ar greater than any she might have toan em3ryoetus an she is likely to e


28/213


0ant Ans(ers *rontline

TURN? IN A "ANTIAN SENSE6 THE FETUS DENIES FUNDAMENTAL RESPECT

FOR A OMAN@S HUMANITY

Nancy &irschmanK $olitical scientistsK E "ennK D;T'S LAERN' A* WA;N @ D&; 'WK *all%!!+K $. ,

=y contrastK the argument that the $regnant (oman is not 3eing treate as an en in hersel transcens all othese o3Iections an gets at the unerlying moral $rinci$le that is the ounation o c2onaghOs case orseleense. c2onagh argues that a etusK 3y its intrusionK treats the (oman in (hose 3oies it resies asmeans to its o(n ens. >n the antian senseK the etus enies unamental res$ect or the (omanOs humanity her o(n sense o herselK an her a3ility to irect her lie an $ursue lie $lans (hich (e all have a uty tosho(. &enceK the argument that $remeitation nulliies seleense no longer matters 3ecause treatingsomeone as a means an violating the uty o res$ect is (rongK $lain an sim$le. >neeK such treatment mayIustiy killing the etus uner certain circumstances.

"ANT OPPOSED ABORTION RIGHTS BECAUSE HE AS A SE*IST

Nancy &irschmanK $olitical scientistsK E "ennK D;T'S LAERN' A* WA;N @ D&; 'WK *all %!!+K$$. 5%+

>n this lightK ant (oul most certainly o$$ose a3ortion. Dhe contem$t in (hich he hel (omen (ho as$ireto eucationK much less a $roessionK suggests that he 3elieve that they ha a $articular role to $layK an thatthis role (as $erectly consonant (ith eighteenth century 3ourgeois conventions. >neeK it is argua3ly thecase that ant 3elieve that (hile (omen (ere ca$a3le o the achievements o intellect an reasonK theyshoul not strive or them. So it is $ossi3le that ant (oul not think that the ca$tive (oman shoul oanything a3out her ca$tivity. =utK certainlyK contem$orary a$$ro$riation o antian ieals (hichK ater allK is(hat (e are consiering in the a3ortion e3ate (oul have more serious iiculties. We mustK accoring toantK take an Mim$artial stan$ointKM (hichK as -reen $uts itK means that once Ma3stracte rom the elements

o my o(n situation ... > must agree to $rotect every rational agentOs 3asic ignity an reeom.M Enless (e(ish to eny (omenOs status as rational agents something that ant argua3ly i (e must grant (omenOsright to such $rotectionK regarless o their uniJue relationshi$ to the etuses that they carry.

%8


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Stefan Bauschard%Defense of Abortion Rights

.althus 2inks 3.aybe4 ) Roe Critical to WorldWide Abortion!rotection

/' CO0RT PROTECTION THRO0GH ROE BOOSTED ABORTION 1ORLD-1IDE2ROE 3E45e(isati6e acti)n n)t ree6ant7

4O0 CO0LD ALSO READ THIS CARD TO SA4 THAT 0'S' ABORTION RESTRICTIONS DON8T8RED0CED 1ORLD-1IDE LIBERALI9ATION

5TO0GH CALL7

Center :)r Re#r)*ucti6e Ri(hts, ROE ;' 1ADE AND THE RIGHT TO PRI;AC4, !!)rti)n a&s' The

&)r*&i*e i>erai?ati)n ): a>)rti)n a&s than an= )ther #eri)* ): hist)r=' Ir)nica=, *urin(this same #eri)*, the 0nite* States has acte*, thr)u(h c)urt *ecisi)ns an* e(isati)n, t)mae a>)rti)n a&s increasin(= m)re restricti6e' A##r)+imate= " ): the &)r*8s#)#uati)n n)& i6es in the "" c)untries that #ermit a>)rti)n at the &)man8s reuest )r &iththe a##r)6a ): me*ica #ractiti)ners )n >r)a* s)cia an* ec)n)mic (r)un*s' Durin( the #astishe* in Roe' 1)men &)r*&i*e must c)ntinuethe ur(ent (ht t) ensure that their ri(ht t) re#r)*ucti6e aut)n)m= is rec)(ni?e* as ahuman ri(ht'

%. '=ARD>AN R;2EC;S *;RD>>DHSte$hen Bre++er6 Profe++or of Le-$ H.+tor,K North(estern Eniversity School o a(K Clary For+,t'e62irectorK Proe/t .% L-2 5 B.oet'./+K 'mericans Enite or ieK D;T'S R;B>;W A* 'W @"A>D>CSK *all %!)8K 0Dhe Dragic *ailure o Roe v. Wae/ Why '3ortion Shoul 3e Returne to theStatesK4 $. 1!5

>t is not $ossi3le yet to catalogue the ull social im$act o Roe. *irstK 3ecause there is no uniormK nationalsystem o a3ortion ata collection an analysisK (e still cannot accurately assess the meical im$act on(omen. n1!! SeconK (e are only 3eginning to see the im$act on the (orkorce an Social Security romthe graying o 'merica 3y the all o the 3irthrate.

