AAF Ingles Aula02 ToddMarshall MatProf1

7/25/2019 AAF Ingles Aula02 ToddMarshall MatProf1

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Material 02Ingls

Prof Todd Marshall

Curso: Fiscal

www.lfg.com.br/ www.cursoparaconcursos.com.br

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Main Principles to be Studied

Main Ideas Directly Stated Information Inference Questions

Main Principles to be Studied

Thesis Statement strategy Verb Tenses

Directly Stated Information

Vocabulary Synonyms Modal Verb usage

Inference Questions

True / False questions Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs

Directly StatedInformation

Questions of directly stated information will

contain a reference to the text within thequestion itself. Thekeyistoidentifycommonterminology/synonyms that can lead to thesection of the text where the answer can befound. The answer will commonly contain synonyms

from the text reference.


Key Aspect VOCABULARY

To be successful in any testing process, theexam taker must have a high level ofknowledge of vocabulary.

Understanding how to work with synonymsand paraphrasing is an important tool.


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Synonyms and Paraphrasing

Linking Words: Name at least 5 other synonymsfor the following linking words:

BUT

Synonyms

Linking Words: Options

BUT

Although

Even thoughThoughHoweverNeverthelessNonethelessIn spite ofDespiteWhileWhereasBy contrast

Synonyms

Linking Words: What does each categoryrepresent?

And: Linking Words of AdditionBut: Linking Words of ContrastSo: Linking Words of Cause and Result

These concepts will help in understanding the flowof ideas within the text.

Synonyms

For each of the following words or expressions, give anequal synonym:

Deforestation: slash and burn/destruction of forests Endangered: at risk/almost extinct Benefits: bonuses/paybacks/advantages Teacher: professor/lecturer Books: reading material/paperback/hardback People: individuals/population/citizens Free time: down time/leisure time Media: communication vehicle/channel/means

Synonyms


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For each of the following words or expressions, givean equal synonym:

Money: cash/currency/bread/dough Study: learn/investigate/research Human activity: mankinds movement/actions Where to live: residence/housing/address Community: local area/region/neighborhood Work: job/task/duty Transport: hauling/shipping / / transmit/convey Skill: ability/talent/knack

Paraphrasing

To be successful answering questions, theexam taker must be able to re-write sentencesin ones own words. This requires:Vocabulary+Grammar Structure

Paraphrasing

Re-write the sentence in other words:

A company has announced that it wishes tobuild a factory near your community.

A multinational has expressed interest infounding an industry within the surroundingarea.

Paraphrasing

Re-write the sentence in other words:When people succeed, it is because of hardwork. Luck has nothing to do with success.

Triumph is due to diligent efforts. Luck does notfigure in to the concept of accomplishment.

Paraphrasing

Re-write the sentence in other words:Universities should give the same amount ofmoney to their students sports activities asthey give to their university libraries.

Colleges should allocate an equal funding tosports departments as they allocate to theirlibrary system.


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Paraphrasing

Re-write the sentence in other words:The most important aspect of a job is the moneya person earns.

The key to ones occupation is the incomehe/she brings home.

Paraphrasing

Re-write the sentence in other words:A company is going to give some money either

to support the arts or to protect theenvironment.

The organization will likely make a donationeither to back the arts or to preserve nature.

Paraphrasing

Identify the sentence that has the samemeaning:

Joe has no idea because he wasnt in class either.

a) Either Joe or his classmate must know the answer.b) Neither Joe nor his classmate knows the answer.c) Both were in class last week.d) Joe has a good idea of the answer.

Paraphrasing


Joe has no idea because he wasnt in class either.a) Either Joe or his classmate must know the answer.

b) Neither Joe nor his classmate knows the answer.c) Both were in class last week.d) Joe has a good idea of the answer.

Paraphrasing


Why Barbara is feeling happy nobody knows.a) Nobody knows why Barbara is unhappy.b) Nobody knows Barbara very well.c) Its their feeling that Barbara knows.d) Barbara is content about something.


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Paraphrasing


Why Barbara is feeling happy nobody knows.a) Nobody knows why Barbara is unhappy.b) Nobody knows Barbara very well.c) Its their feeling that Barbara knows.d) Barbara is content about something.

Paraphrasing


I dont get it! James hardly ever studies for tests!a) James did well on the test.b) James always studies hard for tests.c) James hasnt gotten his grades yet.d) James is unhappy about his test scores.

Paraphrasing

Identify the sentence that has the same

meaning:

I dont get it! James hardly ever studies for tests!a) James did well on the test.b) James always studies hard for tests.c) James hasnt gotten his grades yet.d) James is unhappy about his test scores.

