A Time of ConflictChapter 9 Section 3

Americans in Foreign Seas

• 1785—ships from America returned from China w/cargo of tea and silk—highly profitable.

• By 1800—U.S. had nearly 1,000 ships trading around the world.

• War between ___________ and _____________ gave a boost to American shipping.

• Fr. & Br. Ships stayed at home to avoid being captured.

• __________ pirates from ________ and other Barbary Coast States (north Africa) captured ships in the Mediterranean.• Demanded tribute—___________________--from European

govts. to let ships pass safely.

War with Tripoli

• U.S. paid tribute, too—not enough, though!• 1801—Tripoli ruler demanded more tribute!!!

• Jefferson refused.• Ruler chopped down flagpole of American consulate—

Declaration of ________.

• Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli, but it didn’t work.

• American fleet defeated by _____________.

• 1804—pirates seized U.S. warship _____________.• Towed it into Tripoli Harbor (threw captain & crew into jail).

• 25 yr. old, U.S. Navy captain ______________, slipped into the guarded harbor w/small raiding party.

• He burned captured ship to prevent pirates from using it.

Freedom of the Seas

• June 1805—Tripoli stopped demanding tribute, but U.S. paid $60,000 ransom for release of prisoners.

• Jefferson won re-election in 1804. • Started term w/nation at peace.

• 1803—U.S. enjoyed prosperous shipping w/Britain and France (who were at war w/each other).

• U.S. remained neutral and had ________________.• Neutral rights--____________________________________.

• 1805—two nations lost patience w/”neutrality”• Both nations would seize ships trading w/the other nation.

• British needed sailors for their naval war.• British _______________ many American citizens & deserters.• Forcing people to serve in navy was called _______________.

Attack on the Chesapeake

• June 1807—British intercepted the _____________.• News of attack spread and an anti-British attitude

formed once again.• Jefferson sought action other than war.• Banned some trade w/Britain.

• December 1807—Attack on Chesapeake triggered Republican Congress to pass the ______________.

• Embargo--________________________________________.• It banned imports/exports to ALL foreign countries.• Jeff. hoped to hurt Britain because of their dependence on

agricultural products.

• Turned into a disaster!!!• Hurt commerce w/other nations• British just traded w/Latin America for ag goods.• Repealed act in 1809.

War Fever

• Jefferson left after 2 terms.• Republican ______________ took his place.

• Madison took office under unfavorable conditions.• British still claimed right to halt American ships.

• 1810—U.S. permitted direct trade w/Britain and France—whichever lifted trade restrictions.

• Napolean promised to end restrictions, but tricked U.S.• French continued to seize U.S. ships, sold them and pocketed

the money.• Madison still saw __________ as the bigger threat.

War Hawks

• Madison faced pressure for more aggressive policy toward British.

• Young elected group of Republicans in 1810 were known as the ________________.

• Came from the South and West and wanted war declared on Britain.

• War Hawks wanted to expand nation’s power.• Had a renewed sense of American patriotism or loyalty to their

country, known as _________________.• Leading War Hawks were __________________ and James Calhoun

(both in their 30’s).

• Hunger for land fueled war fever:• Westerners wanted to move into southern Canada.• Hawks urged more military spending & Congress quadrupled

army’s size.

Declaring War

• Spring of 1812—Madison knew war w/Britain was inevitable.

• June 1—asked Congress for declaration of _____.• In meantime, British ended policy of seizing U.S.

ships.• Because of time it took to get news to U.S. across

the Atlantic, policy was not known in ________________.

• Word came too late and war had begun.