%


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Stefan Bauschard+!Defense of Abortion Rights

+eneral Rights 56tensions

REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM IS A FUNDAMENTAL CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHT

G$or.- Fe$dt6 Pre+.de%t of P$-%%ed P-re%t'ood6 AR ON CHOICE6 ))46 #&

=ecause once a (oman has the a3ility to etermine her re$rouctive estinyK she can as$ire to control herestiny in every other area as (ell. Re$rouctive seletermination is the most unamental civil anhuman right a (oman can have. >ts the key to enIoying ull eJualityK li3ertyK an Iustice. 'n thats thevery right that the right(ing e


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Stefan Bauschard+1Defense of Abortion Rights

*reedom 56tensions

THE RIGHT TO TERMINATE PREGNANCY IS AT THE CORE OF FREEDOM

'nita 'llenK la( $roessorK -eorgeto(nK Ro3in WestK W&'D RA; S&AE2 &'B; S'>2K ;. =alkinK%!!,K $. 1!1

Xike the right to $revent $regnancyK the right to terminate $regnancy is a unamental right. >t isunamental 3ecause having $rimary say over the ca$acity to $rocreate goes to the very core o (hat itmeans to 3e a ree $erson. Dyrants an ictators (ill insist that some $eo$le have chilren an that othersnot have chilren. >n a ree society governe 3y a Iust rule o la(K $ersons cannot 3e reJuire as a mattero course to 3ear or rear chilren. Do 3e sureK in some nations o ;uro$e 3lesse (ith $olitical economiessimilar to our o(nK strict 3ans on contrace$tion an a3ortion are tolerate as Iust. =ut the argument thatorere li3erty reJuires $rocreative autonomy is not ente 3y the o3servation that >relanK >talyK-ermanyK an *rance may $reer to continue su3Iugating their longsuering emale citi#ens. We havemore than once 3eore in this century 3een in the oreront o li3erty an eJuality (hen com$are to sister

nations across the 'tlantic.

+1


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Stefan Bauschard+%Defense of Abortion Rights

Bodily 7ntegrity 7m"acts

EVERYONE HAS A FUMDAMENTAL LIBERTY INTEREST IN BODILY INTEGRITY

&o(ar =allK $olitical scientistK BermontKSUPREME COURT AND THE INTIMATE LIVES OFAMERICANS ? PROCREATION6 ABORTION6 AND DEATH ITH DIGNITY BEFORE THE

LAK %!!%$. 18

'rgua3lyK every $erson has the right to etermine (hat shall 3e one to his her o(n 3oy. ;very $ersonhas the li3erty o 3oily integrity. Dhat li3ertyK it is argueK is a cornerstone o common la(K statutesK anconstitutional la(. >t has t(o com$onents/ 91: the right to choose ho( to live lieK as (ell as 9%: the rightto consent to (hat is one to ones 3oy 3y another $erson.