Paraphrasing

Identify the sentence that has the same meaning:

The price of these pants was so good that Kate bought threepairs.a) Kate bought three pears at the market.b) The price was too low to pass up.c) Three pairs of pants were too expensive for Kate.d) Kate bought a bunch of clothes last weekend.

Paraphrasing


The price of these pants was so good that Kate bought threepairs.a) Kate bought three pears at the market.


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b) The price was too low to pass up.c) Three pairs of pants were too expensive for Kate.d) Kate bought a bunch of clothes last weekend.

Paraphrasing


It really doesnt matter if the books are on sale or not; Ill buythem anyway.a) The price is inconsequential.b) The price is key.c) The man thinks it is petty to buy books at these prices.d) The man refuses to buy the books on sale.

Paraphrasing


It really doesnt matter if the books are on sale or not; Ill buythem anyway.a) The price is inconsequential.b) The price is key.c) The man thinks it is petty to buy books at these prices.d) The man refuses to buy the books on sale.

Paraphrasing


What you are looking for cant be found here.a) I couldnt hear what you said.b) You should search for it somewhere else.c) What are you looking for here?d) I hear that you are looking for what I have.

Paraphrasing


What you are looking for cant be found here.a) I couldnt hear what you said.b) You should search for it somewhere else.c) What are you looking for here?d) I hear that you are looking for what I have.

Paraphrasing



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It isnt impossible to make a million dollars in the USA.a) It is impossible to earn a lot of money the UnitedStates.b) Some people actually go bankrupt in the USA.c) If you work diligently, you can become a millionaire inthe United States.d) It isnt impossible to forfeit millions of dollars there.

Paraphrasing


It isnt impossible to make a million dollars in the USA.a) It is impossible to earn a lot of money the UnitedStates.b) Some people actually go bankrupt in the USA.c) If you work diligently, you can become a millionaire inthe United States.d) It isnt impossible to forfeit millions of dollars there.

INGLS (ESAF AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL 2009)The long climb Source: www.economist.com

The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it will be a new

normal. This phrase has caught on, even if people disagree about what itmeans. In the new normal, as defined by Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian,growth will be subdued and unemployment will remain high. The bankingsystem will be a shadow of its former self, and the securitization markets,which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will presumably be ashadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and investment weak, so thestock of physical capital, on which prosperity depends, will erode. The crisisinvited a forceful government entry into several of capitalisms innersanctums, such as banking, American car making and the commercial-papermarket. Mr. El-Erian worries that the state may overstay its welcome. Inaddition, national exchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscalstrain now hobbling California. Americas Treasury, in particular, must

demonstrate that it is still a responsible shepherd of other countriessavings.

21- In paragraph 1, growth in the new order is defined asa) both real and active.b) absolutely extraordinary.c) not very active or busy.d) sustainable and rapid.e) unpredictable.

INGLS (ESAF AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL 2009)The long climb Source: www.economist.com

The world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it will be a new


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normal. This phrase has caught on, even if people disagree about what itmeans. In the new normal, as defined by Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian,growth will be subdued and unemployment will remain high. The bankingsystem will be a shadow of its former self, and the securitization markets,which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt, will presumably be ashadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and investment weak, so thestock of physical capital, on which prosperity depends, will erode. The crisisinvited a forceful government entry into several of capitalisms innersanctums, such as banking, American car making and the commercial-papermarket. Mr. El-Erian worries that the state may overstay its welcome. Inaddition, national exchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscalstrain now hobbling California. Americas Treasury, in particular, mustdemonstrate that it is still a responsible shepherd of other countriessavings.

21- In paragraph 1, growth in the new order is defined asa) both real and active.b) absolutely extraordinary.c) not very active or busy.d) sustainable and rapid.e) unpredictable.

INGLS (ESAF AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL 2009)

The long climb Source: www.economist.comThe world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it will be a new normal.

This phrase has caught on, even if people disagree about what it means. In the newnormal, as defined by Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be subdued andunemployment will remain high. The banking system will be a shadow of its formerself, and the securitization markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt,will presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and investmentweak, so the stock of physical capital, on which prosperity depends, will erode. Thecrisis invited a forceful government entry into several of capitalisms innersanctums, such as banking, American car making and the commercial-paper market.Mr. El-Erian worries that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, nationalexchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now hobblingCalifornia. Americas Treasury, in particular, must demonstrate that it is still aresponsible shepherd of other countries savings.

22- In paragraph 1, finance is referred to asa) remaining low throughout the crisis.b) having been affected by the crisis.c) having eroded throughout the process.d) likely to be considered in a future analysis.e) likely not to be hit by this scenario.


