A TeamA Team--Oriented Approach Oriented Approach to to WinegrapeWinegrape Research and Research and

Extension in Oklahoma Extension in Oklahoma

Eric T. Stafne, Ph.D.Eric T. Stafne, Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor

Department of Horticulture and L.A.Department of Horticulture and L.A.

Where Did We Come Where Did We Come From?From?

Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

Significant grape production in late 1800s Significant grape production in late 1800s into early 1900sinto early 1900s

‘‘CatawbaCatawba’’, , ‘‘ConcordConcord’’, , ‘‘DelawareDelaware’’

More than 5,000 acres reported in 1908More than 5,000 acres reported in 1908

Several species of grape native to Several species of grape native to OklahomaOklahoma

Early Oklahoma Grape ResearchEarly Oklahoma Grape Research

T.V. Munson and H. Jaeger roamed through T.V. Munson and H. Jaeger roamed through Oklahoma for Oklahoma for germplasmgermplasm

OK A&M planted vines in 1892OK A&M planted vines in 1892

Grapes Grapes –– 1894 1894 –– Tested over 200 species and varietiesTested over 200 species and varieties–– Mainly American and some hybrids Mainly American and some hybrids

Updated publication in 1898Updated publication in 1898

ProhibitionProhibition1890s1890s–– AntiAnti--Saloon League and WomenSaloon League and Women’’s s

Christian Temperance UnionChristian Temperance Union

1917 1917 –– ““Bone DryBone Dry”” law bans importation of law bans importation of

alcoholic beverages into Oklahomaalcoholic beverages into Oklahoma

1918 1918 –– ““Bone DryBone Dry”” law overturnedlaw overturned

19191919–– 1818thth Amendment enacted prohibitionAmendment enacted prohibition

19191919--19321932–– Decline in grape productionDecline in grape production

Table Grape Production?Table Grape Production?

From 1925From 1925--1928 Oklahoma produced 1928 Oklahoma produced >1800 tons of grapes on average>1800 tons of grapes on average

More than any state in south central U.S. More than any state in south central U.S. (aside from Arkansas)(aside from Arkansas)

Great Depression EraGreat Depression EraDust BowlDust Bowl

Oklahoma A&M Oklahoma A&M resurrected grape resurrected grape research in 1933research in 1933

75 American and hybrids75 American and hybrids

Added 43 more FrenchAdded 43 more French--American hybrids in 1950American hybrids in 1950

Prohibition EndsProhibition Ends

19591959

OSU Grape BreedingOSU Grape BreedingHerman Herman HinrichsHinrichs–– Max Knotts, George GirouardMax Knotts, George Girouard–– 1950s through 1970s1950s through 1970s

Released several varieties: Released several varieties: Sunset, Sunset, RubaiyatRubaiyat, Meteor, , Meteor, VinokVinok, , Bounty, Eureka, CimarronBounty, Eureka, Cimarron

Still have Still have ‘‘RubaiyatRubaiyat’’, , ‘‘SunsetSunset’’, , and and ‘‘CimarronCimarron’’–– Only Only ‘‘RubaiyatRubaiyat’’ grown commercially grown commercially

(small scale)(small scale)

Wine Grape InterestWine Grape Interest

Increased in 1960s and 1970sIncreased in 1960s and 1970s

Waned in 1980sWaned in 1980s

Resurgence in midResurgence in mid-- to late 1990s to to late 1990s to presentpresent

3 wineries in late 1990s to 50+ today3 wineries in late 1990s to 50+ today

Recent OSU Grape ResearchRecent OSU Grape Research

Late 1980s to 1990sLate 1980s to 1990s–– R.K. Striegler, S. von Broembsen, P. Mulder, R.K. Striegler, S. von Broembsen, P. Mulder,

etc.etc.

