A True American Tragedy “The Indian Extermination”

1860 – 1890

Civil War and Post Civil War

“The Great American Desert”

Oklahoma Wyoming Minnesota IowaWashington Oregon

AKA: The Great Plains

Colorado North Dakota South DakotaMontana NebraskaKansas

The Western Regions The Western Regions

Western Migration Reasons:

1. Mining (Gold & Silver) 2. Farming

3. New Life (Foreigners & Domestic)

4. Railroad Construction

5. Military Outposts

6. Absence of Law (Outlaws)

7. Entrepreneurs / Businessmen

8. FREE LAND!

Migration Trails: Oregon (West), Bozeman (North West), and Santa Fe Trails (South West)

The Donner Party

The Donner Party

What eventually made traveling and migrating west easier?

Tombstone, Arizona

“Doc” Holiday

Tombstone, Arizona

Deadwood, South Dakota

“Wild” Bill

Calamity Jane Calamity Jane

Deadwood, South DakotaDeadwood, South Dakota

Deadwood Dick Deadwood Dick

Deadwood, South DakotaDeadwood, South Dakota

Western Situation = “Lawlessness”

Billy “The Kid”

Only known photo of him. Close-up photo

Butch Cassidy Butch Cassidy

Parker took the name Cassidy from the leader of the first gang Parker took the name Cassidy from the leader of the first gang he was part of when the gang leader Mike Cassidy died. He then he was part of when the gang leader Mike Cassidy died. He then took the name Butch after he attempted to go straight with the took the name Butch after he attempted to go straight with the law when he became a butcher in Wyoming.law when he became a butcher in Wyoming.

Parker took the name Cassidy from the leader of the first gang Parker took the name Cassidy from the leader of the first gang he was part of when the gang leader Mike Cassidy died. He then he was part of when the gang leader Mike Cassidy died. He then took the name Butch after he attempted to go straight with the took the name Butch after he attempted to go straight with the law when he became a butcher in Wyoming.law when he became a butcher in Wyoming.

The Sundance Kid The Sundance Kid

When jailed as a teen in Crook County, Wyoming, he liked the name of a member in the local government named Sundance. He quickly adopted the name as his own.

When jailed as a teen in Crook County, Wyoming, he liked the name of a member in the local government named Sundance. He quickly adopted the name as his own.

The CowboysThe Cowboys

Leader: Ike ClantonLeader: Ike Clanton

Photo of the dead Dalton gang after a failed attempt to rob two banks in their home town.Photo of the dead Dalton gang after a failed attempt to rob two banks in their home town.

Why were so many outlaws attracted to the western part of the

U.S.?

Mexican-American War (1846 – 1848)

Winner?

The U.S. Civil War (1861 – 1865)

North v. South

The “Union” (North) The “Union” (North) The Confederacy (South)The Confederacy (South)

V.V.

Winner? Winner? Where was this war fought? Where was this war fought?

How did this war divide the U.S. Army? How did this war divide the U.S. Army?

End Date – April 9th, 1865

With malice toward none, with charity for all, ...let us strive on to finish the work we are in, ...to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

- Abraham Lincoln, March 4, 1865 (2nd Presidential Inaugural Address)

Abe Lincoln AssassinationApril 14th, 1865

Lincoln Assassination Missed Targets

Andrew JohnsonVice President

William SewardSecretary of State

The Other Assassins

Lewis Powell David HeroldGeorge Atzerodt

The Other AssassinsMary Surratt

Assassin’s Execution July 7, 1865

The Other AssassinsJohn Surratt

The United States of AmericaPost Civil War “A country in crisis”Five American Questions:

Q: How do we re-build our country?A: Reconstruction and the civilization of the American West.

Q: What is the direction or focus of our country?A: Wealth and prosperity for all.

Q: What does our country rally behind? A: Be the #1 world industrial power.

Q: Who is the new enemy?A: Native Americans

Q: Why this new enemy? A: The are sitting on a pile of wealth and don’t even know it.

U.S. soldiers return to the west (1865)

From where?

Western U.S. Soldier’s Duties

• build forts • drive settlers from Indian reservations• escort mail • prevent smuggling • protect miners, railroad crews, and politicians• fight Indians

Pay: $13 a month

Up to 1/3 third of western U.S. soldiers deserted.

Why did U.S. soldiers not want to be stationed in the west?

Hard and dangerous work for low pay.

The Obstacle“The Red Savage”

Western Indian Population = 225,000

What was the impact of horses on Native American cultures?