The long climb Source: www.economist.comThe world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it will be a new normal.This phrase has caught on, even if people disagree about what it means. In the newnormal, as defined by Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be subdued and


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unemployment will remain high. The banking system will be a shadow of its formerself, and the securitization markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt,will presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and investmentweak, so the stock of physical capital, on which prosperity depends, will erode. Thecrisis invited a forceful government entry into several of capitalisms innersanctums, such as banking, American car making and the commercial-paper market.Mr. El-Erian worries that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, nationalexchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now hobblingCalifornia. Americas Treasury, in particular, must demonstrate that it is still aresponsible shepherd of other countries savings.

22- In paragraph 1, finance is referred to asa) remaining low throughout the crisis.b) having been affected by the crisis.

c) having eroded throughout the process.d) likely to be considered in a future analysis.e) likely not to be hit by this scenario.


The long climb Source: www.economist.comThe world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it will be a new normal.This phrase has caught on, even if people disagree about what it means. In the newnormal, as defined by Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be subdued andunemployment will remain high. The banking system will be a shadow of its formerself, and the securitization markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt,

will presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and investmentweak, so the stock of physical capital, on which prosperity depends, will erode. Thecrisis invited a forceful government entry into several of capitalisms innersanctums, such as banking, American car making and the commercial-paper market.Mr. El-Erian worries that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, nationalexchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now hobblingCalifornia. Americas Treasury, in particular, must demonstrate that it is still aresponsible shepherd of other countries savings.

23- In paragraph 2, the author mentions the fiscal strain now hobbling California.In other words, the fiscala) policies which have been favouring Californias growth.

b) pressure currently preventing Californias development.c) programmes successfully spoused by California.d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance.e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.


The long climb Source: www.economist.comThe world economy is fitfully getting back to normal, but it will be a new normal.This phrase has caught on, even if people disagree about what it means. In the newnormal, as defined by Pimcos CEO, Mohamed El-Erian, growth will be subdued andunemployment will remain high. The banking system will be a shadow of its formerself, and the securitization markets, which buy and sell marketable bundles of debt,will presumably be a shadow of a shadow. Finance will be costlier and investment


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weak, so the stock of physical capital, on which prosperity depends, will erode. Thecrisis invited a forceful government entry into several of capitalisms innersanctums, such as banking, American car making and the commercial-paper market.Mr. El-Erian worries that the state may overstay its welcome. In addition, nationalexchequers may start to feel some measure of the fiscal strain now hobblingCalifornia. Americas Treasury, in particular, must demonstrate that it is still aresponsible shepherd of other countries savings.

23- In paragraph 2, the author mentions the fiscal strain now hobbling California.In other words, the fiscala) policies which have been favouring Californias growth.b) pressure currently preventing Californias development.c) programmes successfully spoused by California.d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance.

e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.INGLS (ESAF AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO 2006)The future of workSource: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)

Many of the rich worlds notions about old age are dying. While the streamliningeffects of international competition are focusing attention on the need to createand keep good jobs, those fears will eventually give way to worries about thegrowing shortage of young workers. One unavoidable solution: putting older peopleback to work, whether they like it or not. Indeed, cutting-edge European economieslike those of Finland and Denmark have already raised their retirement ages,

reversing the postwar trend toward ever-earlier retirement. Others are undersevere pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission and theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have recentlywarned their members that their future prosperity depends on a growingcontribution from the elderly.

This erosion of one of the cornerstones of the good life relaxed golden years hasnot gone unremarked. In the last year, Belgium, Italy and France have all been hitwith massive protests against pension reforms that would, among other things,have raised the retirement age.21- The author calls the readers attention to thea) growing lack of young staff.

b) need to reduce young workers benefits.c) benefits of subsidizing early retirement.d) advantages of current retirement policies.e) drawbacks of extending the working life.

INGLS (ESAF AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO 2006)The future of workSource: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)

Many of the rich worlds notions about old age are dying. While the streamliningeffects of international competition are focusing attention on the need to createand keep good jobs, those fears will eventually give way to worries about thegrowing shortage of young workers. One unavoidable solution: putting older peopleback to work, whether they like it or not. Indeed, cutting-edge European economies


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like those of Finland and Denmark have already raised their retirement ages,reversing the postwar trend toward ever-earlier retirement. Others are undersevere pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission and theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have recentlywarned their members that their future prosperity depends on a growingcontribution from the elderly.

