Abbu WorkAssignment - 2003 Format.doc

7/29/2019 Abbu WorkAssignment - 2003 Format.doc

1/9

a.

1.define System

A set ofdetailedmethods, procedures, and routines

established or formulated to carry out a specific activity,perform a duty, or solve a problem.

2.Define Information system

A combination ofhardware, software, infrastructure and trainedpersonnelorganized to facilitate planning, control, coordination,and decision making in an organization.

3. Define Information Technology

Set oftools, processes, and methodologies (such ascoding/programming, data communications, dataconversion,storage and retrieval, systems analysis and design, systemscontrol) and associatedequipmentemployed to collect, process,and present information. In broad terms, IT also includes officeautomation, multimedia, and telecommunications.

b.

1. Explain the need and importance of Information

Technolgy in Business.

The Role of Information Technology in Todays Economy

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wocteam

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27 Feb 2009 3:24 PM

Comments 15

There seems to be a steady stream of books published on the role of Information Technology within the

business it supports. The role of IT is constantly evolving and has changed significantly from the days

when the IT organization was often referred to as data processing. Today, in many industries, IT

enables some businesses to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Those companies that

leverage IT for competitive advantage often differ from their competitors in two ways with respect to their

IT organizations: they view IT as a strategic business enabler instead of as a cost center, and they work

to maximize the efficiency of their IT operations so that they can focus their resources on providing value

to the business and respond to todays environment of rapidly changing business conditions.

Microsoft has developed a model, the Infrastructure Optimization model, and an initiative, the Dynamic

Systems Initiative, to assist IT organizations in becoming efficient business enablers for their companies.

If you arent familiar with the IO model or DSI, we highly recommend you follow the above links and

familiarize yourself with the information and resources provided within these two programs. In Bruces

January 26, 2009 post, he touched upon IT being a business enabler. Bruce also discussed what we seeas the four cornerstones that drive IT behavior:

Cost

Agility

Quality of Service

And Governance, Risk Management and Compliance (GRC).

We recently published the results of a study we did on the IT labor costs of providing core infrastructure

workloads. You can learn more about our study by visiting the Spotlight on Cost content on

Microsoft.com, where you can register to download a whitepaper of our findings. One surprising

discovery in our research was how few companies implement best practices to improve IT

efficiency. Of 51 best practices studied across six different workloads (networking, identity and access,data management, print sharing, email and collaboration), the average adoption rate was only 30%

meaning, each of the best practices was implemented on average only 30% of the time. We also found

that roughly 70-75% of the companies were operating at the basic maturity level, per the Core IO model.

The basic maturity level is the lowest and least optimized level per the model, so this is a very high

percentage of companies with inefficient IT organizations managing core workloads in the datacenter.
http://social.technet.microsoft.com/profile/wocteam/?ws=usercard-hoverhttp://blogs.technet.com/b/itbizval/archive/2009/02/27/the-role-of-information-technology-in-today-s-economy.aspx#commentshttp://www.microsoft.com/iohttp://www.microsoft.com/dsihttp://www.microsoft.com/dsihttp://blogs.technet.com/itbizval/archive/2009/01/26/roi-is-dead-long-live-roi.aspxhttp://blogs.technet.com/itbizval/archive/2009/01/26/roi-is-dead-long-live-roi.aspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/infrastructure/solutions/spotlightoncost.mspxhttp://social.technet.microsoft.com/profile/wocteam/?ws=usercard-hoverhttp://blogs.technet.com/b/itbizval/archive/2009/02/27/the-role-of-information-technology-in-today-s-economy.aspx#commentshttp://www.microsoft.com/iohttp://www.microsoft.com/dsihttp://www.microsoft.com/dsihttp://blogs.technet.com/itbizval/archive/2009/01/26/roi-is-dead-long-live-roi.aspxhttp://blogs.technet.com/itbizval/archive/2009/01/26/roi-is-dead-long-live-roi.aspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/infrastructure/solutions/spotlightoncost.mspx