Famous Indian Killers / Haters

“Mad” Anthony WayneBattle of Fallen Timbers

Treaty of Greenville

Andrew Jackson Florida Indian Slaughter

Teddy Roosevelt

U.S. President1901 – 1909

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Indian Removal Act (1830)What: The forcible removal of 100,000 members from five different tribes in the southern part of the U.S.

When: 1832 – 1838

For their 100,000,000 acres of rich farm land, these Native Americans received 32,000,000 acres of dry prairie land in what is now present day Oklahoma.

Worchester v. Georgia (1832)

U.S Supreme Court Ruling: Georgia has no night to remove the Cherokee Indians.

President Jackson’s Response: Dared the U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall to enforce his ruling.

Why did the U.S. government want this land so bad? Why did the U.S. government want this land so bad?

Bad Treaties Settlers and soldiers would trick Indians into signing treaties.

Most times the treaty was never signed by the chief.

Negotiators would bother the Indians until someone signed.

Most Indians did not know what they were signing.

Indians would unknowingly break the treaty.

Broken treaties must be enforced by the U.S. Army = Indian Wars

Treaty of Ft. Laramie – 1851

Terms:

1. These tribes will not attack settlers moving west on the Oregon Trail.2. Railroads and roads may be built in and through these tribe’s land. 3. Military forts may be built in these tribe’s land. 4. In exchange for these privileges, each tribe will be paid $50,000 a year for the next 50 years.

Groups involved in this Treaty:

• U.S. Government • 9 Native American Tribes in the Wyoming Territory – Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Shoshone, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara

Congress later cut the amount of yearly payments from 50 years to 10 years, and none of the tribes received their payments on a consistent regular basis.

The Indian Wars / Plains Wars

“The 2nd Civil War”(1862 - 1890)Sioux War (1862)

Chivington Massacre (1864)

Fetterman Massacre (1866)

Little Big Horn (1876)

Apache Wars (1861 – 1886)

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

Resistant Tribes

Why did they resist? – This was an assault on the entire Native American way of life.

• They were defending their sacred homelands.• They were defending their food source. • They have always been a “hunter-gatherer” culture, now they are being told to be “agrarian”. • They have always been a “nomadic” culture, now they are being told to be a “stationary” culture.• Tribal clashes on the reservations between different tribes being forced to live on the reservation together as they never had before.

Sioux WarDate: 1862 – 1864 Where: Minnesota

Little Crow

Sioux Chief Henry H. Sibley

1st Governor of Minnesota

V.

December 26, 1862 = Largest mass execution in U.S. History (38)

War continued until 1864 and ended in North Dakota

(Winner)

Sand Creek MassacreDate: Nov. 29, 1864 Where: Colorado

Black KettleCheyenne Chief

John Chivington U.S. Colonel

V.

Sand Creek Massacre“Chivington Massacre”

Indian’s Position:

• Tension between white settlers and Native Americans was high in the Wyoming Territory.• Native Americans would be protected from attack by the U.S. Army if they reported to the closest U.S. fort as “non-hostiles”. • The Cheyenne were on their way to Ft. Lyon (Colorado) and set up camp camp 40 miles away from Ft. Lyon. • They flew an American flag and a white flag of peace over their camp in

an effort to show that they were coming in peace.

U.S. Army’s Position: The 3rd Colorado Infantry

Commander: Colonel John Chivington U.S. Soldiers: 700

Result:

• 450 Cheyenne were mutilated and killed. • 2/3 of Native Americans were women, children, and elderly. • The men (Braves) were away hunting.

Sand Creek Massacre“Chivington Massacre”

Fetterman Massacre

Date: Dec. 21, 1866 Where: Wyoming Red Cloud Sioux Chief

William Fetterman U.S. Captain

V.

This was part of Red Cloud’s War which is also known as the Bozeman War.

Background of Conflict:

Name of Conflict: Red Cloud’s War or the Bozeman War.

Cause: Gold was discovered in Montana in 1863.

Effect: Miners and settlers created and used what became known as the Bozeman Trail to get to Montana, which passed through Sioux Land.

Disagreement: Red Cloud wanted the miners to use the Bridger Trail to get to Montana, which did not pass through Sioux land.

Problem: The Bridger Trail is longer than the Bozeman Trail.

The U.S. military, ignored Red Cloud’s wishes and began building forts along the Bozeman Trail for miners and settlers to live in and on their way to Montana.