This erosion of one of the cornerstones of the good life relaxed golden years hasnot gone unremarked. In the last year, Belgium, Italy and France have all been hitwith massive protests against pension reforms that would, among other things,have raised the retirement age.21- The author calls the readers attention to thea) growing lack of young staff.b) need to reduce young workers benefits.

c) benefits of subsidizing early retirement.d) advantages of current retirement policies.e) drawbacks of extending the working life.

INGLS (ESAF AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO 2006)

The future of workSource: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)

Many of the rich worlds notions about old age are dying. While the streamliningeffects of international competition are focusing attention on the need to createand keep good jobs, those fears will eventually give way to worries about the

growing shortage of young workers. One unavoidable solution: putting older peopleback to work, whether they like it or not. Indeed, cutting-edge European economieslike those of Finland and Denmark have already raised their retirement ages,reversing the postwar trend toward ever-earlier retirement. Others are undersevere pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission and theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have recentlywarned their members that their future prosperity depends on a growingcontribution from the elderly.

This erosion of one of the cornerstones of the good life relaxed golden years hasnot gone unremarked. In the last year, Belgium, Italy and France have all been hitwith massive protests against pension reforms that would, among other things,

have raised the retirement age.22- In relation to the retirement ages, two specific countries havea) reinforced them.b) recently decreased them.c) not extended them.d) drastically reduced them.e) increased them.



Many of the rich worlds notions about old age are dying. While the streamlining


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effects of international competition are focusing attention on the need to createand keep good jobs, those fears will eventually give way to worries about thegrowing shortage of young workers. One unavoidable solution: putting older peopleback to work, whether they like it or not. Indeed, cutting-edge European economieslike those of Finland and Denmark have already raised their retirement ages,reversing the postwar trend toward ever-earlier retirement. Others are undersevere pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission and theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have recentlywarned their members that their future prosperity depends on a growingcontribution from the elderly.

This erosion of one of the cornerstones of the good life relaxed golden years hasnot gone unremarked. In the last year, Belgium, Italy and France have all been hitwith massive protests against pension reforms that would, among other things,

have raised the retirement age.22- In relation to the retirement ages, two specific countries havea) reinforced them.b) recently decreased them.c) not extended them.d) drastically reduced them.e) increased them.



Many of the rich worlds notions about old age are dying. While the streamliningeffects of international competition are focusing attention on the need to createand keep good jobs, those fears will eventually give way to worries about thegrowing shortage of young workers. One unavoidable solution: putting older peopleback to work, whether they like it or not. Indeed, cutting-edge European economieslike those of Finland and Denmark have already raised their retirement ages,reversing the postwar trend toward ever-earlier retirement. Others are undersevere pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission and theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have recentlywarned their members that their future prosperity depends on a growingcontribution from the elderly.

This erosion of one of the cornerstones of the good life relaxed golden years hasnot gone unremarked. In the last year, Belgium, Italy and France have all been hitwith massive protests against pension reforms that would, among other things,have raised the retirement age.24- Finland and Denmark are described as cutting-edge economies, which meansthey are considereda) unconventional and revolutionary.b) extremely modern and advanced.c) wealthy, but outdated.d) rather traditional and conservative.e) affluent and traditional.



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Many of the rich worlds notions about old age are dying. While the streamliningeffects of international competition are focusing attention on the need to createand keep good jobs, those fears will eventually give way to worries about thegrowing shortage of young workers. One unavoidable solution: putting older peopleback to work, whether they like it or not. Indeed, cutting-edge European economieslike those of Finland and Denmark have already raised their retirement ages,reversing the postwar trend toward ever-earlier retirement. Others are undersevere pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission and theOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have recentlywarned their members that their future prosperity depends on a growing

contribution from the elderly.This erosion of one of the cornerstones of the good life relaxed golden years hasnot gone unremarked. In the last year, Belgium, Italy and France have all been hitwith massive protests against pension reforms that would, among other things,have raised the retirement age.24- Finland and Denmark are described as cutting-edge economies, which meansthey are considereda) unconventional and revolutionary.b) extremely modern and advanced.c) wealthy, but outdated.d) rather traditional and conservative.

e) affluent and traditional.


Key Aspect MODAL VERBS

Represent the degree of certainty of astatement. Key to interpreting the answer to multiplechoice questions. May be used a future idea (intention).


Read the following piece from the Washington Post

Violence in Iraq has dropped dramatically, with attacks down 83percent nationwide during the first three weeks of the holy month ofRamadan, compared with the same period in 2007, according to USmilitary figures.