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So what does this mean to an IT organization in todays economy? With budgets getting cut and

organizations being asked to do more with less, the first step is to take a look at how to improve your

efficiency. After all, if you can free up time by improving or automating processes, for example, that time

can be spent on activities that provide strategic business value. The reduction in workload management

costs were in the thousands of dollars per server for high-value workloads (e.g. email, collaboration) for

mature organizations versus basic organizations. Even lower value workloads (e.g. print sharing) showed

reductions in cost in the hundreds of dollars when well managed. The study showed that many

organizations stand to achieve significant savings by optimizing its infrastructure. The Spotlight on

Cost whitepaper will help you get started by pointing you at the best practices that you should evaluate for

adoption within your organization. The key thing to note is that these practices often require no new

investment in hardware or software, but only require improving systems management processes and

leveraging the investments in tools that you already own.

Once you have a plan to optimize operations, you need to work with your business units to understand

their business needs and align IT as an enabler in meeting these needs. The companies that, in this

economic downturn, come out ahead of their competitors will be those companies that dont just tighten

their belts to control costs, but actually invest in the business to offer new or improved products and

services. By optimizing IT, that enables the company to leverage the use of IT in its investments.Obviously there are some business requirements that must be addressed, such as GRC-related

(Governance, Risk Management and Compliance) requirements. But there also needs to be effort and

investment to improve the quality of service and agility that IT provides the business.

In summary, we feel that in todays economy IT organizations should do the following:

Optimize, optimize, optimize! Assess your operations to evaluate where you can implement bestpractices to improve efficiency and free up resources to work on more strategic activities. Talk toyour Microsoft account team if you would like Microsofts assistance to evaluate how youcan optimize your infrastructure.

Align IT with the business units within your company. Now more than ever it is important that the

business views IT as a strategic enabler for the business to distinguish itself from its competitors.Review with the business executives the challenges and opportunities they face to identify how ITcan be leveraged to address these challenges and opportunities.

Invest in IT. Those companies investing in IT during this economy are the companies that willsurvive the downturn and then excel as the economy improves. And by optimizing yourinfrastructure first, you have the opportunity to invest by shifting resources from sustaining tostrategic activities.

As always, we welcome your feedback.

Elliott

2.Discsing the details of roll and application of IT
http://www.microsoft.com/infrastructure/solutions/spotlightoncost.mspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/infrastructure/solutions/spotlightoncost.mspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/infrastructure/solutions/spotlightoncost.mspxhttp://www.microsoft.com/infrastructure/solutions/spotlightoncost.mspx


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Information technology (IT) benefits the business world by allowing organizations to work more efficientlyand to maximize productivity. Faster communication, electronic storage and the protection of records areadvantages that IT can have on your enterprise. Information technology has to do with computerapplications, on which nearly every work environment is dependent. Since computerized systems are sowidely used, it is advantageous to incorporate information technology into your organization.

Storing and Protecting Information

Information technology creates electronic storage systems to protect your company's valuable records.According to the Graziadio Business Report, published by Pepperdine University, secure maintenance ofcustomer and patient files is vital to business integrity. Storage systems, such as virtual vaults, keepinformation safe by only allowing certain users within your company to access, withdraw, add or changethe documents. According to an article in Science Daily, IT security engineering systems protect yourelectronic information from being hacked, or wiped out during a technological disaster. Electronic securityengineering means your valuable records will remain untouchable.

Automated Processes

In business, people look for ways to do more work in a shorter amount of time. A November 2000newsletter published by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco explains that information technologyimproves your company's efficiency by developing automated processes to take burden off your staff. Inturn, your employees are free to work on other things while the computer runs their reports, createsqueries, tracks projects and monitors financials.

Work Remotely

IT systems give you remote access to your companys electronic network, so that you can work fromhome or on the road. This accessibility allows you to increase your productivity because you can still getwork done, even when you arent physically in the office.

Communication

Communication is essential to the business world, and information technology gives your company theresources it needs to communicate quickly and effectively. Your IT department can hook your employeesup with email, video conferencing equipment and internal chat rooms, so that they always have anefficient way to conduct business and communicate.