A Promise To Keep: Red Cloud promised resistance to anyone on the Bozeman Trail who was not Sioux.

What Happened?

Captain Henry Fetterman / 92 U.S. Troops:• He bragged he could destroy the entire Sioux Empire with 80 men. • He was ordered to protect the wood train up to Lodge Trail Ridge, because Carrington could not guarantee support from Ft. Kearny beyond this point. • The wood train was attacked by a small group of Indians. • Cpt. Fetterman pursued the Indians past Lodge Trail Ridge. • He was ambushed by 2,000 Sioux Indians under the command of Chief Red Cloud• 92 U.S. soldiers were killed in 20 minutes. • Cpt. Fetterman took his own life to avoid being captured alive.

Fort Kearny: Military post in Rocky Mountains along the Oregon Trail, which connected to the Bozeman Trail.

Colonel Henry Carrington – Ft. Kearney Commander

The Wood Train:• Purpose – To get wood out to other places along the Bozeman Trail in order to build more forts for miners and settlers passing through. • Problem – This was attacked by the Sioux and Cheyenne Indians on a daily basis.

“Native American Heroes”

Chief Red Cloud Sioux Warriors

Treaty of Ft. Laramie – 1868

Groups involved in this Treaty:

• U.S. Government • Sioux

Terms:

1. Red Cloud’s War or Bozeman War is over. 2. The Black Hills of South Dakota is given to the Sioux. 3. Parts of Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota are guaranteed as hunting grounds for the Sioux.

This treaty was broken by the U.S. Government in 1877 after gold was discovered in the Black Hills.

Where: South Dakota

Crazy Horse Monument Where: Black Hills, SD

What: Economic Depression

Time Period: 1873 –1877

Result: 10,000 businesses fail

Causes:

1. Bankrupt Gov. and businesses from the Civil War 2. To much money spent on railroad construction. 3. Europe was also experiencing a Depression, and American

businesses are heavily dependent on the European market to buy and sell American made goods.

4. The Gold Standard.

Little Big Horn “Custer’s Last Stand”

Date: 1876

Where: Montana (Little Big Horn River)

Sitting Bull

Sioux Chief Krazy Horse

Sioux Chief George CusterU.S. General 7th Cavalry

& V.

What Happened?

Why Here: Custer was sent to investigate the presence of gold in the Black Hills (South Dakota) which is sacred land to the Sioux Indians, and was given to them by the Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868)

Indian Lure:

• General Custer spotted forty Indians outside of a Sioux Indian encampment • Pursued Indians to encampment over rough terrain

Plan:

• Divided 7th Cavalry into three Battalions and attacked the encampment • Custer’s Battalion, Reno’s Battalion, and Benteen’s Battalion

Indian Surprise = Indians outnumbered 7th Cavalry 3 to 1

June 25, 1876

Battle Results : Little Big Horn 7th Cavalry Casualties

261Custer and his battalionwere all killed. Reno and Benteen managed to escape while sustaining casualties to their own battalions.

Sitting Bull (1890) and Krazy Horse (1877) were captured and killed in

the future.

The Apache Wars Date: 1861 – 1886

Where: Arizona, New Mexico, & Mexico Date: 1861 – 1886

Where: Arizona, New Mexico, & Mexico

Cochise (1815 – 1874)1st Apache War (1861 – 1874)

Cochise (1815 – 1874)1st Apache War (1861 – 1874)

Geronimo (1834 – 1909)2nd Apache War (1874 – 1886)

Geronimo (1834 – 1909)2nd Apache War (1874 – 1886)

Brigadier Gen. George Crook

Apache Name: Nantan LupanEnglish Translation: Grey Wolf Chief

Apache Name: Nantan LupanEnglish Translation: Grey Wolf Chief

General Nelson Miles

Lt. Charles Gatewood

Lt. Gatewood with U.S. Army Apache scouts. Lt. Gatewood with U.S. Army Apache scouts.

Lt. Charles Gatewood Lt. Charles Gatewood

Geronimo “The Apache Warrior”

He had deep hatred towards any people who were not Apache, because his wife and children were killed by Mexicans.

Geronimo and an Apache war party raidedand killed Mexicans and white settlers in Mexico, New Mexico, and Arizona.