But Baghdad residents know the bloodshed isn't over. On Sunday, fivebombs blew up in the city, killing 32 people. Um Abdullah, who wouldnot give her full name, said she was on a street where one of the car


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bombs exploded, but escaped injury.

"There is a kind of inner conflict," the teacher explained, describing hermix of hope and fear about venturing out. Ultimately, she decided totake the risk and bring her children, ages 5 to 13, to the park for theholiday, which marks the end of Ramadan.

"We should go outside," she declared, "and live."

Modal Verbs

Contemplate the following quote:

We should go outside and live!

What is the underlying meaning of the modal verb shouldhere?

Modal Verbs

Contemplate the following quote:

We should go outside and live!

What is the underlying meaning of the modal verbshould here?

Suggestion / Advice

How would the meaning change if we replace shouldwith other modal verbs.

Modal Verbs

How would the meaning change?We should go outside and live!- may: possibility- could: possibility

- need to: necessity- will: certainty- had better: strong suggestion

Modal Verbs

How would the meaning change?We should go outside and live!- might: possibility- have to: obligation- must: strong suggestion- ought to: suggestion- can: ability


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Modal Verbs

According to your definitions above, place eachmodal verb into its percentage of possibility:100%__________98% __________95% (1) __________ (2) __________85% __________75% (1) __________ (2) __________65% __________50% (1) __________ (2) __________(3) __________

Modal Verbs

According to your definitions above, place eachmodal verb into its percentage of possibility:100% will98% have to95% (1) must (2) had better85% need to75% (1) should (2) ought to65% can50% (1) may (2) might (3) could

Modal Verbs

Past Modals:modal + have + past participle Most modal verbs have the same degree ofcertainty in the past; All past modals represent a hypothesis thathas never happened or can never happen.

Modal Verbs

Past Modals:modal + have + past participle

One exception:

When "could" is made negative, it is stronger inmeaning than "must not". For example:

That couldn't have been my brother; he's not even in the country.(absolutely no way this could happen)That must not have been my brother; hes not even in the country.(strong evidence against)

Modal Verbs

Now think about three of the most importantevents in Brazilian and World History:


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Discovery of BrazilMilitary OverthrowLulas Election

1.

2.

3.

Modal Verbs

Contemplate the following questions:

How might the World/Brazil be different if this event hadnever happened? How might the World/Brazil have been different if thisevent had never happened? :

Discovery of BrazilMilitary OverthrowLulas Election

1.

2.

3.

Modal Verbs

Possible Answers:1. If Brazil had not been discovered by the Portuguese,Brazilians might speak Spanish today.2. If the French Revolution had never occurred, the concept ofdemocracy and fraternity might not be the reality of our day.3. If Christ had never been born, Christianity might never havebeen founded.

4. If the Military Dictatorship had never happened, theTropicalismo movement may never have occurred.

Taxation Trends in the European UnionSource: www.ec.europa.eu 2009 Edition (Adapted)

This years edition of the Taxation Trends in the European Union appears at a time ofupheaval. The effects of the global economic and financial crisis have hit the EuropeanUnion (EU) with increasing force from the second half of 2008. Given that the last yearforwhich detailed data are available is 2007, this years report cannot yet analyze theconsequences of the recession on tax revenues. Nevertheless, the report takes stock ofthe


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tax policy measures taken by EU governments in response to the crisis up to spring2009.The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax area. In 2007, the overall tax ratio,i.e.the sum of taxes and social security contributions in the 27 Member States amounted to39.8% of GDP. This value is about 12 percentage points above those recorded in theUnitedStates and Japan.The high EU overall tax ratio is not new, dating back essentially to the last third of the20thcentury. In those years, the role of the public sector became more extensive, leading toastrong upward trend in the tax ratio in the 1970s, and to a lesser extent also in the 1980sand early 1990s.

24- According to paragraph 1, the global economic and financial crisisa) has impacted on the EU.b) may still hit the European Union.c) has caused tax reductions in the EU.d) could have affected the EU.e) might bring about growth in the EU.

Taxation Trends in the European UnionSource: www.ec.europa.eu 2009 Edition (Adapted)

This years edition of the Taxation Trends in the European Union appears at a time of

upheaval. The effects of the global economic and financial crisis have hit the EuropeanUnion (EU) with increasing force from the second half of 2008. Given that the last yearforwhich detailed data are available is 2007, this years report cannot yet analyze theconsequences of the recession on tax revenues. Nevertheless, the report takes stock ofthetax policy measures taken by EU governments in response to the crisis up to spring2009.The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax area. In 2007, the overall tax ratio,i.e.the sum of taxes and social security contributions in the 27 Member States amounted to39.8% of GDP. This value is about 12 percentage points above those recorded in the

UnitedStates and Japan.The high EU overall tax ratio is not new, dating back essentially to the last third of the20thcentury. In those years, the role of the public sector became more extensive, leading toastrong upward trend in the tax ratio in the 1970s, and to a lesser extent also in the 1980sand early 1990s.