+%
http://site.ebrary.com.ezp1.harvard.edu/lib/harvard/Top?channelName=harvard&cpage=1&d=all&f00=title&f01=subject&frm=adv.x&hitsPerPage=10&id=10078466&l=all&layout=document&p00=abortion&p01=&sch=%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0Search%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0&sortBy=score&sortOrder=deschttp://site.ebrary.com.ezp1.harvard.edu/lib/harvard/Top?channelName=harvard&cpage=1&d=all&f00=title&f01=subject&frm=adv.x&hitsPerPage=10&id=10078466&l=all&layout=document&p00=abortion&p01=&sch=%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0Search%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0&sortBy=score&sortOrder=deschttp://site.ebrary.com.ezp1.harvard.edu/lib/harvard/Top?channelName=harvard&cpage=1&d=all&f00=title&f01=subject&frm=adv.x&hitsPerPage=10&id=10078466&l=all&layout=document&p00=abortion&p01=&sch=%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0Search%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0&sortBy=score&sortOrder=deschttp://site.ebrary.com.ezp1.harvard.edu/lib/harvard/Top?channelName=harvard&cpage=1&d=all&f00=title&f01=subject&frm=adv.x&hitsPerPage=10&id=10078466&l=all&layout=document&p00=abortion&p01=&sch=%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0Search%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0&sortBy=score&sortOrder=deschttp://site.ebrary.com.ezp1.harvard.edu/lib/harvard/Top?channelName=harvard&cpage=1&d=all&f00=title&f01=subject&frm=adv.x&hitsPerPage=10&id=10078466&l=all&layout=document&p00=abortion&p01=&sch=%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0Search%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0&sortBy=score&sortOrder=deschttp://site.ebrary.com.ezp1.harvard.edu/lib/harvard/Top?channelName=harvard&cpage=1&d=all&f00=title&f01=subject&frm=adv.x&hitsPerPage=10&id=10078466&l=all&layout=document&p00=abortion&p01=&sch=%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0Search%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0&sortBy=score&sortOrder=deschttp://site.ebrary.com.ezp1.harvard.edu/lib/harvard/Top?channelName=harvard&cpage=1&d=all&f00=title&f01=subject&frm=adv.x&hitsPerPage=10&id=10078466&l=all&layout=document&p00=abortion&p01=&sch=%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0Search%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0&sortBy=score&sortOrder=desc


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Stefan Bauschard++Defense of Abortion Rights

888 !rivacy 56tensions

++


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Stefan Bauschard+,Defense of Abortion Rights

Abortion !rotected By !rivacy Rights

ABORTION IMPLICATES DECISION6 INFORMATION6 AND PHYSICAL PRIVACY

'nita 'llenK la( $roessorK -eorgeto(nK Ro3in WestK W&'D RA; S&AE2 &'B; S'>2K ;. =alkinK%!!,K$. %%&'('

Dhree common meanings o $rivacy (ere in 3ol enough relie in )ris*old+ ecisional $rivacyK $hysical$rivacyK an inormational $rivacy. ' ourth common meaningK $ro$rietary $rivacyK (as a3sent rom)risnold. ;ach o the irst three connects vitally to re$rouctive li3erty. ' marrie cou$le must 3e ree toecie (hether to use 3irth control the $artners must have Mecisional $rivacyM ' marrie cou$le must 3eree to live seclue rom the (atchul eye o agents o government seeking to kno( (hat the $artnersecie they must have M$hysical $rivacyM an Minormational $rivacy. MDhe only one o our et is (orth noting that in the ecaesater Samuel Warren an ouis =raneis urge legal $rotection or $rivacyK see MDhe Right to "rivacyKM -avu L. Rev. '% /i0%o1, it (as $ro$rietary $rivacy claims to the enEisenstadt, (e overturne the criminal conviction o aassachusetts man (hose only oense (as lecturing to a college auience a3out amily $lanning an giving an unmarrie emale mem3er o his auience a sam$le$ackage o a common contrace$tive oam oun in most rug stores. Dhe right o $rivacy meansK i anythingK the right o the iniviualK Mmarrie or singleK to 3e reerom un(arrante governmental intrusion into matters so unamentally aecting a $erson as the ecision (hether to 3ear or 3eget a chil.M (4 9.!. at 4 9o$inion

o =rennanK L.:. Constitutional li3erty oes not allo( Den !:inner u ;:lahoma, this Court struck o(n a eugenics statute that allo(e states to sterili#e men classiie as morally eicient reciivist elons. Dhe courtcharacteri#e $rocreationK along (ith marriageK as Mone o the 3asic civil rights o man/O '3ortion cannot 3e $rescri3e or the un(illingK nor $rohi3ite to the(illing.Y

+,


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RESTRICTING ABORTION THREATENS THE PRIVACY OF THE OMAN!

PHYSICIAN RELATIONSHIP


Restrictive state regulation o a3ortion threatens a secon M$rivacyM interest/ the conientiality o the$hysician$atient relationshi$. Dhis orm o $rivacy calls or a strong $resum$tion in avor o conientialrecor kee$ing an anonymous $u3lic re$orting. ' thir M$rivacyM interest touche 3y restrictive a3ortionla(s is the interest in $hysical seclusion. Dhis interest is at once an interest in restricting access to oneOs3oy an restricting access to oneOs home or other $hysical retreat. *or en Roe v. WaeK the Su$reme Court hel that the im$lie right o $rivacy $rotects a (omanOs ecision tohave an a3ortion. Dhe Roe Court recogni#e that the $rivacy right involve in a (omanOs ecision too3tain an a3ortion (as 3oth a M$rivacy romM right an a M$rivacy toM right. Dhe M$rivacy romM nature othe right (as illustrate 3y the invaliation o the De