In the 1880’s the U.S. Army launched the “Geronimo Campaign” in an effort to capture Geronimo and his band of outlaw Chiricahua Apaches.(1834 - 1909)

Geronimo’s Tribe: Chiricahua Apache Geronimo’s Tribe: Chiricahua Apache

Ft. Marion St. Augustine, FL

Geronimo’s ImprisonmentGeronimo’s ImprisonmentWhen: 1886 – 1909

Where: Ft. Marion, FL and Ft. Sill, OK When: 1886 – 1909

Where: Ft. Marion, FL and Ft. Sill, OK

On way to Ft. Marion, FLOn way to Ft. Marion, FL P.O.W. GeronimoP.O.W. Geronimo

The Ghost Dance

Rationale - Praying for a return to the “Glory Days”

• Prophesized that the dead would soon join the

living in a world in which the Indians could live

in the old way surrounded by a plentiful game.

• A tidal wave of new soil would cover the earth,

bury the whites, and restore the prairie.

Creator - Wovoka (Indian Shaman)

• Called himself the “Messiah”

• Indians traveled to hear his teachings

Year Created - 1890

Sitting Bull’s DeathDate: Dec. 15, 1890

Little Big Horn victory. (1876)

Escape to Canada. (1877)

Surrender at Ft. Buford, NDand to the Native Americanreservation. (1881)

Arrest and shooting. (1890)

Wounded Knee Massacre Date: Dec. 29, 1890 Where: South Dakota

Big FootSioux Chief

While mourning of the death of Sitting Bull and the change in the Sioux lifestyle, theSioux began performing the ceremonial Ghost Dance. The observing U.S. Army officers of the 7th Cavalry felt that the dance was an uprising and moved in to search the encampment and disarm theinhabitants of the camp.

Sitting Bull had recently been killed while being arrested. Big Foot was next on the U.S. Army to be captured and placed on trial. The U.S. Army 7th Cavalry was stationed above the Sioux camp at Wounded Knee awaiting orders to go in

and capture Big Foot.

Tragedy at Wounded Knee The Search

• The 7th Cavalry searched the encampment and found many guns.• A scuffle occurred when an Army Officer tried to take a gun from a deaf Indian.• From an elevated position a Hotchkiss machine gun opened fire on the Sioux (Lakota) encampment.

Deaths

• 200 unarmed Sioux (Lakota) Indians were killed • 25 U.S. troops were killed by friendly fire

Importance

• This conflict ended the Ghost Dance Movement and the Indian Wars.

December 29, 1890

The Buffalo Slaughter

Great Plains Buffalo Population:

1865 = 15,000,000

1890 = 1,000

Reasons:

1. Food 2. Hunting Game 3. Fur

William Cody “Buffalo Bill”

Slaughtered buffaloes and sold the meat to railroad constructionworkers and the U.S Army.

Responsible for killing over 4,200 buffalo.

Nickname: Engaged in a buffalo killing contest with William Comstock.

Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill

Impact on Indians Buffalo = vital component of Native American lifestyle

Native American uses of the buffalo:

Bones = Arrow HeadsMeat = Food

Fur = Clothing and Shelter Buffalo Chips = Fuel Tails = Fly Swatter Gal Stones = Paint

Buffalo Fetus = Delicacy Smoked Fur = Moccasins

“Kill a buffalo and you kill an Indian” Buffalo Population Decline = contributed to the “Indian Extinction”

Buffalo were seen as biblical in the eyes of Native Americans.

Chief Seattle

Tribe: Suquamish and Duwamish

Tribe Homeland: Washington Tribe: Suquamish and Duwamish

Tribe Homeland: Washington

Letter to President Franklin Pierce (14th Pres.of the United States) – 1854:

“Your destiny is a mystery to us. What will happen when the buffalo are all slaughtered? The wild horses all tamed? What will happen when the secret corners of the forest are heavy with the scent of many men and the view of ripe hills are blotted with talking wires? Where will the thicket be? GONE! Where will the eagle be? GONE! Where will the buffalo be? GONE! And what is to say of the swift pony and then the hunt? The end of living and the beginning

of survival.”

- Chief Seattle (1854)

Letter to President Franklin Pierce (14th Pres.of the United States) – 1854:

“Your destiny is a mystery to us. What will happen when the buffalo are all slaughtered? The wild horses all tamed? What will happen when the secret corners of the forest are heavy with the scent of many men and the view of ripe hills are blotted with talking wires? Where will the thicket be? GONE! Where will the eagle be? GONE! Where will the buffalo be? GONE! And what is to say of the swift pony and then the hunt? The end of living and the beginning

of survival.”

- Chief Seattle (1854)

Buffalo Chips

The White Man’s Victory

Winchester Rifle

Colt Revolver

With these weapons, Indians and buffalo were easily killed.