Late 1990s to early 2000sLate 1990s to early 2000s–– B.D. McCraw, S. von Broembsen, P. MulderB.D. McCraw, S. von Broembsen, P. Mulder–– Introduce Grape Management Short CourseIntroduce Grape Management Short Course–– To date more than 500 participantsTo date more than 500 participants

New InitiativesNew Initiatives

Dr. McCraw retiresDr. McCraw retires–– No replacement envisionedNo replacement envisioned

Surprise! 2005 ETS hiredSurprise! 2005 ETS hired

Recent Additions at OSURecent Additions at OSU

Dr. Damon SmithDr. Damon SmithDr. Eric RebekDr. Eric RebekDr. Edralin LucasDr. Edralin LucasDr. William McGlynn (not new but new to Dr. William McGlynn (not new but new to grape/wine research)grape/wine research)

Where Do We Stand Where Do We Stand Now?Now?

Grape VarietiesGrape Varieties

European grapes (European grapes (VitisVitis viniferavinifera))FrenchFrench--American hybridsAmerican hybridsHybridsHybridsAmerican (American (V. V. aestivalisaestivalis, , V. V. labruscalabrusca, etc.), etc.)

State Grape ProductionState Grape Production597 reported acres of grapes597 reported acres of grapes

50+ wineries50+ wineries

~80% ~80% V. V. viniferavinifera, ~15% F, ~15% F--A hybrid (or A hybrid (or other hybrid)other hybrid)

60% red grapes, 40% white grapes60% red grapes, 40% white grapes

Lincoln County most acreageLincoln County most acreage

Most Popular VarietiesMost Popular VarietiesVarietyVariety RankRank PerformancePerformanceCabernet SauvignonCabernet Sauvignon 11 mediocremediocreMerlotMerlot 22 mediocremediocreShirazShiraz 33 poorpoorRieslingRiesling 44 poor to med.poor to med.Muscat blancMuscat blanc 55 poor to med.poor to med.ChardonnayChardonnay 66 poor to med.poor to med.CynthianaCynthiana 77 very goodvery goodChambourcinChambourcin 88 good to v. goodgood to v. goodZinfandelZinfandel 99 poorpoorChardonelChardonel 1010 goodgood

Why Why V. V. viniferavinifera??

Makes highest quality wineMakes highest quality wine

Likes hot and dry Likes hot and dry conditions in summerconditions in summer

Name recognitionName recognition

ProductiveProductive

Why Not Why Not V. V. viniferavinifera??

V. V. viniferavinifera–– Lack of cold hardinessLack of cold hardiness–– Overly vigorousOverly vigorous–– Overly fruitfulOverly fruitful–– Little disease resistanceLittle disease resistance–– Must be intensively managedMust be intensively managed

Why Hybrids?Why Hybrids?

HybridsHybrids–– Better Cold HardinessBetter Cold Hardiness–– Better Disease ResistanceBetter Disease Resistance–– Better ProductivityBetter Productivity

Why Not Hybrids?Why Not Hybrids?

IgnoranceIgnorance

Perceived lack of Perceived lack of qualityquality

““They donThey don’’t grow that t grow that in Napa!in Napa!”” (or (or Bordeaux or Tuscany Bordeaux or Tuscany oror……))

Common Disease Common Disease ProblemsProblems

Black RotBlack Rot

GuignardiaGuignardia bidwelliibidwellii–– Major fungal diseaseMajor fungal disease–– All All viniferavinifera highly highly

susceptiblesusceptible–– Hybrids range from Hybrids range from

highly susceptible to highly susceptible to highly resistanthighly resistant

–– Attacks all parts of vineAttacks all parts of vine–– Fruit becomes resistant Fruit becomes resistant

at ~8at ~8--10 10 °°brixbrix

Crown GallCrown Gall

AgrobacteriumAgrobacterium vitisvitis–– Major bacterial disease (at Major bacterial disease (at

least for now)least for now)–– Often brought on by winter Often brought on by winter

injuryinjury–– Usually present in vine Usually present in vine

when received from nurserywhen received from nursery–– No cure, remove vinesNo cure, remove vines