3. Discussing details the different types ofTopology.

There are two basic categories of network topologies: [4]

1. Physical topologies2. Logical topologies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology#cite_note-Inc.2C_S._2002-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology#cite_note-Inc.2C_S._2002-3


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The shape of the cabling layout used to link devices is called the physical topology of the

network. This refers to the layout ofcabling, the locations of nodes, and the interconnections

between the nodes and the cabling.[1] The physical topology of a network is determined by thecapabilities of the network access devices and media, the level of control or fault tolerance

desired, and the cost associated with cabling or telecommunications circuits.

The logical topology, in contrast, is the way that the signals act on the network media, or the way

that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to thephysical interconnection of the devices. A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same

as its physical topology. For example, the original twisted pair Ethernet using repeater hubs was

a logical bus topology with a physical star topology layout. Token Ring is a logical ringtopology, but is wired a physical star from the Media Access Unit.

The logical classification of network topologies generally follows the same classifications as

those in the physical classifications of network topologies but describes the path that the data

takes between nodes being used as opposed to the actualphysicalconnections between nodes.

The logical topologies are generally determined by network protocols as opposed to beingdetermined by the physical layout of cables, wires, and network devices or by the flow of the

electrical signals, although in many cases the paths that the electrical signals take between nodesmay closely match the logical flow of data, hence the convention of using the terms logical

topology andsignal topology interchangeably.

Logical topologies are often closely associated with Media Access Control methods and

protocols. Logical topologies are able to be dynamically reconfigured by special types ofequipment such as routers and switches.

Diagram of different network topologies.

The study of network topology recognizes eight basic topologies:[5]

Point-to-point Bus Star Ring or circular Mesh Tree
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_cablinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology#cite_note-Groth-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair_Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater_hubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Access_Unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Access_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology#cite_note-Bicsi.2C_B._2002-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NetworkTopologies.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NetworkTopologies.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_cablinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology#cite_note-Groth-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair_Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater_hubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_Ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Access_Unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Access_Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology#cite_note-Bicsi.2C_B._2002-4


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Hybrid Daisy chain

[edit] Point-to-point

The simplest topology is a permanent link between two endpoints. Switchedpoint-to-pointtopologies are the basic model of conventional telephony. The value of a permanent point-to-

point network is unimpeded communications between the two endpoints. The value of an on-

demand point-to-point connection is proportional to the number of potential pairs of subscribers,and has been expressed as Metcalfe's Law.

Permanent (dedicated)

Easiest to understand, of the variations of point-to-point topology, is a point-

to-point communications channel that appears, to the user, to be

permanently associated with the two endpoints. A children's tin can

telephone is one example of aphysical dedicated channel.

Within many switched telecommunications systems, it is possible to establish

a permanent circuit. One example might be a telephone in the lobby of a

public building, which is programmed to ring only the number of a telephone

dispatcher. "Nailing down" a switched connection saves the cost of running a

physical circuit between the two points. The resources in such a connection

can be released when no longer needed, for example, a television circuit from

a parade route back to the studio.

Switched:

Using circuit-switching or packet-switching technologies, a point-to-point

circuit can be set up dynamically, and dropped when no longer needed. This

is the basic mode of conventional telephony.

Financial Accounting

Difference between starightline method

and diminishing balance method

The following graph is taken from How to Site's Article Diminishing Balance Method . I have

liked this graph to explain the difference between Straight line method and Diminishing balance

method . Both methods are of Calculation the amount of depreciation in financial accounting .
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_topology&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfe's_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(communications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_can_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_can_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switched_telecommunications_systems&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switchinghttp://www.howto.co.uk/business/bookkeeping-books/depreciation_the_diminishing_balance_method/http://www.howto.co.uk/business/bookkeeping-books/depreciation_the_diminishing_balance_method/http://www.svtuition.org/2009/02/diminishing-balance-method-of-providing.htmlhttp://www.svtuition.org/2009/02/diminishing-balance-method-of-providing.htmlhttp://www.svtuition.org/2008/06/depreciation-and-effect-on-final.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_topology&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfe's_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(communications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_can_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_can_telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Switched_telecommunications_systems&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switchinghttp://www.howto.co.uk/business/bookkeeping-books/depreciation_the_diminishing_balance_method/http://www.howto.co.uk/business/bookkeeping-books/depreciation_the_diminishing_balance_method/http://www.svtuition.org/2009/02/diminishing-balance-method-of-providing.htmlhttp://www.svtuition.org/2009/02/diminishing-balance-method-of-providing.htmlhttp://www.svtuition.org/2008/06/depreciation-and-effect-on-final.html


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In straight line depreciation method , depreciation is charged on fixed asset with fixed rate .