24- According to paragraph 1, the global economic and financial crisisa) has impacted on the EU.b) may still hit the European Union.c) has caused tax reductions in the EU.d) could have affected the EU.


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e) might bring about growth in the EU.

Taxation Trends in the European UnionSource: www.ec.europa.eu 2009 Edition (Adapted)This years edition of the Taxation Trends in the European Union appears at atime of upheaval. The effects of the global economic and financial crisis have hitthe European Union (EU) with increasing force from the second half of 2008.Given that the last year for which detailed data are available is 2007, this yearsreport cannot yet analyze the consequences of the recession on tax revenues.Nevertheless, the report takes stock of the tax policy measures taken by EUgovernments in response to the crisis up to spring 2009.The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax area. In 2007, the overall taxratio, i.e. the sum of taxes and social security contributions in the 27 MemberStates amounted to 39.8% of GDP. This value is about 12 percentage points

above those recorded in the United States and Japan.The high EU overall tax ratio is not new, dating back essentially to the last third ofthe 20th century. In those years, the role of the public sector became moreextensive, leading to a strong upward trend in the tax ratio in the 1970s, and to alesser extent also in the 1980s and early 1990s.

25- In relation to the EUs overall tax ratio, ita) must hit 39.8% of GDP.b) is likely to reach 39.8% of GDP.c) is soon to be defined.d) exceeds half the GDP.e) equals to 39.8% of GDP.

Taxation Trends in the European UnionSource: www.ec.europa.eu 2009 Edition (Adapted)This years edition of the Taxation Trends in the European Union appears at atime of upheaval. The effects of the global economic and financial crisis have hitthe European Union (EU) with increasing force from the second half of 2008.Given that the last year for which detailed data are available is 2007, this yearsreport cannot yet analyze the consequences of the recession on tax revenues.Nevertheless, the report takes stock of the tax policy measures taken by EUgovernments in response to the crisis up to spring 2009.The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax area. In 2007, the overall taxratio, i.e. the sum of taxes and social security contributions in the 27 Member

States amounted to 39.8% of GDP. This value is about 12 percentage pointsabove those recorded in the United States and Japan.The high EU overall tax ratio is not new, dating back essentially to the last third ofthe 20th century. In those years, the role of the public sector became moreextensive, leading to a strong upward trend in the tax ratio in the 1970s, and to alesser extent also in the 1980s and early 1990s.

25- In relation to the EUs overall tax ratio, ita) must hit 39.8% of GDP.b) is likely to reach 39.8% of GDP.c) is soon to be defined.d) exceeds half the GDP.e) equals to 39.8% of GDP.


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Taxation Trends in the European UnionSource: www.ec.europa.eu 2009 Edition (Adapted)This years edition of the Taxation Trends in the European Union appears at a time ofupheaval. The effects of the global economic and financial crisis have hit theEuropean Union (EU) with increasing force from the second half of 2008. Given thatthe last year for which detailed data are available is 2007, this years report cannotyet analyze the consequences of the recession on tax revenues. Nevertheless, thereport takes stock of the tax policy measures taken by EU governments in responseto the crisis up to spring 2009.The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax area. In 2007, the overall taxratio, i.e. the sum of taxes and social security contributions in the 27 Member Statesamounted to 39.8% of GDP. This value is about 12 percentage points above thoserecorded in the United States and Japan.The high EU overall tax ratio is not new, dating back essentially to the last third of the

20th century. In those years, the role of the public sector became more extensive,leading to a strong upward trend in the tax ratio in the 1970s, and to a lesser extentalso in the 1980s and early 1990s.

26- According to paragraph 3, the role played by the public sectora) widened.b) lessened.c) diminished.d) faded.e) decreased.

Taxation Trends in the European Union

Source: www.ec.europa.eu 2009 Edition (Adapted)This years edition of the Taxation Trends in the European Union appears at a time ofupheaval. The effects of the global economic and financial crisis have hit theEuropean Union (EU) with increasing force from the second half of 2008. Given thatthe last year for which detailed data are available is 2007, this years report cannotyet analyze the consequences of the recession on tax revenues. Nevertheless, thereport takes stock of the tax policy measures taken by EU governments in responseto the crisis up to spring 2009.The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax area. In 2007, the overall taxratio, i.e. the sum of taxes and social security contributions in the 27 Member Statesamounted to 39.8% of GDP. This value is about 12 percentage points above thoserecorded in the United States and Japan.

