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Abnormality & Disorders
• Abnormality: infrequent in population, violates norms, disability, distress
Abnormality & Disorders
• Psychological Disorder: pattern of behavior that:• Causes significant distress• Causes harm to self or others• Interferes with ability to function
Models of Abnormality• Stress-Vulnerability Model: genetic
predisposition to disorder; symptoms brought out during stress
• Biological: neurotransmitter function
• Evolutionary: exaggerated form of adaptive behavior
• Cognitive: faulty thinking
Models of Abnormality
• Learning/Behavioral: inappropriate conditioning or modeling
• Humanistic: blocked personal growth; poor self-concept
• Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic: unconscious conflict (id, ego, superego)
• Sociocultural: cultural beliefs or values
• Emotion• Memory• Thinking• Conditioning• Neurotransmitters• Nervous system• Behavior??
Control vs. Influence
• 22% of people at any given time• Most can be treated successfully• Long-term prognosis: may see
alternate periods of normal functioning with periods of disorder – or – management with proper treatment
• Recovery?
Living with a disorder
Stress• Psychosomatic disorders: interruption to
proper functioning because of overloaded nervous system
• Prolonged stress creates physical problems
• Stomach pain, asthma, eczema, hives, migraine headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, high blood pressure, colitis, heart disease, sore muscles (neck, back), indigestion, constipation, chronic diarrhea, fatigue, insomnia, sexual dysfunction
• Prolonged stress triggers and/or worsens psychological symptoms
• Related to increased symptoms for mood, anxiety, somatoform, eating, and schizophrenia disorders
• Extreme stress or trauma can trigger initial symptoms, especially PTSD, dissociative disorders, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia
Somatoform Disorders• Belief of physical illness without
actual physical ailment• Hypochondiasis: constant worry about
illness• Somatization Disorder: show of worry
about specific symptoms for medical attention
• Conversion Disorder: unexplained CNS disruption, e.g., paralysis
• Biological Factors: None
• Environmental Factors: anxiety, reinforcement during illness, cognitive magnification of bodily changes
Schizophrenia• Thought disorder: Interruption to normal
thinking / reasoning processes, usually with unexplainable auditory or visual experiences
• The brain tries to fill in the gaps to make sense but the result does not reflect reality
• Positive Symptoms (+): incoherence, loose associations, paranoia, clang associations, hallucinations (esp. auditory), delusions of: grandeur, persecution, reference
• Negative Symptoms (-): loss of normal thought or behavior, catatonia, social withdrawal, inappropriate emotions/affect
Schizophrenia• Biological Factors (DP 14:03-15, 18:18-19:50)
• genetic predisposition (gene combination), disordered brain structures, NT imbalance (too much DA thinking areas, too little DA & glutamate emotion areas)
• Environmental Factors• low support, stress, double-bind parenting,
nutrition, drug use (during critical stages of development)
• Treatment• Anti-psychotics for positive symptoms, stress
management, social support, family therapy, social training (video)
Prognosis• Schizophrenia
• Maintenance drugs or symptoms for life
• Psychotherapy to reduce episodes, severity, manage relationships, life skills
Dissociative Disorders• Dissociative Amnesia
• can't recall information related to a traumatic or highly stressful event (selective to incident)
• Dissociative Fugue State• sudden, unexpected travel from
home, can't recall their past or personal identity
Dissociative Disorders• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• 2 or more distinct personality states where different states recurrently take control of the host
• The host’s memory of events experienced as other personalities is dependent on relationship with alters
Dissociative Disorders
• Biological Factors• Not sure; can easily dissociate
• Environmental Factors• High anxiety or traumatic experience
• Prognosis• Amnesia and Fugue often
spontaneously recover• Dissociative Identity Disorder rarely
recover (integration usually unsuccessful) but can manage symptoms, relationships
Other Disorders
• Impulse control: lacking inhibition of urges
• Seasonal: related to sunlight, environ.
• Comorbidity: presence of more than one disorder