Suppose depreciation Rate is 10 % and Fixed Asset is 10

In the end of first year will be the depreciation = 1 and rest fixed asset will be 9

In the end of Second year will also depreciation = 1 and rest fixed asset will be 8

So , Graph will show the straight line . So , this method is famous with this name due to this

reason. In other words we can say that the amount of depreciation will equal in first year or in

end of asset .

In diminishing balance method , depreciation is charged on the amount of fixed asset after

deducting previous year depreciation

Suppose fixed asset is 10

Then depreciation of first year at 10% = 1

balance of fixed asset at the beginning of second year =9

now depreciation will charge on 9 not on 10

So 9 X 10/100 = 0.9

now the balance fixed asset in the beginning of third year will be = 8.1

Now again depreciation will charge on the amount of 8.1

So , slop of curve under diminishing balance method will not straight line but more upward in

left side .
http://www.svtuition.org/2009/07/how-to-use-syd-function-for-calculating.htmlhttp://www.svtuition.org/2009/07/how-to-use-syd-function-for-calculating.html


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Differecnce between annuity method and insurance policy method

Compare Annuity vs Life Insurance

When you are considering making a long-term investment for a financially secured old age, its

natural that you are considering the various forms of investment available. Often, during the

exercise, the difference between an annuity and a life insurance contract seems negligible!

Which is a better form of investment? Do both of these offer insurance at the death of theannuitant? Which promises more security and protection to my money? Lets reiterate at the very

outset, it is difficult to proclaim either of the two better than the other. Both have its advantages,

and both can be proved better! What needs to be considered is what suits you? Supposing thatan annuity performs better for you, the same may not work that well for your colleague! Lets get

into a discussion concerning the comparison annuity vs life insurance.

What is an annuity?

In short, it is a contract between an investor and an insurance company. The investor buys an

annuity against a considerable amount of money and, in return, the insurance company promisesto pay back the value of the annuity, in future, in several installments or a lump sum payment.

The annuitant can even contract to receive a steady income till death. Therefore, annuities offer a

secured and stable source of investment turned into income.

Other important features of annuities, which are useful to investors are their tax deferred status,

their high rate of return, faster growth to savings that they offer, and of course, the security of the

investment.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_DJEIRrK4tl4/SxJ0qLWuxWI/AAAAAAAAEcs/FIQGkUmaRA4/s1600/Diminishing+balance+method.PNG


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What is a life insurance contract?

A life insurance contract is intended to meet the needs of survivors or beneficiaries, when the

investor dies. From the life insurance contract, the beneficiaries receive a sum of money that far

exceeds the value of the premiums the investor had paid. The beneficiaries, of course, receivethis benefit if the person insured dies during the contract period.

The difference between the annuity and the life insurance contract therefore

mainly lies in the difference in benefit and the timing for it.

While an annuity contract is intended to support the investor's future income requirements, the life

insurance meets the need of the beneficiaries.

While the annuity pays back the total value of the investment made plus the gains earned on it, the

life insurance investment returns an amount that may be multiple times larger than the premiums

paid.

An annuity can be advantageous with useful features they offer. They are more popular not only

because of the financial insurance they offer but because of the increase rate they contribute tothe investors savings and investment, with their features. It is important to analyze whether you

need an annuity and the type of annuity that will perform well for you, before you buy one. For

more annuity advice,

or call the AnnuityLibrary.com specialists toll-free at 1-800-998-4056.
http://www.annuitylibrary.com/http://www.annuitylibrary.com/

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Abbu WorkAssignment - 2003 Format.doc