PiercePierce’’ss DiseaseDisease

XylellaXylella fastidiosafastidiosa–– Debilitating diseaseDebilitating disease–– Destroyed Destroyed winegrapewinegrape

production in eastern production in eastern Texas and southern Texas and southern CaliforniaCalifornia

–– Vectored by Vectored by sharpshooters (GWSS sharpshooters (GWSS most efficient)most efficient)

–– Now in OklahomaNow in Oklahoma

Other Diseases of NoteOther Diseases of Note

EutypaEutypa ((EutypaEutypa latalata))PhomopsisPhomopsis ((PhomopsisPhomopsis viticolaviticola))Downy mildew (Downy mildew (PlasmoparaPlasmopara viticolaviticola))Powdery mildew (Powdery mildew (UncinulaUncinula necatornecator))Various bunch rotsVarious bunch rotsVirusesVirusesWhatWhat’’s next?s next?

Common Insect Common Insect ProblemsProblems

Green June BeetleGreen June Beetle

CotinisCotinis notidanotida–– Eats near ripe fruitEats near ripe fruit–– Easy to control, but PHI is a problemEasy to control, but PHI is a problem–– Voracious if not controlledVoracious if not controlled–– Definite variety preferencesDefinite variety preferences

Apple Twig Borer (Grape Cane Borer)Apple Twig Borer (Grape Cane Borer)

AmphicerusAmphicerusbicaudatusbicaudatus–– Only a problem on Only a problem on

stressed vinesstressed vines–– Will quickly infest Will quickly infest

vines that have cold vines that have cold damagedamage

–– Timing of control not Timing of control not well understoodwell understood

–– Becoming a serious Becoming a serious issueissue

Other Insect IssuesOther Insect Issues

Grape Berry Moth (Grape Berry Moth (EndopizaEndopiza viteanaviteana))Grape Grape PhylloxeraPhylloxera ((DaktulosphaeraDaktulosphaeravitifoliaevitifoliae))

Biggest Problem?Biggest Problem?

EnvironmentEnvironment–– Hot in summerHot in summer–– Cold in winterCold in winter–– Fluctuating temperaturesFluctuating temperatures–– Stressful conditionsStressful conditions

Where Do We Go From Where Do We Go From Here?Here?

Departments Currently InvolvedDepartments Currently Involved

Horticulture and LAHorticulture and LAEntomology and Plant PathologyEntomology and Plant PathologyNutritional SciencesNutritional SciencesAgricultural EconomicsAgricultural EconomicsPlant and Soil SciencesPlant and Soil SciencesFAPCFAPC

Needs to Evolve ProgramNeeds to Evolve Program

BreedingBreedingMolecular techniquesMolecular techniquesMarketing and ManagementMarketing and ManagementEconomic analysesEconomic analysesDistance educationDistance educationWaste productsWaste productsEntomologyEntomologyWine makingWine makingNutrition/Health propertiesNutrition/Health properties

ShortcomingsShortcomingsLittle to no industry Little to no industry supportsupport

PartPart--time faculty time faculty involvementinvolvement

PartPart--time staff time staff involvementinvolvement

Recent EffortsRecent EffortsGrape Management Short CourseGrape Management Short CourseViticulture Education ProgramViticulture Education ProgramOSU Viticulture and Enology Website OSU Viticulture and Enology Website ((www.grapes.okstate.eduwww.grapes.okstate.edu))NewsletterNewsletterExtension PublicationsExtension Publications–– Pocket Guide to Oklahoma Grape Pocket Guide to Oklahoma Grape

Diseases, Insects, and Other Diseases, Insects, and Other Disorders (EDisorders (E--1004)1004)

Grape Grower Data Collection Grape Grower Data Collection NetworkNetworkOklahoma Viticulture Handbook Oklahoma Viticulture Handbook –– end end of 2009of 2009

Wine AppealWine Appeal

Cultural CachetCultural Cachet

HistoricalHistorical

Fun!Fun!