Chapter 01 A View of Life 1

A View of LifeA View of Life

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Chapter 01 A View of Life 2

A View of LifeA View of Life

All Living Things are Made of many smaller parts that work collectively to give “life”.

3A View of LifeA View of LifeEach Level has Characteristics that are only Each Level has Characteristics that are only made possible from combining smaller parts.made possible from combining smaller parts.

6.Organs

5.Tissues

4.Cells

3.Organelles

2.Molecules

1.Atoms

8.Organism

7.Organ System

Levels of Organization

in Living things

EXAMPLE:

Cell organelles

are not living, when they are all together in a cell they produce a

living system

4Levels of Biological Organization

5A View of LifeA View of Life

4 Characteristics of Living things4 Characteristics of Living things

A.A. Uses EnergyUses EnergyB.B. Response to EnvironmentResponse to EnvironmentC.C. Reproduction & developmentReproduction & developmentD.D. AdaptationAdaptation

6Defining Life

7A View of LifeA View of Life

A - ENERGYA - ENERGY

a.a. Metabolism is all the chemical rxns nec. Metabolism is all the chemical rxns nec. For life (aka – homeostasis)For life (aka – homeostasis)

b.b. The Ultimate source of energy is the sun. The Ultimate source of energy is the sun. It is harnessed by PS = organic molecules It is harnessed by PS = organic molecules (carbohydrates) which can be used by (carbohydrates) which can be used by heterotrophs. Which can support food heterotrophs. Which can support food chainschains

8Acquiring Nutrients

9A View of LifeA View of Life

B Response to EnvironmentB Response to Environment

a.a. All living organisms sense the All living organisms sense the environment and react.environment and react.

b.b. Reaction may include immediate Reaction may include immediate movement (animals, protists, bacteria)movement (animals, protists, bacteria)

c.c. Reaction may be delayed and apparent Reaction may be delayed and apparent through growth in a particular direction through growth in a particular direction (plants, fungi)(plants, fungi)

10A View of LifeA View of Life

C Reproduction & DevelopmentC Reproduction & Development

a.a. Includes passing of genetic material to Includes passing of genetic material to offspringoffspring

b.b. MitosisMitosisc.c. MeiosisMeiosisd.d. Binary fissionBinary fission

11A View of LifeA View of LifeRockhopper Penguins & OffspringRockhopper Penguins & Offspring

12A View of LifeA View of Life

D AdaptationD Adaptation

a.a. Occurs by natural selectionOccurs by natural selectionb.b. All organisms possess similarities at the All organisms possess similarities at the

cellular level therefore evidence that cellular level therefore evidence that c.c. All organisms are descended from a All organisms are descended from a

“common ancestor” through evolution“common ancestor” through evolution

13A View of LifeA View of Life

Basic relationship of Living & NonlivingBasic relationship of Living & Nonliving

Nutrients are finite resources, they must be Nutrients are finite resources, they must be recycled through biosphere.recycled through biosphere.

Energy in the biosphere does not recycleEnergy in the biosphere does not recycleEx. Ex.

Sun – organism – heat – escape to atmosphereSun – organism – heat – escape to atmosphere

14A View of LifeA View of Life

Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification

Z. maysZ. maysH. sapiensH. sapiensSpeciesSpecies

ZeaZeaHomoHomoGenusGenus

PoacaePoacaeHominidaeHominidaeFamilyFamily

CommelinalesCommelinalesPrimatesPrimatesOrderOrder

LiliopsidaLiliopsidaMammaliaMammaliaClassClass

AnthophytaAnthophytaChordataChordataPhylumPhylum

PlantaePlantaeAnimaliaAnimaliaKingdomKingdom

EukaryaEukaryaEukaryaEukaryaDomainDomain

CornCornHumanHumanTaxonTaxon

15A View of LifeA View of Life

ClassificationClassification

Taxonomy:Taxonomy:DDKKPPCCDDFFGGSS

16A View of LifeA View of Life

ClassificationClassification

Taxonomy:Taxonomy:Levels are, from least inclusive to most Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:inclusive: Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domainkingdom, and domain

A level usually includes more species than the A level usually includes more species than the level below it, and fewer species than the one level below it, and fewer species than the one above itabove it

17A View of LifeA View of Life

DomainsDomains

BacteriaBacteria

Microscopic unicellular prokaryotesMicroscopic unicellular prokaryotes

ArchaeaArchaea

Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotesBacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes

Extreme aquatic environmentsExtreme aquatic environments

EukaryaEukarya

Eukaryotes – Familiar organismsEukaryotes – Familiar organisms

18Domains:The Archaea

19Domains:The Bacteria

20A View of LifeA View of Life

KingdomsKingdoms

ArchaeaArchaea – Kingdoms still being worked out – Kingdoms still being worked out

BacteriaBacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out - Kingdoms still being worked out

EukaryaEukarya

Kingdom Kingdom ProtistaProtista

Kingdom Kingdom FungiFungi

Kingdom Kingdom PlantaePlantae

Kingdom Kingdom AnimaliaAnimalia

21Domains:The Eukaryote Kindoms

22The Scientific Method:

Process of Science

Scientific Study of LifeScientific Study of Life

Requires Observable data to make Requires Observable data to make conclusions A tentative conclusions A tentative explanation for what was observedexplanation for what was observed

23A View of LifeA View of LifeThe Scientific Method:The Scientific Method:RequirementsRequirements

1.1. ObserveObserve

2.2. Evidence (data) – repeat, record, Evidence (data) – repeat, record, repeatablerepeatable

3.3. Inference – conclusionsInference – conclusions

HYPOTHESIS – deductive reasoning HYPOTHESIS – deductive reasoning

if, … thenif, … then

24A View of LifeA View of Life

CONTROL – includes all steps but no CONTROL – includes all steps but no changes / variables used to confirm that changes / variables used to confirm that

experiment was carried out correctly with experiment was carried out correctly with out bias or flawsout bias or flaws

bias = uses Chi Squarebias = uses Chi Square

VARIABLE – factor that causes an observable VARIABLE – factor that causes an observable change. change. Experiment variable – parts of the exper.Experiment variable – parts of the exper.Dependent variable - resultDependent variable - result

25A View of LifeA View of Life

THEORY – conclusion that is supported by THEORY – conclusion that is supported by evidence repeatedly – evidence repeatedly – not social definitionnot social definition

26The Scientific Method:

A Flow Diagram

27

Biology is unified by the concept of evolution, all things are related, but are also different as a result of natural selection.