36/213



THE CONSTITUTIONALLY PROTECTED RIGHT OF PRIVACY PROTECTS

ABORTION CHOICE

Le3 Ru3enelK la( $roessorK HaleK W&'D RA; S&AE2 &'B; S'>2K ;. =alkinK %!!,K $. 11

Dhe right (e $rotect toay is no( kno(n as the right o $rivacy. Dhat term can 3e misleaing. Dhe righto $rivacy is not a right to engage in that M$urely $rivate conuctM (hich aects no one 3ut onesel. Dhereis no such conuctK orK i there isK ecisions a3out re$rouction are not instances o it. Nor oes this right$rotect those M$urely $rivate omainsM o lie remain ee rom all state regulation. Dhere are no suchomainsK orK i there areK sen our o(n timeK (e have seen totalitarian governments MrelocateM iniviualsK assigningthem to lives an Io3s o the stateOs choosing. =ut as this Court sai ity years ago/ M'lthough suchmeasures have 3een eli3erately a$$rove 3y men o great geniusK their ieas touching the relation3et(een iniviual an State (ere (holly ierent rom those u$on (hich our institutions rest/M thoughtother(iseK the Ninth 'menment (oul 3e a clear an suicient ans(er to those (ho say this Court acts (ithout a reasona3le 3asis in theConstitutionOs te


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Abortion !rotected By !rivacy Rights ) Waiting !eriods 9 ConsentS"ecific

W'>D>N- ";R>A2S 'N2 S"AES' CANS;ND R;QE>R;;NDS 2;ANSDR'D;

'N>NES DAW'R2 WA;N 'N2 D&R;'D;N "R>B'CH

'nita 'llenK la( $roessorK -eorgeto(nK Ro3in WestK W&'D RA; S&AE2 &'B; S'>2K ;. =alkinK%!!,K $. 1!+

Dhe reJuirement o s$ousal or $arental consent might 3e thought to $ro$erly involve amilies in (omenOsecision making. Dhe reJuirement o a (aiting $erio or counseling might 3e thought to $ro$erlyencourage relection a3out o$tions an alternatives. =ut such reJuirements $resu$ose that others kno(3etter than (omen the intimate circumstances that lea (omen to seek a3ortion in the irst $lace. Dheyalso $resu$$ose that (omen (ill not involve su$$ortive amily mem3ersK (ill not relectK an (ill notseek the o$inions o moral avisers an social service $roviers unless the state com$els them to."reIuice only su$$orts these $resu$$ositions.

+7


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Abortion !rivacy Rights Dont 'urt Women

C&A>C; "R>B'CH 2A;SND &ERD WA;N

'nita A$$e%6L-2 #rofe++or6 Georeto2%K SD'N*AR2 'W R;B>;WK Novem3er %!)K 0Dri3esLuicious *eminismK4 $. 1+

Dhe real $ro3lem is not (ith the right to $rivacy as suchK 3ut that (omen have ha too much o the (rongkins o $rivacy. n7 Dhe M(rongM kin that (hich acinnon em$hasi#es in her attack on Roe isthe M$rivacyM o the omestic s$hereK (here a ominant man controls se< an home lie. Dhe MrightM kino $rivacyK (hich acinnon isregarsK gives (omen real choices. "rivacy can ena3le some (omen toesca$e unha$$y an o$$ressive livesK an others to eCE'D; '=ARD>AN R>-&DS >N D;RS A* "R>B'CH

'nita A$$e%6L-2 #rofe++or6 Georeto2%K SD'N*AR2 'W R;B>;WK Novem3er %!)K 0Dri3esLuicious *eminismK4 $. 1%+

>t may 3e $ossi3le to make a case or a3ortion rights that oes not e conIecture that most 'merican (omen (oul 3e una3le to articulate ully their concerns a3outantia3ortion la(s (ithout a$$ealing to notions o $rivacy. >n talking a3out a3ortionK (omen commonlysay that government shoul min its o(n 3usiness. =y using the term M$rivacyM in connection (itha3ortionK (omen are a3le to ra( on a (ealth o share meaningsK incluing connotations o autonomyKine$enenceK an res$ect or others. Dri3e (isely reuses to Iettison $rivacyOs rich semantic heritage(hen he em3races an eJual $rotection analysis to su$$ort a (omanOs right to choose. n8%

+8


39/213

Stefan Bauschard+Defense of Abortion Rights

!rivacy 7m"act Dignity

PRIVACY PROTECTION CRITICAL TO HUMAN DIGNITY

'nita 'llenK la( $roessorK -eorgeto(nK Ro3in WestK W&'D RA; S&AE2 &'B; S'>2K ;. =alkinK%!!,K $.