The high EU overall tax ratio is not new, dating back essentially to the last third of the20th century. In those years, the role of the public sector became more extensive,leading to a strong upward trend in the tax ratio in the 1970s, and to a lesser extentalso in the 1980s and early 1990s.

26- According to paragraph 3, the role played by the public sectora) widened.b) lessened.c) diminished.d) faded.e) decreased.

Flight of the FrenchSource: Newsweek (adapted) Sept 26th/Oct 3rd 2005


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The Belgians call them fiscal refugees, but these refugees wear Chanel. They arerunaways from high taxes in France. Officially, France has lost, on average, onemillionaire or billionaire tax payer per day for tax reasons since 1997, when thegovernment started trying to track capital flight. Privately, economists say thenumber is much higher. The statistic is stupid, holds French economist NicolasBaverez. Its as if, to count contraband, you only counted what people declared atthe border.While much of Europe has revised its tax codes, Frances fiscal inertia is virtuallybegging its rich to leave. Holding dear its commitment to galit and fraternit,France has bucked the trend in the European Union, where most member stateshave dropped the wealth tax since the mid-1990s. France went the opposite way in1997 by abolishing a cap that limited the wealth-tax bill, which kicks in at incomesover 720,000 euros to 85% of a taxpayers income. The result: some pay more taxesthan they earn in income.

27- According to the author, Francea) might change its f iscal system.b) must preserve its wealth tax.c) has not changed its fiscal policy.d) ought to slash its public spending.e) could lose from a tax reform.

Flight of the FrenchSource: Newsweek (adapted) Sept 26th/Oct 3rd 2005The Belgians call them fiscal refugees, but these refugees wear Chanel. They arerunaways from high taxes in France. Officially, France has lost, on average, one

millionaire or billionaire tax payer per day for tax reasons since 1997, when thegovernment started trying to track capital flight. Privately, economists say thenumber is much higher. The statistic is stupid, holds French economist NicolasBaverez. Its as if, to count contraband, you only counted what people declared atthe border.While much of Europe has revised its tax codes, Frances fiscal inertia is virtuallybegging its rich to leave. Holding dear its commitment to galit and fraternit,France has bucked the trend in the European Union, where most member stateshave dropped the wealth tax since the mid-1990s. France went the opposite way in1997 by abolishing a cap that limited the wealth-tax bill, which kicks in at incomesover 720,000 euros to 85% of a taxpayers income. The result: some pay more taxesthan they earn in income.

27- According to the author, Francea) might change its f iscal system.b) must preserve its wealth tax.c) has not changed its fiscal policy.d) ought to slash its public spending.e) could lose from a tax reform.

Q2: Margolis: Has Brazils success in navigating theeconomic crisis changed investorsviews?Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domesticmarket. We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. Wereduced part of the sales tax and asked the companies tooffer consumers credit on affordable items. Its the same


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case with refrigerators, stoves, washing machines, and withcomputers and the housing construction.

28- In his answer to question 2, Luiz Incio Lula da Silva says thata) the Brazilian domestic market was frail.b) a miracle did come about in Brazil.c) credit on affordable items was halved.d) part of the sales tax was lowered.e) consumers were not willing to spend.

Q2: Margolis: Has Brazils success in navigating theeconomic crisis changed investorsviews?Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domesticmarket. We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. We

reduced part of the sales tax and asked the companies tooffer consumers credit on affordable items. Its the samecase with refrigerators, stoves, washing machines, and withcomputers and the housing construction.

28- In his answer to question 2, Luiz Incio Lula da Silva says thata) the Brazilian domestic market was frail.b) a miracle did come about in Brazil.c) credit on affordable items was halved.d) part of the sales tax was lowered.e) consumers were not willing to spend.

Q2: Margolis: Has Brazils success in navigating theeconomic crisis changed investorsviews?Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domesticmarket. We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. Wereduced part of the sales tax and asked the companies tooffer consumers credit on affordable items. Its the samecase with refrigerators, stoves, washing machines, and withcomputers and the housing construction.

29- Brazils president refers to the countrys diversifi ed trade balance ashavinga) contributed to worsen the global economic crisis.

b) resulted from trade with one sole strategic partner.c) been prevented by internal regulations.d) been considered as an unattainable goal.e) minimized the adverse effects of the world crisis.