Senator Henry Dawes

State: Massachusetts

Time in Office: 1875-1893

Dawes’ Importance:

He is responsible for the creation and passage of the General Allotment Act of 1887, which is also known as the Dawes Severalty Act, or the even shorter name the Dawes Act.

Facts about the Dawes Act:

• Put into affect – 1887

• Amended (changed) –1891 and 1906

• Ended – 1934

The Dawes Act (1887) “The Americanization of the Indians”

The Law In Theory

1. All Indian tribes are abolished.

2. Established Indian Reservations - each male head of an Indian family could claim 160 acres of reservation land as a farm.

3. Indians would be taught farming techniques.

4. Cooperating Indians could become American citizens.

The Dawes Act (1887)“The death of the Indians”

The Law in Practice

• Indians were never given farm equipment or training.

• Much of reservation land was bought by land speculators.

• Reservation Conditions: disease, malnutrition, & poor sanitation.

• School Teachers taught Indians that there way of life was full of “Idleness, Superstition and Barbarism.”

Nothing was done to improve the Indian’s situation until Nothing was done to improve the Indian’s situation until the Indian New Deal (1934) during the Great Depression.the Indian New Deal (1934) during the Great Depression.

Why was the Dawes Act a failure?

1. Corruption (the misuse of money) within the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) hurt the success of the Dawes Act because it was not properly funded by Washington D.C.

2. Native Americans were never taught proper farming techniques.

3. Reservation land was dry and arid, making it difficult to successfully farm.

1. Corruption (the misuse of money) within the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) hurt the success of the Dawes Act because it was not properly funded by Washington D.C.

2. Native Americans were never taught proper farming techniques.

3. Reservation land was dry and arid, making it difficult to successfully farm.

An Americanized Indian

Carlisle Indian School

Where: Carlisle, PennsylvaniaWhere: Carlisle, Pennsylvania

Carlisle Indian School Band

1968 – Present

Slogan: “Remember Wounded Knee” Slogan: “Remember Wounded Knee”

1970 – Seized the Mayflower II ship on Thanksgiving Day which was the 350th anniversary of the Pilgrims' landing at Plymouth Rock.

1970 – Seized abandoned property at the Naval Air Station near Minneapolis, Minnesota.

1971 – Took over the Winter Dam in Lac Courte Oreilles, Wisconsin.

1971 – Took over Mount Rushmore.

1972 – Trail of Broken Treaties which was a cross-country protest by American Indian and First Nations organizations intended to bring attention to American Indian issues such as treaty rights, living standards, and inadequate housing.

1972 – Took over the Bureau of Idian Affairs Headquarters in Washington D.C. as part of the Trail of Broken Treaties. 24 people were arrested during this conflict.

1973 – Took over the Custer County Courthouse in Montana.

1973 – Took over the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota which is the reservation where the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890 took place. A stand-off between AIM members and the FBI lasted for 71 days. 2 FBI agents and 1 Native American died as a result of the “shootout” during this conflict.

These events were part of the Civil Rights Movement.

Native American Occupation of Alcatraz

1969 - 1971

Where: San Francisco Bay What: Abandoned U.S. prison Existence: Abandoned 1964

Where: San Francisco Bay What: Abandoned U.S. prison Existence: Abandoned 1964

Unclaimed Sioux Money For Land = $600,000,000

Where: South Dakota

Because this land is sacred to the Sioux Indians, they refused to sell this land to the American government.

The U.S. government has tried to negotiate the sale of this land with the Sioux numerous times, but the Sioux refused to give up their rights to their sacred homeland.

However, this land was taken with military force by the U.S. government and mined for gold in violation of the Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868) which ended Red Cloud’s War.

To this day the Sioux still claim the rights to this land and refuse to accept any money for it.

“The systematic destruction of a specific group or race.”“The systematic destruction of a specific group or race.”

Making a Comparison

The Holocaust

• Jewish Concentration Camps

• The German Aryan Race

• Genocide and Pogroms of Jews

• Gassing and Burning of Jews

• Using Jews to police themselves in the Jewish ghettos

Making a Comparison

• Indian Reservations

• Americanized Indians

• Massacre of Indians

• Mass Hangings of Indians

• Having Indians police themselves on the reservations

• Using Indians to catch Indians

• Indian Reservations

• Americanized Indians

• Massacre of Indians

• Mass Hangings of Indians

• Having Indians police themselves on the reservations

• Using Indians to catch Indians

The End