Dhe e


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Stefan Bauschard,!Defense of Abortion Rights

888 -2ife/ Ans(ers

,!


41/213

Stefan Bauschard,1Defense of Abortion Rights

Abortion 7snt .urder

BRAIN STANDARD "EY : FUNDAMENTAL TO HUMAN LIFE

Lohn S(omley grauate o 2ickinson College "h.2. in "olitical Science rom the Eniversity o

ColoraoK SD. AE>S EN>B;RS>DH "E=>C 'W R;B>;WK 1+K $. ,1%

Dhe 3rain is the crucial element in human lie. ichael B. . =ennettK chair o the 2e$artment oNeuroscienceK 'l3ert ;instein College o eicineK (rote that M$ersonhoo goes (ith the 3rain an oes notresie (ithin the reci$ient 3oy . . . . Dhere is noneK not heartK kineyK lung or s$leenK that (e cannottrans$lantK o (ithoutK or re$lace artiicially. Dhe 3rain is the essence o our et cannot 3etrans$lante.

MOST ABORTIONS OCCUR BEFORE BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

Lohn S(omley grauate o 2ickinson College "h.2. in "olitical Science rom the Eniversity oColoraoK SD. AE>S EN>B;RS>DH "E=>C 'W R;B>;WK 1+K $. ,1%

*ityone $ercent o all a3ortions in the Enite States occur 3eore the eighth (eek o $regnancy more thanninetyone $ercent 3y the t(elth (eekK in the irst trimester an more than ninetynine $ercent 3y t(enty(eeksK (hich is a3out our (eeks 3eore the time o via3ility (hen ten to iteen $ercent o etuses can 3esave 3y intensive care. Dhis means that there is no 3rain or neocorte< an hence no $ain.

,1


42/213

Stefan Bauschard,%Defense of Abortion Rights

Abortion 7snt .urder

ONLY OF ABORTIONS OCCUR AFTER THE BEST CRITIC@S STANDARD FOR

THE START OF FETAL LIFE

2avi =oonK $hiloso$herK Eniversity o ColoraoK ' 2;*;NS; A* '=ARD>ANK %!!%K$. 1%7

$. > have argue thatK on the account that oes 3est 3y the critic o a3ortions o(n stanarsK the etus acJuires the right to liethat you an > have (hen it 3egins to have conscious esiresK that this occurs (hen it 3egins to have a certain kin o electricalactivity in its cere3ral corte all o this is correctKthen the vast maIority o a3ortions take $lace (ell 3eore the $oint at (hich the etus acJuires a right to lie. Dhis oes not initsel emonstrate that such a3ortions are morally $ermissi3leK 3ut it oes sho( that the rights3ase argument against a3ortionails to sho( that they are im$ermissi3le. 'n since very e( a3ortions take $lace 3et(een the %5th an +%n (eeks o

$regnancyK it makes very little ierence that (e cannot 3e more s$eciic in locating the $recise $oint at (hich the etussaJuisition o this right occurs on this account. While the gray area 3et(een %5 an +% (eeks thus $rouces e( $racticaliiculties or the $osition eene hereK ho(everK it must 3e concee that there is also a gray area e o not (ant to triviali#e the im$ortance o the ierence 3et(een ra(ing the line at %5(eeks an ra(ing it atK sayK 1% or 1!. Nor o > have anything urther to say a3out ho( one shoul go a3out assessing the si#e othe gray area (ithin this range. =ut the thesis o this 3ook is not meant to 3e more s$eciic than the claim that a3ortion in ty$icalcircumstances is morally $ermissi3leK an the rights3ase argument against this claim is unermine 3y the organi#e cortical

3rain activity criterion regarless o (here 3et(een 1! an +% (eeks (e ra( the line. > conclue that the organi#e cortical3rain activity criterion shoul 3e acce$teK an thatK as a resultK the rights3ase argument against a3ortion in ty$ical cases shoul3e reIecte. > (ill go onK in the ne am mistaken a3out this an that theetus acJuires the right to lie at the moment o its conce$tion. 'n > (ill argue that even i this is soK the rights3ase argumentagainst a3ortion shoul still 3e reIecte. =ut 3eore oing soK > (ill conclue this cha$ter (ith a 3rie iscussion o one other rivalcriterion.