Q2: Margolis: Has Brazils success in navigating theeconomic crisis changed investorsviews?Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domesticmarket. We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. Wereduced part of the sales tax and asked the companies tooffer consumers credit on affordable items. Its the samecase with refrigerators, stoves, washing machines, and withcomputers and the housing construction.


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29- Brazils president refers to the countrys diversifi ed trade balance ashavinga) contributed to worsen the global economic crisis.b) resulted from trade with one sole strategic partner.c) been prevented by internal regulations.d) been considered as an unattainable goal.e) minimized the adverse effects of the world crisis.

Q3: Margolis: What are the lessons for othercountries?Lula: The great lesson is that the state has animportant role to play, and has great responsibility.We dont want the state to manage business. But itcan be an inducer of growth and can work in

harmony with society.30- In his answer to question 3, Brazils presidenta) emphasizes the role played by the private sector.b) criticizes initiatives derived from private ownership.c) sees the private sector as an inducer of growth.d) affirms the significance of the state.e) disregards duties attributed to the state.

Q3: Margolis: What are the lessons for othercountries?Lula: The great lesson is that the state has an

important role to play, and has great responsibility.We dont want the state to manage business. But itcan be an inducer of growth and can work inharmony with society.

30- In his answer to question 3, Brazils presidenta) emphasizes the role played by the private sector.b) criticizes initiatives derived from private ownership.c) sees the private sector as an inducer of growth.d) affirms the significance of the state.e) disregards duties attributed to the state.

A dip in the middleSource: The Economist (adapted) Sep 8th 2005During the past 30 years, income tax has been subject tosweeping changes, notably the cut in the top rate from 98%to 40% under Margaret Thatcher between 1979 and 1988.Now another Conservative politician, George Osborne, is floating a radical reform to match that earlier exploit. Theshadow chancellor announced on September 7th that he wassetting up a commission to explore the possible introductionof a fl at income tax in Britain.

22- According to paragraph 2, Margaret Thatchers government broughtina) major alterations to British income tax rates.


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b) measures that made cosmetic changes only.c) a tax system that discourages hard work.d) proposals imitated by a shady politician.e) a substantial increase in top taxation rates.

A dip in the middleSource: The Economist (adapted) Sep 8th 2005During the past 30 years, income tax has been subject tosweeping changes, notably the cut in the top rate from 98%to 40% under Margaret Thatcher between 1979 and 1988.Now another Conservative politician, George Osborne, is floating a radical reform to match that earlier exploit. Theshadow chancellor announced on September 7th that he wassetting up a commission to explore the possible introduction

of a fl at income tax in Britain.22- According to paragraph 2, Margaret Thatchers government broughtina) major alterations to British income tax rates.b) measures that made cosmetic changes only.c) a tax system that discourages hard work.d) proposals imitated by a shady politician.e) a substantial increase in top taxation rates.

Introducing a flat income tax into Britain wouldinvolve two main changes. At present, there are

three marginal tax rates. These three rates would bereplaced by a single rate, which would beconsiderably lower than the current top rate. At thesame time there would be an increase in the tax-free personal allowance, currently worth 4,895pounds.

23- The flat income taxa) is intended to hinder enterprise and hard work.b) would be below the present top rate.c) ought to please low-earners and high-fliers.d) must generate a cut in public spending.

e) might be financed by increases in other taxes.

Introducing a flat income tax into Britain wouldinvolve two main changes. At present, there arethree marginal tax rates. These three rates would bereplaced by a single rate, which would beconsiderably lower than the current top rate. At thesame time there would be an increase in the tax-free personal allowance, currently worth 4,895pounds.

23- The flat income taxa) is intended to hinder enterprise and hard work.b) would be below the present top rate.


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c) ought to please low-earners and high-fliers.d) must generate a cut in public spending.e) might be financed by increases in other taxes.

Introducing a flat income tax into Britain wouldinvolve two main changes. At present, there arethree marginal tax rates. These three rates would bereplaced by a single rate, which would beconsiderably lower than the current top rate. At thesame time there would be an increase in the tax-free personal allowance, currently worth 4,895pounds.

24- In paragraph 3, the author notes that the present tax-free

personal allowance woulda) remain unchanged.b) be cut.c) rise.d) be abolished.e) be phased out.

Introducing a flat income tax into Britain wouldinvolve two main changes. At present, there arethree marginal tax rates. These three rates would bereplaced by a single rate, which would beconsiderably lower than the current top rate. At the

same time there would be an increase in the tax-free personal allowance, currently worth 4,895pounds.

24- In paragraph 3, the author notes that the present tax-freepersonal allowance woulda) remain unchanged.b) be cut.c) rise.d) be abolished.e) be phased out.

End ofClass 2

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