,%


43/213

Stefan Bauschard,+Defense of Abortion Rights

:ur Disadvantages :ut(eigh the -Right to 2ife/

THE RIGHT TO COMMUNITY SURVIVAL OUTEIGHS FETAL LIFE

Lohn S(omleyK grauate o 2ickinson CollegeK "h.2. in "olitical Science rom the Eniversity o ColoraoK

SD. AE>S EN>B;RS>DH "E=>C 'W R;B>;WK 1+K $. ,15

Dhere are at least t(o rights (hich must 3e consiere in ans(ering the Juestion (hether the act o se;WK 1+K $. ,15

Dhe secon right that takes $receence over claims that a etus has a right to 3e 3orn is iniviual rights oe


44/213

Stefan Bauschard,,Defense of Abortion Rights

Ans(ers to, -Abortion Wrong at Any Stage/

'=ARD>AN >S NAD >AR' 'D ' SD'-;S

2onal &o$eK E ConnK DA;2A 'W R;B>;WK Winter %!!1K Dhe &an 's ;m3lem A &uman>entity/ ' Solution Do Dhe A1ort.o%Controversy =ase An Science 'n Reason $. %%1

1. '3ortion at 'ny Stage o 2evelo$ment >s orally Wrong"7. Dhere are those (ho say that a3ortion at any stage o evelo$ment ens human lie an is thereoremorally (rong. *or those (ho take this $ositionK a3ortions at the em3ryonic stage are unacce$ta3le anthe istinction 3et(een the em3ryo an etus is irrelevant.

"8!. > one takes the $osition that a3ortion is (rong at any stage o evelo$mentK a logical corollary isthat it is eJually (rong to en a very early em3ryonic lie or an avance etal lie. Dhis line o reasoningseems to make those orms o 3irth control (hich $revent im$lantation o a ertili#e ova as morally

o3Iectiona3le as the ismem3erment o an avance etus.

"81. Dhis reasoning is unsatisying. > one 3elieves that a3ortion is morally (rongK it (oul seem that theegree o moral anger (oul increase as the $otentiality o the Iust ertili#e egg 3ecomes actuali#e inthe (ellevelo$e etus.

"8%. Dhe argument that a3ortion at any stage is morally (rong is iicult to reuteK 3ut it is also iicultto $rove. Do a large e


45/213


.ost Abortions !re;iability 56tensions

'ASD ' '=ARD>ANS "R;B>'=>>DH

2onal &o$eK E ConnK DA;2A 'W R;B>;WK Winter %!!1K Dhe &an 's ;m3lem A &uman>entity/ ' Solution Do Dhe A1ort.o%Controversy =ase An Science 'n Reason $. %%1%"8+. Dhe $ro$osal to limit the constitutional a3ortion right to the em3ryonic stage o evelo$ment is $rochoice (ithin scientiically an morally eensi3le 3ounaries. Dhose (ho een the current scheme arestuck (ith t(o iicult an intracta3le $ro3lems. *irstK the via3ility stanar (as invente 3y Lustice=lackmunK out o (hole clothK as $art o the trimester notion n5, an is not groune in any unamental$rinci$leK as the torture a$ologies or via3ility emonstrate. n55 SeconK those (ho link the right ochoice (ith the via3ility stanar must orever Z%%% een the right to a3ortion rom the com$ellingan (ellocumente concerns a3out 3rutality an inanticie. >n eense o a3ortionK they mustsomeho( come u$ (ith a rationali#ation or Mcalvaria sign.M n56

"8,. Statistics sho( that 5![ o current a3ortions are $erorme 3eore (eek nine $ostconce$tion ananother ,![ o a3ortions occur 3et(een (eeks nine an thirteen $ostconce$tion. n57 &enceK hal o allcurrent a3ortions all (ithin the em3ryonic stage an ![ o current a3ortions are $erorme 3eore (eekthirteenK (ithin our (eeks o the transition rom em3ryo to etus. DhusK even (ithin a li3eral a3ortionregimeK the maIority o (omen e


46/213


2ife at Conce"tion Ans(ers

=R'>N 2;B;A";ND R;S;'RC& "RAB;S D&'D >*; >S NAD CR;'D;2 'D*;RD>F>>'D>AN ) >D D';S AND&S DA "RA2EC; ' &E'N =;>N-

Lohn S(omley grauate o 2ickinson CollegeK "h.2. in "olitical Science rom the Eniversity oColoraoK SD. AE>S EN>B;RS>DH "E=>C 'W R;B>;WK 1+K $. ,1!11

Charles -arnerK (ho i his octoral research on the genetic control o 3rain evelo$ment at the Eniversityo ichigan eical SchoolOs 2e$artment o 'natomy an Cell =iologyK (ritesK MDhe 3iologicalO argumentthat a human 3eing is create at ertili#ation . . . comes as a sur$rise to most em3ryologists . . . or itcontraicts all that they have learne in the $ast e( ecaes.M n6 -arner notes that in humans (hen t(osi3ling em3ryos com3ine into one . . . the resultant $erson may 3e com$letely normal. > the t(o originalem3ryos (ere etermine to 3ecome $articular iniviualsK such a thing coul not ha$$en. Dhe em3ryos(oul recogni#e themselves to 3e ierent . . . an (oul not unite. =ut here the cells seem una(are o anyistinction 3et(een themselves . . . . Dhe only e;WK 1+K $. ,1%+

E$ to ity $ercent o ertili#e eggs o not im$lant. n18 A those that oK 3et(een t(enty $ercent an ity$ercent miscarry. n1 A all im$lantationsK only a3out ten $ercent are successul $regnancies. n%! > there iso3Iection to the $revention o im$lantation as a metho o a3ortionK on the assum$tion that this is the takingo lieK then nature or -o is the greatest killerK 3ecause there are more s$ontaneous $reventions oim$lantation than those $erorme meically. >n other (orsK there is no natural or ivine evience that everyconce$tion shoul eventuate either in im$lantation or in 3irth. Dhis is consistent (ith our $revious assertionthat a etusK as (ell as a ertili#e eggK is a $otential rather than an actual human 3eing.

,6


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2ife at Conce"tion Ans(ers

ONLY AMBIGUOUS EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE CLAIM THAT LIFE BEGINS AT

CONCEPTION

2onal &o$eK E ConnK DA;2A 'W R;B>;WK Winter %!!1K Dhe &an 's ;m3lem A &uman >entity/ 'Solution Do Dhe A1ort.o%Controversy =ase An Science 'n Reason $. %!78

. Conce$tion is a $rocess over timeK not a iscrete event. When looke at closelyK the claim that lie 3egins atconce$tion 3ecomes Juite am3iguous.

. 'ter the ertili#e eggOs irst ivisionsK there is the $ossi3ility o the s$litting o one em3ryo into t(o or morese$arate iniviuals. Dhere is also the $ossi3ility o the merging o t(o istinct em3ryos (ith ierent genoty$esinto one iniviual. n11 Dhese $henomena call into Juestion the entire notion o iniviuality at this early cellularlevel o evelo$ment. . any ertili#e eggs ail to im$lant or miscarry very early in $regnancyK yet there is nocultural traition o grie at this loss o a socalle MiniviualKM in actK most Z%!8 o these lost em3ryos leave themotherOs 3oy unnotice 3ecause they e


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Stefan Bauschard,Defense of Abortion Rights

2ife Begins at Birth

=R'>N 2;B;A";ND R;S;'RC& "RAB;S D&'D >*; >S NAD CR;'D;2 'D*;RD>F>>'D>AN ) >D D';S AND&S DA "RA2EC; ' &E'N =;>N-

Lohn S(omley grauate o 2ickinson College "h.2. in "olitical Science rom the Eniversity oColoraoK SD. AE>S EN>B;RS>DH "E=>C 'W R;B>;WK 1+K $. ,1!11

Charles -arnerK (ho i his octoral research on the genetic control o 3rain evelo$ment at the Eniversityo ichigan eical SchoolOs 2e$artment o 'natomy an Cell =iologyK (ritesK MDhe 3iologicalO argumentthat a human 3eing is create at ertili#ation . . . comes as a sur$rise to most em3ryologists . . . or itcontraicts all that they have learne in the $ast e( ecaes.M n6 -arner notes that in humans (hen t(osi3ling em3ryos com3ine into one . . . the resultant $erson may 3e com$letely normal. > the t(o originalem3ryos (ere etermine to 3ecome $articular iniviualsK such a thing coul not ha$$en. Dhe em3ryos(oul recogni#e themselves to 3e ierent . . . an (oul not unite. =ut here the cells seem una(are o anyistinction 3et(een themselves . . . . Dhe only e


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Stefan Bauschard5!Defense of Abortion Rights

56tensions, 7snt .urder

'ASD ' '=ARD>ANS ACCER>N D&; *>RSD DWA W;;S A* "R;-N'NCH

Lack B-$.%K "roessor o Constitutional L-2 #rofe++oran the *irst 'menmentK Y-$e a( School.'=ARD>AN 'N2 CANSD>DED>AN' ;'N>N-K 'ugust %!)=K $.htt$/$a$ers.ssrn.comsol+$a$ers.cma3stractUi\%5558

>n actK a3out 88 $ercent o all a3ortions occur in the irst t(elve (eeks o $regnancy 9roughlythe en o the irst trimester:. Anly 7 $ercent occur 3et(een (eeks thirteen an iteenK an only, $ercent occur 3et(een (eeks si


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2ife Begins at Seven .onthsC 'W R;B>;WK 1+K $. ,1%

Dhe 167 scientists stateK

*etal 3rain evelo$ment is o3viously a long an incremental $rocess. =rain cells in the neocorte


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Stefan Bauschard5%Defense of Abortion Rights

Brain Standard is Best

BRAIN STANDARD "EY : FUNDAMENTAL TO HUMAN LIFE

Lohn S(omley grauate o 2ickinson College "h.2. in "olitical Science rom the Eniversity oColoraoK SD. AE>S EN>B;RS>DH "E=>C 'W R;B>;WK 1+K $. ,1%

Dhe 3rain is the crucial element in human lie. ichael B. . =ennettK chair o the 2e$artment oNeuroscienceK 'l3ert ;instein College o eicineK (rote that M$ersonhoo goes Dhere is noneK notheartK kineyK lung or s$leenK that (e cannot trans$lantK o (ithoutK or re$lace artiicially. Dhe 3rain isthe essence o our et cannot 3e trans$lante.(ith the 3rain an oes not resie (ithin thereci$ient 3oy . . . .

5%


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Stefan Bauschard5+Defense of Abortion Rights

888 *etal !ersonhood Bad

5+


54/213

Stefan Bauschard5,Defense of Abortion Rights

-*etal !ersonhood/ Crushes Abortion Rights

>* D&; *;DES >S 2;*>N;2 'S ' 0";RSAN4 >D >S "RAD;CD;2 =H D&; SE=SD'ND>B; 2E;"RAC;SS C'ES;

ur$hy S. lasingm 'ssistant 2istrict 'ttorney in &arris CountyK &oustonK De


55/213


+eneral *etal !ersonhood Ans(ers

FETAL PERSONHOOD IS IRRELEVANT : YOU CAN@T FORCE A OMAN TO

SACRIFICE FOR ANOTHER FETUS

aurence Tr.1eK la( $roessorK &arvarK '=ARD>AN/ D&; C'S& A* '=SAED;SK 1(K $. 1%78

*or DhomsonK the conclusion is clear/ Drying to ecie (hether an em3ryo is a $erson istracts us romthe real Juestion o (hether the state may orce a (oman to incu3ate that em3ryoK an to serve as its liesu$$ort systemK against her (ill. ' (oman enie the right to ecie (hether or not to en a $regnancy isnot merely 3eing aske to rerain rom killing another $erson 3ut 3eing asked to make an affirmativesacrifice, and a profound one at thatK in orer to save that $erson. &o( coherently oes this eman it(ithin our legal lansca$e

THEIR PERSONHOOD CLAIMS DEVALUE OMEN@S PERSONHOOD

'nita A$$e%6L-2 #rofe++or6 Georeto2%K SD'N*AR2 'W R;B>;WK Novem3er %!)K 0Dri3esLuicious *eminismK4 $. 1+

Dhe argument that it is morally (rong or a (oman to $rocure an a3ortion 3ecause o the un3ornOs $ersonhoo$asses over the value o the (omanOs o(n $ersonhoo. Dhere are t*o Juantities o $ersonhoo at stake in the conte


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+eneral *etal !ersonhood Ans(ers

' 2;C'R'D>AN A* *;D' ";RSAN&AA2 WAE2 1: *ARC; D&; "RAS;CED>AN A*WA;N *AR ER2;RK W&>C& NA SD'D; &'S ;B;R 2AN;K %: *ARC; D&; -AB;RN;ND

DA D'; ' "ASS>=; SD;"S DA "R;B;ND D&; 2;SDRECD>AN A* *RAF;N ;=RHASK 9RE;UIRE THE FORCED REMOVL FROM THE HOME OF CHILDREN HO ARE NOT

RAISE IN OPTIMAL LIVING ENVIRONMENTS6 -%d 4 THE FORCED REMOVAL OF THE

FETUS FROM HO ARE AT RIS" OF PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

aurence Dri3eK la( $roessorK &arvarK '=ARD>AN/ D&; C'S& A* '=SAED;SK 1%K $. 1%!%%

'$art rom ho( the Constitution uses the (or M$ersonKM there are serious $ro3lems in vie(ing the 3oyo a (oman as the locus o t(o se$arate M$ersonsM or $ur$oses o constitutional inter$retation. We cane


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Stefan Bauschard57Defense of Abortion R

Documents

Abortion Rights Good